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Neuroimmunology is a multidisciplinary field that investigates the interactions between the nervous and immune systems. Neuroimmune interactions persist throughout the entire lifespan, and their dysregulation can lead to the onset and development of multiple diseases. Despite significant progress over the past decades in elucidating the interaction between neuroscience and immunology, the exact mechanism underlying neuroimmune crosstalk has not yet been fully elucidated. In recent years, natural products have emerged as a promising avenue for the therapeutic implications of neuroimmune diseases. Naturally derived anti-neuroimmune disease agents, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, have been extensively studied for their potential neuroimmune modulatory effects. This comprehensive review delves into the specific molecular mechanisms of bidirectional neuro-immune interactions, with particular emphasis on the role of neuro-immune units. The review synthesizes a substantial body of evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as clinical studies, highlighting the therapeutic potential of various natural products in intervening in neuroimmune disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no competing interest to declare., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Neuroinflammation mediated by microglial activation plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1 (Dectin-1) is a pattern recognition receptor that is involved in innate immunity. However, the role of Dectin-1 on dopaminergic neuronal damage remains unclear. Our results demonstrated that the expression of Dectin-1 was significantly increased in the microglia of the LPS-induced PD mouse model. Inhibition of Dectin-1 by laminarin (LAM) attenuated LPS-induced dopaminergic neuronal damage in substantia nigra (SN) and behavioral deficits and promoted the phenotypic transformation of microglia from M1 to M2. Moreover, inhibition or knockdown of Dectin-1 significantly decreased LPS-induced phosphorylation of Syk and P65 as well as the production of COX-2 and iNOS in BV2 cells. Knockdown of Syk also significantly decreased LPS-induced protein expressions of COX-2 and iNOS. Mechanistically, both TLR4 inhibitor and NF-κB inhibitor could antagonize LPS-induced Dectin-1 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed a physical binding of NF-κB/P65 to Dectin-1 promoter, which further indicated the regulatory effect of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signaling pathway on Dectin-1 expression. Furthermore, the present study provided the first evidence that Dectin-1 activation by hot-alkali treated depleted zymosan (d-Zymosan) could induce dopaminergic neurotoxicity and motor dysfunction, and promote up-regulation of TLR4, iNOS and Iba-1 in C57BL/6J mice. In conclusion, Dectin-1-Syk synergistic signaling crosstalk with TLR4/NF-κB promotes and maintains inflammatory phenotypes of M1 microglia which induces dopaminergic neuronal damage in SN. These findings provide novel insights into the pivotal role of Dectin-1 in neuroinflammation, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for PD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study aimed to characterize the imaging features and the outcomes of endovascular treatment (EVT) in patients with moderate hemodynamic stroke due to large vessel stenosis., Methods: Data from patients with moderate hemodynamic stroke due to large vessel stenosis who underwent EVT at a single center between January 2021 and June 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Hemodynamic stroke was defined as infarction in the watershed area on diffusion-weighted imaging and hypoperfusion on perfusion-weighted imaging. Demographics, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), imaging findings, cerebral circulation time (CCT; the interval from arterial origin visualization to completion of the intracranial arterial phase), and EVT details were collected. The primary outcome was functional independence, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2 at 90-day post-stroke., Results: Among 313 patients treated with EVT, 14 (4.4%) were diagnosed with moderate hemodynamic stroke secondary to large vessel stenosis. The mean age was 64.6±11.8 years, and the median NIHSS score was 9 (range, 6-12). Stenosis was predominantly located at the origin of the vertebral artery in 12 cases and at the origin of the internal carotid artery in 2 cases. All patients underwent stent angioplasty, leading to a significant reduction in median CCT from 3.0 s preoperatively to 1.43 s postoperatively (P=0.00001). At 90-day post-stroke, 78.6% of patients (11/14) achieved a functional independence., Conclusion: Moderate hemodynamic stroke caused by large vessel stenosis was relatively rare but could be safely and effectively treated with EVT., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a beacon of hope for most patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are no longer surgical candidates. However, the literature on the use of immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC with rearranged during transfection (RET) gene fusions is scant. The present study reports the case of a 61-year-old female patient, diagnosed with stage IIIC lung adenocarcinoma, exhibiting two RET gene fusions and high programmed death-ligand 1 expression. Following four treatment cycles of tislelizumab in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin, the patient was successfully downstaged, enabling radical surgery. The post-operative pathology analysis indicated a major pathologic response. This case study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of ICIs in treating locally advanced NSCLC with RET gene fusions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © 2025 Tu et al.)

H 2 -mediated microbial electrosynthesis (MES) could run under a high current density, but the low solubility of H 2 limited its performance. Reducing the H 2 bubble size facilitates H 2 gas-liquid mass transfer and it has been reported to be realized on superaerophobic electrodes. Therefore, we adopted a CoP nanowire-modified nickel foam (CoP-NiF) as the superaerophobic cathode in a H 2 -mediated MES reactor to enhance the methane production from CO 2 . The CoP nanowire modification reduced the average diameter of H 2 bubbles from ∼ 300 μm to ∼ 100 μm, thereby exhibiting a 129 % enhancement of the H 2 mass transfer coefficient (K L a = 0.32 min -1 ). The maximum CH 4 production rate with CoP-NiF cathode exhibited a 27 % improvement (2.31 L/L/d) at a high current density of 166.67 A/m 2 . More importantly, a coulombic efficiency higher than 80 % was achieved in the reactor. These results demonstrated that using superaerophobic cathodes is an efficient way to enhance the performance of H 2 -mediated MES reactors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The frequency of salt added at the table (i.e., to food after it has been prepared, during consumption) could reflect an individual's long-term dietary preference and habitual intake in Western countries. However, little is known about the association between the frequency of salt added at the table and incident dementia. This study investigates the association of the frequency of salt added at the table with the risk of dementia and explores differences in the associations among people with apolipoprotein E ε4 genotypes., Methods: Individuals indicated whether they added salt to their food at the table (salt used for cooking was not included) "never/rarely", "sometimes", "usually", or "always". Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazard ratios with 95 % confidence intervals and evaluate the association between the frequency of salt added at the table and incident dementia., Results: We observed a graded relation between the frequency of salt added at the table and spot urine sodium concentrations and estimated 24-h sodium excretion. Over a median follow-up of 13.7 years, there were 9373 cases of all-cause dementia, including 4119 of Alzheimer's disease and 2052 of vascular dementia. With a higher frequency of salt added at the table, the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia increased in a monotonic manner after adjustment for potential confounding factors (all P-trend <0.001). These associations of the frequency of salt added at the table with the risks of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia were greater in apolipoprotein E ε4 heterozygotes and homozygotes., Conclusion: Our study showed that a higher frequency of salt added at the table was associated with a higher risk of incident dementia. This positive association was more prominent among individuals with apolipoprotein E ε4 heterozygotes and homozygotes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no potential competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chlorophyll, a crucial pigment in plant photosynthesis, undergoes dynamic synthesis and degradation processes throughout the growth cycle of plants. Chlorophyllase (CLH) plays a crucial role in the degradation of chlorophyll by removing the phytol group from chlorophyll A to produce chlorophyllide A. However, Rosaceae species remain underexplored in terms of understanding the functional divergences among CLH gene family members (CLHs) involved in chlorophyll catabolism and photosynthesis. The apple (Malus domestica) CLHs also requires further systematic characterization and identification. In this study, 20 CLHs (MdCLH1-4, FvCLH1-2, PpCLH1-2, PcCLH1-3, PaCLH1-2, RrCLH1-4, RcCLH1-3) were identified from seven species belonging to the Rosaceae family. The chromosomal distribution of these gene family members is mostly separate across all species, except in Rosa rugosa. The number of amino acids encoded by these genes ranges from 171 aa to 391 aa, possessing a theoretical isoelectric point (PI) of 5.46-9.59, and a relative molecular weight of 18313.07D to 42413.21D. Secondary structure predictions highlight α-helix and random coil conformations as the dominant structural elements of CLH proteins present in Rosaceae species. Subcellular localization predictions indicate that all CLH proteins are expressed in chloroplasts, while MdCLH4 is uniquely localized to the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis reveals high homology and close evolutionary relationships among the genes in three subfamilies. All these 20 CLHs contain elements responsive to phytohormones, environmental stress, and light. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiling using geneChip expression array coupled with qRT-PCR analyses revealed a heightened transcriptional activity of MdCLHs in leaf tissues and protective tissue of annual shoots as compared to other plant components. Additional experimental evidence specifically indicates MdCLH1 is located in the chloroplasts of tobacco leaves. Notably, MdCLH1 transient expression in apple leaves decreased chlorophyll a, carotenoids, total chlorophyll content, non - photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), while increasing chlorophyll b content, effective PSII quantum yield [Y(II)], net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and electron transport rate (ETR). These suggest MdCLH1 enhances light energy conversion in PSII by modulating chlorophyll degradation, potentially improving photosynthetic efficiency and reducing the potential for photoinhibition. This study lays a solid foundation for further exploration into the functional roles of CLHs in the Rosaceae family., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exist., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Early identification of risk factors associated with early neurological deterioration (END) in patients with acute minor stroke and large vessel occlusion (LVO) receiving intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) could assist in formulating treatment decisions., Methods: Consecutive patients with acute minor stroke and LVO were extracted from a single-center prospective database spanning from January 2020 to December 2023. END was defined as an increase of ≥4 points in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score from baseline or ≥2 points in any single National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale item, within 24 hours of IVT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for confounding variables, was employed to identify risk factors associated with END., Results: A total of 163 patients were included in this study, of which 36 (22.1%) patients encountered END. Patients in the END group had a higher proportion of isolated internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion (30.6% vs. 6.3%), delayed antiplatelet therapy (88.9% vs. 66.1%), and a larger Tmax > 4 seconds volume (142 vs. 114 mL) (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for confounding factors showed that isolated (ICA) occlusion (adjusted odds ratio = 2.49, 95% confidence interval = 1.97-4.41; P < 0.001) and delayed antiplatelet therapy (adjusted odds ratio = 1.46, 95% confidence interval = 1.17-1.84; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with END., Conclusions: Isolated ICA occlusion and delayed antiplatelet therapy were significantly associated with END in minor stroke patients with LVO following IVT. Bridging thrombectomy and early administration of antiplatelet therapy may be considered reasonable strategies., (Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3) promotes ferroptosis through the incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids into membrane phospholipids, however, its role in serous ovarian cancer remains unclear. Here explored cancer proliferation and metastasis after modulating LPCAP3., Methods: LPCAT3 protein in ovarian cancer tissues was detected using bioinformatic and immunohistoche mical assays. Cell behaviors were observed after up- or down-regulating LPCAT3. Lipid metabolites were determined, and then the pathway enrichment analysis was performed., Results: The expression level of LPCAT3 in serous ovarian cancer tissues was lower than that in other types of ovarian cancer, and high expression was associated with a longer survival time. Overexpressing LPCAT3 reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion via enhancing ferroptosis and decreasing the survival signaling; these behaviors were enhanced in LPCAT3-downknocked cells, where a higher abundance of arachidonic acid was observed followed by up-regulation of the downstream survival signaling. In vivo, up-regulation of LPCAT3 decreased tumor growth, but down-regulation enhanced tumor growth and metastasis., Conclusions: LPCAT3 modulated metabolism of arachidonic acid, thereby regulating ferroptosis and the survival signaling to determine cancer growth and metastasis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Competing Interests: Disclosures: All authors declared no conflicts of interest

Background: Timely rehabilitative care is vital for functional recovery after stroke. Social determinants may influence access to and use of post-stroke care but have been inadequately explored. The study examined the relationship between the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and community-based rehabilitation utilization., Methods: We included 6,843 adults (51.6% female; 75.1% White; mean age 70.1) discharged home after a stroke enrolled in the COMprehensive Post-Acute Stroke Services study, a pragmatic trial conducted in 40 North Carolina hospitals from 2016-2019. Rehabilitation utilization was sourced from administrative claims. Geocoded addresses were linked to 2018 Census tract SVI. Associations between SVI and 90-day rehabilitation use, adjusted for patient's clinical and socio-economic characteristics, were obtained from generalized estimating equations. We also examined the associations of SVI with therapy setting, types of therapy, intensity of visits, and time to first visit., Results: Thirty-five percent of patients had at least one physical (PT) or occupational therapy (OT) visit within 90 days, ranging from 32.4%-38.7% across SVI quintiles. In adjusted analysis, there was no dose-reponse relationship between higher summary SVI, nor most of its sub-domains, and 90-day rehabilitation use. Greater vulnerability in household composition and disability was modestly associated with -0.4% (95% CI -4.1% to 3.4%) to -4.3% (95% CI -0.8% to -7.7%) lower rehabilitation use across SVI quartiles. Greater summary and subdomain SVI was associated with higher odds of receiving therapy in the home versus outpatient clinic (OR = 1.88, 1.58 to 2.17 for Q5 vs Q1 summary SVI) and receiving both PT and OT versus a single-type therapy (1.72, 1.48 to 1.97 for Q5 vs. Q1 summary SVI). No differences were observed for therapy intensity or time to therapy., Conclusion: Use of rehabilitation care was low, and largely similar across levels of SVI and most of its subdomains. Individuals residing in areas of high SVI were more likely to receive therapy in the home and to receive dual therapy, possibly reflecting greater need among these individuals. Future studies should evaluate potential mechanisms for these findings and further identify both patient and community factors that may inform strategies to improve rehabilitation use., Clinical Trial Number: https://www., Clinicaltrials: gov/ NCT02588664 [registration date: 2015-10-23]., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This research project was reviewed and approved by the Wake Forest University Health Sciences Institutional Review Borad (IRB), which acts as a central IRB for 36 participating hospitals. Local IRB review and approval was granted by Cape Fear Valley Medical Center and New Hanover Regional Medical Center. Novant Health Presbyterian Healthcare IRB provided review and approval for the three participating Novant sites. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill IRB reviewed all data management and outcomes related activities. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Primulinaxingyiensis X.X.Bai & F.Wen, a new species of Gesneriaceae in the karst landforms of Xingyi City, Guizhou Province, China, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, the species is similar to P.davidioides on corolla, while it is distinguished from P.davidioides by characteristics of thinner and smaller leaves, shorter peduncles, fewer flowers, smaller corolla, glabrous staminodes, and ovary shorter than style. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the combined dataset of rpl 32- trn L, trn L- trn F, atp B- rbc L, and ITS sequences of the new species and 151 other species of Primulina Hance showed that the two populations of P.xingyiensis clustered into a clade, while it was most closely related to P.malingheensis . Following criteria D1 in the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, the new species should be assessed as 'vulnerable' (VU)., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Jiang-Miao Gu, Song-Tao He, Fang Wen, Xin-Xiang Bai, Mei-Jun Li.)

Objective: Recently, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has emerged as a novel and noninvasive approach for alleviating spasticity and pain, improving motor dysfunction after stroke. To determine the effectiveness of ESWT and the effects of shock wave parameters in relieving spasticity, pain, and motor dysfunction following stroke., Design: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, EBSCOhost, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for randomized controlled trials on ESWT for limb dysfunction after stroke from inception until February 1, 2023. Two researchers independently searched and screened articles identified from each database, used RevMan v.5.4 analyzing data., Results: This review included nine articles and 327 patients. ESWT improved the spasticity, pain, and motor function following stroke. They also improved the passive range of motion in the lower limbs. The treatment effect was highest when the shock wave frequency was <8 Hz and pressure was <2 bar. However, the effect was not significantly affected by treatment duration. Compared to focused extracorporeal shock waves, released extracorporeal shock waves were associated with better outcomes., Conclusion: The treatment outcomes are optimal when a shock wave frequency < 8 Hz, pressure < 2 bar, and released extracorporeal shock waves are used., (Copyright © 2025 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Perioperative immunosuppressants, such as surgical stress and opioid use may downregulate anti-cancer immunocytes for patients undergoing pancreatectomy. Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) may attenuate these negative effects and provide better anti-cancer immunocyte profile change than intravenous analgesia using opioid., Methods: We randomly assigned 108 adult patients undergoing pancreatectomy to receive one of two 72-h postoperative analgesia protocols: one was TEA, and the other was intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA). The perioperative proportional changes of immunocytes relevant to anticancer immunity-namely natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, mature dendritic cells, and regulatory T (Treg) cells were determined at 1 day before surgery, at the end of surgery and on postoperative day 1,4 and 7 using flow cytometry. In addition, the progression-free survival and overall survival between the two groups were compared., Results: After surgery, the proportions of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells were significantly decreased; the proportion of B cells and mature dendritic cells and Treg cells were significantly increased. However, the proportions of helper T cells exhibited no significant change. These results were comparable between the two groups. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in progression-free survival (52.75 [39.96] and 57.48 [43.66] months for patients in the TEA and IV-PCA groups, respectively; p = 0.5600) and overall survival (62.71 [35.48] and 75.11 [33.10] months for patients in the TEA and IV-PCA groups, respectively; p = 0.0644)., Conclusion: TEA was neither associated with favorable anticancer immunity nor favorable oncological outcomes for patients undergoing pancreatectomy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None declared., (Copyright © 2024 Formosan Medical Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Poor chemotherapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer is attributed to limited drug permeation caused by the dense extracellular matrix (ECM) and drug degradation induced by tumor-colonizing bacteria. Here, a tumor-targeting probiotic-nanosystem is elaborately designed to remodulate ECM and selectively regulate tumor-colonizing bacteria for improving chemo-immunotherapy against pancreatic cancer. Specifically, drug-loaded liposomes are conjugated with Clostridium Butyricum (CB) via matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)-responsive peptide to construct a probiotic-nanosystem. Particularly, vactosertib (VAC, a transforming growth factor-β1 receptor inhibitor) is delivered by probiotic-nanosystem to silence the active pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) for inhibiting the development of ECM, resulting in a loosened ECM and providing a golden opportunity for the deep penetration of chemotherapy drugs and immune cells. Subsequently, gemcitabine (GEM) is efficiently delivered into the core of tumors via probiotic-nanosystem, achieving an enhanced chemotherapy efficacy. Noteworthily, CB can alleviate γ-proteobacteria-mediated GEM degradation through competitively reducing the contents of γ-proteobacteria and promoting the amounts of tumor-inhibiting bacteria, thereby significantly potentiating the therapeutic effect of GEM. The engineered probiotic-nanosystem can not only enhance the GEM-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) of a pancreatic tumor to activate antitumor immune responses but also markedly increase the tumor-infiltration of effector immune cells to heighten tumoricidal immunity, offering a promising strategy for chemo-immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: To clearly reveal the correlations between tumor characteristics, age at diagnosis, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation rates in patients with pulmonary ground-glass opacities (GGOs)., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1473 patients with GGOs between January 2015 and May 2020 from two cancer centers. The tumor characteristics and EGFR mutation rates were compared between different age groups. Multivariate logistic regression was fitted to analyze the relationship between age, tumor characteristics, and EGFR mutation rates., Results: The older patients had more large tumors, mixed GGOs with a consolidation-to-tumor ratio (CTR) of >0.5, and invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC) and pathologic stage IA2-IB. Overall, the rate of EGFR mutations in GGOs was 57.3% and the main subtypes were L858R and 19del mutations. The distribution of EGFR subtypes varied in different age and GGO diameter groups. Age (p = 0.036), GGO types (p = 0.005), tumor diameter (p = 0.039), and pathological types (p < 0.001) were significant predictors for EGFR mutation status. Importantly, significant differences in EGFR mutation rates between age groups were mainly observed in the GGO ≤2 cm diameter (p < 0.001), pure GGOs (p = 0.001), and IAC (p = 0.039) cohorts. Overall, those diagnosed at >50 years of age had a 47.0% increased likelihood of harboring EGFR mutations. Compared with the older group, the increased chance of harboring EGFR mutations for patients with larger tumors, mixed GGOs, and IAC was greater in the younger group., Conclusions: The EGFR mutation rates were varied among different tumor characteristics and age at diagnosis. These findings provide new insights into the treatment of GGOs., Competing Interests: Discloure: Wen-Fang Tang, Zhen-Bin Qiu, Xiang-Peng Chu, Yu-Mei Zeng, Yi-Bin Hu, Xuan Tang, Ye-Feng Yu, Wen-Hao Li, Wen-Zhao Zhong, Wei-Zhao Huang, and Yi Liang have declared no conflicts of interest that may be relevant to the contents of this study., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Few real-world studies exist regarding the clinical value of local consolidative therapy (LCT) for oligo-residual disease (ORD) in NSCLC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated whether LCT could improve the prognosis of NSCL patients with ORD after effective first-line PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors treatment., Methods: A total of 132 patients with metastatic NSCLC who had received first-line PD-1/PD-L1inhibitors-based systemic treatment and developed ORD (defined as residual tumors limited to three organs and five lesions) were included. The LCT group consisted of 41 patients received LCTs for oligo-residual lesions before treatment failure, and the remaining 91 patients, who did not receive local therapies, constituted the non-LCT group. The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of the two groups were analyzed., Results: With a median follow-up of 12.0 months, 86 patients developed progressive disease and 42 patients died. Compared with the non-LCT group, LCT group exhibited significant longer progression-free survival (PFS) (median 11.0 vs. 7.0 months, P=0.017) and overall survival (OS) (median 26.0 vs. 17.0 months, P=0.003). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that LCT was an independent predictor of prolonged PFS (HR=0.606, 95% CI=0.370-0.964, P=0.035) and OS (HR=0.467, 95% CI=0.229-0.949, P=0.035). Subgroup analysis revealed that the dominant population considerably benefited from LCT in terms of PFS and OS included patients with 1-2 residual tumor sites (mPFS: 11.0 vs. 7.0 months, P=0.013; mOS: 23.0 vs. 17.0 months, P=0.018) and those with high PD-L1 expression (mPFS: 13.0 vs. 7.0 months, P=0.018; mOS: 34.0 vs. 16.0 months, P=0.030). In addition, the All-LCT group had significantly longer PFS (mPFS 16.0 vs. 7.0, P=0.002) and OS (mOS 28.0 vs. 17.0, P= 0.002) than did the non-LCT group. However, patients who received LCT to only some of their lesions had not experienced improvements in PFS (P=0.546) or OS (P=0.198)., Conclusion: LCT may provide extra survival benefits among patients with oligo-residual NSCLC after effective first-line PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors treatment, particularly in those patients with one or two residual lesions, high PD-L1 expression, or who had received LCT for all lesions. LCT may be a novel treatment option for this specific population., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Su, Luo, Ni, Hu, Weng, Shen, Zhou, Chen, Xiao, Xiao, Xie, Shan, Yao and Wen.)

The recently published species, Didymocarpuspingyuanensis , is transferred here to the recently re-circumscribed genus, Palmatiboea . Two varieties, recently assigned to Palmatiboea , have been raised to the rank of species. Their Chinese vernacular names are also revised and provided here., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Fang Wen, Qiang Fan.)

