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Företag har idag enklare att införskaffa nya system och applikationer. De nya applikationerna och systemen måste integreras med befintliga system, vilket många företag har problem med. När företagen växer blir problemen större. För att hantera problemen med integrationen av system, i samband med tillväxten, gör 43% av företag investeringar i detta område. Företag med få nuvarande tekniska lösningar har svårare att hantera hård- och mjukvara vilket skapar problem i införandet av informationssystem. Införandeprocessen involverar oftast systemkonsulter med expertis inom IT. Denna IT-expertis är svårare för företag med få nuvarande tekniska lösningar att förstå och använda. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats i informatik är att identifiera och beskriva framgångsfaktorer under en införandeprocess av systemintegration mellan en e-handelsplattform och ett affärssystem, ur ett kund−IT-konsultperspektiv. Studien har genomförts med en abduktiv ansats där fallstudiemetoden, litteraturstudie, litteraturbaserad analysmodell och semi-strukturerade intervjuer använts. Litteraturstudien är baserad på det upplevda problemet Klubbhuset har, med andra ord det specifika fallet som undersöks. Baserat på litteraturstudien har en litteraturbaserad analysmodell framställts som avser att illustrera de i högre grad viktiga och faktorer och sambanden från den verkliga världen. Baserat på den litteraturbaserade analysmodellen har semi-strukturerade intervjuguider formulerats för att samla in empiri. Totalt har fem intervjuer genomförts, fyra med rollinnehavare på Klubbhuset och en med inhyrd IT-konsult. Till sist presenteras en modifierad analysmodell för att påvisa kunskapsbidraget. Studiens slutsatser är: betydelsen av den mänskliga faktorn är hög vid en införandeprocess av systemintegration, korrekt kravställning minskar risker för felaktigheter i beställning av systemintegration och betydelsen av IT-konsultens engagemang är hög i kund–IT-konsultsamarbete.

Detta examensarbete undersöker hur artificiell intelligens (AI) och maskininlärning (ML) har förbättrat innovationsprocesser inom bilindustrin, med särskilt fokus på ett företag som är aktiva inom detta område. Genom en kombination av teoretisk forskning och empiriska intervjuer med anställda på företaget har det identifierats att AI och ML är kraftfulla verktyg för att driva teknologisk innovation, optimera interna processer och främja en kultur av kontinuerligt lärande och samarbete. Företaget som undersöks i denna fallstudie använder AI för att utveckla avancerade förarassistanssystem och autonoma körteknologier, vilket resulterar i säkrare och mer effektiva självkörande bilar. Dessutom optimerar AI interna processer som prestandaövervakning och intern kommunikation, vilket förbättrar effektiviteten och responsiviteten inom organisationen. Företagskulturen på företaget har påverkats positivt av AI, med en betoning på ständigt lärande och kunskapsdelning. Medarbetarna uppmuntras att kontinuerligt uppdatera sina kunskaper och färdigheter för att hålla jämna steg med teknologiska framsteg, vilket skapar en dynamisk och adaptiv arbetsmiljö. Dock möter företaget även utmaningar, inklusive höga kostnader för hårdvara och beräkningskraft, behovet av att säkerställa hög datakvalitet och att hantera komplexa juridiska och etiska frågor. AI och ML har avsevärt förbättrat innovationsprocesserna för företaget i denna fallstudie genom att driva teknologisk och processuell innovation samt genom att påverka företagskulturen positivt. Studien bidrar till ämnet innovationsteknik genom att belysa hur AI kan användas för att driva innovation och identifierar områden för framtida forskning, såsom kostnadshantering och långsiktiga effekter av AI på företagskulturen., This exam essay examines how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have improved innovation processes in the automotive industry, with a particular focus on a company active in this field. Through a combination of theoretical research and empirical interviews with employees of the company, it has been identified that AI and ML are powerful tools for driving technological innovation, optimizing internal processes and fostering a culture of continuous learning and collaboration. The company investigated in this case study uses AI to develop advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous driving technologies, resulting in safer and more efficient self-driving cars. In addition, AI optimizes internal processes such as performance monitoring and internal communication, improving efficiency and responsiveness within the organization. The company culture has been positively impacted by AI, with an emphasis on continuous learning and knowledge sharing. Employees are encouraged to continuously update their knowledge and skills to keep up with technological advances, creating a dynamic and adaptive work environment. However, the company also faces challenges, including the high cost of hardware and computing power, the need to ensure high data quality, and dealing with complex legal and ethical issues. AI and ML have significantly improved the innovation processes of the company in this case study by driving technological and process innovation as well as by positively influencing corporate culture. The study contributes to the field of innovation technology by highlighting how AI can be used to drive innovation and identifies areas for future research, such as cost management and long-term effects of AI on corporate culture.

