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This study explores therapists' thoughts and reflections on their therapy sessions using a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews with a diverse group of therapists form the basis for descriptions of the cognitive and emotional processes that therapists experience in their work. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis identified five themes: relationships, the patient as a puzzle, internal thought processes that arise when meeting with the patient, professional role & private person, and presence. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of psychotherapy from the therapist's perspective and emphasizes the importance of empathy, self-reflection, recovery, and adaptive strategies in therapeutic work.

Analysis of the interpretation of Blaise Pascal by Miguel Unamuno, specifying what united the French writer in substance and form, and indicating what really separates them. After highlighting the style shared by the two authors, the content of Unamuno’s most important references to Pascal in different writings is specified. All of this shows Unamuno’s interpretation of Pascal as a «tormented» spirit. This interpretation was fostered by the state of the editions of Pascal’s Thoughts during Unamuno’s lifetime, which did not make it easy to distinguish Pascal’s own thought from his interlocutor. The article ends with a reference to the presence of the argument of Pascal’s wager in the novel San Manuel Bueno, mártir., Análisis de la interpretación de Blaise Pascal por parte de Miguel Unamuno, precisando lo que le unió al escritor francés en fondo y forma, y señalando asimismo lo que en realidad les separa. Después de resaltar el estilo compartido por los dos autores, se precisa el contenido de las referencias más importantes de Unamuno a Pascal en diferentes escritos. Todo ello muestra la interpretación de Pascal por parte de Unamuno como un espíritu «atormentado». Dicha interpretación se vio propiciada por el estado de las ediciones de los Pensamientos de Pascal en vida de Unamuno, que no facilitaban distinguir el pensamiento propio de Pascal de su interlocutor, un escéptico al que quería incitar a buscar la fe en Dios. El artículo termina con una referencia a la presencia del argumento de la apuesta de Pascal en la novela San Manuel Bueno, mártir.

Includes Supplementary Material, This thesis examines perceptions of the Chico Police Department’s (CPD) School Resource Officer (SRO) Program through the lens of middle school and high school teachers in the rural Chico Unified School District (CUSD) and explores the program’s role in preparing teachers to respond to school violence and teachers’ perceptions of school violence and the program’s efficacy in reducing violence on campus. This thesis presents a qualitative, thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with teachers at CUSD high schools and middle schools. The interviews revealed that teachers’ perceptions of violence on campus ebb and flow with the national narrative and affect their feelings of physical and psychological safety and, sometimes, the view that violence on campus is inevitable. Thus, the presence of an SRO improves their perspective of safety, provides opportunities to mentor students, and serves as a conduit for information sharing. Even though teachers’ overall perception of SROs is positive, teachers cited a lack of visibility, deficient communication, incompetence, laziness, and a lack of transparency as concerns. These themes from the teachers’ interviews led to the following recommendations for the CPD: include teachers in safety plans, clearly identify the roles and responsibilities of SROs, establish a consistent SRO presence on campus, conduct safety tabletop exercises, and develop a mentoring program for students., Civilian, Chico Police Department, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Today students all over the world use different types of social media to express their thoughts, feelings and ideas. It can either be expressed in a close environment, such as group chats or to a more open environment such as a feed for example on facebook, which could be seen by anyone and not only students. The purpose of this thesis is to research how to develop a prototype platform where the students have the choice to express themselves in other ways than writing and share their thoughts, feelings and ideas with other students around the world. For inspiration for design, existing tools and technologies have been researched on how they can attract and engage students into using them for different activities in educational settings. Furthermore research has been made on how to maximize the students’ creativity and keep them engaged with the prototype for them to be able to express themselves freely and creatively. After that the prototype was tested to measure its impact on the students in regards to the engagement and fun and also if they could see this as a new potential way of connecting and sharing thoughts, ideas and feelings with students worldwide. After analyzing and receiving feedback from the students, it was discovered that the final prototype platform needs further work and improvement in order to increase the engagement and fun in the prototype platform. Furthermore future development ideas were discovered, both when the results were analyzed and during the development of the prototype platform.

In this paper is discussed the place of time in the work of Evagrius of Pontus, especially as a necessary factor for the action of the logismoí, so that the time is the necessary condition for man to fall under the dominion of his passions and to find it difficult to return to the Unity. Furthermore, the author defends the hypothesis that attention is the way that, according to Evagrius, the time can be “stopped” and thus interrupted or reduce the harmful behaviour of the demons., En este trabajo se presenta el lugar que ocupa el tiempo en la obra de Evagrio Póntico, especialmente como factor necesario para la acción de los logismoí, de modo tal que es el tiempo condición necesaria para que el hombre caiga bajo el dominio de sus pasiones y se dificulte su retorno a la Unidad. Además, se plantea y defiende la hipótesis que la atención es el modo que, de acuerdo con Evagrio, el tiempo puede ser “detenido” y, de esa manera, interrumpida o aminorada la conducta dañina de los demonios.

The topological theory of dicritical divisors is algebracized which makes it valid for nonzero characteristic as well as mixed characteristic., Depto. de Álgebra, Geometría y Topología, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

The present study aims at analyzing the speech modes and thought modes presentation in the novel Water (2006) by Sidhwa. The objectives of the study are to analyze the types and the quantitative distribution of the speech modes and thought modes presentation to reveal the characters in the selected novel Water (2006) by Sidhwa. The data has been collected after the close reading of the novel and then categorized according to the checklist of the Semino and Short (2004) model. The total number of 564 sentences extracted from the novel and out of which 520 are speech modes presentations and 44 are the thought modes presentations. The mixed methodology has been used in the present study. The present study carried out by using the Semino and Short (2004) model of speech modes and thought modes presentation for the analysis. The findings of the study have represented that DS and FDS have been analyzed the most occurring speech presentations in the novel which revealed that the author has given the authority to the characters. The characters speech modes presentation represented as the dominant in the novel. The IS of speech modes presentation has not been analyzed in the extracts of novel. The thought modes presentations have been analyzed as least occurred in the extracts of novel. The FIT has been analyzed as the most occurring thought modes presentations in the extracts of the novel which represented that the narrator has represented the ongoing thoughts in the minds of the characters. The future implications has been given as the comparative study of all speech modes and thoughts can be done and of male and female characters can also be carried out by using Semino and Short (2004) model.

Today students all over the world use different types of social media to express their thoughts, feelings and ideas. It can either be expressed in a close environment, such as group chats or to a more open environment such as a feed for example on facebook, which could be seen by anyone and not only students. The purpose of this thesis is to research how to develop a prototype platform where the students have the choice to express themselves in other ways than writing and share their thoughts, feelings and ideas with other students around the world. For inspiration for design, existing tools and technologies have been researched on how they can attract and engage students into using them for different activities in educational settings. Furthermore research has been made on how to maximize the students’ creativity and keep them engaged with the prototype for them to be able to express themselves freely and creatively. After that the prototype was tested to measure its impact on the students in regards to the engagement and fun and also if they could see this as a new potential way of connecting and sharing thoughts, ideas and feelings with students worldwide. After analyzing and receiving feedback from the students, it was discovered that the final prototype platform needs further work and improvement in order to increase the engagement and fun in the prototype platform. Furthermore future development ideas were discovered, both when the results were analyzed and during the development of the prototype platform.

In this editors’ corner, the section editors were asked to indicate where they see the autophagy field heading and to suggest what they consider to be key unanswered questions in their specialty area., In this editors’ corner, the section editors were asked to indicate where they see the autophagy field heading and to suggest what they consider to be key unanswered questions in their specialty area.

