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Highly viscous drugs cannot be delivered through a needle. Typically, this means that these drugs are formulated at lower concentrations, demanding higher delivery volumes, which often must be delivered intravenously. Jet injection may provide an important solution for viscous drug delivery. Jet injection is a needle-free drug delivery technique whereby a liquid drug is formed into a hair-thin (∼200 µm) high-speed (>100 m/s) jet that penetrates and delivers itself into tissue. While it may seem that it would be just as difficult to form a viscous drug into a high-speed jet as it is to force it down a needle, this is not the case. Recent work has revealed that 'viscous-heating' during jet injection can result in significant temperature increase, and resultant viscosity decrease, in a thin outer-layer of the jet; this phenomenon effectively results in the drug 'self-lubricating' as it passes through a jet injection orifice. Despite the potential for this finding to revolutionise the subcutaneous delivery of high-viscosity drugs, little further work in this area has since been reported on. In this work we develop finite element models of needle-free injection to investigate how viscous heating affects jet production, how heat exchange with the orifice material influences this process, and to what extent jet production is affected by the initial temperature of the fluid. We then conduct novel high-speed measurements of jet and orifice temperature changes due to viscous heating. We find that viscous heating is responsible for approximately doubling the speed of jets that can be produced with very viscous fluid (1 Pa·s) at room temperature. The thermal conductivity of the orifice can transfer heat away from the perimeter of the jet, and thus reduce the lubricating effect of viscous heating. We then show that by preheating 99 % glycerol (1 Pa·s) from 7 °C to 37 °C the jet speed can be increased 6-fold. We also demonstrate the successful delivery of a very viscous glycerol solution using preheated jet injection into ex vivo porcine tissue. Given that 99 % glycerol is 10- to 100-fold more viscous than current protein therapeutics, our findings demonstrate the potential for jet injection, with or without additional drug preheating, to deliver drug formulations, needle-free, that are much more viscous than those currently delivered through needles., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Andrew Taberner reports financial support was provided by New Zealand Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment. Andrew Taberner reports a relationship with Portal Instruments Inc that includes: equity or stocks. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The Hungarian baron Roland Eötvös (Eötvös Loránd, 1848-1919) lived in the difficult period between two revolutions in Hungary, but nevertheless he achieved revolutionary results in two fields of science: capillarity (1875-1886) and gravity (after 1886). This paper describes his famous capillary equation published in 1886 in the world-language of the time (German) and in one of the most famous scientific journals of the time (Annalen der Physik und Chemie). In his paper he showed a simple equation for the temperature dependence of surface tension of one-component liquids and more importantly he showed that this quantity approaches zero as temperature tends towards the critical temperature. This result was achieved by measuring the surface tension of 160 (!) different liquids along their boiling lines as function of temperature, in a home-made high-pressure high-temperature equipment, probably the first one of this kind. In this way he extended the meaning of the critical point previously introduced by van der Waals. In this paper, also a modern model of surface tension of one-component liquids is discussed, simplified and compared to the Eötvös equation. It is also shown, how the Avogadro number and the molecular sizes can be determined from the experimental results of Eötvös (note: the Avogadro number was estimated with reasonable accuracy for the first time by Einstein in 1905 from the kinetic theory of liquids). Apparently, it was not that easy to do back in 1886: this becomes obvious from the 1911-paper by Einstein, who gave a wrong estimate for the diameter of Hg atoms (5.19 nm) using the data of Eötvös (the correct value is around 0.3 nm). The Appendix to this paper contains the summary of 1543 handwritten pages on surface tension by Eötvös, including the on-line availability of all pdf files. Note also, that Eötvös used g = 10.0 m/s 2 for acceleration due gravity and so he over-estimated his surface tension values and also his Eötvös constant by about 2.0%. The corrected Eötvös constant using his measured values but the correct g-value would be "0.222" vs his published value of "0.227". Probably this uncertainty in the value of g was one of the motives that pushed Eötvös to study gravity after 1886., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author declares he has no conflict of interest in publishing this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tough and self-healing hydrogels are typically sensitive to loading rates or temperatures due to the dynamic nature of noncovalent bonds. Understanding the structure evolution under varying loading conditions can provide valuable insights for developing new tough soft materials. In this study, polyampholyte (PA) hydrogel with a hierarchical structure is used as a model system. The evolution of the microscopic structure during loading is investigated under varied loading temperatures. By combining ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) and Mooney-Rivlin analysis, it is elucidated that the deformation of bicontinuous hard/soft phase networks is closely correlated with the relaxation dynamics or strength of noncovalent bonds. At high loading temperatures, the gel is soft and ductile, and large affine deformation of the phase-separated networks is observed, correlated with the fast relaxation dynamics of noncovalent bonds. At low loading temperatures, the gel is stiff, and nonaffine deformation occurs from the onset of loading due to the substantial breaking of noncovalent bonds and limited chain mobility as well as weak adaptation of phase deformation to external stretch. This work provides an in-depth understanding of the relationship between structure and performance of tough and self-healing hydrogels., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Single-particle analysis by Cryo-electron microscopy (CryoEM) provides direct access to the conformation of each macromolecule. However, the image's signal-to-noise ratio is low, and some form of classification is usually performed at the image processing level to allow structural modeling. Classical classification methods imply the existence of a discrete number of structural conformations. However, new heterogeneity algorithms introduce a novel reconstruction paradigm, where every state is represented by a lower number of particles, potentially just one, allowing the estimation of conformational landscapes representing the different structural states a biomolecule explores. In this work, we present a novel deep learning-based method called HetSIREN. HetSIREN can fully reconstruct or refine a CryoEM volume in real space based on the structural information summarized in a conformational latent space. The unique characteristics that set HetSIREN apart start with the definition of the approach as a real space-based only method, a fact that allows spatially focused analysis, but also the introduction of a novel network architecture specifically designed to make use of meta-sinusoidal activations, with proven high analytics capacities. Continuing with innovations, HetSIREN can also refine the pose parameters of the images at the same time that it conditions the network with prior information/constraints on the maps, such as Total Variation and L 1 denoising, ultimately yielding cleaner volumes with high-quality structural features. Finally, but very importantly, HetSIREN addresses one of the most confusing issues in heterogeneity analysis, as it is the fact that real structural heterogeneity estimation is entangled with pose estimation (and to a lesser extent with CTF estimation), in this way, HetSIREN introduces a novel encoding architecture able to decouple pose and CTF information from the conformational landscape, resulting in more accurate and interpretable conformational latent spaces. We present results on computer-simulated data, public data from EMPIAR, and data from experimental systems currently being studied in our laboratories. An important finding is the sensitivity of the structure and dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on the storage temperature., Competing Interests: Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

In photosynthetic reaction centers, quenching of the primary donor triplet state by energy transfer to the carotenoid molecule provides efficient suppression of generation of singlet-excited oxygen, potent chemical oxidant. This process in the Cereibacter sphaeroides reaction centers is thermoactivated, and discontinues at temperatures below 40 K. In these reaction centers, substitution of amino acid residue isoleucine at the 177 position of the L-subunit with histidine results in the sharp decrease of activation energy, so that the carotenoid triplets are populated even at 10 K. Activation energy of the T-T energy transfer was estimated as 7.5 cm -1 , which is more than 10-fold lower than activation energy in the wild type reaction centers. At certain temperatures, the energy transfer in the mutant is decelerated, which is related to the increase of effective distance of the triplet-triplet transfer. To the best of our knowledge, the described mutation presents the first reaction center modification leading to the significant decrease in activation energy of the T-T energy transfer to carotenoid molecule. The I(L177)H mutant reaction centers present a considerable interest for further studies of the triplet state quenching mechanisms, and of other photophysical and photochemical processes in the reaction centers of bacterial photosynthesis.

The behavior of metal ions is commonly studied in pure solvent although, in our daily life, these metals are involved in mixtures of solvents. In the present study, we investigated structures, relative stabilities and temperature dependance of solvated ferrous ion in water-ammonia mixture solvent at 0K and at various temperatures ranging from 25K to 400K. All the calculations are performed at the MN15 level of theory associated with the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. For deep understanding of binding patterns in solvated ferrous ion in water-ammonia mixture solvent, noncovalent interactions are presented based on the QTAIM analysis using AIMAll. Our results prove that the ferrous ion is more stable when it is solvated by ammonia instead of water. In addition, hydrogen bonds are weakened by the presence of ammonia molecules. The temperature dependence of the different obtained geometries indicates that from s=6 (s is the sum of water and ammonia molecules around the ferrous ion), when the number of water molecules is almost equal to that of ammonia, the structures with coordination number 5 are dominant. However, the coordination number is six when there are a maximum water molecules (rich water solution) or maximum ammonia molecules (rich ammonia solution) around the ferrous ion (for s≥6). The QTAIM analysis shows that there are two coordination bondings and four hydrogen bondings. Furthermore, it is found that the Fe 2+ ⋯N coordination bondings are stronger than the Fe 2+ ⋯O confirming that the ferrous ion prefers to be solvated by ammonia instead of water., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There is no conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this study was to formulate a mathematical expression for the temperature dependence of adhesive strength using various parameters. Adhesive structures are typically exposed to a broad temperature range, spanning from low to high temperatures; therefore, understanding how their strength depends on temperature is crucial. The strength was measured through tensile, fatigue, and creep tests at temperatures ranging from -60 °C to 135 °C. The properties of these test types were thoroughly investigated by analyzing the strength of the test results from a thermal activity perspective. The results demonstrate that there is a clear relationship between temperature and strength. The intensity decreased with temperature according to the exponential function and could be accurately represented using the parameters of thermal activity. The temperature at which the strength begins to decrease in the fatigue test was higher than in the static tests. Consequently, we were able to accurately express the relationship between the temperature and intensity using certain parameters. Few studies successfully developed a precise nonlinear relationship between temperature and intensity using approximate expressions.

Storage lipids are an important compartment in the bioaccumulation of neutral organic compounds. Reliable models for predicting storage lipid-water and storage lipid-air partition coefficients ( K i slip/w ), as well as their temperature dependence, are considered useful. Polyparameter linear free energy relationships (PP-LFERs) are accurate, general, and mechanistically clear models for predicting partitioning-related physicochemical quantities. About a decade ago, PP-LFERs were calibrated for K i slip/a ), as well as their temperature dependence, are considered useful. Polyparameter linear free energy relationships (PP-LFERs) are accurate, general, and mechanistically clear models for predicting partitioning-related physicochemical quantities. About a decade ago, PP-LFERs were calibrated for K i slip/w at the physiological temperature of 37 °C. However, to date, a comprehensive collection and sufficiently reliable PP-LFERs for K i slip/w and K at 25 °C, performing well over 10 orders of magnitude with root-mean-square errors of 0.17-0.21 log units for compounds with reliable descriptors. Furthermore, standard internal energy changes of transfer from water or air to storage lipids for 158 compounds were derived and used to calibrate PP-LFERs for estimating the temperature dependence of i slip/a at the most common standard temperature of 25 °C are still lacking. In this study, experimentally based K i slip/w and/or K i slip/a values at 25 °C for 278 compounds were extensively collected or converted from the literature. Subsequently, PP-LFERs were calibrated for K i slip/w and K i slip/a at 25 °C, performing well over 10 orders of magnitude with root-mean-square errors of 0.17-0.21 log units for compounds with reliable descriptors. Furthermore, standard internal energy changes of transfer from water or air to storage lipids for 158 compounds were derived and used to calibrate PP-LFERs for estimating the temperature dependence of K i slip/w or K i slip/a . Additionally, using PP-LFERs, low-density polyethylene was confirmed to be a better storage lipid analogue than silicone and polyoxymethylene in the equilibrium passive sampling of nonpolar and H-bond acceptor polar compounds.

Monolayer materials typically display intriguing temperature-dependent dielectric and optical properties, which are crucial for improving the structure and functionality of associated devices. Due to its unique photoelectric capabilities, monolayer WSe 2 has recently received a lot of attention in the fields of atomically thin electronics and optoelectronics. In this work, we focus on the evolution of the temperature-dependent dielectric function (ε = ε 1  + i ε 2 ) of monolayer WSe 2 over energies from 0.74 to 6.40 eV and temperatures from 40 to 350 K. We analyze the second derivatives of ε with respect to energy to accurately locate the critical points (CP). The dependence of the observed CP energies on temperature is consistent with the alternative domination of the declining exciton binding energy as the temperature increases., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background and Aims: Pollen germination and tube growth are essential processes for successful fertilization. They are among the most temperature-vulnerable stages and subsequently affect seed production and determine population persistence and species distribution under climate change. Our study aims to investigate intra- and inter-specific variations in the temperature dependence of pollen germination and tube length growth and to explore how these variations differ for pollen from elevational gradients., Methods: We focused on three conifer species, Pinus contorta, Picea engelmannii, and Pinus ponderosa, with pollen collected from 350 to 2200m elevation in Washington State, USA. We conducted pollen viability tests at temperatures from 5 to 40°C in 5°C intervals. After testing for four days, we took images of these samples under a microscope to monitor pollen germination percentage (GP) and tube length (TL). We applied the Gamma function to describe the temperature dependence of GP and TL and estimated key parameters, including the optimal temperature for GP (Topt_GP) and TL (Topt_TL)., Key Results: Results showed that pollen from three species and different elevations within a species have different GP, TL, Topt_GP, and Topt_TL. The population with a higher Topt_GP would also have a higher Topt_TL, while Topt_TL was generally higher than Topt_GP, i.e., a positive but not one-to-one relationship. However, only Pinus contorta showed that populations from higher elevations have lower Topt_GP and Topt_TL and vice versa. The variability in GP increased at extreme temperatures, whereas the variability in TL was greatest near Topt_TL., Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the temperature dependences of three conifers across a wide range of temperatures. Pollen germination and tube growth are highly sensitive to temperature conditions and vary among species and elevations, affecting their reproduction success during warming. Our findings can provide valuable insights to advance our understanding of how conifer pollen responds to rising temperatures., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

