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The objective of present study is to establish the safety standards and the evaluation of potential toxicity of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Dried stem bark extract of Bauhinia variegata were evaluated for toxicity studies. For acute toxicity study healthy swiss albino mice, divided in various groups, were administered the sample extract orally in increasing dose. For the sub- acute toxicity studies, the animals of the acute toxicity studies were administered daily for a period of 15 days. The parameters of the acute toxicity studies were tabulated after 48 and 72 hrs of the dose administration and those of the sub acute study were tabulated after 15 days of the dose administration. The toxicity studies did not show any mortality up to a dose of 3000 mg/kg and no significant changes were observed. As no toxicity was observed, Bauhinia variegata Linn. extract could be continued to use in folk medicines.

The objective of present study is to establish the safety standards and the evaluation of potential toxicity of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Dried stem bark extract of Bauhinia variegata were evaluated for toxicity studies. For acute toxicity study healthy swiss albino mice, divided in various groups, were administered the sample extract orally in increasing dose. For the sub- acute toxicity studies, the animals of the acute toxicity studies were administered daily for a period of 15 days. The parameters of the acute toxicity studies were tabulated after 48 and 72 hrs of the dose administration and those of the sub acute study were tabulated after 15 days of the dose administration. The toxicity studies did not show any mortality up to a dose of 3000 mg/kg and no significant changes were observed. As no toxicity was observed, Bauhinia variegata Linn. extract could be continued to use in folk medicines.

The objective of present study is to establish the safety standards and the evaluation of potential toxicity of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Dried stem bark extract of Bauhinia variegata were evaluated for toxicity studies. For acute toxicity study healthy swiss albino mice, divided in various groups, were administered the sample extract orally in increasing dose. For the sub- acute toxicity studies, the animals of the acute toxicity studies were administered daily for a period of 15 days. The parameters of the acute toxicity studies were tabulated after 48 and 72 hrs of the dose administration and those of the sub acute study were tabulated after 15 days of the dose administration. The toxicity studies did not show any mortality up to a dose of 3000 mg/kg and no significant changes were observed. As no toxicity was observed, Bauhinia variegata Linn. extract could be continued to use in folk medicines.

The objective of present study is to establish the safety standards and the evaluation of potential toxicity of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Dried stem bark extract of Bauhinia variegata were evaluated for toxicity studies. For acute toxicity study healthy swiss albino mice, divided in various groups, were administered the sample extract orally in increasing dose. For the sub- acute toxicity studies, the animals of the acute toxicity studies were administered daily for a period of 15 days. The parameters of the acute toxicity studies were tabulated after 48 and 72 hrs of the dose administration and those of the sub acute study were tabulated after 15 days of the dose administration. The toxicity studies did not show any mortality up to a dose of 3000 mg/kg and no significant changes were observed. As no toxicity was observed, Bauhinia variegata Linn. extract could be continued to use in folk medicines.

This paper examines the effectiveness of corruption control depending upon whether the bribe taker or the bribe giver initiates the corrupt interaction. The probability of corrupt exchanges depends upon the bribe and the corrupt market structure. The probability of apprehension is set but punishment can be influenced via bribes. Results show that the effectiveness of apprehension hinges on whether higher bribes invite harsher fines. Competition for favors intimidates the bribe giver into offering lower bribes, while greater agency competition has a similar effect on the bribe demanded. Consistent with intuition, better paid bureaucrats demand smaller bribes. Some implications for anti-corruption policy are discussed.

This paper examines the effectiveness of corruption control depending upon whether the bribe taker or the bribe giver initiates the corrupt interaction. The probability of corrupt exchanges depends upon the bribe and the corrupt market structure. The probability of apprehension is set but punishment can be influenced via bribes. Results show that the effectiveness of apprehension hinges on whether higher bribes invite harsher fines. Competition for favors intimidates the bribe giver into offering lower bribes, while greater agency competition has a similar effect on the bribe demanded. Consistent with intuition, better paid bureaucrats demand smaller bribes. Some implications for anti-corruption policy are discussed.