Shah Abdullah, known as Yamgi Badakhshi, is one of the iconic figures in the history, culture and politics of Afghanistan. Despite his legal and political activities, Yamgi Badakhshi is mostly known as a literary and cultural figure with less attention paid to his legal and political characterises aspects. The main question is: What does the legal thoughts of Yamgi Badakhshi convey? In the present paper, it has been tried to discuss the legal thoughts of Yamgi Badakhshi. The data collection in this research has been literature review and analysis has been carried out by adopting the descriptive-analytical method. The present research concluded that Yamgi Badakhshi has a deep understanding of the nature of Islam Legal System; and, has compared it with the western legal systems in the areas of constitutional, basic, administrative and international relations laws. In addition, he has addressed the criticisms made by western jurists about the Islamic legal system; and, has done so through logical arguments and providing historical evidences. In conclusion, he has extracted from the depth of the legal system of Islam the legal principals and doctrines in the scope of basic, administrative and international relations laws based with their attributes along with the sources.

Shah Abdullah, known as Yamgi Badakhshi, is one of the iconic figures in the history, culture and politics of Afghanistan. Despite his legal and political activities, Yamgi Badakhshi is mostly known as a literary and cultural figure with less attention paid to his legal and political characterises aspects. The main question is: What does the legal thoughts of Yamgi Badakhshi convey? In the present paper, it has been tried to discuss the legal thoughts of Yamgi Badakhshi. The data collection in this research has been literature review and analysis has been carried out by adopting the descriptive-analytical method. The present research concluded that Yamgi Badakhshi has a deep understanding of the nature of Islam Legal System; and, has compared it with the western legal systems in the areas of constitutional, basic, administrative and international relations laws. In addition, he has addressed the criticisms made by western jurists about the Islamic legal system; and, has done so through logical arguments and providing historical evidences. In conclusion, he has extracted from the depth of the legal system of Islam the legal principals and doctrines in the scope of basic, administrative and international relations laws based with their attributes along with the sources.

Background and Hypothesis Suicide is a leading cause of death in youth and is often preceded by suicidal ideation (SI) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Identifying early markers of risk for SI and NSSI could improve timely identification of at-risk individuals. Study Design Children (mean age 11.9, SD 0.2) at familial high risk of schizophrenia (N = 171), or bipolar disorder (N = 104), and controls (N = 174) were assessed for psychotic experiences (PE), SI, NSSI, and Axis I mental disorders in face-to-face interviews in early and middle childhood (age 7 and 11). Study Results Having 2 types of early childhood PE predicted middle childhood SI after accounting for previous SI, NSSI, and mental disorders (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–6.9; P = .03). Two PE predicted NSSI (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.7; P = .02) in excess of previous SI, NSSI, mental disorders, and familial risk. Persistent and incident PE predicted SI (OR 3.2, 95% CI, 1.1–8.8; P = .03; OR 3.8, 95% CI, 1.3–11.5; P = .02) in the fully adjusted model. Nineteen percent of children with persistent PE reported middle childhood SI vs 3.8% of those who never reported PE. In children with early childhood mental disorders, those who reported 2 PE had 4.4-fold increased odds of later SI (95% CI, 1.2–16.7; P = .03) after adjustments. PE were nondifferentially associated with outcomes across familial risk groups. Conclusions Early childhood PE index elevated risk for subsequent SI and NSSI beyond what can be attributed to presence of mental disorders. Mental health screenings and clinical assessments should include early childhood PE., Background and Hypothesis Suicide is a leading cause of death in youth and is often preceded by suicidal ideation (SI) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Identifying early markers of risk for SI and NSSI could improve timely identification of at-risk individuals. Study Design Children (mean age 11.9, SD 0.2) at familial high risk of schizophrenia (N = 171), or bipolar disorder (N = 104), and controls (N = 174) were assessed for psychotic experiences (PE), SI, NSSI, and Axis I mental disorders in face-to-face interviews in early and middle childhood (age 7 and 11). Study Results Having 2 types of early childhood PE predicted middle childhood SI after accounting for previous SI, NSSI, and mental disorders (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1-6.9; P = .03). Two PE predicted NSSI (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2-7.7; P = .02) in excess of previous SI, NSSI, mental disorders, and familial risk. Persistent and incident PE predicted SI (OR 3.2, 95% CI, 1.1-8.8; P = .03; OR 3.8, 95% CI, 1.3-11.5; P = .02) in the fully adjusted model. Nineteen percent of children with persistent PE reported middle childhood SI vs 3.8% of those who never reported PE. In children with early childhood mental disorders, those who reported 2 PE had 4.4-fold increased odds of later SI (95% CI, 1.2-16.7; P = .03) after adjustments. PE were nondifferentially associated with outcomes across familial risk groups. Conclusions Early childhood PE index elevated risk for subsequent SI and NSSI beyond what can be attributed to presence of mental disorders. Mental health screenings and clinical assessments should include early childhood PE.

Konsumenter exponeras för 2000 reklammeddelanden dagligen men lägger bara märke till fåtal av dem. Musik har en värdefull position i reklam som företag kan använda för att sticka ut i reklambruset. För att kunder ska lägga märke till företags marknadsföring vilken kan skapa värde för kund, behövs förståelse för vilka känslor och tankar som uppstår hos kund vid exponering av företags reklammusik i långsamt- och medeltempo, samt vilka attityder som formas gentemot företaget vid exponeringen. För att förstå kundupplevelsen i form av vilka känslor, tankar och attityder vid lyssnandet av reklammusik, utförs en kvalitativ undersökning för att förstå fenomenet på djupet. Den verkliga kundupplevelsen har fångats genom att 13 djupintervjuer genomförts där respondenterna exponerats för reklamlåtar i tempona långsam (70 bpm) och medel (120 bpm). Undersökningen tyder på att reklammusik väcker känslor och tankar i både positiv och negativ riktning, likaså influeras attityden gentemot företag men mer i stunden som respondenterna exponeras av reklammusik än ihållande. Reklammusik i marknadsföring har en betydande roll i den värdeskapande processen för både kund och företag. Vidare tenderar värdeskapande reklammusik att generera i konkurrensfördelar vilket gynnar företags framgång. Resultaten bidrar med förståelse om kundupplevelsen vid reklammusik till litteraturen samt med kunskap till företag gällande reklammusikens inflytande på kundupplevelsen., Every day consumers are exposed to an enormous amount of advertisements but only notice a few of them. Music has a powerful role in advertising which corporations can use to stand out from the noise of advertising. For consumers to notice corporations’ marketing that is used to create customer value, an understanding is needed regarding which feelings and thoughts arise when customers are exposed by advertising music in a slow- and middle tempo, also what attitudes are formed toward corporations at the exposure. To achieve knowledge about the customer experience, qualitative research is needed to understand the phenomenon in depth. To achieve an understanding of the real customer experience, 13 in-depth interviews have been conducted where the interviewees have been exposed to advertising music in the tempo of slow (70 bpm) and average (120 bpm). Advertising music awakens feelings and thoughts, both in positive and negative terms, as well as the attitude is shaped toward corporations which are influenced more in the moment the person is exposed by advertising music than in the long run. Advertising music has a powerful role in marketing in the process of value creation to both customers and corporations which may emerge in competitive advantages and further empower corporation success. The understanding of customer experience in combination with advertising music contributes to both corporations' knowledge and the literature.

From the perspective of Neurology, Linguistics, Mathematics and Physics the semantic foundations of the concepts are analysed to conclude that, although biologically and operationally they are based on the sensory-motor apparatus of the person, their use in fields of high level of abstraction, such as Mathematics and Science, is based on some abstract interpretative system, and therefore of symbolic nature. A hybrid, stratified model for thought, showing a scaling of the abstraction level of the concepts, is proposed., Se analizan los fundamentos semánticos de los conceptos desde el punto de vista de la Neurología, la Lingüística, la Matemática y la Física para concluir que si bien biológica y operativamente están fundamentados en el aparato sensorio motor y de acción del individuo, en su uso en campos de elevado nivel de abstracción, como la Matemática y la Ciencia, deben fundamentarse en un aparato interpretativo abstracto y por tanto de naturaleza simbólica. Se propone un modelo híbrido y estratificado para el pensamiento que muestra un escalamiento del nivel de abstracción de los conceptos.

