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Background: To advance research with clinical data, it is essential to make access to the available data as fast and easy as possible for researchers, which is especially challenging for data from different source systems within and across institutions. Over the years, many research repositories and data standards have been created. One of these is the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard, used by the German Medical Informatics Initiative (MII) to harmonize and standardize data across university hospitals in Germany. One of the first steps to make these data available is to allow researchers to create feasibility queries to determine the data availability for a specific research question. Given the heterogeneity of different query languages to access different data across and even within standards such as FHIR (eg, CQL and FHIR Search), creating an intermediate query syntax for feasibility queries reduces the complexity of query translation and improves interoperability across different research repositories and query languages., Objective: This study describes the creation and implementation of an intermediate query syntax for feasibility queries and how it integrates into the federated German health research portal (Forschungsdatenportal Gesundheit) and the MII., Methods: We analyzed the requirements for feasibility queries and the feasibility tools that are currently available in research repositories. Based on this analysis, we developed an intermediate query syntax that can be easily translated into different research repository-specific query languages., Results: The resulting Clinical Cohort Definition Language (CCDL) for feasibility queries combines inclusion criteria in a conjunctive normal form and exclusion criteria in a disjunctive normal form, allowing for additional filters like time or numerical restrictions. The inclusion and exclusion results are combined via an expression to specify feasibility queries. We defined a JSON schema for the CCDL, generated an ontology, and demonstrated the use and translatability of the CCDL across multiple studies and real-world use cases., Conclusions: We developed and evaluated a structured query syntax for feasibility queries and demonstrated its use in a real-world example as part of a research platform across 39 German university hospitals., (© Lorenz Rosenau, Julian Gruendner, Alexander Kiel, Thomas Köhler, Bastian Schaffer, Raphael W Majeed. Originally published in JMIR Medical Informatics (https://medinform.jmir.org).)

Background: People living with dementia or other cognitive decline and their caregivers (PLWD) increasingly rely on the web to find information about their condition and available resources and services. The recent advancements in large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, provide a new alternative to the more traditional web search engines, such as Google., Objective: This study compared the quality of the results of ChatGPT and Google for a collection of PLWD-related queries., Methods: A set of 30 informational and 30 service delivery (transactional) PLWD-related queries were selected and submitted to both Google and ChatGPT. Three domain experts assessed the results for their currency of information, reliability of the source, objectivity, relevance to the query, and similarity of their response. The readability of the results was also analyzed. Interrater reliability coefficients were calculated for all outcomes., Results: Google had superior currency and higher reliability. ChatGPT results were evaluated as more objective. ChatGPT had a significantly higher response relevance, while Google often drew upon sources that were referral services for dementia care or service providers themselves. The readability was low for both platforms, especially for ChatGPT (mean grade level 12.17, SD 1.94) compared to Google (mean grade level 9.86, SD 3.47). The similarity between the content of ChatGPT and Google responses was rated as high for 13 (21.7%) responses, medium for 16 (26.7%) responses, and low for 31 (51.6%) responses., Conclusions: Both Google and ChatGPT have strengths and weaknesses. ChatGPT rarely includes the source of a result. Google more often provides a date for and a known reliable source of the response compared to ChatGPT, whereas ChatGPT supplies more relevant responses to queries. The results of ChatGPT may be out of date and often do not specify a validity time stamp. Google sometimes returns results based on commercial entities. The readability scores for both indicate that responses are often not appropriate for persons with low health literacy skills. In the future, the addition of both the source and the date of health-related information and availability in other languages may increase the value of these platforms for both nonmedical and medical professionals., (©Vagelis Hristidis, Nicole Ruggiano, Ellen L Brown, Sai Rithesh Reddy Ganta, Selena Stewart. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 25.07.2023.)

Search engine queries are the starting point for studies in different fields, such as health or political science. These studies usually aim to make statements about social phenomena. However, the queries used in the studies are often created rather unsystematically and do not correspond to actual user behavior. Therefore, the evidential value of the studies must be questioned. We address this problem by developing an approach (query sampler) to sample queries from commercial search engines, using keyword research tools designed to support search engine marketing. This allows us to generate large numbers of queries related to a given topic and derive information on how often each keyword is searched for, that is, the query volume. We empirically test our approach with queries from two published studies, and the results show that the number of queries and total search volume could be considerably expanded. Our approach has a wide range of applications for studies that seek to draw conclusions about social phenomena using search engine queries. The approach can be applied flexibly to different topics and is relatively straightforward to implement, as we provide the code for querying Google Ads API. Limitations are that the approach needs to be tested with a broader range of topics and thoroughly checked for problems with topic drift and the role of close variants provided by keyword research tools., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2023 Schultheiß et al.)