In a recent paper, we proposed a scheme to describe the relaxation mechanism of the excited Indole in aqueous solution, involving the fluctuations among the diabatic electronic states 1 L b , 1 L a and 1 πσ ∗ . Such a theoretical and computational model reproduced accurately the available experimental data at room temperature. Following these results, in the present work, we model the complex temperature dependence of the fluorescence properties of Indole in aqueous solution, with results further validating the proposed relaxation scheme. This scheme is able to explain the temperature effects on the fluorescence behavior indicating the water fluctuations as the main cause of (i) the stabilization of the dark state ( 1 πσ ∗ ) and (ii) the increase in temperature of the kinetics of the irreversible transition towards such a state., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Highly-crystallized carbon nitride (HCCN) nanosheets exhibit significant potential for advancements in the field of photoelectric conversion. However, to fully exploit their potential, a thorough understanding of the fundamental excitonic photophysical processes is crucial. Here, the temperature-dependent excitonic photoluminescence (PL) of HCCN nanosheets and amorphous polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) is investigated using steady-state and time-resolved PL spectroscopy. The exciton binding energy of HCCN is determined to be 109.26 meV, lower than that of PCN (207.39 meV), which is attributed to the ordered stacking structure of HCCN with a weaker Coulomb interaction between electrons and holes. As the temperature increases, a noticeable reduction in PL lifetime is observed on both the HCCN and PCN, which is ascribed to the thermal activation of carrier trapping by the enhanced electron-phonon coupling effect. The thermal activation energy of HCCN is determined to be 102.9 meV, close to the value of PCN, due to their same band structures. Through wavelength-dependent PL dynamics analysis, we have identified the PL emission of HCCN as deriving from the transitions: σ *-LP, π *- π , and π *-LP, where the π *-LP transition dominants the emission because of the high excited state density of the LP state. These results demonstrate the impact of high-crystallinity on the excitonic emission of HCCN materials, thereby expanding their potential applications in the field of photoelectric conversion., (© 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

In Photosystem II, light-induced water splitting occurs via the S state cycle of the CaMn 4 O 5 -cluster. To understand the role of various possible conformations of the CaMn 4 O 5 -cluster in this process, the temperature dependence of the S 1  → S 2 and S 2  → S 3 state transitions, induced by saturating laser flashes, was studied in spinach photosystem II membrane preparations under different conditions. The S 1  → S 2 transition temperature dependence was shown to be much dependent on the type of the cryoprotectant and presence of 3.5% methanol, resulting in the variation of transition half-inhibition temperature by 50 K. No similar effect was observed for the S 2  → S 3 state transition, for which we also show that both the low spin g = 2.0 multiline and high spin g = 4.1 EPR configurations of the S 2 state advance with similar efficiency to the S 3 state, both showing a transition half-inhibition temperature of 240 K. This was further confirmed by following the appearance of the Split S 3 EPR signal. The results are discussed in relevance to the functional and structural heterogeneity of the water oxidizing complex intermediates in photosystem II., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is predominantly characterized by alternating CH 2 and CF 2 units in a polymer backbone, originating from the head-to-tail addition of monomers or regular propagation. Due, to a small extent, to inverse monomer addition, so-called defect structures occur which influence the macroscopic properties of PVDF significantly. The amount of defect structures in the material is determined by the polymerization conditions. Here, the temperature dependence of the fraction of defect structures in PVDF obtained from polymerizations between 45 and 90 °C is reported. We utilized 19 F-NMR spectroscopy to determine the fraction of defect structures as a function of temperature. To derive kinetic data, the polymerization of VDF is considered a quasi-copolymerization described by the Terminal Model involving four different propagation reactions. Based on the experimentally determined temperature-dependent fractions of defect structures, the known overall propagation rate coefficient, and taking into account the self-healing behavior of the macroradical, the Arrhenius parameters of the individual propagation rate coefficients were determined using the Monte Carlo methods.

The elasticity matrix and the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of 8-harness satin-woven (8HS) carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites at high temperatures were obtained by the asymptotic homogenization method (AHM) and finite element method (FEM). By analyzing the microstructure of the 8HS C/C composites, a representative volume element (RVE) model considering a braided structure was established. The effects of the temperature and component volume fraction on the elasticity matrix and CTEs of the composites were investigated. The sensitivity of model parameters, including the size of RVE model and mesh sensitivity, were studied. The optimal calculation model was employed. In addition, the effects of the 4HS methods and 8HS methods on the elastic constants of the composites were compared. The temperature and variation in the carbon fiber volume fraction were found to have a significant impact on the elasticity matrix and CTEs of composite materials. At the same volume fraction of carbon fibers, some elastic coefficients of the 4HS composite material were slightly lower than those of 8HS composite material. This research affords a computational strategy for the accurate prediction of the themo-mechanical properties of satin-woven C/C composites.

Because the conventional Temperature Drift Error (TDE) estimation model for Capacitive MEMS Gyros (CMGs) has inadequate Temperature Correlated Quantities (TCQs) and inaccurate parameter identification to improve their bias stability, its novel model based on thermal stress deformation analysis is presented. Firstly, the TDE of the CMG is traced precisely by analyzing its structural deformation under thermal stress, and more key decisive TCQs are explored, including ambient temperature variation ∆ T and its square ∆ T 2 , as well its square root ∆ T ) is introduced to evaluate its performance. Finally, the conventional model and novel model are compared with bias stability. Compared with the conventional model, the novel one improves CMG's bias stability by 15% evenly. It estimates TDE more precisely to decouple Si-based materials' temperature dependence effectively, and CMG's environmental adaptability is enhanced to widen its application under complex conditions.1/2 ; then, a novel TDE estimation model is established. Secondly, a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is applied to identify its parameter accurately, which eliminates local optimums of the conventional model based on a Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) to improve bias stability. By analyzing heat conduction between CMGs and the thermal chamber with heat flux analysis, proper temperature control intervals and reasonable temperature control periods are obtained to form a TDE precise test method to avoid time-consuming and expensive experiments. The novel model is implemented with an adequate TCQ and RBFNN, and the Mean Square Deviation ( MSD ) is introduced to evaluate its performance. Finally, the conventional model and novel model are compared with bias stability. Compared with the conventional model, the novel one improves CMG's bias stability by 15% evenly. It estimates TDE more precisely to decouple Si-based materials' temperature dependence effectively, and CMG's environmental adaptability is enhanced to widen its application under complex conditions.

Soil CO 2 efflux represents a complex interplay of biological and physical processes that result in the production and transfer of CO 2 from soils to the atmosphere. Temperature has been widely recognized as a critical factor regulating soil CO 2 efflux and is commonly utilized in deterministic empirical models to predict this important flux for the carbon cycle. This study introduces the Bernstein copula-based cosimulation (BCC) as a data-driven probabilistic approach to model the temperature-soil CO 2 efflux relationship. The BCC accounts for the joint probability distribution and temporal dependence of soil CO 2 efflux, which are often overlooked in deterministic models. The BCC was implemented as a proof of concept using two years of data on soil CO 2 efflux conditioned by soil temperature in a temperate forest. The BBC accurately reproduced the original probability distribution, temporal dependency, and temperature-soil CO 2 efflux relationship. Our findings show that a deterministic method, such as the commonly employed exponential relationship between soil CO 2 efflux and temperature, is limited for comprehensively capturing the intricate nature of the temperature-soil CO 2 efflux relationship. This is due to the confounding and interacting effects of environmental drivers beyond temperature, which are not fully accounted for in such a deterministic approach. Furthermore, the BCC revealed that the probability density between the joint cumulative probability of temperature and soil CO 2 efflux is not constant, which raises the concern that deterministic approaches introduce incorrect assumptions for estimating temperature-soil CO 2 relationship. In conclusion, we propose that probabilistic approaches hold promise for effectively depicting dependency relationships for soil CO 2 efflux modeling, and for improving predictions of the effects of weather variability and climate change., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Context: The solvation of metal ions is crucial to understanding relevant properties in physics, chemistry, or biology. Therefore, we present solvation enthalpies and solvation free energies of the ferrous ion in water and ammonia. Our results agree well with the experimental reports for the hydration free energy and hydration enthalpy. We obtained [Formula: see text] kJ mol[Formula: see text] for the hydration free energy and [Formula: see text] kJ mol[Formula: see text] for the hydration enthalpy of ferrous ion in water at room temperature. At ambient temperature, we obtained [Formula: see text] kJ mol[Formula: see text] as the [Formula: see text] ammoniation free energy and [Formula: see text] kJ mol[Formula: see text] for the ammoniation enthalpy. In addition, the free energy of solvation is deeply affected when the temperature increases. This pattern can be attributed to the rise of entropy when the temperature rises. Besides, the temperature does not affect the ammoniation enthalpies and the hydration enthalpy of the [Formula: see text] ion., Method: All the geometry optimizations are performed at the MP2 methods associated with the 6-31++g(d,p) basis set of Pople. solvated phase structures of [Formula: see text] ion in water or in ammonia are performed using the PCM model. The [Formula: see text] program suite was used to perform all the calculations. The program TEMPO was also used to evaluate the temperature sensitivity of the different obtained geometries., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Temperature plays a fundamental role in biology, influencing cellular function, chemical reaction rates, molecular structures, and interactions. While the temperature dependence of many biochemical reactions is well defined in vitro, the effect of temperature on metabolic function at the network level is poorly understood, and it remains an important challenge in optimizing the storage of cells and tissues at lower temperatures. Here, we used time-course metabolomic data and systems biology approaches to characterize the effects of storage temperature on human platelets (PLTs) in a platelet additive solution. We observed that changes to the metabolome with storage time do not simply scale with temperature but instead display complex temperature dependence, with only a small subset of metabolites following an Arrhenius-type relationship. Investigation of PLT energy metabolism through integration with computational modeling revealed that oxidative metabolism is more sensitive to temperature changes than glycolysis. The increased contribution of glycolysis to ATP turnover at lower temperatures indicates a stronger glycolytic phenotype with decreasing storage temperature. More broadly, these results demonstrate that the temperature dependence of the PLT metabolic network is not uniform, suggesting that efforts to improve the health of stored PLTs could be targeted at specific pathways.

Hydrogen uptake/diffusivity in nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blended with carbon black (CB) and silica fillers was measured with a volumetric analysis method in the 258-323 K temperature range. The temperature-dependent H 2 diffusivity was obtained by assuming constant solubility with temperature variations. The logarithmic diffusivity decreased linearly with increasing reciprocal temperature. The diffusion activation energies were calculated with the Arrhenius equation. The activation energies for NBR blended with high-abrasion furnace CB and silica fillers increased linearly with increasing filler content. For NBR blended with medium thermal CB filler, the activation energy decreased with increasing filler content. The activation energy filler dependency is similar to the glass transition temperature filler dependency, as determined with dynamic mechanical analysis. Additionally, the activation energy was compared with that obtained by the differential pressure method through permeability temperature dependence. The same activation energy between diffusion and permeation in the range of 33-39 kJ/mol was obtained, supporting the temperature-independent H 2 solubility and H 2 physisorption in polymer composites.

Ozone is one of the important molecules in terms of the impact on the atmospheric chemistry, climate changes, bio- and eco-systems and human health. It has a strong absorption in the microwave, terahertz and far-infrared spectral ranges where a large part of the Earth's outgoing longwave radiation to space is located. In this work, the observations, and analyses of the ozone high-resolution spectra in the THz range recorded using the Synchrotron light source of the SOLEIL CNRS equipment are reported for the first time. Thanks to the exceptional brightness of the Synchrotron radiation and to the signal/noise ratio, it was possible to observe many more ozone transitions of the cold rotational band and the hot ν 2 -ν 2 band in the range 0.9-6 THz compared to the previous works. In addition, we have carried out new measurements and assignments for the ν 2 band. The simultaneous fit of the rotational band GS-GS, the hot band ν 2 -ν 2 and the FIR ν 2 band yielded an overall weighted standard deviation of 0.68 for 13,466 line positions within the experimental accuracy. This includes all previously available MW (with the best uncertainty 0.1 - 10 kHz), FIR data and the original SOLEIL measurements that provided experimental accuracy of 0.00005 - 0.0001 cm -1 for the best lines. Significant deviations in new experimental spectra compared to available spectroscopic databases were evidenced, particularly for the line positions and energy levels at high J, K a rotational quantum numbers that are the most pronounced in the 4.5 - 6 THz range. Accurate ab initio calculations of line intensities combined with empirically fitted line positions were used to create new linelists that permit theoretical modelling of the transmittance in a good agreement with the Synchrotron spectra in the entire range of observations for various pressures and optical paths. The region near 100 cm -1 and above appears to be more sensitive to the temperature conditions that should be considered in atmospheric observation for the currently operational and future ground based and space missions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) of DNA-binding proteins and labeled DNA allow the qualitative and quantitative characterization of protein-DNA complex formation using native (nondenaturing) polyacrylamide or agarose gel electrophoresis. By varying the incubation temperature of the protein-DNA binding reaction and maintaining this temperature during electrophoresis, temperature-dependent protein-DNA interactions can be investigated. Here, we provide examples of the binding of a transcriptional repressor complex called the Evening Complex, comprising the DNA-binding protein LUX ARRYTHMO (LUX), the scaffold protein EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), and the adapter protein ELF4, to its cognate DNA and demonstrate direct detection and visualization of thermoresponsive binding in vitro. As negative controls we use the LUX DNA-binding domain and LUX full length protein, which do not exhibit temperature-dependent DNA binding., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Climate change predictions suggest that arctic and subarctic ecosystems will be particularly affected by rising temperatures and extreme weather events, including severe heat waves. Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors controlling and regulating microbial decomposition in soils; therefore, it is critical to understand its impact on soil microorganisms and their feedback to climate warming. We conducted a warming experiment in a subarctic birch forest in North Sweden to test the effects of summer heat waves on the thermal trait distributions that define the temperature dependences for microbial growth and respiration. We also determined the microbial temperature dependences 10 and 12 months after the heat wave simulation had ended to investigate the persistence of the thermal trait shifts. As a result of warming, the bacterial growth temperature dependence shifted to become warm-adapted, with a similar trend for fungal growth. For respiration, there was no shift in the temperature dependence. The shifts in thermal traits were not accompanied by changes in α- or β-diversity of the microbial community. Warming increased the fungal-to-bacterial growth ratio by 33% and decreased the microbial carbon use efficiency by 35%, and both these effects were caused by the reduction in moisture the warming treatments caused, while there was no evidence that substrate depletion had altered microbial processes. The warm-shifted bacterial thermal traits were partially restored within one winter but only fully recovered to match ambient conditions after 1 year. To conclude, a summer heat wave in the Subarctic resulted in (i) shifts in microbial thermal trait distributions; (ii) lower microbial process rates caused by decreased moisture, not substrate depletion; and (iii) no detectable link between the microbial thermal trait shifts and community composition changes., (© 2023 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Calcium-dependent activation of the thin filament mediated by the troponin-tropomyosin complex is key in the regulation of actin-myosin based muscle contraction. Perturbations to this system, either physiological (e.g., phosphorylation of myosin light chains) or pathological (e.g., mutations that cause familial cardiomyopathies), can alter calcium sensitivity and thus have important implications in human health and disease. The in vitro motility assay provides a quantitative and precise method to study the calcium sensitivity of the reconstituted myosin-thin filament motile system. Here we present a simple and robust protocol to perform calcium-dependent motility of β-cardiac myosin and regulated thin filaments. The experiment is done on a multichannel microfluidic slide requiring minimal amounts of proteins. A complete velocity vs. calcium concentration curve is produced from one experiment in under 1 h., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The air-broadened lines from the oxygen B band were measured for the first time in controlled laboratory conditions with a high signal-to-noise ratio using frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy (FS-CRDS) referenced to the optical frequency comb. Spectra measured at various pressures and temperatures were analyzed with an advanced line-shape model, considering the speed-dependence of collisional broadening and shift, and the effect of velocity-changing collisions. The temperature dependence of collisional broadening and shift is determined, whereas no significant temperature dependence of speed-dependent parameters and Dicke narrowing was observed. In addition, we have demonstrated that reasonable estimation of temperature dependence for pressure broadening is possible even from measurements done in single temperature where the speed dependence of pressure broadening was determined. New spectroscopic data improve the accuracy of the air-broadened oxygen B-band spectra description by an order of magnitude., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The temperature-dependent intensities of the exciton (X) and biexciton (XX) peaks from single GaAs cone-shell quantum dots (QDs) are studied with micro photoluminescence (PL) at varied excitation power and QD size. The QDs are fabricated by filling self-assembled nanoholes, which are drilled in an AlGaAs barrier by local droplet etching (LDE) during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). This method allows the fabrication of strain-free QDs with sizes precisely controlled by the amount of material deposited for hole filling. Starting from the base temperature T = 3.2 K of the cryostat, single-dot PL measurements demonstrate a strong enhancement of the exciton emission up to a factor of five with increasing T . Both the maximum exciton intensity and the temperature Tx,max of the maximum intensity depend on excitation power and dot size. At an elevated excitation power, Tx,max becomes larger than 30 K. This allows an operation using an inexpensive and compact Stirling cryocooler. Above Tx,max, the exciton intensity decreases strongly until it disappears. The experimental data are quantitatively reproduced by a model which considers the competing processes of exciton generation, annihilation, and recombination. Exciton generation in the QDs is achieved by the sum of direct excitation in the dot, plus additional bulk excitons diffusing from the barrier layers into the dot. The thermally driven bulk-exciton diffusion from the barriers causes the temperature enhancement of the exciton emission. Above Tx,max, the intensity decreases due to exciton annihilation processes. In comparison to the exciton, the biexciton intensity shows only very weak enhancement, which is attributed to more efficient annihilation processes.

We report the development of multifunctional core/shell chemical vapor deposition diamond nanoparticles for the local photoinduced hyperthermia, thermometry, and fluorescent imaging. The diamond core heavily doped with boron is heated due to absorbed laser radiation and in turn heats the shell of a thin transparent diamond layer with embedded negatively charged SiV color centers emitting intense and narrowband zero-phonon lines with a temperature-dependent wavelength near 738 nm. The heating of the core/shell diamond nanoparticle is indicated by the temperature-induced spectral shift in the intensive zero-phonon line of the SiV color centers embedded in the diamond shell. The temperature of the core/shell diamond particles can be precisely manipulated by the power of the incident light. At laser power safe for biological systems, the photoinduced temperature of the core/shell diamond nanoparticles is high enough to be used for hyperthermia therapy and local nanothermometry, while the high zero-phonon line intensity of the SiV color centers allows for the fluorescent imaging of treated areas.

This work demonstrates the temperature (18-312 K) impact on Tm 3+ up-conversion luminescence in core-shell structured NaYF 4 :Tm 3+ , Yb 3+ nanoparticles excited at 976 nm. As the temperature decreases from room temperature to 18 K, Tm 3+ up-conversion luminescence bands intensities greatly increase, an average of 60-fold, emitting intense blue and ultraviolet radiation. Tm 3+ up-conversion luminescence spectra measurements at different temperatures reveal that three thermal quenching mechanisms are responsible for observed variations in Tm 3+ up-conversion luminescence spectra. These three quenching mechanisms are related to the excitation radiation absorption, Stark sublevel population, and energy transfer from Yb 3+ to Tm 3+ ., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

As the most abundant biopolymer on earth, cellulose undergoes degradation by a diverse set of enzymes with varying specificities that act in synergism. An assay protocol was developed to detect and quantify activity of cellulose 1,4-β-cellobiosidase (EC 3.2.1.91) in soil. The optimum pH and temperature for β-cellobiosidase activity were approximately pH 5.5 and 60 °C, respectively. In the tested six soils, the Michaelis constants (K m ) ranged from 0.08 to 0.51 mM, and maximum velocity (V max ) ranged from 71.5 to 318.1 μmol kg soil -1  h -1 . The temperature coefficient (Q 10 ) ranged from 1.72 to 1.99 at non-denaturing temperatures from 10 to 50 °C, and the activation energy (E a ) ranged from 42.5 to 53.7 kJ mol -1 . The assay procedure provided reproducible results with a coefficient of variance ≤4.7% and demonstrated a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 50.9 μmol p-nitrophenol release kg -1 soil h -1 for β-cellobiosidase activity in soil. Notably, the developed assay protocol offers reproducibility and precision comparable to bench-scale assays while reducing costs associated with reagents, supplies, and labor., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None. This manuscript has not been published previously or is under consideration for publication elsewhere. Its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright holder., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The enzyme turnover rate, ${k}_{cat}$, quantifies enzyme kinetics by indicating the maximum efficiency of enzyme catalysis. Despite its importance, ${k}_{cat}$ values remain scarce in databases for most organisms, primarily because of the cost of experimental measurements. To predict ${k}_{cat}$ and account for its strong temperature dependence, DLTKcat was developed in this study and demonstrated superior performance (log10-scale root mean squared error = 0.88, R-squared = 0.66) than previously published models. Through two case studies, DLTKcat showed its ability to predict the effects of protein sequence mutations and temperature changes on ${k}_{cat}$ values. Although its quantitative accuracy is not high enough yet to model the responses of cellular metabolism to temperature changes, DLTKcat has the potential to eventually become a computational tool to describe the temperature dependence of biological systems., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.)

The effect of temperature on photoluminescence (PL) due to the 6 P j → 8 S 7/2 ( j = 5/2, 7/2) transitions of Gd 3+ ions was examined between 200 and 500 K for a sol-gel-derived silica-(Gd,Pr)PO 4 transparent glass-ceramic phosphor with negligible concentration quenching under excitation into the 5d-4f transition of Pr 3+ ions at 220 nm. The intensity of the narrow-band ultraviolet B (UVB) PL at ∼313 nm associated with the 6 P 7/2 → 8 S 7/2 transition slightly increased between 200 and 300 K, but was decreased to ∼86% and ∼62% of that at 300 K when temperature was raised to 400 and 500 K, respectively. The observed magnitude of the thermal quenching of the UVB PL intensity was agreed well with that recorded in a prototype narrow-band UVB lamp consisting of another silica-(Gd,Pr)PO 4 transparent glass-ceramic window and a KrCl excimer lamp as a light source at 222 nm. The silica-(Gd,Pr)PO 4 transparent glass-ceramics was more resistant to the thermal quenching of the narrow-band UVB PL than a conventional powder phosphor, probably because of the encapsulation of (Gd,Pr)PO 4 nanocrystals with low quenching centre concentrations in inert silica glass matrix., (© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

We report on the potential of elevated groundwater temperatures and zero-valent iron permeable reactive barriers (ZVI PRBs), for example, through a combination with underground thermal energy storage (UTES), to achieve enhanced remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbon (CHC) contaminated groundwater. Building on earlier findings concerning deionized solutions, we created a database for mineralized groundwater based on temperature dependence of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) degradation using two popular ZVIs (i.e., Gotthart-Maier cast iron [GM] and ISPAT sponge iron [IS]) in column experiments at 25 °C-70 °C to establish a temperature-dependent ZVI PRB dimensioning approach. Scenario analysis revealed that a heated ZVI PRB system in a moderate temperature range up to 40 °C showed the greatest efficiency, with potential material savings of ~55% to 75%, compared to 10 °C, considering manageability and longevity. With a 25 °C-70 °C temperature increase, rate coefficients of PCE degradation increased from 0.4 ± 0.0 h -1 to 2.9 ± 2.2 h -1 (GM) and 0.1 ± 0.1 h -1 to 1.8 ± 0.0 h -1 (IS), while TCE rate coefficients increased from 0.6 ± 0.1 h -1 to 5.1 ± 3.9 h -1 at GM. Activation energies for PCE degradation yielded 32 kJ mol -1 (GM) and 56 kJ mol -1 (IS). Temperature-dependent anaerobic iron corrosion was key in regulating mineral precipitation and passivation of the iron surface as well as porosity reduction due to gas production., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The development of pain symptoms in peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is associated with the upregulation of T-type Ca 2+ channels (T-channels) in the soma of nociceptive DRG neurons. Moreover, a block of these channels in DRG neurons effectively reversed mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in animal diabetic models, indicating that T-channel functioning in these neurons is causally linked to PDN. However, no particular mechanisms relating the upregulation of T-channels in the soma of nociceptive DRG neurons to the pathological pain processing in PDN have been suggested. Here we have electrophysiologically identified voltage-gated currents expressed in nociceptive DRG neurons and developed a computation model of the neurons, including peripheral and central axons. Simulations showed substantially stronger sensitivity of neuronal excitability to diabetes-induced T-channel upregulation at the normal body temperature compared to the ambient one. We also found that upregulation of somatic T-channels, observed in these neurons under diabetic conditions, amplifies a single action potential invading the soma from the periphery into a burst of multiple action potentials further propagated to the end of the central axon. We have concluded that the somatic T-channel-dependent amplification of the peripheral nociceptive input to the spinal cord demonstrated in this work may underlie abnormal nociception at different stages of diabetes development.

Calorimetry is a commonly used method in plasma characterization, but the accuracy of the method is tied to the accuracy of the recombination coefficient, which in turn depends on a number of surface effects. Surface effects also govern the kinetics in advanced methods such as atomic layer oxidation of inorganic materials and functionalization of organic materials. The flux of the reactive oxygen atoms for the controlled oxidation of such materials depends on the recombination coefficient of materials placed into the reaction chamber, which in turn depends on the surface morphology, temperature, and pressure in the processing chamber. The recombination coefficient of a well-oxidized cobalt surface was studied systematically in a range of temperatures from 300 to 800 K and pressures from 40 to 200 Pa. The coefficient increased monotonously with decreasing pressure and increasing temperature. The lowest value was about 0.05, and the highest was about 0.30. These values were measured for cobalt foils previously oxidized with oxygen plasma at the temperature of 1300 K. The oxidation caused a rich morphology with an average roughness as deduced from atomic force images of 0.9 µm. The results were compared with literature data, and the discrepancy between results reported by different authors was explained by taking into account the peculiarities of their experimental conditions.

The fundamental mechanisms of ultrafast demagnetization and magnetization recovery processes in ferromagnetic materials remain incompletely understood. The investigation of different dynamic features which depend on various physical quantities requires a more systematic approach. Here, the femtosecond laser-induced demagnetization and recovery dynamics in L 1 0 -Fe 0.5 Pt 0.5 alloy film are studied by utilizing time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr measurements, focusing on their dependences of excitation fluence and ambient temperature over broad ranges. Ultrafast demagnetization dominated by Elliott-Yafet spin-flip scattering, and two-step magnetization recovery processes are found to be involved in all observations. The fast recovery time corresponding to spin-lattice relaxation is much shorter than that of many ferromagnets and increase with excitation fluence. These can be ascribed to the strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) demonstrated in FePt and the reduction of transient magnetic anisotropy, respectively. Surprisingly, the demagnetization time exhibits no discernible correlation with ambient temperature. Two competitive factors are proposed to account for this phenomenon. On the other hand, the spin-lattice relaxation accelerates as temperature decreases due to enhanced SOC at lower ambient temperature. A semiquantitative analysis is given to get a visualized understanding. These results offer a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic characteristics of ultrafast demagnetization and recovery processes in iron-based materials with strong SOC, highlighting the potential for regulating the magnetization recovery process through temperature and laser fluence adjustments.

Coastal wetlands are an important carbon sink but are sensitive to climate changes. The response of CO 2 emissions to these changes differs under different hydroclimatic conditions. Here, this article used meta-analysis to synthesize data from Chinese coastal salt marshes, to analyze sensitivities for CO 2 emissions, and then to assess the relative contributions of air temperature (T a ) and precipitation (Pre). This article used the ratio between potential evaporation (E p ) and Pre to divide Chinese coastal saltmarshes into water- (E p /Pre > 1) and energy-limited regions (E p /Pre ≤ 1). Results show that emissions are more sensitive to both Pre and T a in water-limited regions (E¯ = 0.60 eV, slope = 0.37) than in energy-limited regions (E¯ = 0.23 eV, slope = 0.04). Comparing the relative effects of changes in T a (△CO 2  = 21.86 mg m -2  h -1 ) and Pre (△CO 2  = 7.19 mg m -2  h -1 ) on CO 2 emissions shows that warming contributes more to changes in CO 2 emissions. The response of emissions to changes in Pre is asymmetric and shows that warmer and drier may have antagonistic effects, while warmer and wetter may have synergistic effects. There was a 2.15 mg m -2  h -1 change in emissions in energy-limited regions when Pre increased by 139.69 mm, and a decrease of -0.15 mg m -2  h -1 in emissions when Pre decreased by 1.28 mm in water-limited regions. Climate change has the greatest impact on Phragmites australis in CO 2 emissions, especially under warmer and wetter conditions in energy-limited regions. This indicates that warming drives CO 2 emissions, while changes in Pre (resulting in wetter or dryer conditions) can mitigate or strengthen CO 2 emissions from coastal wetlands in China. This article offers a new perspective and suggests that differences in hydroclimatic conditions should be considered when discussing carbon emissions from coastal wetlands., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a class of phase II detoxifying enzymes catalysing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to endogenous and exogenous electrophilic molecules, with microsomal glutathione transferase 1 (MGST1) being one of its key members. MGST1 forms a homotrimer displaying third-of-the-sites-reactivity and up to 30-fold activation through modification of its Cys-49 residue. It has been shown that the steady-state behaviour of the enzyme at 5 °C can be accounted for by its pre-steady-state behaviour if the presence of a natively activated subpopulation (~ 10%) is assumed. Low temperature was used as the ligand-free enzyme is unstable at higher temperatures. Here, we overcame enzyme lability through stop-flow limited turnover analysis, whereby kinetic parameters at 30 °C were obtained. The acquired data are more physiologically relevant and enable confirmation of the previously established enzyme mechanism (at 5 °C), yielding parameters relevant for in vivo modelling. Interestingly, the kinetic parameter defining toxicant metabolism, k cat /K M , is strongly dependent on substrate reactivity (Hammett value 4.2), underscoring that glutathione transferases function as efficient and responsive interception catalysts. The temperature behaviour of the enzyme was also analysed. Both the K M and K D values decreased with increasing temperature, while the chemical step k 3 displayed modest temperature dependence (Q 10 : 1.1-1.2), mirrored in that of the nonenzymatic reaction (Q 10 : 1.1-1.7). Unusually high Q 10 values for GSH thiolate anion formation (k 2 : 3.9), k cat (2.7-5.6) and k cat /K M (3.4-5.9) support that large structural transitions govern GSH binding and deprotonation, which limits steady-state catalysis., (© 2023 The Authors. The FEBS Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Federation of European Biochemical Societies.)