Problem statement: Present study was aimed to explore the acute and sub-acute toxicities studies with orally administered 50% ethanolic leaves extract of Murraya paniculata. Approach: Acute toxicity (oral single dose, 50-2000 mg kg-1) includes any mortality and CNS and ANS toxicities in mice while, sub-acute toxicity (100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1, orally and once daily for 28 days) includes any change in body weight, food and water intake and other biochemical, hematological and histopathological changes in tissues (liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, heart and lung) in rats. Results: Acute oral administration of M. paniculata extract (2000 mg kg-1, single dose) did not show any mortality and CNS and ANS toxicities. Similarly sub-acute oral administration (100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1 for 28 days) in rats did not show any change in body weight, food consumption, water intake and biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters compared to control untreated group. Conclusion: The conclusions of the present study indicate Murraya paniculata to be safe in its oral effective dose.

This paper examines determinants of corruption across Russian regions. Key contributions include: (i) a formal study of economic corruption determinants across Russian regions; (ii) comparisons of determinants of perceived corruption versus those of actual corruption; and (iii) studying the influence of market competition and other factors on corruption. The results show that economic prosperity, population, market competition and urbanization are significant determinants of Russian corruption. The use of alternative corruption measures reveals that economic prosperity and population have a largely similar impact on corruption perceptions and corruption incidence. However, there are significant differences in the effects of competition and urbanization.

U ovom se radu istražuju determinante životnog zadovoljstva na uzorku od 135 zemalja. Osnovni se doprinos rada sastoji u ispitivanju osjetljivosti životnog zadovoljstva na okolišne i društvene eksternalije. Rezultati analize, pritom, imaju implikacije i za nosioce javnih politika. Naime, oni pokazuju da neki faktori konzistentno utječu na razinu životnog zadovoljstva građana, bez obzira jesu li okolišne ili društvene eksternalije uključene u analizu. Postoji, međutim, i skup faktora čiji utjecaj na razinu životnog zadovoljstva oscilira ako se spomenute eksternalije uključe u analizu. Rezultati analize također pokazuju da je razina životnog zadovoljstva u tranzicijskim zemljama, uz ostale nepromijenjene uvjete, niža u odnosu na druge zemlje iz uzorka, upućujući na zaključak da u ovim zemljama nisu ostvarena ranija očekivanja građana., Using recent cross-country data for 135 nations, this paper examines the determinants of life satisfaction. The main contribution lies in examining the sensitivity of satisfaction to externalities, both social and environmental. Besides contributing to the literature, the findings also have some implications for public policy. The results show that some factors consistently affect life satisfaction whether or not externalities are considered, while others are sensitive to such considerations. Even under each category of spillovers, the influence in satisfaction varies. Further, other things being the same, satisfaction was lower in transition nations, perhaps signifying that these countries were somehow failing to meet the expectations of their citizens.

U ovom se radu istražuju determinante životnog zadovoljstva na uzorku od 135 zemalja. Osnovni se doprinos rada sastoji u ispitivanju osjetljivosti životnog zadovoljstva na okolišne i društvene eksternalije. Rezultati analize, pritom, imaju implikacije i za nosioce javnih politika. Naime, oni pokazuju da neki faktori konzistentno utječu na razinu životnog zadovoljstva građana, bez obzira jesu li okolišne ili društvene eksternalije uključene u analizu. Postoji, međutim, i skup faktora čiji utjecaj na razinu životnog zadovoljstva oscilira ako se spomenute eksternalije uključe u analizu. Rezultati analize također pokazuju da je razina životnog zadovoljstva u tranzicijskim zemljama, uz ostale nepromijenjene uvjete, niža u odnosu na druge zemlje iz uzorka, upućujući na zaključak da u ovim zemljama nisu ostvarena ranija očekivanja građana., Using recent cross-country data for 135 nations, this paper examines the determinants of life satisfaction. The main contribution lies in examining the sensitivity of satisfaction to externalities, both social and environmental. Besides contributing to the literature, the findings also have some implications for public policy. The results show that some factors consistently affect life satisfaction whether or not externalities are considered, while others are sensitive to such considerations. Even under each category of spillovers, the influence in satisfaction varies. Further, other things being the same, satisfaction was lower in transition nations, perhaps signifying that these countries were somehow failing to meet the expectations of their citizens.