Studier har visat att lärare i ämnet idrott och hälsa har svårt att inkludera elever med funktionsnedsättningar i den ordinarie undervisningen. Den här studien har undersökt vilka möjligheter och svårigheter det finns för lärare med inkludering av elever med funktionsnedsättningar i undervisningen i idrott och hälsa. Även vilka strategier lärarna använder sig av för att göra en inkludering möjlig. Studien har genomförts genom kvalitativa intervjuer som var semistrukturerade med tre kvinnliga och tre manliga idrottslärare från högstadieskolor. Den har analyserats utifrån det sociokulturella perspektivet. Studien visar på att lärarna är positiva till inkludering av funktionsnedsatta elever i undervisningen och det finns många möjligheter där eleverna får en chans att se att alla är olika och att lära sig en acceptans mot varandra. Klassen som helhet vinner mycket på när en inkludering sker genom att det kan bli ett mer tillåtande klassklimat.Lärarna poängterar att en strategi som är viktig är att genomföra en dialog med eleven och övriga personer som finns runt eleven för att det ska bli en så bra inkludering som möjligt och att de ska bli en del av klassen efter sina förutsättningar.

Detta examensarbete undersöker hur artificiell intelligens (AI) och maskininlärning (ML) har förbättrat innovationsprocesser inom bilindustrin, med särskilt fokus på ett företag som är aktiva inom detta område. Genom en kombination av teoretisk forskning och empiriska intervjuer med anställda på företaget har det identifierats att AI och ML är kraftfulla verktyg för att driva teknologisk innovation, optimera interna processer och främja en kultur av kontinuerligt lärande och samarbete. Företaget som undersöks i denna fallstudie använder AI för att utveckla avancerade förarassistanssystem och autonoma körteknologier, vilket resulterar i säkrare och mer effektiva självkörande bilar. Dessutom optimerar AI interna processer som prestandaövervakning och intern kommunikation, vilket förbättrar effektiviteten och responsiviteten inom organisationen. Företagskulturen på företaget har påverkats positivt av AI, med en betoning på ständigt lärande och kunskapsdelning. Medarbetarna uppmuntras att kontinuerligt uppdatera sina kunskaper och färdigheter för att hålla jämna steg med teknologiska framsteg, vilket skapar en dynamisk och adaptiv arbetsmiljö. Dock möter företaget även utmaningar, inklusive höga kostnader för hårdvara och beräkningskraft, behovet av att säkerställa hög datakvalitet och att hantera komplexa juridiska och etiska frågor. AI och ML har avsevärt förbättrat innovationsprocesserna för företaget i denna fallstudie genom att driva teknologisk och processuell innovation samt genom att påverka företagskulturen positivt. Studien bidrar till ämnet innovationsteknik genom att belysa hur AI kan användas för att driva innovation och identifierar områden för framtida forskning, såsom kostnadshantering och långsiktiga effekter av AI på företagskulturen., This exam essay examines how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have improved innovation processes in the automotive industry, with a particular focus on a company active in this field. Through a combination of theoretical research and empirical interviews with employees of the company, it has been identified that AI and ML are powerful tools for driving technological innovation, optimizing internal processes and fostering a culture of continuous learning and collaboration. The company investigated in this case study uses AI to develop advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous driving technologies, resulting in safer and more efficient self-driving cars. In addition, AI optimizes internal processes such as performance monitoring and internal communication, improving efficiency and responsiveness within the organization. The company culture has been positively impacted by AI, with an emphasis on continuous learning and knowledge sharing. Employees are encouraged to continuously update their knowledge and skills to keep up with technological advances, creating a dynamic and adaptive work environment. However, the company also faces challenges, including the high cost of hardware and computing power, the need to ensure high data quality, and dealing with complex legal and ethical issues. AI and ML have significantly improved the innovation processes of the company in this case study by driving technological and process innovation as well as by positively influencing corporate culture. The study contributes to the field of innovation technology by highlighting how AI can be used to drive innovation and identifies areas for future research, such as cost management and long-term effects of AI on corporate culture.

PURPOSE: To investigate and identify which working methods are applied by the employees at a nursing home with a focus on dementia (SÄBO), with the aim of supporting daily communication for the residents. BACKGROUND: The symptoms from a dementia diagnosis are characterized by the individual's cognitive functions deteriorating, in step with the development of the dementia diagnosis. This impairs the individual's communicative ability, an emerging need for support that is expected to be met through the investigated employees. METHOD: A qualitative interview study at a SÄBO within the city of Stockholm, carried out through four face-to-face interviews, with the employees who work to the greatest extent with the individual residents. Based on collected empirical data, a thematic analysis has been made. RESULTS: Identified working methods create and develop knowledge, within the group of employees, which aims to interpret and understand the residents' individual needs. Through a personcentred working method, knowledge is created through working methods based on the residents' individual needs and personal abilities. The residents are interpreted and understood as the sources of information through which knowledge is created among the employees. CONCLUSION: Through the person-centred working methods the knowledge creation is based on the individual needs of each tenant. However, the present study has shown that existing working methods can, and should, be developed to better support the residents in their daily communication. A structured development of knowledge creation around physical application of support, to better support the residents in their daily communication.