Introduction: The institutional ethics committees (IECs) raise queries following protocol reviews. The quality of these queries would be a useful metric to assess how well the IEC executes its fundamental role of protecting participants., Methods: Queries received after the initial review and replies sent by a single research department were evaluated. A content analysis was done to identify the domains and categories of queries. We categorized these queries as administrative, ethics related, and scientific. The impact of each query in improving the science or safeguarding the rights and safety of research participants (ethics) was evaluated by two authors of this manuscript: one affiliated and the other nonaffiliated to the institute. Kappa statistics were used to evaluate for agreement between the two., Results: A total of 13 studies (investigator-initiated studies [IISs]: 7 and pharmaceutical industry-sponsored studies [PSSs]: 6) formed the final sample size for analysis. The total number of queries was 364 (IIS: 106 and PSS: 258; P < 0.001). With regard to the categories, we found n = 42 (11.54%) to be irrelevant at that stage of the review process; n = 51 (14.01%) were about information already available which the IEC had missed; n = 67 (18.41%) queries where the IEC needed paraphrasing; n = 50 (13.74%) were entirely relevant with the need for further clarification; and n = 154 (42.31%) had been missed by the investigator during the initial submission. The overall agreement between the affiliated and unaffiliated investigators was just 12.9% (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: We found that approximately 25% of the queries raised by the IEC were redundant. It is our opinion that this redundancy could have been channeled into greater focus on scientific and ethical aspects of the protocol. Ongoing dialog between investigators and ethics committees may help address this. Perspectives between the affiliated and the unaffiliated investigators with regard to the relevance of queries were grossly different., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Perspectives in Clinical Research.)

Neuroscientists can leverage technological advances to image neural tissue across a range of different scales, potentially forming the basis for the next generation of brain atlases and circuit reconstructions at submicron resolution, using Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microtomography modalities. However, there is variability in data collection, annotation, and storage approaches, which limits effective comparative and secondary analysis. There has been great progress in standardizing interfaces for large-scale spatial image data, but more work is needed to standardize annotations, especially metadata associated with neuroanatomical entities. Standardization will enable validation, sharing, and replication, greatly amplifying investment throughout the connectomics community. We share key design considerations and a usecase developed for metadata for a recent large-scale dataset., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Sanchez, Moore, Johnson, Wester, Lichtman and Gray-Roncal.)

Collaboration in neuroscience is impeded by the difficulty of sharing primary data, results, and software across labs. Here, we introduce Neuroscience Data Interface (NDI), a platform-independent standard that allows an analyst to use and create software that functions independently from the format of the raw data or the manner in which the data are organized into files. The interface is rooted in a simple vocabulary that describes common apparatus and storage devices used in neuroscience experiments. Results of analyses, and analyses of analyses, are stored as documents in a scalable, queryable database that stores the relationships and history among the experiment elements and documents. The interface allows the development of an application ecosystem where applications can focus on calculation rather than data format or organization. This tool can be used by individual labs to exchange and analyze data, and it can serve to curate neuroscience data for searchable archives., (Copyright © 2022 García Murillo et al.)

The ever-growing usage of knowledge graphs (KGs) positions named entity disambiguation (NED) at the heart of designing accurate KG-driven systems such as query answering systems (QAS). According to the current research, most studies dealing with NED on KGs involve long texts, which is not the case of short text fragments, identified by their limited contexts. The accuracy of QASs strongly depends on the management of such short text. This limitation motivates this paper, which studies the NED problem on KGs, involving only short texts. First, we propose a NED approach including the following steps: (i) context expansion using WordNet to measure its similarity to the resource context. (ii) Exploiting coherence between entities in queries that contain more than one entity, such as "Is Michelle Obama the wife of Barack Obama?". (iii) Taking into account the relations between words to calculate their similarity with the properties of a resource. (iv) the use of syntactic features. The NED solution approach is compared to state-of-the-art approaches using five datasets. The experimental results show that our approach outperforms these systems by 27% in the F-measure. A system called Welink , implementing our proposal, is available on GitHub, and it is also accessible via a REST API., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2022.)