We investigated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from β-caryophyllene oxidation generated over a wide tropospheric temperature range (213-313 K) from ozonolysis. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to deconvolute the desorption data (thermograms) of SOA products detected by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-CIMS). A nonmonotonic dependence of particle volatility (saturation concentration at 298 K, C 298K * ) on formation temperature (213-313 K) was observed, primarily due to temperature-dependent formation pathways of β-caryophyllene oxidation products. The PMF analysis grouped detected ions into 11 compound groups (factors) with characteristic volatility. These compound groups act as indicators for the underlying SOA formation mechanisms. Their different temperature responses revealed that the relevant chemical pathways (e.g., autoxidation, oligomer formation, and isomer formation) had distinct optimal temperatures between 213 and 313 K, significantly beyond the effect of temperature-dependent partitioning. Furthermore, PMF-resolved volatility groups were compared with volatility basis set (VBS) distributions based on different vapor pressure estimation methods. The variation of the volatilities predicted by different methods is affected by highly oxygenated molecules, isomers, and thermal decomposition of oligomers with long carbon chains. This work distinguishes multiple isomers and identifies compound groups of varying volatilities, providing new insights into the temperature-dependent formation mechanisms of β-caryophyllene-derived SOA particles.

Changing temperatures will impact food webs in ways we yet to fully understand. The thermal sensitivities of various physiological and ecological processes differ across organisms and study systems, hindering the generation of accurate predictions. One step towards improving this picture is to acquire a mechanistic understanding of how temperature change impacts trophic interactions before we can scale these insights up to food webs and ecosystems. Here, we implement a mechanistic approach centered on the thermal sensitivity of energetic balances in pairwise consumer-resource interactions, measuring the thermal dependence of energetic gain and loss for two resource and one consumer freshwater species. Quantifying the balance between energy gain and loss, we determined the temperature ranges where the balance decreased for each species in isolation (intraspecific thermal mismatch) and where a mismatch in the balance between consumer and resource species emerged (interspecific thermal mismatch). The latter reveals the temperatures for which consumer and resource energetic balances respond either differently or in the same way, which in turn informs us of the strength of top-down control. We found that warming improved the energetic balance for both resources, but reduces it for the consumer, due to the stronger thermal sensitivity of respiration compared to ingestion. The interspecific thermal mismatch yielded different patterns between the two consumer-resource pairs. In one case, the consumer-resource energetic balance became weaker throughout the temperature gradient, and in the other case it produced a U-shaped response. By also measuring interaction strength for these interaction pairs, we demonstrated the correspondence of interspecific thermal mismatches and interaction strength. Our approach accounts for the energetic traits of both consumer and resource species, which combined produce a good indication of the thermal sensitivity of interaction strength. Thus, this novel approach links thermal ecology with parameters typically explored in food-web studies., (© 2023 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This work proposes the characterization of the temperature dependence of the thermal properties of heart and lung tissues from room temperature up to > 90 °C. The thermal diffusivity (α), thermal conductivity (k), and volumetric heat capacity (C v ) of ex vivo porcine hearts and deflated lungs were measured with a dual-needle sensor technique. α and k associated with heart tissue remained almost constant until ~ 70 and ~ 80 °C, accordingly. Above ~ 80 °C, a more substantial variation in these thermal properties was registered: at 94 °C, α and k respectively experienced a 2.3- and 1.5- fold increase compared to their nominal values, showing average values of 0.346 mm 2 /s and 0.828 W/(m·K), accordingly. Conversely, C v was almost constant until 55 °C and decreased afterward (e.g., C v  = 2.42 MJ/(m 3 ·K) at 94 °C). Concerning the lung tissue, both its α and k were characterized by an exponential increase with temperature, showing a marked increment at supraphysiological and ablative temperatures (at 91 °C, α and k were equal to 2.120 mm 2 /s and 2.721 W/(m·K), respectively, i.e., 13.7- and 13.1-fold higher compared to their baseline values). Regression analysis was performed to attain the best-fit curves interpolating the measured data, thus providing models of the temperature dependence of the investigated properties. These models can be useful for increasing the accuracy of simulation-based preplanning frameworks of interventional thermal procedures, and the realization of tissue-mimicking materials., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Water vapor sorption is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature and plays an important role in various applications, including humidity regulation, energy storage, thermal management, and water harvesting. In particular, capturing moisture at elevated temperatures is highly desirable to prevent dehydration and to enlarge the tunability of water uptake. However, owing to the thermodynamic limit of conventional materials, sorbents inevitably tend to capture less water vapor at higher temperatures, impeding their broad applications. Here, an inverse temperature dependence of water sorption in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels, where their water uptake can be doubled with increasing temperature from 25 to 50 °C, is reported. With mechanistic modeling of water-polymer interactions, this unusual water sorption is attributed to the first-order phase transformation of PEG structures, and the key parameters for a more generalized strategy in materials development are identified. This work elucidates a new regime of water sorption with an unusual temperature dependence, enabling a promising engineering space for harnessing moisture and heat., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Prediction of lyophilized product shelf-life using accelerated stability data requires understanding the temperature dependence of the degradation rate. Despite the abundance of published studies on stability of freeze-dried formulations and other amorphous materials, there are no definitive conclusions on the type of pattern one can expect for the temperature dependence of degradation. This lack of consensus represents a significant gap which may impact development and regulatory acceptance of freeze-dried pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Review of the literature demonstrates that the temperature dependence of degradation rate constants in lyophiles can be represented by the Arrhenius equation in most cases. In some instances there is a break in the Arrhenius plot around the glass transition temperature or a related characteristic temperature. The majority of the activation energies (E a ), which are reported for various degradation pathways in lyophiles, falls in the range of 8 to 25 kcal/mol. The degradation E a values for lyophiles are compared with the E a for relaxation processes and diffusion in glasses, as wells as solution chemical reactions. Collectively, analysis of the literature demonstrates that the Arrhenius equation represents a reasonable empirical tool for analysis, presentation, and extrapolation of stability data for lyophiles, provided that specific conditions are met., (Copyright © 2023 American Pharmacists Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The operating temperature of batteries is an essential consideration in actual applications. Understanding the temperature dependence is conducive to battery design. The experience in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) indicates that the dendrite issue is exacerbated at lower temperatures and suppressed at higher temperatures. In this study, we revealed the dendrite evolution in aqueous rechargeable zinc-based batteries (RZBs), for which the opposite temperature dependence was observed. Detailed investigations elucidate that the degree of matching of the interface reaction rate and ion diffusivity, together with side reactions, are the key factors that determine the cycling performance. The different properties of organic and aqueous electrolytes result in a reversed temperature dependence. We further conducted a detailed investigation of hybrid electrolytes (organic and aqueous) for balancing the ion diffusivity and side reactions to broaden the working temperature window for RZBs. This work reveals a completely opposite temperature dependence for LIBs and RZBs and discloses the underlying mechanism, reminding one of the differences between LIBs and RZBs in many aspects., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Power MOSFETs are found to be very vulnerable to single-event burnout (SEB) in space irradiation environments, and the military components generally require that devices could operate reliably as the temperature varies from 218 K to 423 K (-55 °C to 150 °C); thus, the temperature dependence of single-event burnout (SEB) in power MOSFETs should be investigated. Our simulation results showed that the Si power MOSFETs are more tolerant to SEB at a higher temperature at the lower LET (10 MeV∙cm 2 /mg) due to the decrease of the impact ionization rate, which is in good agreement with the previous research. However, the state of the parasitic BJT plays a primary role in the SEB failure mechanism when the LET value is greater than 40 MeV∙cm 2 /mg, which exhibits a completely different temperature dependence from that of 10 MeV∙cm 2 /mg. Results indicate that with the temperature increasing, the lower difficulty to turn on the parasitic BJT and the increasing current gain all make it easier to build up the regenerative feedback process responsible for SEB failure. As a result, the SEB susceptibility of power MOSFETs increases as ambient temperature increases when the LET value is greater than 40 MeV∙cm 2 /mg.

Raman scattering (RS) in bulk hafnium disulfide (HfS2) is investigated as a function of temperature (5 K - 350 K) with polarization resolution and excitation of several laser energies. An unexpected temperature dependence of the energies of the main Raman-active (A1gand E g ) modes with the temperature-induced blueshift in the low-temperature limit is observed. The low-temperature quenching of a mode ω 1 (134 cm -1 ) and the emergence of a new mode at approx. 184 cm -1 , labeled Z , is reported. The optical anisotropy of the RS inHfS2is also reported, which is highly susceptible to the excitation energy. The apparent quenching of the A1gmode at T  = 5 K and of the E g mode at T = 300 K in the RS spectrum excited with 3.06 eV excitation is also observed. We discuss the results in the context of possible resonant character of light-phonon interactions. Analyzed is also a possible effect of the iodine molecules intercalated in the van der Waals gaps between neighboringHfS2layers, which inevitably result from the growth procedure., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)

The membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is a novel method for the biological treatment of wastewaters and has been successfully applied for nitrification. To improve the design and adaptation of MABR processes for colder climates and varying temperatures, the temperature dependence of a counter-diffusional biofilm's nitrification performance was investigated. A lab-scale MABR system with silicone hollow fibre membranes was operated at various temperatures between 8 and 30°C, and batch tests were performed to determine the ammonia oxidation kinetics. Biofilm samples were taken at 8 and 24°C and analysed with 16S rRNA sequencing to monitor changes in the microbial community composition, and a mathematical model was used to study the temperature dependence of mass transfer. A high nitrification rate (3.08 g N m -2 d -1 ) was achieved at 8°C, and temperature dependence was found to be low (θ = 1.024-1.026) compared to suspended growth processes. Changes in the community composition were moderate, Nitrospira defluvii remaining the most dominant species. Mass transfer limitations were shown to be largely responsible for the observed trends, consistent with other biofilm processes. The results show that the MABR is a promising technology for low temperature nitrification, and appropriate management of the mass transfer resistance can optimise the process for both low and high temperature operation., Competing Interests: AN, JA, and BH were employed by OxyMem Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Németh, Ainsworth, Ravishankar, Lens and Heffernan.)

The relative permeability, coercivity, and remanence of permalloy are closely related to the performance of magnetic shielding devices. In this paper, the relationship between the magnetic properties of permalloy and the working temperature of magnetic shielding devices is measured. Firstly, the measurement method of permalloy properties based on the simulated impact method is analyzed. What is more, a magnetic property test system consisting of a soft magnetic material tester and a high-low temperature chamber for permalloy ring samples at different temperatures was established to measure DC and AC (0.01 Hz to 1 kHz) magnetic properties at different temperatures (-60 °C to 140 °C). Finally, the results show that compared with room temperature (25 °C), the initial permeability (μi) decreases by 69.64% at -60 °C and increases by 38.23% at 140 °C, and the coercivity (hc) decreases by 34.81% at -60 °C and increases by 8.93% at 140 °C, which are the key parameters in the magnetic shielding device. It can be concluded that the relative permeability and remanence of permalloy are positively correlated with temperature, while the saturation magnetic flux density and coercivity are negatively correlated with temperature. This paper is of great significance to the magnetic analysis and design of magnetic shielding devices.

Hypothesis: The temperature dependence of boundary slip at liquid-solid interface is critical both for the fundamental theory and applications of fluid mechanics on micro and nanoscale, such as sustainable cooling of electronic devices. However, there is a controversy on the temperature dependence of boundary slip which lacks experimental evidence, we aim to resolve it by hypothesizing that the temperature dependent slip length depends on the variation in the interfacial energy barrier., Experiments: Here, we measured l s - T relation of water and NaCl solution on self-assembled FDTS (Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane) surface using colloidal probe AFM. The transition of l s - T monotonicity is found. For water and 0.1 M NaCl solution, l s is negatively correlated with T, while for 1 M NaCl solution, l s is positively correlated with T., Findings: Together with molecular dynamics simulations, such observation is quantitatively explained with an analytical model based on rate theory, where the l s - T monotonicity depends on the difference between liquid-solid interfacial energy barrier and liquid internal energy barrier. Our results provide not only solid experimental evidence for the boundary slip being a rate process, but also a basis for the thermal-hydrodynamic design of microfluidic and nanofluidic devices., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Comprehension of thermal behavior underlying the living biological tissues helps successful applications of current heat therapies. The present work is to explore the heat transport properties of irradiated tissue during tis thermal treatment, in which the local thermal non-equilibrium effect as well as temperature-dependent properties arose from complicated anatomical structure, is considered. Based on the generalized dual-phase lag (GDPL) model, a non-linear governing equation of tissue temperature with variable thermal physical properties is proposed. The effective procedure constructed on an explicit finite difference scheme is then developed to predict numerically the thermal response and thermal damage irradiated by a pulse laser as a therapeutic heat source. The parametric study on variable thermal physical parameters including the phase lag times, heat conductivity, specific heat capacity and blood perfusion rate has been performed to evaluate their influence on temperature distribution in time and space. On this basis, the thermal damage with different laser variables such as laser intensity and exposure time are further analyzed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To demonstrate that the silicone-based polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is suitable as a substrate for flexible/wearable antennae and sensors, an investigation of its various properties was carried out. The substrate was first developed in compliance with the requirements, and then its anisotropy was investigated using an experimental bi-resonator approach. This material exhibited modest but discernible anisotropy, with values of ~6.2/25 % for the dielectric constant and loss tangent, respectively. Its anisotropic behavior was confirmed by a parallel dielectric constant ( ε par ) ~2.717 and an evaluated perpendicular dielectric constant ( ε perp ) ~2.570- ε par > ε perp by 5.7%. Temperature affected PDMS's dielectric properties. Lastly, the simultaneous impact of bending and anisotropy of the flexible substrate PDMS on the resonance properties of planar structures was also addressed, and these had diametrically opposed effects. PDMS appears to be a good contender as a substrate for flexible/wearable antennae and sensors based on all experimental evaluations conducted for this research.