Objective: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), the deliberate and self-inflicted damage of body tissue, typically serves an emotion regulation function. Both negative and positive affectivity have been associated with NSSI, as has low distress tolerance. In the current study, we tested whether relationships between both negative and positive affectivity and NSSI are moderated by the four facets of distress tolerance (tolerance, absorption, appraisal, regulation) captured by the Distress Tolerance Scale. Methods: A sample of 531 university students completed well-validated measures of NSSI, negative affectivity, positive affectivity, and distress tolerance. Results: Findings indicate that negative and positive affectivity, as well as the appraisal (i.e. negative perceptions of distress) and absorption (i.e. allocation of attention to distress) facets of distress tolerance, were directly associated with NSSI. Positive affectivity and appraisal also interacted in differentiating participants with recent, lifetime and no history of NSSI. Specifically, the association between negative perceptions of distress and self-injury was weaker at high levels of positive affectivity. Positive affectivity and absorption also interacted to differentiate between individuals with no history of NSSI and individuals who recently engaged in NSSI. Specifically, positive affectivity was negatively associated with self-injury, but only among individuals who allocate less attention to their distress. Conclusions: Considering the independent roles of negative and positive affectivity alongside specific facets of distress tolerance and their interactions with emotional experience, may enhance understanding of NSSI. Prevention and intervention initiatives that assist regulation of negative affectivity, increase positive affectivity, and improve distress tolerance, may reduce the likelihood of engaging in self-injury.Highlights Negative and positive affectivity are independently associated with NSS

We study people's subjective models of the macroeconomy and shed light on their attentional foundations. To do so, we measure beliefs about the effects of macroeconomic shocks on unemployment and inflation, providing respondents with identical information about the parameters of the shocks and previous realizations of macroeconomic variables. Within samples of 6,500 US households and 1,500 experts, beliefs are widely dispersed, even about the directional effects of shocks, and there are large differences in average beliefs between households and experts. Part of this disagreement seems to arise because respondents think of different propagation channels of the shocks, in particular demand- vs. supply-side mechanisms. We provide evidence on the role of associative memory in driving heterogeneity in thoughts and forecasts: contextual cues and prior experiences shape which propagation channels individuals retrieve and thereby which forecasts they make. Our findings offer a new perspective on the widely documented disagreement in macroeconomic expectations.

We study people's subjective models of the macroeconomy and shed light on their attentional foundations. To do so, we measure beliefs about the effects of macroeconomic shocks on unemployment and inflation, providing respondents with identical information about the parameters of the shocks and previous realizations of macroeconomic variables. Within samples of 6,500 US households and 1,500 experts, beliefs are widely dispersed, even about the directional effects of shocks, and there are large differences in average beliefs between households and experts. Part of this disagreement seems to arise because respondents think of different propagation channels of the shocks, in particular demand- vs. supply-side mechanisms. We provide evidence on the role of associative memory in driving heterogeneity in thoughts and forecasts: contextual cues and prior experiences shape which propagation channels individuals retrieve and thereby which forecasts they make. Our findings offer a new perspective on the widely documented disagreement in macroeconomic expectations.

Konsumenter exponeras för 2000 reklammeddelanden dagligen men lägger bara märke till fåtal av dem. Musik har en värdefull position i reklam som företag kan använda för att sticka ut i reklambruset. För att kunder ska lägga märke till företags marknadsföring vilken kan skapa värde för kund, behövs förståelse för vilka känslor och tankar som uppstår hos kund vid exponering av företags reklammusik i långsamt- och medeltempo, samt vilka attityder som formas gentemot företaget vid exponeringen. För att förstå kundupplevelsen i form av vilka känslor, tankar och attityder vid lyssnandet av reklammusik, utförs en kvalitativ undersökning för att förstå fenomenet på djupet. Den verkliga kundupplevelsen har fångats genom att 13 djupintervjuer genomförts där respondenterna exponerats för reklamlåtar i tempona långsam (70 bpm) och medel (120 bpm). Undersökningen tyder på att reklammusik väcker känslor och tankar i både positiv och negativ riktning, likaså influeras attityden gentemot företag men mer i stunden som respondenterna exponeras av reklammusik än ihållande. Reklammusik i marknadsföring har en betydande roll i den värdeskapande processen för både kund och företag. Vidare tenderar värdeskapande reklammusik att generera i konkurrensfördelar vilket gynnar företags framgång. Resultaten bidrar med förståelse om kundupplevelsen vid reklammusik till litteraturen samt med kunskap till företag gällande reklammusikens inflytande på kundupplevelsen., Every day consumers are exposed to an enormous amount of advertisements but only notice a few of them. Music has a powerful role in advertising which corporations can use to stand out from the noise of advertising. For consumers to notice corporations’ marketing that is used to create customer value, an understanding is needed regarding which feelings and thoughts arise when customers are exposed by advertising music in a slow- and middle tempo, also what attitudes are formed toward corporations at the exposure. To achieve knowledge about the customer experience, qualitative research is needed to understand the phenomenon in depth. To achieve an understanding of the real customer experience, 13 in-depth interviews have been conducted where the interviewees have been exposed to advertising music in the tempo of slow (70 bpm) and average (120 bpm). Advertising music awakens feelings and thoughts, both in positive and negative terms, as well as the attitude is shaped toward corporations which are influenced more in the moment the person is exposed by advertising music than in the long run. Advertising music has a powerful role in marketing in the process of value creation to both customers and corporations which may emerge in competitive advantages and further empower corporation success. The understanding of customer experience in combination with advertising music contributes to both corporations' knowledge and the literature.

Frege’s exposition of the notion of thought has delivered a Platonist reading as the dominant interpretation of his work. On that reading, the direction of explanation is from thoughts, as third realm entities, to subjects’ grasping, judging and reasoning, but the relation between thoughts and subjects’ cognition is left unexplained. The present work parses through Frege’s arguments for positing thoughts, beginning with the primacy of truth and ending with the two roles thoughts are purported to play. On this reading, the direction of explanation is from reality to subjects’ cognition and reasoning, but by way of the only possible means of epistemic access subjects have to reality; namely, thoughts.I put forth that there are two distinct accounts for the objectivity of thoughts; one which is based on their intersubjectivity, qua thinkers’ shared cognitive and reasoning capacities, and another, based on their veridicality, qua their truth as determined by whether they accurately represent reality. These two accounts are explained by showing that for Frege it is the truth of thoughts that is considered timeless and mind-independent, while the being of a thought is explained by the possibility of its being shared amongst thinkers in discourse. The tools for such discourse are reviewed by considering various features of natural and what Frege calls logically perfect languages. The above two roles for thoughts are then mapped onto senses of sentential components in two capacities; (1) as their cognitive values, and (2) as their semantic values. It is thus argued that although Frege’s analysis is packed with Platonist metaphors, the outlook he ultimately puts forth is explicable in terms of the role thoughts play in thinkers’ cognitive relation to reality.

