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Background: The nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its insect vectors from the Monochamus genus are major global quarantine pests of timber products. Owing to the phase-out of methyl bromide for plant quarantine and preshipment treatments, an alternative fumigant is essential. Based on preliminary laboratory studies on the efficacy of ethanedinitrile (C 2 N 2 ) to B. xylophilus and Monochamus alternatus, three quarantine trials were conducted at three dosages and three temperatures. Potential for inhalation exposure was assessed by monitoring atmospheric C 2 N 2 in relation to the threshold limit value., Results: Concentration × time products (Ct) of 398.6, 547.2 and 595.9 g h m -3 were obtained for each trial. A 100% mortality of B. xylophilus and M. alternatus larvae at 23 ± 4 °C and 10 ± 4 °C occurred with a load factor of pine logs of 46% and at 3 ± 1 °C with a load factor of 30%. During all fumigations, atmospheric levels of C 2 N 2 20 m downwind were below the TLV. During aeration, levels 10 and 5 m downwind were below the TLV after 0.4 and 1 h respectively., Conclusion: For the purpose of quarantine or phytosanitary treatment, specific doses of C 2 N 2 at the trial temperatures could control B. xylophilus and M. alternatus larvae without significant inhalation risk to workers. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.)