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Background: Universal lipid screening in childhood for early detection and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia is under discussion, but will also detect children with multifactorial dyslipidemia. Results from population-based studies can support the design of public health strategies. As few previous studies considered pubertal changes in serum lipid levels, we examined tracking of serum lipids from prepuberty to young adulthood in a population-based cohort., Methods: This longitudinal study includes 692 children from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS; baseline: 2003-2006, follow-up: 2014-2017) who were 6-8 years old at baseline, at least 18 years old at follow-up, and had measurements of serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; non-HDL-C) at both time points. We calculated proportions of participants by life stage-specific risk categories applying cut points for young children and young adults. We used correlation coefficients to estimate serum lipid tracking from childhood to young adulthood. The association between follow-up and baseline lipid levels was examined in sex-specific multivariable linear regression models including body mass index (BMI), health-related behaviors and medication use as covariables., Results: The correlation coefficient between baseline and follow-up was 0.60 for non-HDL-C, 0.56 for TC, and 0.43 for HDL-C and was higher in males than in females. 67% of participants had acceptable and 9% had borderline/elevated non-HDL-C levels at both time points. Of participants with borderline/elevated non-HDL-C levels at baseline 32% remained in this category and 68% improved. Non-HDL-C levels at baseline explained 53% of the variance in levels at follow-up in males and 28% in females. After adjustment for covariables, the explained variance increased to 62% in males and 45% in females. An increase in BMI z-scores from childhood to young adulthood in all sexes and oral contraceptive use in females was positively associated with higher levels at follow-up., Conclusions: Non-HDL-C levels in prepuberty are moderate predictors of levels in young adulthood, along with increasing BMI from childhood to young adulthood, and oral contraceptive use among women. Comprehensive strategies including public health interventions targeting elevated lipid levels and obesity in combination, are essential to prevent premature cardiovascular events., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: We obtained written consent from parents of all participating children irrespective of the child’s age and additionally from participants 14 years of age and older. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Aim: To compare LDL-C concentrations using the Friedewald formula, the Martin-Hopkins formula, a direct assay and polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (PGGE) to the reference standard density gradient ultracentrifugation in patients with Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD) patients. We also compared non-HDL-cholesterol concentrations by two methods., Methods: For this study data from 28 patients with genetically confirmed FD from the placebo arm of the EVOLVE-FD trial were used. Four different methods for determining LDL-C were compared with ultracentrifugation. Non-HDL-C was measured with standard assays and compared to ultracentrifugation. Correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots were used to compare the methods., Results: Mean age of the 28 FD patients was 62 ± 9 years, 43 % were female and 93 % had an ɛ2ɛ2 genotype. LDL-C determined by Friedewald (R 2 = 0.62, p <0.01), Martin-Hopkins (R 2 = 0.50, p = 0.01) and the direct assay (R 2 = 0.41, p = 0.03) correlated with density gradient ultracentrifugation. However, Bland-Altman plots showed considerable over- or underestimation by the four methods compared to ultracentrifugation. Non-HDL-C showed good correlation and agreement., Conclusion: In patients with FD, all four methods investigated over- or underestimated LDL-C concentrations compared with ultracentrifugation. In contrast, standard non-HDL-C assays performed well, emphasizing the use of non-HDL-C in patients with FD., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: BEH declares no conflicts of interest. CK declares no conflicts of interest. JRvL has received a research grant by Amryt. Ad-board speaker fees have been paid to institution of ES by: Amgen, Sanofi, Esperion, Novo-Nordisk, Akcea/Ionis, Regeneron. NR declares no conflict of interest. MM declares no conflicts of interest LvZ declares no conflicts of interest. DMB declares no conflict of interest. ADM declares no conflict of interest. FV declares no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: There is accumulating evidence that serum levels of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) are a more accurate predictor of cardiovascular outcomes when compared with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, we recently found that higher serum concentrations of triglycerides are associated with better outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, we hypothesized that the association of serum levels of non-HDL-C (which includes triglyceride-rich lipoproteins) with outcomes may also be different in patients undergoing hemodialysis when compared with other patient populations., Methods and Results: We studied the association of baseline and time-dependent serum levels of non-HDL-C with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using Cox proportional hazard regression models in a nationally representative cohort of 50 118 patients undergoing incident hemodialysis from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2011. In time-dependent models adjusted for case mix and surrogates of malnutrition and inflammation, a graded inverse association between non-HDL-C level and mortality was demonstrated with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the lowest (<60 mg/dL) and highest (≥160 mg/dL) categories: 1.88 (1.72-2.06) and 0.73 (0.64-0.83) for all-cause mortality and 2.07 (1.78-2.41) and 0.75 (0.60-0.93) for cardiovascular mortality, respectively (reference, 100-115 mg/dL). In analyses using baseline values, non-HDL-C levels <100 mg/dL were also associated with significantly higher mortality risk across all levels of adjustment. Similar associations were found when evaluating non-HDL/HDL cholesterol ratio and mortality, with the highest all-cause and cardiovascular mortality being observed in patients with decreased non-HDL/HDL-C ratio (<2.5)., Conclusions: Contrary to the general population, decrements in non-HDL-C and non-HDL/HDL cholesterol ratio were paradoxically associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing incident hemodialysis. The underlying mechanisms responsible for these associations await further investigation., (© 2018 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.)

Background: Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) is a convenient measure of atherogenicity (normal concentration <120 mg/dL) but has not been investigated in TS. We aim to evaluate non-HDL-C patterns in a cohort of pediatric and young adult females with TS., Methods: A retrospective chart review was used to obtain demographics, body composition, genetic reports, and lipid profiles in females with TS., Results: Lipid profiles were assessed in 158 females (mean age 13.6 years). Mean non-HDL-C was 118.9 mg/dL (±32.0); the prevalence of high non-HDL-C (≥144 mg/dL) was 17.7% (n = 28). In TS females aged 8-17 years (n = 46), the prevalence of high non-HDL-C was 23.9% (95% CI 11.1-36.7; n = 11) between 2011 and 2012, compared to 9.2% (95% CI 5.6-14.1) in females of the same age in the general population reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset (p < 0.005). Body mass index (BMI) accounted for only 6% of variance in non-HDL-C values (β coefficient = 1.31, p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Children and adolescents aged 8-17 years with TS appear to have a greater prevalence of adverse non-HDL-C levels compared to the general adolescent population. The prevalence of high non-HDL-C was not fully explained by BMI., (© 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel.)