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В статье рассмотрены тенденции электронизации бизнес-процесса традиционных предприятий. Исследованы факторы глобализации и новые тренды электронного бизнеса, осуществлен набор ключевых характеристик электронного бизнес-процесса. Приводятся примеры существующих предприятий в сфере электронного бизнеса.

The restructuring of the electricity industry has spawned the introduction of new independent grid operators or IGOs, typically called transmission system operators (TSO), independent system operator (ISO) or regional transmission organizations (RTO), in various parts of the world. An important task of an IGO is congestion management (CM) and pricing. This activity has significant economic implications on every market participant in the IGO’s region. The paper briefly reviews the congestion management schemes and the associated pricing mechanism used by the IGO’s in five representative schemes. These were selected to Illustrate the various CM approaches in use: England and Wales, Norway, Sweden, PJM and Califomia. We develop a unified framework for the mathematical representation of the market dispatch and redispatch problems that the IGO must solve in CM in these various jurisdictions. We use this unified framework to develop meaningful metrics to compare the various CM approaches so as to assess their efficiency and the effectiveness of the market signals provided to the market participants. We compare, using a small test system, side by side, the performance of these schemes., NR 20140805

Long-term planning of a power system requires that the electricity market can be simulated. One important aspect that should be simulated is that the owners of hydro power plants with reservoirs (generally referred to as dispatchable hydro power) are forced to base their scheduling on uncertain forecasts on precipitation and load. It is inevitable that this lack of perfect information has an impact on the operation costs and reliability of the system. Hence, a simulation of an electricity market should include this property of dispatchable hydro, power. This paper shows how the consequences of hydro power planning based on uncertain forecasts can be incorporated in a Monte Carlo model by using random water value errors, NR 20140804

We report an additional case of pediatric multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with primary cutaneous lesions. A boy was born to a mother who had cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during her pregnancy. During the first 1-3 months the patient had an acute CMV infection with involvement of skin, intestine, and liver. In the subsequent months the child had other cutaneous lesions diagnosed as molluscum contagiosum and chickenpox at the age respectively of 5 and 18 months; these lesions regressed in 6-8 weeks. When aged 25 months, the child had multiple exudative cutaneous lesions, hemorrhagic nail changes, gingival and lung lesions. These findings and the result of a cutaneous scalp biopsy led to the final diagnosis of multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis.