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Plant-derived bioactive substances have demonstrated significant qualities that suggest they may be crucial in preventing various chronic diseases. Flavonoids, which include apigenin, are the biggest group of polyphenols. In our study, we aimed to obtain the methanol-chloroform (1:1) extract from the aerial parts of Nepeta baytopii Hedge & Lamond and purify the apigenin using bioactivity-guided isolation to separate the active fraction. The current in vitro study provides updated knowledge on apigenin regarding its previously unresearched DNA protection activity and enzyme inhibition, enzyme inhibition kinetics, and enzyme-apigenin interactions. In this context, these studies will be the first and will contribute to the literature. Apigenin had high urease (IC 50 -5.00 ± 0.00 µM), butyrlcholinesterase (BChE:IC 50 -10.48 ± 0.00 µM), and tyrosinase (IC 50 -177.82 ± 14.40 µM) inhibition activities, while inhibition binding constants were high in urease (K i -0.05 mM), tyrosinase (K i -0.06 mM), and carbonic anhydrase (K i -0.08 mM). The binding affinities and constants of the interaction were also ascertained to be high for BChE (-9.50 kcal/mol, and K i -0.11 µM), and tyrosinase (-8.80 kcal/mol, and K i , 0.62 µM) with apigenin. In summary, apigenin can be used as an inhibitor for five enzymes. These results will give priority to further studies. Apigenin showed high DNA protection activity with a Form I value of 67.37%. These data demonstrated that the interaction formed by BChE-apigenin gave the best results regarding enzyme inhibition and enzyme-molecule interaction. The stability of this complex was evaluated using molecular dynamics modeling.

Parietin was isolated from Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr.' (methanol:chloroform) extract, using a silica column. 13 C NMR and 1H NMR were used to confirm the structure of the isolated parietin. For the first time, parietin was investigated for its antioxidant, antibacterial and DNA protective activities. Molecular docking was carried out to determine the binding affinity and interactions between the enzymes and our molecule. Inhibition and kinetic mechanism studies for the action of the enzymes were performed too. Parietin exhibited high metal chelating activity. The MIC values of parietin were sufficient to inhibit different bacterial strains; E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus . Molecular docking applications exhibited that acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), lipase, and tyrosinase have high potential for binding with the parietin. Especially, the parietin's highest binding affinity was recorded with AChE and tyrosinase. These results were confirmed by the inhibition and kinetics results, where, parietin observed a potent inhibition with an IC 50 values between 0.013-0.003 µM. Moreover, parietin acts' as a non-competitive inhibitor against AChE, BChE, and lipase, and as a competitive inhibitor against tyrosinase with a high rate of inhibition stability. The promising biological properties of parietin revealed its effectiveness in terms of suitability in the food and pharmaceutical industries.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

The acid catalyzed hydrolysis of the N-(p-substitutedphenyl) phthalimides in three different acids was investigated at 50.0±0.1°C. Two different antioxidant activity tests as DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities, and three various enzyme inhibition activity tests as urease, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition activities, were applied. Compound 3c (2.03 µg/mL ) has higher antioxidant activity than other compounds and standards according to DPPH test. In AChE assay, compounds 3a and 3b (13.13 and 9.59 µg/mL) has higher enzyme inhibition activity than the standard Galantamine (14.37 µg/mL). In BChE and urease tests, all compounds (6.84-13.60 and 10.49-17.73 µg/mL) have higher enzyme inhibition activity than the standard Galantamine (49.40 µg/mL) and thiourea (26.19 µg/mL), respectively. The molecule interaction for each of the three compounds with the active sites of AChE, BChE, and urease enzymes was examined via molecular docking simulations.

In this study, we investigated the phenolic profile, metal concentrations, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of edible mushrooms collected from Sinop, Turkey: Amanita caesarea, Boletus edulis, Grifola frondosa, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius deliciosus, L. piperatus, L. volemus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Ramaria flava. The mycochemical contents of R. flava, L. sulphureus, A. caesarea, L. deliciosus, and B. edulis were high. The cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) contents of mushrooms were between < 0.54 and 8.97 ppm. L. deliciosus had effective total antioxidant activity (7990 μmol α-tocopherol eq./g), ABTS·+ (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) scavenging activity scavenging activity (EC50:7.87 μg/mL), and free-radical scavenging activity (EC50: 0.018 μg/mL) due to high levels of phenol, flavonoid, β-carotene, and lycopene. B. edulis demonstrated strong reducing power (A0.5: 11.89 μg/mL), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (EC50:0.0016 μg/mL), and H2O2 scavenging activity (EC50: 0.28 μg/mL). A. caesarea and R. flava showed the best metal chelating activity (EC50:44.31 μg/mL) and superoxide anion scavenging activity (EC50:0.18 μg/mL), respectively. Inhibition zone values of A. caesarea extract were detected between 8.1 and 27.1 mm for B. cereus. Our results show that mushrooms are promising dietary sources for natural prevention of many infectious diseases and that they act as antioxidant agents.

Aim and Objective: Due to the common ethnopharmacological used or scientifically examined biochemical properties, Elaeagnaceae family, Elaeagnus umbellate (Thunb.) (EU, Guz yemisi) was worth investigating., Materials and Methods: In this investigation, we revealed antioxidant, antiproliferative and enzyme inhibition activities of the water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of EU as well as the contents of their phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, lycopene and β- carotene. The antioxidant activity was screened by total antioxidant (phosphomolybdenum), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, reducing power, 2-deoxyribose degradation assay, H2O2 scavenging and metal chelating activities of the samples were tested in vitro. Additionally, the scavenging activities of the extracts were determined against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH˙), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulfonicacid (ABTS˙+), superoxide anion and peroxide radicals. The samples were determined for their inhibitory activities against urease, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). In vitro, antiproliferative activities of six different extracts were tested using the xCELLigence system against HeLa and HT29 cell lines., Results: The antioxidant activities of the extracts were found higher than standard antioxidants. The water extracts of fruit and leaf showed the best antioxidant activity. In inhibition assays of urease, AChE and BuChE, all extracts exhibited remarkable inhibition potential. Ethyl acetate extracts, especially, showed better inhibition capacity. It was found that the antioxidant activities of the extracts presented consistently with their chemical contents. The antiproliferative activities of leaf extracts were more effective than the fruit extracts. The chromatographic methods were applied to the different solvents to analyses phenolic secondery metabolites. It was found that fumaric acid, 4- hydroxybenzoic acid, rutin and quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, neohesperidin, hesperidin determined to have higher contents all the extracts., Conclusion: EU can be suggested as a potential natural source of antioxidants appropriate for utilization in nutritional/pharmaceutical fields., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)