Slow uptake of biosimilars in some regions is often attributed to a lack of knowledge combined with concerns about safety and efficacy. To alleviate physician and patient apprehensions, regulatory reviews from four major regulatory authorities (RAs) (European Medicines Agency, US Food and Drug Administration, Health Canada, and Japan Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Authority) across a portfolio of eight biosimilars were analyzed to provide insight into RA review focus and approach. RA queries were evaluated in an unbiased and systematic manner by major classification (Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls [CMC], nonclinical, clinical or regulatory) and then via detailed sub-classification. There was a consistent, predominant focus on CMC from all RAs. The review focus based on sub-classification of clinical and regulatory queries was influenced by molecular complexity, with significant differences between categories (monoclonal antibody or protein) in the distribution of query topics; specifically, bioanalytical ( p = 0.023), comparative safety and efficacy ( p = 0.023), and statutory (including the justification of extrapolation) ( p = 0.00033). Each biosimilar had a distinct distribution of clinical query topics, tailored to product-specific data. This analysis elucidated areas of heightened RA interest, and validated their application of regulatory science in the evaluation of biosimilar safety and efficacy.

Introduction: Small biopsies and cytology specimens have become increasingly important for clinical trials and biomarker testing. Thus, institutions must ensure that adequate lesional material meeting the specifications for a multitude of different protocols is available. This can be achieved using rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE). The aim of the present study was to determine the recent clinical trial biopsy characteristics and study the feedback on these collections at our institution., Materials and Methods: Clinical trial biopsies performed at our institution and trial feedback (including "queries") were analyzed from the 2017 to 2019. The query data were reviewed in detail, in addition to any protocol modifications related to biopsy requirements and study protocol changes., Results: A total of 698 biopsy collections were performed for clinical trial purposes for 95 trials, with most requiring biopsies at >1 time point (63.2%), for phase I or II trials (92.6%), and for specific tumor types (67.4%). Only 18 of the trials (18.9%) requiring fresh tissue biopsies provided feedback. The feedback included data from 90 cases (12.9%), of which 27 (30.0%) had queries regarding insufficient (n = 10; 37.0%) or borderline (n = 17; 63.0%) tumor tissue. Only 1 (3.7%) of these had had ROSE by cytology. ROSE was performed in accordance with institutional guidelines (45.3%), as required by the study (1.1%), or because of trial modification (5.3%)., Conclusions: The present investigation has shown the high volume of clinical trial biopsies managed at our academic cancer center. Feedback from the trials was low at 18.9% and frequently involved suboptimal cases without ROSE used at acquisition. This has led to more widespread adoption of ROSE to mitigate insufficient biopsy specimens and repeat procedures. The high volume of clinical trial biopsies and variability in trial needs necessitates a collaborative multidisciplinary network, including cytology services, to facilitate these important biopsies for patients with cancer., (Copyright © 2020 American Society of Cytopathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In his "Méthode nouvelle," an anonymous article in the Bibliothèque universelle of 1686, John Locke described his way of collecting excerpts in notebooks and retrieving relevant entries. The well-known practice of entering textual passages in commonplace books sits uneasily with Locke's criticism of received opinion and authority. Is it possible that he used any of these notes to think with? I suggest that the conditions for this were provided by Locke's interactions with some of his notes, including those which recorded observations, testimonies and experiments. As well as labelling excerpts and other notes with topical Titles, Locke sometimes added precise bibliographical citations, transferred material across notebooks, interpolated his own signed reflections and queries, and (eventually) dated entries., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Introduction: There is an alarming increase in the number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This increase is causing personal, family, social, economic, and political problems. The aim of this article is to review the side effects of treatments, the complications suffered by patients, and the practices to improve management of this disease from the viewpoint of the experience of patients and health care management., Material and Methods: A narrative review was conducted of studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus published in English and Spanish indexed in PubMed, Science Direct, Cinahl, MedLine, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and Google academic. A total of 1,118 articles were found, 42 of which referred to the objectives of the review and met the inclusion criteria., Results: The side effects and complications experienced by patients and their perception that they do not receive adequate information, together with poor satisfaction, lead to non-adherence to treatment, which impairs patient health and increases health care costs. The proposals in the reviewed studies guide the actions to improve treatment adherence and, thus, quality of life of patients, to decrease side effects and mortality and, therefore, the costs associated to type 2 diabetes mellitus through: 1) quick and easy access to medical care, 2) quality health education, and 3) participation of patients in the decisions about their treatment and in self-management of their disease to make minimum changes in their lifestyles., (Copyright © 2019 SEEN y SED. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: There are a lot of questions in the mind of parents related to primary teeth. Various myths are also prevalent in the society about deciduous dentition. As a pediatric dentist, we come across various questions that are repeatedly asked, other than the chief complaint of the patient. No study has been conducted till date to address such queries. The current study highlights the major queries of parents related to their child's oral health., Objectives: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the most frequently asked questions by aediatric patient's parents in day-to-day practice apart from the chief complaint and to compare the queries of urban and rural population., Method: A sample size of 200 was taken for the study. Parents/attendants of the patients were given a questionnaire which consisted of queries of parents other than chief complain. The data were analyzed to find out what most of the parents want to know from a pediatric dentist about their child's dentition., Results: Based on the survey, we were able to evaluate the most common questions about child's oral health and it was observed that there is a difference in the queries of parents among the rural and the urban population., Conclusion: The role of a pediatric dentist is of the utmost importance in creating awareness among patients and their parents about oral health and the importance of primary teeth., How to Cite This Article: Rathore K, Tandon S, et al. Queries of Parents Related to their Children's Oral Health in Rural and Urban Area of Jaipur: A Clinical Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(2):88-91., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2019; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Background: The complexity of drug therapies has increased the need to evaluate the drug information scientifically. In this regard, the aim of drug information centers (DICs) is to promote rational use of drugs in a health-care setting. DI pharmacists play a vital role in providing the necessary and reliable information on drugs to promote the concept of rational drug use, eventually leading to a better patient outcome. The objective of the present study was to assess the drug-related queries received by the DIC at the King Saud Medical City (KSMC) from health-care professionals working in a large tertiary care setting., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted from February 2016 to January 2017. Data were collected using the DI request form, available in both printed and electronic formats for use by the health-care professionals. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate frequencies and percentages. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences software, version 16.0., Results: The current study received a total of 139 queries that were answered by the DIC pharmacists over a period of 1 year. The majority of queries were asked by pharmacists (61.2%), followed by physicians (23.7%) and nurses (10.10%). About half of the queries were related to the dosage and administration of the drugs. Lexicomp® acted as the common resource of information., Conclusion: DIC has been instrumental in the dissemination of drug-related information to health-care professionals since its inception in February 2016, resulting in the provision of quality health care to the patients. However, based on yearly queries, there still exists a need to increase the awareness of health-care professionals about the DIC at KSMC, which will urge them to take drug consultation from DIC pharmacists and promote patient safety., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background and Objective: Usage of data from electronic health records (EHRs) in clinical research is increasing, but there is little empirical knowledge of the data needed to support multiple types of research these sources support. This study seeks to characterize the types and patterns of data usage from EHRs for clinical research., Materials and Methods: We analyzed the data requirements of over 100 retrospective studies by mapping the selection criteria and study variables to data elements of two standard data dictionaries, one from the healthcare domain and the other from the clinical research domain. We also contacted study authors to validate our results., Results: The majority of variables mapped to one or to both of the two dictionaries. Studies used an average of 4.46 (range 1-12) data element types in the selection criteria and 6.44 (range 1-15) in the study variables. The most frequently used items (e.g., procedure, condition, medication) are often available in coded form in EHRs. Study criteria were frequently complex, with 49 of 104 studies involving relationships between data elements and 22 of the studies using aggregate operations for data variables. Author responses supported these findings., Discussion and Conclusion: The high proportion of mapped data elements demonstrates the significant potential for clinical data warehousing to facilitate clinical research. Unmapped data elements illustrate the difficulty in developing a complete data dictionary., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)