Guizhou Province is one of the most important karst regions of southwest China, with 22 Primulina species. These species are highly habitat-specialized and dependent on the soils of the karst region, and many inter-species classifications are unclear. Therefore, studying the chloroplast genomes and estimating the divergence times of there species can not only provide a better understanding of interspecific relationships but also help to know the species speciation and divergence in the karst environment. So, we sequenced and assembled the chloroplast genomes of nine Primulina species (including six endemic species of Guizhou) and conducted chloroplast genome comparison analysis and phylogenetic study. The chloroplast genome structures of the nine Primulina species were quadripartite with total lengths of 152,869-153,364 base pairs (bp) and GC content of 37.55-37.64%. There are 132 functional genes annotated, respectively. A total of 375 simple sequence repeats and 375 interspersed nuclear elements were identified. The 30 highly preferred codons identified were used at similar frequencies in different species, respectively. A phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of the 38 chloroplast genomes showed that Primulina species form a monophyletic group. Eleven mutational hotspot regions that could serve as potential molecular markers were identified, of which two regions near the 3' and 5' ends of the ycf1 gene were of appropriate size and can serve as molecular markers for phylogenetic studies of Primulina. The results of molecular clock analyses indicate that the three major branches of Primulina begin to diverge in the Miocene, and the number of species proliferated in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Most of the species of Primulina in Guizhou Province were formed in the Pleistocene and rapidly diverged within a short period of time. This research study enriches the genetic resource information of Primulina and deepens the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of the genus., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The plants collected in the study are not listed on the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants in China or the IUCN red list of threatened soecies, and were collected following international, national and local legislation, with no special permission required for sample collection., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: The risk of new-onset hypertension is influenced by habitual fish oil supplementation, but whether the association is modified by genetic predisposition is unknown., Methods: A total of 213,604 participants without hypertension were identified at baseline from the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010. The weighted polygenetic risk score (PRS) comprising 118 identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was used to quantify genetic susceptibility. Cox regression models were applied to determine the association between fish oil supplementation, PRS, and hypertension and evaluate the effect modification of genetic susceptibility., Results: During a median follow-up of 13.8 years, 18,498 new-onset hypertension cases were identified. Approximately 30.6 % (65,452) of participants were habitual fish oil users. The hazard ratio (HR) of habitual fish oil users for hypertension was 0.94 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.98). Fish oil nonusers with a high genetic risk had an increased risk of hypertension (HR, 1.52; 95 % CI, 1.41-1.64) compared to fish oil users with a low genetic risk. In addition, an interaction on the additive scale between the fish oil use and intermediate or high levels of genetic susceptibility was observed. The interactive effects accounted for approximately 7 % and 22 % of the risk of developing hypertension, respectively., Conclusions: This cohort study indicates regular fish oil supplementation could be beneficial in preventing hypertension, particularly among individuals with intermediate or high genetic susceptibility on an additive scale., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

With the acceleration of population aging, disability in older adults is a growing public health problem; however, little is known about the role of specific leisure-time activities in affecting disability. This study prospectively examined the association of leisure-time activities with disability among the Chinese oldest old. A total of 14 039 adults aged 80 years or older (median age of 89.8 years) were enrolled from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey from 1998 to 2014. Disability was defined as the presence of concurrent impairment in activities of daily living and physical performance. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the associations between leisure-time activities and disability. During a mean of 4.2 years (2.7 years) of follow-up, 4487 participants developed disability. Compared with participants who never engaged in leisure-time activities, participants who engaged in almost daily activities, including gardening, keeping domestic animals or pets, playing cards or mahjong, reading books or newspapers, and watching TV or listening to the radio had a lower risk of disability, with HRs of 0.78 (0.69-0.88), 0.64 (0.58-0.70), 0.74 (0.63-0.86), 0.74 (0.65-0.84), and 0.84 (0.77-0.90), respectively. Moreover, the risk of disability gradually decreased with participation in an increasing number of those leisure-time activities (P for trend <0.001). Frequent engagement in leisure-time activities was associated with a lower risk of disability among the Chinese oldest old. This study highlights the importance of incorporating a broad range of leisure-time activities into the daily lives of older adults., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association.)

Aims: To investigate the effect of optimal diastolic blood pressure (DBP) level on cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, considering different age groups. And the nonlinear relationship between DBP and CVD events by age were evaluated., Methods: 358,734 participants of the UK biobank were included. Multivariable Cox regressions were performed to evaluate the relation between DBP and cardiovascular risk, and the natural cubic spline was applied to estimate the nonlinear relationship between the DBP measures and the hazard., Results: In the UK Biobank, a total of 358,734 participants (mean [SD] age, 55.3 [8.1] years; 205,215 [57.2 %] female) were included in this analysis. The rate of CVD cases was 6.05 per 1000 person-years. For each SD increase, DBP was associated with elevated CVD events for both <50 year (HR, 1.19; 95 % CI, 1.12 to 1.26) and 50-59 year-old group (HR, 1.04; 95 % CI, 1.01 to 1.08). However, for every SD increment, a marginal protective effect against CVD events was observed between DBP and the CVD events in elder people (≥60 years old) and lower DBP (<70 mm Hg) may confer an increased CVD risks (HR, 1.10; 95 % CI, 1.03 to 1.17)., Conclusions: For adults younger than 60 years old, the study seems to support the ACC/AHA blood pressure guidelines lowering the DBP threshold to 80 mm Hg. Conversely, it may be reasonable to rule out large effects of high DBP on CVD events and DBP <70 mm Hg may be cause for caution in older people aged 60-69., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Achieving effective treatment and resource reuse of municipal sludge is a worthwhile research issue. Currently, anaerobic digestion treatment is an effective way to achieve the resource utilization of municipal sludge. However, due to the slow start-up, poor stability and low gas production efficiency of anaerobic digestion systems, sludge anaerobic digestion faces many challenges in practical engineering applications. Iron-based material has been proven to be a good conductive material for promoting anaerobic digestion of municipal sludge. On the basis of previous studies, this article summarized the effects of different iron-based materials on anaerobic digestion of municipal sludge. Simultaneously, from the perspectives of alleviating toxic substance inhibition, enhancing microbial metabolism, and promoting electron transfer between symbiotic microorganisms, the mechanism of iron-based materials enhancing anaerobic digestion of municipal sludge was summarized. The mechanism of direct interspecific electron transfer mediated by iron-based materials in enhancing anaerobic digestion of municipal sludge was described, and the research direction of iron-based materials enhancing anaerobic digestion of municipal sludge was prospected.

Background: This study was designed to investigate the demographics, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes of patients newly diagnosed with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) in 3 medical centers in Taiwan before the integration of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in clinical practice., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from patients diagnosed with HGSOC between January 2014 and December 2018 and followed-up for a minimum of 12 months after diagnosis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, while survival rates were evaluated using the Kaplan‒Meier method., Results: There were 251 patients included in the analysis, and 98.8% received platinum plus paclitaxel chemotherapy (PPCT). Primary cytoreductive surgery (PCS) and interval debulking surgery (IDS) were performed in 78.9% and 17.1% of patients, respectively. The percentage of optimal surgery was higher in the IDS cohort than in the PCS cohort (83.8% vs. 53.6%). Bevacizumab was used as initiation therapy in 16.7% of patients, and maintenance therapy was administered in 6.8%. Advanced age, IDS, and suboptimal surgery were independent poor prognostic factors associated with lower overall survival (OS). Patients with optimal surgery had significantly lower OS and progression-free survival in the IDS cohort than in the PCS cohort. The predictive accuracy was good for OS at the 1-year follow-up., Conclusion: Advanced age, IDS, and residual disease are associated with poor OS in patients with HGSOC. Compared to PCS, IDS provides a higher likelihood of optimal surgery but results in a lower probability of survival for patients with HGSOC in Taiwan., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Formosan Medical Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer, a subtype of breast cancer, is characterized by a poor prognosis. Recent studies have shown that miRNA30b acts as an oncogene and is vital for the proliferation of malignancies across various systems. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of miRNA30b on the proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities of breast cancer cells in vitro . Methods: Triple-negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 were transiently transfected with miRNA30b inhibitor, mimic, or the negative control by Lipofectamine 2000. Successful transfection was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Functional assays, including CCK8, clone formation, scratch, and transwell assays, were conducted to evaluate the proliferation, invasion, and migration ability of MDA-MB-231 cells in each group. The target protein of miRNA30b was determined using an online prediction data website, and the dual-luciferase assay confirmed whether there was a binding site between miRNA30b and ADAM12. The effect was further verified by Western blot analysis. Results: MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with miRNA30b inhibitor, mimic, and negative control. miRNA30b expression was downregulated in the cells. Relative to the negative control group, miRNA30b expression significantly increased in the mimic group and decreased in the miRNA30b inhibitor group, with the differences being statistically significant. The miRNA30b mimic group exhibited a significant increase in miRNA30b expression and a corresponding promotion of cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration. Conversely, the miRNA30b inhibitor group displayed significantly reduced miRNA30b expression and suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration abilities compared to the negative control cells. Bioinformatics software predicted ADAM12 as a potential target of miRNA30b. Dual-luciferase assays confirmed the presence of a binding site between miRNA30b and ADAM12. Western blot analysis revealed that overexpression of miRNA30b downregulated ADAM12 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusions: miRNA30b could promote proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231. The effect of miRNA30b on triple-negative breast cancer would be achieved partly at least through inhibiting the expression of ADAM12., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Qing-hua Yin et al.)

A peltate-leaved new species, Oreocharis scutifolia Z. Xie & H. H. Kong, endemic to the Dry-Hot Valley of the Jinsha River Basin, Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated here. It is similar to O. cordatula (Craib) Pellegr. and O. aurantiaca Baill. in floral characters but differs in its peltate leaf blades, which are unique in the genus (and only occur in one population of O. henryana Oliv., but its flowers are smaller, campanulate, and deep purple). Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on transcriptome data confirmed its systematic position to be sister group with O. henryana , O. cordatula , O. minor Pellegr., and O. aurantiaca Baill. (LPP = 1), and well apart from the remaining members of the genus. The new species O. scutifolia is assessed as "Critically Endangered" following the IUCN categories and criteria, due to its small and single population, thus making it face serious threats from human disturbance, invasive plants, shrinking habitat, and decreasing habitat quality., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This paper examines the safety of aero-engine pipelines under different heating conditions. Based on the fire test standard documents, a model of an aero-engine oil pipe was constructed, and its safety under heating conditions that meet the standard was analyzed using fluid-solid thermal coupling. The pipe material was stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti, and the oil inside the pipeline was China RP-3 kerosene. To simulate the different working conditions or pump failure scenarios, various kerosene inlet flow rates were used for the calculations. The results indicate that the pipe wall exhibits an uneven temperature distribution under standard heating conditions. As the kerosene flow rate decreases, the pipe wall temperature rises, and heat transfer deterioration occurs. The increase in the pipe wall temperature reduces the material's strength, while the uneven temperature distribution generates thermal stress, further increasing the safety risk. When the kerosene flow rate is reduced to a certain level, the equivalent stress in the pipe wall exceeds the material's yield strength, leading to a high risk of rupture.

Background: Climate change, with increasing temperatures, poses a health threat to patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Seasonal variations in body composition have been documented in this population. We hypothesized that climate warming could further exacerbate these effects. In this study we investigated the impact of climate warming on the body composition of MHD patients residing in subtropical Taiwan. Methods: This longitudinal observational study enrolled MHD patients in subtropical northern Taiwan. We assessed monthly blood pressure (BP), laboratory data, and body composition via bioimpedance spectroscopy over a three-year period. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) was employed to analyze the seasonal and annual variations in these parameters. Additionally, we explored associations between climatic variables and body composition parameters. Results: Forty patients completed the study. BP, laboratory values, and body composition exhibited significant seasonal variations. Compared with those in winter, participants had greater relative overhydration (OH) in spring, summer, and fall. Warmer months were associated with a higher lean tissue index (LTI) and a lower fat tissue index (FTI). Notably, summers across the study years showed a further increase in relative OH and FTI, accompanied by a decrease in LTI. While BP and most laboratory parameters remained stable throughout the study period, sodium and potassium levels displayed annual variations. GEE analysis revealed positive associations between rising ambient temperature and increased fluid overload, fat mass, and decreased muscle mass. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that climate warming is associated with variations in the body composition of MHD patients residing in a subtropical climate. These changes can have implications in MHD patients due to their heightened vulnerability to environmental changes. Further research is needed across diverse geographic regions to develop optimal care strategies in a warming world., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists., (© The author(s).)

Bud-notching in pear varieties with weak-branches enhances branch development, hormone distribution, and germination, promoting healthier growth and improving early yield. To examine the regulatory mechanisms of endogenous hormones on lateral bud germination in Pyrus spp. (cv. 'Huangguan') ( Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.), juvenile buds were collected from 2-year-old pear trees. Then, a comprehensive study, including assessments of endogenous hormones, germination and branching rates, RNA-seq analysis, and gene function analysis in these lateral buds was conducted. The results showed that there was no significant difference in germination rate between the control and bud-notching pear trees, but the long branch rate was significantly increased in bud-notching pear trees compared to the control ( p < 0.05). After bud-notching, there was a remarkable increase in IAA and BR levels in the pruned section of shoots, specifically by 141% and 93%, respectively. However, the content of ABA in the lateral buds after bud-notching was not significantly different from the control. Based on RNA-seq analysis, a notable proportion of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were linked to the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Notably, the brassinosteroid signaling pathway seemed to have the closest connection with the branching ability of pear with the related genes encoding BRI1 and CYCD3 , which showed significant differences between lateral buds. Finally, the heterologous expression of PyCYCD3 has a positive regulatory effect on the increased Arabidopsis growth and branching numbers. Therefore, the PyCYCD3 was identified as an up-regulated gene that is induced via brassinosteroid (BR) and could act as a conduit, transforming bud-notching cues into proliferative signals, thereby governing lateral branching mechanisms in pear trees., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

In response to the costly and error-prone manual satellite tracking on the International Space Station (ISS), this paper presents a deep neural network (DNN)-based robotic visual servoing solution to the automated tracking operation. This innovative approach directly addresses the critical issue of motion decoupling, which poses a significant challenge in current image moment-based visual servoing. The proposed method uses DNNs to estimate the manipulator's pose, resulting in a significant reduction of coupling effects, which enhances control performance and increases tracking precision. Real-time experimental tests are carried out using a 6-DOF Denso manipulator equipped with an RGB camera and an object, mimicking the targeting pin. The test results demonstrate a 32.04% reduction in pose error and a 21.67% improvement in velocity precision compared to conventional methods. These findings demonstrate that the method has the potential to improve efficiency and accuracy significantly in satellite target tracking and capturing., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ghiasvand, Xie and Mohebbi.)

Objective: To assess the feasibility of using non-mydriatic fundus photography in conjunction with an artificial intelligence (AI) reading platform for large-scale screening of diabetic retinopathy (DR)., Methods: In this study, we selected 120 patients with diabetes hospitalized in our institution from December 2019 to April 2021. Retinal imaging of 240 eyes was obtained using non-mydriatic fundus photography. The fundus images of these patients were divided into two groups based on different interpretation methods. In Experiment Group 1, the images were analyzed and graded for DR diagnosis using an AI reading platform. In Experiment Group 2, the images were analyzed and graded for DR diagnosis by an associate chief physician in ophthalmology, specializing in fundus diseases. Concurrently, all patients underwent the gold standard for DR diagnosis and grading-fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA)-with the outcomes serving as the Control Group. The diagnostic value of the two methods was assessed by comparing the results of Experiment Groups 1 and 2 with those of the Control Group., Results: Keeping the control group (FFA results) as the gold standard, no significant differences were observed between the two experimental groups regarding diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate, false negative rate, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, Youden's index, Kappa value, and diagnostic accuracy (X 2 = 0.371, P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Compared with the manual reading group, the AI reading group revealed no significant differences across all diagnostic indicators, exhibiting high sensitivity and specificity, as well as a relatively high positive predictive value. Additionally, it demonstrated a high level of diagnostic consistency with the gold standard. This technology holds potential for suitability in large-scale screening of DR., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors have contributed significantly to the manuscript and declare that the work is original and has not been submitted or published elsewhere. None of the authors have any financial disclosure or conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: The obesity paradox has been reported among older adults. However, whether the favorable effect of obesity is dependent on metabolic status remains largely unknown. We aimed to explore the association of metabolic obesity phenotypes and their changes with all-cause mortality among the Chinese oldest-old population., Methods: This prospective cohort study included 1207 Chinese oldest old (mean age: 91.8 years). Metabolic obesity phenotypes were determined by central obesity and metabolic status, and participants were classified into metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHN), and metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUN). The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by Cox regression models., Results: During 5.3 years of follow-up, 640 deaths were documented. Compared with non-obesity, obesity was associated with a decreased mortality risk among participants with metabolically healthy (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.91) while this association was insignificant among metabolically unhealthy. Compared to MHO, MHN (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.06-1.53) and MUN (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.10-2.02) were significantly associated with an increased mortality risk. Compared to those with stable MHO, those transited from MHO to MUO demonstrated a higher mortality risk (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.06-3.11)., Conclusions: MHO predicts better survival among the Chinese oldest-old population. These findings suggest that ensuring optimal management of metabolic health is beneficial and taking caution in weight loss based on the individual body weight for the metabolically healthy oldest-old adults., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

In order to study the effect of the simplified formula of Jinfukang Oral Liquid(ALG-12) on renal tubular injury induced by cisplatin(DDP), 48 C57 mice were divided into control group, model group, DDP group, and DDP combined with low, medium, and high dose groups of ALG-12. The mice were administered for 16 days after the establishment of the subcutaneous Lewis lung cancer heterotopic transplant tumor model of mice. The pathological changes, serum creatinine(Scr), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), kidney injury molecule 1(Kim-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin(NGAL), malondialdehyde(MDA), and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) in renal tissue and the degree of renal tubular cell apoptosis were analyzed to investigate the effect of ALG-12 on renal injury induced by DDP treatment on non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). The human renal cortex proximal tubule epithelial cell(HK-2) model was constructed in vitro, and the effect of ALG-12 drug-containing serum on HK-2 cytotoxicity of DDP was evaluated by CCK-8, cell cycle, and apoptosis tests. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR(RT-qPCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the expression levels of tumor protein p53-mediated apoptosis-related genes by ALG-12. The results showed that ALG-12 could significantly reduce the abnormalities of biochemical indexes like Scr, BUN, Kim-1, NGAL, MDA, and T-SOD and decrease the degree of renal tubular injury, renal interstitial fibrosis, and renal cell apoptosis, suggesting that ALG-12 could reduce the renal injury induced by DDP in vivo. In vitro cell assay found that ALG-12 containing serum could inhibit apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by DDP in HK-2 cells. In addition, ALG-12 inhibited the transcription of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated-and Rad3-related gene(ATR), tumor protein p53 gene(Tp53), Bcl-2 binding component 3 gene(BBC3), and Bcl-2 associated X protein gene(Bax) in the p53 signaling pathway, decreased the protein expression levels of p53, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3, and increased the protein expression levels of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2(Bcl-2) and caspase-3. The results suggested that ALG-12 had a protective effect on DDP-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of p53-mediated apoptosis, which provided a basis for further development of ALG-12.

Background: Emergence agitation (EA) is a behavioural disturbance encountered during the recovery phase of patients following general anaesthesia. It is characterised by restlessness, involuntary limb movements, and drainage tube withdrawal and may significantly harm patients and medical staff. The mechanism of EA has not been fully understood and is still a challenging subject for researchers., Methods: We extracted relevant publications published between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2023 on the Web of Science Core Collection platform. VOSviewer software was utilised to analyse the retrieved literature and predict the development trends and hotspots in the field., Results: The results show that the number of publications grew annually, with China contributing the most, followed by the United States and South Korea. The co-occurrence of keywords "children," "propofol," "risk factors" are current research hotspots. Owing to its self-limiting and short-duration characteristics, EA lacks standardised clinical time guidelines and objective assessment tools, which may be the focus of future research in this field., Conclusions: Understanding the research hotspots and the latest progress in this field, this study will help to continuously improve the clinical understanding and management of EA, and help to timely identify environmental risk factors for EA in clinical practice., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.)

Background: Hepatic fibrosis (HF) runs through multiple stages of liver diseases and promotes these diseases progression. Oxysophoridine (OSR), derived from Sophora alopecuroides l., is a bioactive alkaloid that has been reported to antagonize alcoholic hepatic injury. However, whether OSR suppresses HF and the mechanisms involved in Nrf2 remain unknown., Purpose: Since the dysregulation of inflammation and oxidative stress is responsible for the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibrosis in the liver. We hypothesized that OSR may attenuate HF by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress through activating Nrf2 signaling., Methods: In this study, we employed LPS-stimulated HSC-T6 cells, RAW264.7 cells, and a CCl 4 -induced C57BL/6 mouse fibrotic model to evaluate its suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as fibrosis., Results: The result showed that OSR significantly reduced α-SMA and TGF-β 1 at a low dose of 10 μM in vitro and at a dose of 50 mg/kg in vivo, which is comparable to Silymarin, the only Chinese herbal active ingredient that has been marketed for anti-liver fibrosis. Moreover, OSR effectively suppressed the expression of iNOS at a dose of 10 μM and COX-2 at a dose of 40 μM, respectively. Furthermore, OSR demonstrated inhibitory effects on the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in vitro and almost extinguished cytokine storm in vivo. OSR exhibited antioxidative effects by reducing MDA and increasing GSH, thereby protecting the cell membrane against oxidative damage and reducing LDH release. Moreover, OSR effectively upregulated the protein levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and p62, but decreased p-NF-κB p65, p-IκBα, and Keap1. Alternatively, mechanisms involved in Nrf2 were verified by siNrf2 interference, siNrf2 interference revealed that the anti-fibrotic effect of OSR was attributed to its activation of Nrf2., Conclusion: The present study provided an effective candidate for HF involved in both activation of Nrf2 and blockage of NF-κB, which has not been reported in the published work. The present study provides new insights for the identification of novel drug development for HF., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We all authors declare we have no competing interests about their work (financial and non-financial). All the authors listed have approved the manuscript., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

Objective: Accumulating more steps/day is associated with a lower risk of cancer mortality and composite cancer outcomes. However, less is known about the relationship of steps/day with the risk of multiple site-specific cancers., Methods: This study included >22,000 women from the Women's Health Accelerometry Collaboration Cohort (2011-2022), comprised of women from the Women's Health Study and Women's Health Initiative Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study. Steps/day and step intensity were collected with accelerometry. Incident cancer cases and deaths were adjudicated. Stratified Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the associations of steps/day and step intensity with incident breast, colon, endometrial, lung, and ovarian cancers, a composite of 13 physical activity-related cancers, total invasive cancer, and fatal cancer., Results: On average, women were 73.4 years old, accumulated 4993 steps/day, and had 7.9 years of follow-up. There were small nonsignificant inverse associations with the risks of colon cancer (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.05), endometrial cancer (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.01), and fatal cancer (HR = 0.95 95% CI: 0.90, 1.00) per 1000 steps/day. More minutes at ≥40 steps/min and a faster peak 10- and 30-min step cadence were associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer, but findings were attenuated after adjustment for body mass index and steps/day., Conclusions: Among women 62-97 years, there were small nonsignificant inverse associations of colon, endometrial, and fatal cancer with more steps/day. Epidemiologic studies with longer follow-up and updated assessments are needed to further explore these associations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), a fatty acid transporter that coordinates lipid metabolism, is reported to exert a tumorigenic role in certain cancers. We investigated the effects of FABP4 in the carcinogenesis of thyroid cancer. Bioinformatics data about FABP4 in thyroid cancer were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Sixteen paired papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tissues from Taipei Medical University (TMU) were gathered, and commercial thyroid cancer complementary (c)DNA and tissue arrays were purchased to measure FABP4 messenger (m)RNA and protein levels. By analyzing data from the GEO and TCGA, we showed that FABP4 mRNA was reduced in PTC and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). In addition, a lower FABP4 mRNA level in PTC was associated with poor clinical parameters and outcomes in the TCGA database. Moreover, FABP4 transcripts and proteins were downregulated in PTC and FTC, and its mRNA expression was associated with PTC staging in clinical specimens. In the TCGA database and TMU cohort, FABP4 mRNA levels were associated with thyroglobulin (r = 0.511 and r = 0.656, respectively), thyroid peroxidase (r = 0.612 and r = 0.909, respectively), and sodium iodide symporter (r = 0.485 and r = 0.637, respectively) transcripts. In conclusion, FABP4 mRNA and protein levels were reduced in PTC and FTC, and may be used as a potential indicator for thyroid cancer evolution in clinical settings. Further, well-designed research to dissect the molecular mechanism of FABP4 in modulating thyroid carcinogenesis is needed., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