[ES] Este trabajo es una propuesta fotográfica en donde se pretende dar visibilidad a los trastornos mentales a través del autorretrato, el collage y la intervención fotográfica. Mediante mi propia experiencia trato diferentes síntomas de esos trastornos reflejándolos en las fotografías finales. También hablo de temas como la psicología y el psicoanálisis dentro del mundo artístico, y como han ido evolucionando en la historia hasta el día de hoy. El proyecto se basa en documentarme y recoger información sobre enfermedades mentales, darles visibilidad y explicarlos desde la experiencia a través del autorretrato., [EN] This work is a photographic proposal which aims to give visibility to mental disorders through self-portrait, collage and photographic intervention. Through my own experience I deal with different symptoms of these mental disorders reflecting them in the final photographs. I also talk about issues such as psychology and psychoanalysis within the art world, and how they have evolved in history until today. The project is based on documenting and collecting information about mental illnesses, giving them visibility and explaining them from experience through the self-portrait.

[ES] Este trabajo es una propuesta fotográfica en donde se pretende dar visibilidad a los trastornos mentales a través del autorretrato, el collage y la intervención fotográfica. Mediante mi propia experiencia trato diferentes síntomas de esos trastornos reflejándolos en las fotografías finales. También hablo de temas como la psicología y el psicoanálisis dentro del mundo artístico, y como han ido evolucionando en la historia hasta el día de hoy. El proyecto se basa en documentarme y recoger información sobre enfermedades mentales, darles visibilidad y explicarlos desde la experiencia a través del autorretrato., [EN] This work is a photographic proposal which aims to give visibility to mental disorders through self-portrait, collage and photographic intervention. Through my own experience I deal with different symptoms of these mental disorders reflecting them in the final photographs. I also talk about issues such as psychology and psychoanalysis within the art world, and how they have evolved in history until today. The project is based on documenting and collecting information about mental illnesses, giving them visibility and explaining them from experience through the self-portrait.

[ES] Este trabajo es una propuesta fotográfica en donde se pretende dar visibilidad a los trastornos mentales a través del autorretrato, el collage y la intervención fotográfica. Mediante mi propia experiencia trato diferentes síntomas de esos trastornos reflejándolos en las fotografías finales. También hablo de temas como la psicología y el psicoanálisis dentro del mundo artístico, y como han ido evolucionando en la historia hasta el día de hoy. El proyecto se basa en documentarme y recoger información sobre enfermedades mentales, darles visibilidad y explicarlos desde la experiencia a través del autorretrato., [EN] This work is a photographic proposal which aims to give visibility to mental disorders through self-portrait, collage and photographic intervention. Through my own experience I deal with different symptoms of these mental disorders reflecting them in the final photographs. I also talk about issues such as psychology and psychoanalysis within the art world, and how they have evolved in history until today. The project is based on documenting and collecting information about mental illnesses, giving them visibility and explaining them from experience through the self-portrait.

This paper makes analyses of the reflection of the views on scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage. On this case, research has been pinpointed on both methodological and theoretical views of the scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage. In conclusion, research has been underlined with outcomes and shortcomings of the various analytical views of the analyses of the reflection of the views on scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage

This paper makes analyses of the reflection of the views on scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage. On this case, research has been pinpointed on both methodological and theoretical views of the scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage. In conclusion, research has been underlined with outcomes and shortcomings of the various analytical views of the analyses of the reflection of the views on scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage

This paper makes analyses of the reflection of the views on scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage. On this case, research has been pinpointed on both methodological and theoretical views of the scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage. In conclusion, research has been underlined with outcomes and shortcomings of the various analytical views of the analyses of the reflection of the views on scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage

Although nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)—deliberate damaging of body tissue without suicidal intent—is a behavior that occurs in interaction with real-world contexts, studying NSSI in the natural environment has historically been impossible. Recent advances in real-time monitoring technologies have revolutionized our ability to do exactly that, providing myriad research and clinical practice opportunities. In this viewpoint paper, we review new research pathways to improve our ability to understand, predict, and prevent NSSI, and provide critical perspectives on the responsibilities inherent to conducting real-time monitoring studies on NSSI. Real-time monitoring brings unique opportunities to advance scientific understanding about (1) the dynamic course of NSSI, (2) the real-time predictors thereof and ability to detect acute risk, (3) the ecological validity of theoretical models, (4) the functional mechanisms and outcomes of NSSI, and (5) the promotion of person-centered care and novel technology-based interventions. By considering the opportunities of real-time monitoring research in the context of the accompanying responsibilities (eg, inclusive recruitment, sound and transparent research practices, participant safety and engagement, measurement reactivity, researcher well-being and training), we provide novel insights and resources to open the black box of daily life in the next decade(s) of NSSI research.

Mental simulation of future scenarios is hypothesized to affect future behavior, but a large and inconsistent literature means it is unclear whether, and under what conditions, mental simulation can change people’s behavior. A meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the effects of mental simulation on behavior and examine under what conditions mental simulation works best. An inclusive systematic database search identified 123 (N = 5685) experiments comparing mental simulation to a control group. After applying a multilevel random effects model, a statistically-reliable positive effect of Hedges’ g=0.49 [95% CI 0.37; 0.62], which was significantly different than zero. Using a taxonomy to identify different subtypes of mental simulation (along two dimensions, class [process, performance, outcome] and purpose [whether an inferior, standard, superior version of that behavior is simulated]), it was found that superior simulations garnered more reliable beneficial effects than inferior simulations. These findings have implications for integrating theories of how mental simulations change behavior, how mental simulations are classified, and may help guide professionals seeking evidence-based and cost-effective methods of changing behavior.

Frege’s exposition of the notion of thought has delivered a Platonist reading as the dominant interpretation of his work. On that reading, the direction of explanation is from thoughts, as third realm entities, to subjects’ grasping, judging and reasoning, but the relation between thoughts and subjects’ cognition is left unexplained. The present work parses through Frege’s arguments for positing thoughts, beginning with the primacy of truth and ending with the two roles thoughts are purported to play. On this reading, the direction of explanation is from reality to subjects’ cognition and reasoning, but by way of the only possible means of epistemic access subjects have to reality; namely, thoughts.I put forth that there are two distinct accounts for the objectivity of thoughts; one which is based on their intersubjectivity, qua thinkers’ shared cognitive and reasoning capacities, and another, based on their veridicality, qua their truth as determined by whether they accurately represent reality. These two accounts are explained by showing that for Frege it is the truth of thoughts that is considered timeless and mind-independent, while the being of a thought is explained by the possibility of its being shared amongst thinkers in discourse. The tools for such discourse are reviewed by considering various features of natural and what Frege calls logically perfect languages. The above two roles for thoughts are then mapped onto senses of sentential components in two capacities; (1) as their cognitive values, and (2) as their semantic values. It is thus argued that although Frege’s analysis is packed with Platonist metaphors, the outlook he ultimately puts forth is explicable in terms of the role thoughts play in thinkers’ cognitive relation to reality.

This paper makes analyses of the reflection of the views on scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage. On this case, research has been pinpointed on both methodological and theoretical views of the scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage. In conclusion, research has been underlined with outcomes and shortcomings of the various analytical views of the analyses of the reflection of the views on scientific thought in the oriental spiritual heritage

The war between Iraq and Iran started 1980 and ended 1988. During the war it came approximately 11 811 Iraqi refugees to Sweden. In this essay. I will explore how Iraqi refugees who came in the 1980s have integrated themselves in the Swedish society. To enhance this understanding, I used previous research material presented in the essay but, most importantly, I also used a qualitative method with organized interviews. The interview material consists of 4 individual interviews for 90 minutes each, and all interviewees are highly educated men in the ages of 62-66 years. I structured the interviews in line with 3 framing questions with the purpose to understand how the interviewees’ first time in Sweden was, especially considering potential difficulties of learn the Swedish language; how the interviewees perceived opportunities and challenges in establishing themselves on the employment market; and finally their thoughts and feelings about their own integration. I have used three different models/theories when analyzing the results. Firstly, I used symbolic interactionism as an explanatory model for interpersonal interaction, communication, subjective interpretation of situation and group affiliation. Secondly, I used the postcolonialism as an explanatory model. Postcolonialism describes a power structure that exists in the society where “white” people are perceived as being the superior race while “black” people are perceived as being the subordinate race, which is a legacy from colonialism. Thirdly, I used folkloristic narrative analysis, which helps to understand how people, with the help of stories from the past, position themselves in reality when the story is meaningful.