In contrast to the traditional avatar creation pipeline which is a costly process, contemporary generative approaches directly learn the data distribution from photographs. While plenty of works extend unconditional generative models and achieve some levels of controllability, it is still challenging to ensure multi-view consistency, especially in large poses. In this work, we propose a network that generates 3D-aware portraits while being controllable according to semantic parameters regarding pose, identity, expression and illumination. Our network uses neural scene representation to model 3D-aware portraits, whose generation is guided by a parametric face model that supports explicit control. While the latent disentanglement can be further enhanced by contrasting images with partially different attributes, there still exists noticeable inconsistency in non-face areas when animating expressions. We solve this by proposing a volume blending strategy in which we form a composite output by blending dynamic and static areas, with two parts segmented from the jointly learned semantic field. Our method outperforms prior arts in extensive experiments, producing realistic portraits with vivid expression in natural lighting when viewed from free viewpoints. It also demonstrates generalization ability to real images as well as out-of-domain data, showing great promise in real applications.

Glioblastoma represents the predominant and a highly aggressive primary neoplasm of the central nervous system that has an abnormal metabolism. Our previous study showed that chrysomycin A (Chr-A) curbed glioblastoma progression in vitro and in vivo. However, whether Chr-A could inhibit orthotopic glioblastoma and how it reshapes metabolism are still unclear. In this study, Chr-A markedly suppressed the development of intracranial U87 gliomas. The results from airflow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI) indicated that Chr-A improved the abnormal metabolism of mice with glioblastoma. Key enzymes including glutaminase (GLS), glutamate dehydrogenases 1 (GDH1), hexokinase 2 (HK2) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were regulated by Chr-A. Chr-A further altered the level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), thus causing oxidative stress with the downregulation of Nrf-2 to inhibit glioblastoma. Our study offers a novel perspective for comprehending the anti-glioma mechanism of Chr-A, highlighting its potential as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma.

Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant transformations in healthcare. Many countries began the rapid development and adoption of telemedicine to avoid the spread of the pandemic and created an innovative model for healthcare delivery. This study identified the critical antecedents that affected the considered healthcare outcomes via teleophthalmology in Eastern Taiwan during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: This study's participants included residents of five towns in Taitung County who had experience with teleophthalmology. This study analyzed the structured questionnaires completed by the participants to validate the proposed research framework. Statistical methods were used to verify the research models, including descriptive statistical analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The date of this study was from 1 October 2020 to 31 July 2023., Results: The results of this study reveal that the average monthly use of teleophthalmology by individuals in rural areas increased annually. Females tended to utilize teleophthalmology services more than males. There were no significant differences across any of the constructs with respect to age or educational level. Additionally, the patients' awareness of healthcare accessibility via and the communication quality of teleophthalmology simultaneously affected teleophthalmology's adoption and service quality, which in turn jointly affected health outcomes. Both healthcare accessibility and communication quality were the antecedents of the healthcare outcomes. The health outcomes refer to the impact of teleophthalmology on the quality of the patients' health and well-being. Additionally, teleophthalmology's adoption and service quality acted as mediators., Conclusions: This study's findings are expected to increase attention to the healthcare outcomes and antecedents of teleophthalmology to promote better telemedicine practices and services for rural residents.

Background: Dietary diversity has been suggested as a potential preventive measure against frailty in older adults, but the effect of changes in dietary diversity on frailty is unclear. This study was conducted to examine the association between the dietary diversity score (DDS) and frailty among older Chinese adults., Methods: A total of 12,457 adults aged 65 years or older were enrolled from three consecutive and nonoverlapping cohorts from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (the 2002 cohort, the 2005 cohort, and the 2008 cohort). DDS was calculated based on nine predefined food groups, and DDS changes were assessed by comparing scores at baseline and the first follow-up survey. We used 39 self-reported health items to assess frailty. Cox proportional hazard models were performed to examine the association between DDS change patterns and frailty., Results: Participants with low-to-low DDS had the highest frailty incidence (111.1/1000 person-years), while high-to-high DDS had the lowest (41.1/1000 person-years). Compared to the high-to-high group of overall DDS pattern, participants in other DDS change patterns had a higher risk of frailty (HRs ranged from 1.25 to 2.15). Similar associations were observed for plant-based and animal-based DDS. Compared to stable DDS changes, participants with an extreme decline in DDS had an increased risk of frailty, with HRs of 1.38 (1.24, 1.53), 1.31 (1.19, 1.44), and 1.29 (1.16, 1.43) for overall, plant-based, and animal-based DDS, respectively., Conclusions: Maintaining a lower DDS or having a large reduction in DDS was associated with a higher risk of frailty among Chinese older adults. These findings highlight the importance of improving a diverse diet across old age for preventing frailty in later life., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Accurately and promptly predicting the response of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) to targeted therapy is essential for optimizing treatment strategies. However, some fractions of recurrent or metastatic GISTs present as non-FDG-avid lesions, limiting the value of [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([ 18 F]FDG PET/CT) in treatment evaluation. This study evaluated the efficacy of [ 18 F]F-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI)-42 [ 18 F]FAPI-42) PET/CT for assessing the treatment response in recurrent or metastatic GISTs, in comparison to [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT and explores a model integrating PET/CT imaging and clinical parameters to optimize the clinical use of these diagnostic tools., Methods: Our retrospective analysis included 27 patients with recurrent or metastatic GISTs who underwent [ 18 F]FAPI-42 PET/CT and [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT at baseline before switching targeted therapy. Treatment response status was divided into a progression group (PG) and a non-progression group (NPG) based on the Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, according to the contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan at six months. [ 18 F]FAPI-42 and [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT parameters including the mean standardized uptake value (SUV mean ), the standard uptake value corrected for lean body mass (SUL peak ), the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ), tumor-to-blood pool SUV ratio (TBR), tumor-to-liver SUV ratio (TLR), metabolic tumor volume (MTV)/FAPI-positive tumor volume (GTV-FAPI), total lesion glycolysis (TLG)/FAPI-positive total lesion accumulation (TLF) were correlated with the response status to identify indicative of treatment response. The predictive performance of them was quantified by generating receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC), calibration curves, and cross-validation., Results: A total of 110 lesions were identified in 27 patients. Compared with PG, NPG was associated with lower levels of TBR and SUV mean in FDG PET/CT (TBR-FDG, SUV mean -FDG; P=0.033 and P=0.038, respectively), with higher SUL peak and TLF in FAPI PET/CT (SUL peak -FAPI, TLF-FAPI; P=0.10 and P=0.049, respectively). The predictive power of a composite-parameter model, including TBR-FDG, SUL peak -FAPI, gene mutation, and type of targeted therapy [area under the curve (AUC) =0.865], was superior to the few-parameter models incorporating TBR-FDG (AUC =0.637, P<0.001), SUL peak -FAPI (AUC =0.665, P<0.001) or both (AUC =0.721, P<0.001)., Conclusions: Both [ 18 F]FAPI-42 PET/CT and [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT have value in predicting the treatment response of recurrent or metastatic GISTs. And [ 18 F]FAPI-42 PET/CT offers synergistic value when used in combination with [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT. Notably, the nomogram generated from the model incorporating [ 18 F]FAPI-42 PET/CT, [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT parameters, gene mutation, and type of targeted therapy could yield more precise predictions of the response of recurrent metastatic GISTs., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://qims.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/qims-24-192/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2024 Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Background: Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few studies have investigated association between AIP and all-cause mortality and specific-mortality in the general population., Methods: This study included data from 14,063 American adults. The exposure variable was the AIP, which was defined as log10 (triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). The outcome variables included all-cause mortality and specific-mortality. Survey-weighted cox regressions were performed to evaluate the relation between AIP and all-cause mortality and specific-mortality. Weighted restricted cubic spline was conducted to examin the non-linear relationship., Results: During 10 years of follow-up, we documented 2,077, 262, 854, and 476 cases of all-cause mortality, diabetes mortality, CVD mortality and cancer mortality, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes mortality when comparing the highest to the lowest quantile of AIP in female (p for trend = 0.001) or participants older than 65 years (p for trend = 0.002). AIP was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality, CVD mortality and cancer mortality (p > 0.05). Moreover, a non-linear association was observed between AIP and all-cause mortality in a U-shape (p for non-linear = 0.0011), while a linear relationship was observed with diabetes mortality and non-diabetes mortality (p for linear < 0.0001)., Conclusions: In this study, there is a no significant association between high AIP levels and a high risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Besides, a higher AIP was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes mortality, which only found in women older than 65 years. AIP was associated with all-cause mortality in a U-shape. This association could be explained by the finding that higher AIP predicted a higher risk of death from diabetes, and that lower AIP predicted a higher risk of death from non-diabetes causes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Integrating genomics and histology for cancer prognosis demonstrates promise. Here, we develop a multi-classifier system integrating a lncRNA-based classifier, a deep learning whole-slide-image-based classifier, and a clinicopathological classifier to accurately predict post-surgery localized (stage I-III) papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) recurrence. The multi-classifier system demonstrates significantly higher predictive accuracy for recurrence-free survival (RFS) compared to the three single classifiers alone in the training set and in both validation sets (C-index 0.831-0.858 vs. 0.642-0.777, p < 0.05). The RFS in our multi-classifier-defined high-risk stage I/II and grade 1/2 groups is significantly worse than in the low-risk stage III and grade 3/4 groups (p < 0.05). Our multi-classifier system is a practical and reliable predictor for recurrence of localized pRCC after surgery that can be used with the current staging system to more accurately predict disease course and inform strategies for individualized adjuvant therapy., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Didymocarpuspingyuanensis , endemic to the Danxia landscape in Pingyuan County, Guangdong, China, is described and illustrated here. This species can be distinguished from other members of Didymocarpussect.Heteroboea by its calyx deeply 5-lobed to about three quarters of its length. The phylogenetic position of the new species within Didymocarpus was examined using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Based on phylogenetics analysis and morphological evidence, we propose two new combinations, elevating the two varieties to species level, namely D.yinzhengii and D.gamosepalus ., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Ling-Han Yang, Jing-Min Dai, Fang Wen, Jian-Hui Liu, Xue-Zheng Lan, Qiang Fan.)

Background: Conflicting results have been reported on the association of dietary unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with longevity and cardiovascular health. Most previous studies have focused only on the amount of UFAs consumed, not the timing of intake., Methods: This prospective cohort study used data from 30,136 adults aged 18 years and older. Intakes of UFAs by meal time and types were assessed by a 24-h dietary recall for two days. The covariate-adjusted survey-weighted Cox proportional hazards models were performed to evaluate the associations of dietary total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intakes throughout the day and three meals with mortality., Results: During a median of 10.0 years of follow-up, 4510 total deaths occurred. All-cause mortality decreased with increasing intakes at dinner of TUFA (HR: 0.87 [0.77-0.98]), PUFA (HR: 0.81 [0.73-0.91]), and MUFA (HR: 0.88 [0.77-0.99]). With an increased intake of PUFA at dinner, CVD mortality showed a decreasing trend. However, the inverted L-shaped non-linear trend in all-cause mortality was found with increasing intake at breakfast of TUFA (HR: 1.35 [1.17-1.57], Q3 vs. Q1), PUFA (HR: 1.30 [1.13-1.50]), and MUFA (HR: 1.28 [1.13-1.45]). Meanwhile, increased breakfast intake of UFAs was associated with increased CVD and heart disease mortality., Conclusions: Meal timing influences the association of UFAs with all-cause and CVD-related mortality.

Rockery constitutes one of the significant elements of Chinese royal garden design, and it becomes an emerging interdisciplinary topic covering both science and art. In this work, we report an attempt to restore the color of the ancient rockeries by finding the appropriate inorganic pigments. Chromium is doped as activators into strontium melilites with varying Si/Ge ratio, and the synthesized powders give a series of color changing from ice blue to dark-sea green. With the structure and spectroscopic characterizations, we discuss the substitutions of Cr in Mg/Si/Ge sites of the melilite host. The Tanabe-Sugano diagram of 3d 2 configuration is employed to explain the change of diffuse reflectance spectra caused by Si/Ge substitution. With the work, we hope to inspire the interdisciplinary research and promote the rockery heritage restoration and protection., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

In order to study the combustion characteristics of glass fiber/phenolic resin composites, a conical calorimeter was used to explore the combustion characteristics of glass fiber/phenolic resin composites in an aircraft frame under different thermal radiation intensities, and the fire hazard of the materials was evaluated by evaluation index, and the limiting oxygen index at different temperatures was explored by combining the high temperature oxygen index meter. The test results show that when the ambient temperature increases from 20 °C to 220 °C, the limiting oxygen index first increases from 86.6 % to 93.7 %, and then decreases to 84.4 %. The oxygen consumption and CO 2 release increase with the increase of thermal radiation intensity during combustion, and the release of CO decreases with the increase of thermal radiation. The heat release rate curve of the test material has only 1 enhancement peak. The heat radiation intensity increased from 50 kW/m 2 to 70 kW/m 2 , and the peak heat release rate of the test material combustion increased from 64.7 kW/m 2 to 100.7 kW/m 2 . The rate of mass loss of materials accelerates with the increase of thermal radiation intensity; As the intensity of thermal radiation increases, the fire hazard of the material increases., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Zhi Wang reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/501100001809National Natural Science Foundation of China. Zhi Wang reports a relationship with 10.13039/501100001809National Natural Science Foundation of China that includes: funding grants., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Due to inherent differences in cellular composition and metabolic behavior with host cells, tumor-harbored bacteria can discriminatorily affect tumor immune landscape. However, the mechanisms by which intracellular bacteria affect antigen presentation process between tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are largely unknown. The invasion behavior of attenuated Salmonella VNP20009 (VNP) into tumor cells is investigated and an attempt is made to modulate this behavior by modifying positively charged polymers on the surface of VNP. It is found that non-toxic chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) modified VNP (VNP@COS) bolsters the formation of gap junction between tumor cells and APCs by enhancing the ability of VNP to infect tumor cells. On this basis, a bacterial biohybrid is designed to promote in situ antigen cross-presentation through intracellular bacteria induced gap junction. This bacterial biohybrid also enhances the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on the surface of tumor cells through the incorporation of Mdivi-1 coupled with VNP@COS. This strategic integration serves to heighten the immunogenic exposure of tumor antigens; while, preserving the cytotoxic potency of T cells. A strategy is proposed to precisely controlling the function and local effects of microorganisms within tumors., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Magnesium matrix composites are essential lightweight metal matrix composites, following aluminum matrix composites, with outstanding application prospects in automotive, aerospace lightweight and biomedical materials because of their high specific strength, low density and specific stiffness, good casting performance and rich resources. However, the inherent low plasticity and poor fatigue resistance of magnesium hamper its further application to a certain extent. Many researchers have tried many strengthening methods to improve the properties of magnesium alloys, while the relationship between wear resistance and plasticity still needs to be further improved. The nanoparticles added exhibit a good strengthening effect, especially the ceramic nanoparticles. Nanoparticle-reinforced magnesium matrix composites not only exhibit a high impact toughness, but also maintain the high strength and wear resistance of ceramic materials, effectively balancing the restriction between the strength and toughness. Therefore, this work aims to provide a review of the state of the art of research on the matrix, reinforcement, design, properties and potential applications of nano-reinforced phase-reinforced magnesium matrix composites (especially ceramic nanoparticle-reinforced ones). The conventional and potential matrices for the fabrication of magnesium matrix composites are introduced. The classification and influence of ceramic reinforcements are assessed, and the factors influencing interface bonding strength between reinforcements and matrix, regulation and design, performance and application are analyzed. Finally, the scope of future research in this field is discussed.