Sjökaptensstudenterna på Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar genomgår praktik under sammanlagt 12 månader i form av fartygsförlagd utbildning indelad i tre olika perioder under deras fyraåriga utbildning. Praktiken ger studenterna möjligheten att lära sig yrket på ett praktisk sätt och inte bara från läroboken. Praktikfartyg tas fram med hjälp av institutet SUI (Sjöfartens utbildnings institut) och ger tillgång till en olika mängd av fartygstyper. Sjökaptensstudenterna får möjligheten att välja sina praktikplatser genom att önska sig ett fartyg som de vill utföra sin praktik på, detta ger däremot ingen garanti på att de kommer få just det fartyg de önskat då det finns många studenter och få fartyg. Studenterna får ett samtal av SUI när det är dags för dem att välja fartyg, detta sker slumpmässigt och utgår från de studenter som klargjort flest kurser. Processen för många anses vara stressig då de inte får mycket tid på sig att välja. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer sjökaptensstudenterna upplever väger in vid deras val av praktikplater för att öka chansen till en bra praktik, samt hur studenterna känner angående allt i efterhand. För att ta reda på detta genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie där sex sjöbefälsstudenter på sitt sista studieår deltog. Resultatet på studien visar att det fanns många olika faktorer som vägde in i valen, som även bidrog till en överlag bra praktik med inslag av några negativa faktorer, som fokuseras på SUIs valprocess., The shipping students at the Kalmar Maritime College are undergoing a total training course of 12 months in the form of vessel-proposed training divided into three different periods during their four-year education. The practice gives the students an opportunity to learn the profession in a practical way and not just from the textbook. Practical vessels are developed using the Institute of the SUI (Institute of Maritime Training) and provide access to a variety of types of vessels. The lake captain students are given the opportunity to choose their internship by wishing for a ship on which they want to carry out their practice, but this does not guarantee that they will receive the ship they wanted when there are many students and few ships. Students get a call from the SUI when it’s time for them to choose their ships, this is done at random and based on students that have clarified the most courses. The process for many people is considered stressful because they don’t have much time to choose. This study aims to examine the factors experienced by sea captain students in their choice of places and make a good practice, as well as how students know about everything afterwards. To find out, a qualitative interview study was conducted involving six sea command students who were in their senior year. The results of the study showed that there were many different factors that weighed in their choices as what contributed to a good practice that felt most positive but also some negative things, focused on the SUI electoral process.

The war between Iraq and Iran started 1980 and ended 1988. During the war it came approximately 11 811 Iraqi refugees to Sweden. In this essay. I will explore how Iraqi refugees who came in the 1980s have integrated themselves in the Swedish society. To enhance this understanding, I used previous research material presented in the essay but, most importantly, I also used a qualitative method with organized interviews. The interview material consists of 4 individual interviews for 90 minutes each, and all interviewees are highly educated men in the ages of 62-66 years. I structured the interviews in line with 3 framing questions with the purpose to understand how the interviewees’ first time in Sweden was, especially considering potential difficulties of learn the Swedish language; how the interviewees perceived opportunities and challenges in establishing themselves on the employment market; and finally their thoughts and feelings about their own integration. I have used three different models/theories when analyzing the results. Firstly, I used symbolic interactionism as an explanatory model for interpersonal interaction, communication, subjective interpretation of situation and group affiliation. Secondly, I used the postcolonialism as an explanatory model. Postcolonialism describes a power structure that exists in the society where “white” people are perceived as being the superior race while “black” people are perceived as being the subordinate race, which is a legacy from colonialism. Thirdly, I used folkloristic narrative analysis, which helps to understand how people, with the help of stories from the past, position themselves in reality when the story is meaningful.

Sjökaptensstudenterna på Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar genomgår praktik under sammanlagt 12 månader i form av fartygsförlagd utbildning indelad i tre olika perioder under deras fyraåriga utbildning. Praktiken ger studenterna möjligheten att lära sig yrket på ett praktisk sätt och inte bara från läroboken. Praktikfartyg tas fram med hjälp av institutet SUI (Sjöfartens utbildnings institut) och ger tillgång till en olika mängd av fartygstyper. Sjökaptensstudenterna får möjligheten att välja sina praktikplatser genom att önska sig ett fartyg som de vill utföra sin praktik på, detta ger däremot ingen garanti på att de kommer få just det fartyg de önskat då det finns många studenter och få fartyg. Studenterna får ett samtal av SUI när det är dags för dem att välja fartyg, detta sker slumpmässigt och utgår från de studenter som klargjort flest kurser. Processen för många anses vara stressig då de inte får mycket tid på sig att välja. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer sjökaptensstudenterna upplever väger in vid deras val av praktikplater för att öka chansen till en bra praktik, samt hur studenterna känner angående allt i efterhand. För att ta reda på detta genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie där sex sjöbefälsstudenter på sitt sista studieår deltog. Resultatet på studien visar att det fanns många olika faktorer som vägde in i valen, som även bidrog till en överlag bra praktik med inslag av några negativa faktorer, som fokuseras på SUIs valprocess., The shipping students at the Kalmar Maritime College are undergoing a total training course of 12 months in the form of vessel-proposed training divided into three different periods during their four-year education. The practice gives the students an opportunity to learn the profession in a practical way and not just from the textbook. Practical vessels are developed using the Institute of the SUI (Institute of Maritime Training) and provide access to a variety of types of vessels. The lake captain students are given the opportunity to choose their internship by wishing for a ship on which they want to carry out their practice, but this does not guarantee that they will receive the ship they wanted when there are many students and few ships. Students get a call from the SUI when it’s time for them to choose their ships, this is done at random and based on students that have clarified the most courses. The process for many people is considered stressful because they don’t have much time to choose. This study aims to examine the factors experienced by sea captain students in their choice of places and make a good practice, as well as how students know about everything afterwards. To find out, a qualitative interview study was conducted involving six sea command students who were in their senior year. The results of the study showed that there were many different factors that weighed in their choices as what contributed to a good practice that felt most positive but also some negative things, focused on the SUI electoral process.

The optimism in life is a pleasurable feel. The small key role in a story makes a huge difference in the universe. The hope helps to jump over the depression, failure, marginalization, etc. to reach the healthy balanced life. The Pollyannaism and Still I Rise holds the similar techniques for the blooming peaceful life. Thinking hopeful, spreading positivity is the major part of the two titles. Seeking good in bad and likes in dislikes are the drastic change of the upbeat personality.

Mental simulation of future scenarios is hypothesized to affect future behavior, but a large and inconsistent literature means it is unclear whether, and under what conditions, mental simulation can change people’s behavior. A meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the effects of mental simulation on behavior and examine under what conditions mental simulation works best. An inclusive systematic database search identified 123 (N = 5685) experiments comparing mental simulation to a control group. After applying a multilevel random effects model, a statistically-reliable positive effect of Hedges’ g=0.49 [95% CI 0.37; 0.62], which was significantly different than zero. Using a taxonomy to identify different subtypes of mental simulation (along two dimensions, class [process, performance, outcome] and purpose [whether an inferior, standard, superior version of that behavior is simulated]), it was found that superior simulations garnered more reliable beneficial effects than inferior simulations. These findings have implications for integrating theories of how mental simulations change behavior, how mental simulations are classified, and may help guide professionals seeking evidence-based and cost-effective methods of changing behavior.

When we catch someone reading our diary, we know what to say: “mind your own business!” But why is this the right response? What makes our diary our business, such that the other person should not mind it? And why does reading what we wrote down count as minding our business anyway? Of course, there might be embarrassing information in what we wrote, and some entries might leave us vulnerable to exploitation or manipulation, but the contents might also be innocuous, such as what we ate that day or what happened to us. Nonetheless, the colloquial rebuke feels right.It feels right, we might hypothesize, because the reading itself is a violation of our privacy, and one that is accomplished, apparently, just by revealing information about what we think. This dissertation investigates and defends this hypothesis. It seeks to show how our thoughts are our business, how others revealing them interferes with it, and how preventing this kind of interference is an important goal of various moral, legal, and democratic norms. Chapters I and II begin answering these questions as a pair. Chapter I argues that persons have a morally significant interest in thinking generally, which is achieved through a proper combination of thinking by oneself and thinking with others. The proper combination is partly determined by readiness or maturity. Thinking with someone when they are not ready is disruptive, and since thinking with someone is begun by finding out what she thinks, there are limits on the latter. One such limit prohibits learning the thoughts that a person holds back in diary, but another prohibits learning the identity of a person who puts her thoughts forward anonymously. This kind of limit is the subject of Chapter II, as it plays out in anonymous reading and speech, and in voting. Chapter III and IV are a paired examination of the status of thoughts in criminal law. Chapter III defends the thought crime doctrine, according to which persons may not be punished for their t

When we catch someone reading our diary, we know what to say: “mind your own business!” But why is this the right response? What makes our diary our business, such that the other person should not mind it? And why does reading what we wrote down count as minding our business anyway? Of course, there might be embarrassing information in what we wrote, and some entries might leave us vulnerable to exploitation or manipulation, but the contents might also be innocuous, such as what we ate that day or what happened to us. Nonetheless, the colloquial rebuke feels right.It feels right, we might hypothesize, because the reading itself is a violation of our privacy, and one that is accomplished, apparently, just by revealing information about what we think. This dissertation investigates and defends this hypothesis. It seeks to show how our thoughts are our business, how others revealing them interferes with it, and how preventing this kind of interference is an important goal of various moral, legal, and democratic norms. Chapters I and II begin answering these questions as a pair. Chapter I argues that persons have a morally significant interest in thinking generally, which is achieved through a proper combination of thinking by oneself and thinking with others. The proper combination is partly determined by readiness or maturity. Thinking with someone when they are not ready is disruptive, and since thinking with someone is begun by finding out what she thinks, there are limits on the latter. One such limit prohibits learning the thoughts that a person holds back in diary, but another prohibits learning the identity of a person who puts her thoughts forward anonymously. This kind of limit is the subject of Chapter II, as it plays out in anonymous reading and speech, and in voting. Chapter III and IV are a paired examination of the status of thoughts in criminal law. Chapter III defends the thought crime doctrine, according to which persons may not be punished for their t

In today’s digitalised society we spend a lot of time indoors, kids included, and not as much time outdoors in nature. Thoughts that might appear because of this include what children’s relation to nature looks like and what we as teachers can do to improve this relation. The purpose of this study is therefore to contribute with knowledge about teachers’ thoughts and use of outdoor education, and how they view pupils’ relation to nature based on their outdoor education. The method used in this study was to conduct interviews with five different teachers about their work with outdoor education, along with their thoughts and views on it. A thematic analysis was used to extract different themes from the teachers’ interview answers. This analysis resulted in six different themes covering teachers’ thoughts and outdoor education. The results show that outdoor education often consists of group-based activities with a focus on practical work where many senses are activated and stimulated. According to the teachers, the way that they work with outdoor education also contributes to a more positive relation between pupils and nature, by improving their interest, but also by giving a better understanding of the interaction between humans, animals and plants, as well as our connection to them. Based on these findings, it is important that teachers try to use more of this kind of outdoor education to help develop and improve the pupils’ relation to nature, while ensuring a productive and healthy environment., I dagens digitaliserade samhälle spenderar vi mycket av vår tid inomhus, även barnen, och inte lika mycket tid ute i naturen. Tankar som kan komma upp på grund av detta är hur barns relation till naturen ser ut och vad vi som lärare kan göra för att stärka denna relation. Syftet med denna studie är därför att bidra med kunskaper kring lärares tankar och användande av utomhusundervisning samt hur de ser på elevers relation till naturen utifrån sin utomhusundervisning. Metoden som användes för studien var intervjuer med fem olika lärare kring deras arbete med utomhusundervisning och deras tankar och syn kring det. Intervjuerna transkriberades och en tematisk analys användes för att ta fram olika teman i lärarnas intervjusvar. Denna analys resulterade i sex olika teman kring lärares tankar och utomhusundervisning. Resultaten visade att utomhusundervisning oftast innebär arbete i grupp med fokus på ett praktiskt arbetssätt där många sinnen aktiveras och stimuleras. Detta sätt som lärare arbetar med utomhusundervisning på bidrar, enligt lärarna, även till positivare relationer mellan elever och naturen genom ökat intresse samt förståelse och känsla för samspelet som finns mellan människor, djur och växter. Utifrån det som framkommit ur denna studie är det viktigt för elevers relation till naturen att lärare försöker att använda sig mer av utomhusundervisning, med förutsättning att de jobbar på det sätt som beskrivs.

When we catch someone reading our diary, we know what to say: “mind your own business!” But why is this the right response? What makes our diary our business, such that the other person should not mind it? And why does reading what we wrote down count as minding our business anyway? Of course, there might be embarrassing information in what we wrote, and some entries might leave us vulnerable to exploitation or manipulation, but the contents might also be innocuous, such as what we ate that day or what happened to us. Nonetheless, the colloquial rebuke feels right.It feels right, we might hypothesize, because the reading itself is a violation of our privacy, and one that is accomplished, apparently, just by revealing information about what we think. This dissertation investigates and defends this hypothesis. It seeks to show how our thoughts are our business, how others revealing them interferes with it, and how preventing this kind of interference is an important goal of various moral, legal, and democratic norms. Chapters I and II begin answering these questions as a pair. Chapter I argues that persons have a morally significant interest in thinking generally, which is achieved through a proper combination of thinking by oneself and thinking with others. The proper combination is partly determined by readiness or maturity. Thinking with someone when they are not ready is disruptive, and since thinking with someone is begun by finding out what she thinks, there are limits on the latter. One such limit prohibits learning the thoughts that a person holds back in diary, but another prohibits learning the identity of a person who puts her thoughts forward anonymously. This kind of limit is the subject of Chapter II, as it plays out in anonymous reading and speech, and in voting. Chapter III and IV are a paired examination of the status of thoughts in criminal law. Chapter III defends the thought crime doctrine, according to which persons may not be punished for their t

"Preface" to Voltaire, "Thoughts on Various Subjects. Third Millennium Guide", edited by Domenico Felice, Milan, Mimesis, 2019, 533 p.

In today’s digitalised society we spend a lot of time indoors, kids included, and not as much time outdoors in nature. Thoughts that might appear because of this include what children’s relation to nature looks like and what we as teachers can do to improve this relation. The purpose of this study is therefore to contribute with knowledge about teachers’ thoughts and use of outdoor education, and how they view pupils’ relation to nature based on their outdoor education. The method used in this study was to conduct interviews with five different teachers about their work with outdoor education, along with their thoughts and views on it. A thematic analysis was used to extract different themes from the teachers’ interview answers. This analysis resulted in six different themes covering teachers’ thoughts and outdoor education. The results show that outdoor education often consists of group-based activities with a focus on practical work where many senses are activated and stimulated. According to the teachers, the way that they work with outdoor education also contributes to a more positive relation between pupils and nature, by improving their interest, but also by giving a better understanding of the interaction between humans, animals and plants, as well as our connection to them. Based on these findings, it is important that teachers try to use more of this kind of outdoor education to help develop and improve the pupils’ relation to nature, while ensuring a productive and healthy environment., I dagens digitaliserade samhälle spenderar vi mycket av vår tid inomhus, även barnen, och inte lika mycket tid ute i naturen. Tankar som kan komma upp på grund av detta är hur barns relation till naturen ser ut och vad vi som lärare kan göra för att stärka denna relation. Syftet med denna studie är därför att bidra med kunskaper kring lärares tankar och användande av utomhusundervisning samt hur de ser på elevers relation till naturen utifrån sin utomhusundervisning. Metoden som användes för studien var intervjuer med fem olika lärare kring deras arbete med utomhusundervisning och deras tankar och syn kring det. Intervjuerna transkriberades och en tematisk analys användes för att ta fram olika teman i lärarnas intervjusvar. Denna analys resulterade i sex olika teman kring lärares tankar och utomhusundervisning. Resultaten visade att utomhusundervisning oftast innebär arbete i grupp med fokus på ett praktiskt arbetssätt där många sinnen aktiveras och stimuleras. Detta sätt som lärare arbetar med utomhusundervisning på bidrar, enligt lärarna, även till positivare relationer mellan elever och naturen genom ökat intresse samt förståelse och känsla för samspelet som finns mellan människor, djur och växter. Utifrån det som framkommit ur denna studie är det viktigt för elevers relation till naturen att lärare försöker att använda sig mer av utomhusundervisning, med förutsättning att de jobbar på det sätt som beskrivs.

Folksägner, historier och sagor har länge gett olika djur mänskliga attribut och gestaltat djuren på ett människoliknande sätt. Vargen är inget undantag och återges allt som oftast på ett negativt sätt. Kan dessa erfarenheter av vargen från sagornas värld drabba hur elever tänker om vargen och dess roll i ett ekosystem och samspelet med andra organismer? Undersökningens syfte är att belysa elevers tankar attityder om vargen samt hur de placerar in dess roll i ett ekosystem med ett jämförande förhållningssätt mellan elever från stadsmiljö och landsbygdsmiljö. En reviderad klinisk intervjumetod i grupp har använts för att uppnå syftet med studien. Totalt har 18 elever deltagit, varav fem från landsbygden och 12 elever från stadsmiljö. Undersökningen visar att eleverna från stadsmiljö har en negativ attityd till vargen, vilket skiljer sig från eleverna från landsbygden som har en positiv alternativt neutral attityd till varg. Eleverna från de båda geografiskt skilda områdena beskriver vargens roll i ett ekosystem ur ett antropocentriskt och teleologiskt synsätt i ungefär lika stor utsträckning., For many years folklore, stories and fairy tales have been giving animals human attributes and elaborated the animals in a human-like way. The wolf is no exception and is often reproduced in a negative way. Can these experiences of the wolf from the selection of fairy tales affect how pupils think about the wolf and its role in an ecosystem? And furthermore, can it affect how the pupils understand how the wolf interacts with other organisms? With a comparative approach between pupils from urban and rural environments, the purpose of the study is to elucidate thoughts and attitudes toward the wolf and to emphasize how pupils place the wolf and its role in an ecosystem. A revised clinical group interview method has been used to achieve the purpose of the study. In total, 18 pupils participated, five of them from the countryside and 12 pupils from a city. The survey shows that pupils from the urban environment have a negative attitude toward the wolf, which differs from the pupils from rural areas, who have a positive, alternatively neutral attitude towards the wolf. The pupils from both urban and rural environments describe the role of the wolf in an ecosystem in an anthropocentric and teleological approach to an approximately equal extent.

I föreliggande C-uppsats i Geografi söker jag ta mig an ett avgränsat ämnesområde i skolans värld genom att undersöka vad högstadieelever tänker och känner inför ämnet Geografi. Syftet med undersökningen är således att undersöka högstadieelevers tankar om och attityder till skolämnet Geografi. Undersökningens material och bakgrundsdata har inhämtats med hjälp av enkäter som elever i årskurs 7-9 vid en medelstor högstadieskola i staden Nybro i Småland har besvarat. Sammanlagt har ett sjuttiotal högstadieelever varit delaktiga i att delge sina tankar om skolämnet Geografi. Frågeställningarna som jag har utgått ifrån är följande: Vilka är elevernas tankar om, och attityder till, skolämnet Geografi? Vad har elevernas tidigare undervisning i Geografi omfattat? Hur uppfattar eleverna skolämnet Geografi – är ämnet viktigt, gillar eleverna Geografi? Vad anser eleverna vara det viktigaste att lära sig i Geografi? Att ha Geografi varje termin/läsår eller att ha Geografi varierande termin/läsår, vad anser eleverna fungerar bäst för dem? Hur rangordnar eleverna Geografi i förhållande till övriga SO-ämnen? Undersökningen ger vid handen att eleverna rankar ämnet Geografi högt. Resultaten visar dock att pojkar och flickor rangordnar SO-ämnena olika; pojkarna rankar bland annat Geografi högre än vad flickorna gör. För att med säkerhet kunna svara på varför det är just så, skulle förslagvis en longitudinell studie av elevernas attityder och tankar behöva utföras, vilket dessvärre inte ryms inom ramarna för denna undersökning, men som eventuellt skulle kunna komma att genomföras i framtiden.

In this study, it was examined whether overweight is associated with food-related obsessions and compulsions. Participants with a healthy weight ( n = 27) and participants who were overweight ( n = 33) filled out the Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorder Scale, the Eating Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, and the Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Intrusions Questionnaire to assess frequency, distress, control, and reactance associated with food-related preoccupations and compulsions. Overweight participants showed increased food-related preoccupations, compulsive eating, and heightened emotional and behavioral reactance compared to participants with a healthy weight. Increased food-related obsessive-compulsiveness was also associated with unhealthy eating patterns.

The following essay reports on a short exploratory qualitative study given to pre-service English teachers who were studying the class of linguistics. In the linguistics class, they studied a chapter related to how adults learn a language, and the phases they go through. Due to the relevance of this topic, the instructor asked pre-service English teachers to reflect and examine on their learning critically from two different perspectives - my reflection as a language learner and my reflection on learning. This essay used a series of open and reflective questions as the primary source of data and asked 20 pre-service English teachers to write a two-page reflection paper about their experience learning English. For the purpose of this essay, data analysis was conducted using the grounded theory approach that involved comparing a piece of data with others. Eight essays were selected using random sampling. The results exposed the different challenges and strategies that pre-service English teachers have gone through so as to learn the language and how these have changed along the years. The essay presents both some theoretical background and challenges., El siguiente ensayo informa sobre un breve estudio cualitativo exploratorio administrado a profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que tomaban la clase de lingüística. En la clase de lingüística, estudiaron un capítulo relacionado con cómo los adultos aprenden un idioma y las etapas por las que pasan. Dada la importancia de este tema, el instructor pidió a los profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que reflexionaran y examinaran críticamente su propio aprendizaje desde dos puntos de vista diferentes: mi reflexión como aprendiz de un idioma y mi reflexión sobre el aprendizaje. Este ensayo utilizó una serie de preguntas de reflexión abiertas como fuente principal de recopilación de datos y pidió a 20 profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que escribieran un ensayo de reflexión de dos páginas sobre su experiencia personal al aprender inglés. Para el propósito de este ensayo, el análisis de datos se realizó utilizando un enfoque de teoría fundamentada que involucraba la comparación de una parte de datos con otros. Ocho ensayos fueron seleccionados a través de muestreo aleatorio simple. Los resultados muestran los diferentes desafíos y estrategias que los profesores de inglés en pre- servicio han atravesado para aprender el idioma y cómo estas han cambiado a lo largo de los años. El ensayo presenta algunos antecedentes teóricos y desafíos.

The following essay reports on a short exploratory qualitative study given to pre-service English teachers who were studying the class of linguistics. In the linguistics class, they studied a chapter related to how adults learn a language, and the phases they go through. Due to the relevance of this topic, the instructor asked pre-service English teachers to reflect and examine on their learning critically from two different perspectives - my reflection as a language learner and my reflection on learning. This essay used a series of open and reflective questions as the primary source of data and asked 20 pre-service English teachers to write a two-page reflection paper about their experience learning English. For the purpose of this essay, data analysis was conducted using the grounded theory approach that involved comparing a piece of data with others. Eight essays were selected using random sampling. The results exposed the different challenges and strategies that pre-service English teachers have gone through so as to learn the language and how these have changed along the years. The essay presents both some theoretical background and challenges., El siguiente ensayo informa sobre un breve estudio cualitativo exploratorio administrado a profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que tomaban la clase de lingüística. En la clase de lingüística, estudiaron un capítulo relacionado con cómo los adultos aprenden un idioma y las etapas por las que pasan. Dada la importancia de este tema, el instructor pidió a los profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que reflexionaran y examinaran críticamente su propio aprendizaje desde dos puntos de vista diferentes: mi reflexión como aprendiz de un idioma y mi reflexión sobre el aprendizaje. Este ensayo utilizó una serie de preguntas de reflexión abiertas como fuente principal de recopilación de datos y pidió a 20 profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que escribieran un ensayo de reflexión de dos páginas sobre su experiencia personal al aprender inglés. Para el propósito de este ensayo, el análisis de datos se realizó utilizando un enfoque de teoría fundamentada que involucraba la comparación de una parte de datos con otros. Ocho ensayos fueron seleccionados a través de muestreo aleatorio simple. Los resultados muestran los diferentes desafíos y estrategias que los profesores de inglés en pre- servicio han atravesado para aprender el idioma y cómo estas han cambiado a lo largo de los años. El ensayo presenta algunos antecedentes teóricos y desafíos.

The following essay reports on a short exploratory qualitative study given to pre-service English teachers who were studying the class of linguistics. In the linguistics class, they studied a chapter related to how adults learn a language, and the phases they go through. Due to the relevance of this topic, the instructor asked pre-service English teachers to reflect and examine on their learning critically from two different perspectives - my reflection as a language learner and my reflection on learning. This essay used a series of open and reflective questions as the primary source of data and asked 20 pre-service English teachers to write a two-page reflection paper about their experience learning English. For the purpose of this essay, data analysis was conducted using the grounded theory approach that involved comparing a piece of data with others. Eight essays were selected using random sampling. The results exposed the different challenges and strategies that pre-service English teachers have gone through so as to learn the language and how these have changed along the years. The essay presents both some theoretical background and challenges., El siguiente ensayo informa sobre un breve estudio cualitativo exploratorio administrado a profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que tomaban la clase de lingüística. En la clase de lingüística, estudiaron un capítulo relacionado con cómo los adultos aprenden un idioma y las etapas por las que pasan. Dada la importancia de este tema, el instructor pidió a los profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que reflexionaran y examinaran críticamente su propio aprendizaje desde dos puntos de vista diferentes: mi reflexión como aprendiz de un idioma y mi reflexión sobre el aprendizaje. Este ensayo utilizó una serie de preguntas de reflexión abiertas como fuente principal de recopilación de datos y pidió a 20 profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que escribieran un ensayo de reflexión de dos páginas sobre su experiencia personal al aprender inglés. Para el propósito de este ensayo, el análisis de datos se realizó utilizando un enfoque de teoría fundamentada que involucraba la comparación de una parte de datos con otros. Ocho ensayos fueron seleccionados a través de muestreo aleatorio simple. Los resultados muestran los diferentes desafíos y estrategias que los profesores de inglés en pre- servicio han atravesado para aprender el idioma y cómo estas han cambiado a lo largo de los años. El ensayo presenta algunos antecedentes teóricos y desafíos.

The following essay reports on a short exploratory qualitative study given to pre-service English teachers who were studying the class of linguistics. In the linguistics class, they studied a chapter related to how adults learn a language, and the phases they go through. Due to the relevance of this topic, the instructor asked pre-service English teachers to reflect and examine on their learning critically from two different perspectives - my reflection as a language learner and my reflection on learning. This essay used a series of open and reflective questions as the primary source of data and asked 20 pre-service English teachers to write a two-page reflection paper about their experience learning English. For the purpose of this essay, data analysis was conducted using the grounded theory approach that involved comparing a piece of data with others. Eight essays were selected using random sampling. The results exposed the different challenges and strategies that pre-service English teachers have gone through so as to learn the language and how these have changed along the years. The essay presents both some theoretical background and challenges., El siguiente ensayo informa sobre un breve estudio cualitativo exploratorio administrado a profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que tomaban la clase de lingüística. En la clase de lingüística, estudiaron un capítulo relacionado con cómo los adultos aprenden un idioma y las etapas por las que pasan. Dada la importancia de este tema, el instructor pidió a los profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que reflexionaran y examinaran críticamente su propio aprendizaje desde dos puntos de vista diferentes: mi reflexión como aprendiz de un idioma y mi reflexión sobre el aprendizaje. Este ensayo utilizó una serie de preguntas de reflexión abiertas como fuente principal de recopilación de datos y pidió a 20 profesores de inglés en pre- servicio que escribieran un ensayo de reflexión de dos páginas sobre su experiencia personal al aprender inglés. Para el propósito de este ensayo, el análisis de datos se realizó utilizando un enfoque de teoría fundamentada que involucraba la comparación de una parte de datos con otros. Ocho ensayos fueron seleccionados a través de muestreo aleatorio simple. Los resultados muestran los diferentes desafíos y estrategias que los profesores de inglés en pre- servicio han atravesado para aprender el idioma y cómo estas han cambiado a lo largo de los años. El ensayo presenta algunos antecedentes teóricos y desafíos.

I föreliggande C-uppsats i Geografi söker jag ta mig an ett avgränsat ämnesområde i skolans värld genom att undersöka vad högstadieelever tänker och känner inför ämnet Geografi. Syftet med undersökningen är således att undersöka högstadieelevers tankar om och attityder till skolämnet Geografi. Undersökningens material och bakgrundsdata har inhämtats med hjälp av enkäter som elever i årskurs 7-9 vid en medelstor högstadieskola i staden Nybro i Småland har besvarat. Sammanlagt har ett sjuttiotal högstadieelever varit delaktiga i att delge sina tankar om skolämnet Geografi. Frågeställningarna som jag har utgått ifrån är följande: Vilka är elevernas tankar om, och attityder till, skolämnet Geografi? Vad har elevernas tidigare undervisning i Geografi omfattat? Hur uppfattar eleverna skolämnet Geografi – är ämnet viktigt, gillar eleverna Geografi? Vad anser eleverna vara det viktigaste att lära sig i Geografi? Att ha Geografi varje termin/läsår eller att ha Geografi varierande termin/läsår, vad anser eleverna fungerar bäst för dem? Hur rangordnar eleverna Geografi i förhållande till övriga SO-ämnen? Undersökningen ger vid handen att eleverna rankar ämnet Geografi högt. Resultaten visar dock att pojkar och flickor rangordnar SO-ämnena olika; pojkarna rankar bland annat Geografi högre än vad flickorna gör. För att med säkerhet kunna svara på varför det är just så, skulle förslagvis en longitudinell studie av elevernas attityder och tankar behöva utföras, vilket dessvärre inte ryms inom ramarna för denna undersökning, men som eventuellt skulle kunna komma att genomföras i framtiden.