Syfte och frågeställning Syftet med studien är att undersöka specialidrottslärares bedömningspraktik genom att utforska hur de ser på bedömning och återkoppling. Hur talar lärare om sin bedömningspraktik? Vilka praktiska övningar/spel använder sig specialidrottslärare av, så att eleverna kan demonstrera sina kunskaper? Hur beskriver specialidrottsläraren sin återkoppling till eleverna om bedömning? Metod I denna studie används en kvalitativ metod för att besvara frågeställningarna. Det skedde via semistrukturerade intervjuer och det var fyra olika lärare på Nationell idrotts utbildning (NIU) skolor runt om i Stockholm som deltog. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt tas i det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärandet. Nationell idrottsutbildning (NIU) är en nationell idrottsutbildning som ger elever möjligheten att utveckla en karriär inom vald idrott. Resultat Resultatet visar att bedömning sker året om under lektionerna, det uppstår för det mesta under lektionerna som är till största del praktiska övningar och spel. Det sker genom en subjektiv professionalism och erfarenhet som lärarna besitter på. Övningarna under lektionerna är anpassade till elevernas kunskapsnivå och medföljer därför med någon form av individualisering. Återkopplingen till elever sker via formativfeedback, då den anses ge eleverna större möjlighet till att utveckla sina kunskaper. Slutsats Det finns tydliga likheter i hur lärarna väljer att bedöma, lägga upp övningar och ge feedback. Lärarna använder sig av samma sorts mönster i sin val av upplägg, det ska planeras med hjälp av skolans kunskapskrav, men att målet att eleverna ska utvecklas inom sin idrott är det viktigaste., Purpose and Research Questions The purpose of the study is to investigate the assessment practices for teachers in physical education by exploring their view on evaluation and feedback. How do teachers discuss their assessment practices? What practical exercises/games do physical education teachers use to allow students to demonstrate their knowledge? How do physical education teachers provide feedback to students regarding assessment? Method In this study, a qualitative approach is employed to address the research questions. The data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews, involving four different teachers from National Sports High Schools (NIU) in various locations around Stockholm. The theoretical framework of the study is rooted in the sociocultural perspective on learning. Results The findings indicate that assessment occurs throughout the academic year, predominantly during practical exercises and games in lessons. The process relies on subjective professionalism and the experience possessed by the teachers. The exercises are tailored to the students levels of knowledge, incorporating a degree of individualization. Feedback to students is provided through formative feedback, as it is deemed to offer students greater opportunities to develop their skills. Conclusion Clear similarities exist in how teachers choose to assess, structure exercises, and provide feedback. Teachers follow similar patterns in the planning of their lessons, incorporating the knowledge requirements of the schools, with the overarching goal of fostering students development in their respective sports.

Sustainable development is arguably a core element and a desirable objective for the institutions of a society to reach for. Upper secondary schools of Sweden are not an exception. Among the many subjects that the upper secondary school provides, civics education is arguably the most relevant one in relation to the matter of sustainable development. How does civic education portray the matter of sustainability, both regarding quantity and quality? What can the production of the subjects' purpose, key content and grades affiliation with sustainable development tell us about the society it´s been framed in? This essay attempts to provide some answers to those questions, by scrutinizing the three different subjects and courses of civics education from 1994 to the upcoming subject of 2025. The democratic, patriarchal and scientifically rational perspectives of society and education, formed by Tomas Englund, constitute the theoretical framework of the essay. The method used is qualitative text analysis, where categorization will help to identify content related to sustainable development in the subjects and courses. The study's result shows that all subjects could be classified as democratic, and that the subjects of 2011 and 2025 provide more and diversified content related to sustainable development than 1994, which indicates a progression. Also, the subjects of 2011 and 2025 could be classified, beyond democratic, as patriarch and scientific rationale, which makes a notable difference between the subjects.

The article presents a novel method that enables the formation of historical patent families. Patent families are useful for studying the value of inventions and identifying key technologies, as they indicate geographic diffusion and higher patenting costs. The concept of patent family has not been employed in historical contexts as historical sources generally lack information about priority rights. The article provides a definition of a historical patent family, where patent families incorporate patents with the same invention core. The method is applied and evaluated by constructing Swedish patent families in 1885-1914 with historical patent data from Finland and the United States. Moreover, the article introduces the Patent Diffusion Index (PDI), which is an indicator of historical patent families which can be used to study the sequence and pace of market entry. The article exemplifies how historical patent families open novel perspectives on patent value and technology diffusion in contrast to current indicators, such as patent fees, which usually are bound to national contexts. The method is applicable to any national patent data, and patent drawings are suggested as an effective way to form historical patent families.

The article presents a novel method that enables the formation of historical patent families. Patent families are useful for studying the value of inventions and identifying key technologies, as they indicate geographic diffusion and higher patenting costs. The concept of patent family has not been employed in historical contexts as historical sources generally lack information about priority rights. The article provides a definition of a historical patent family, where patent families incorporate patents with the same invention core. The method is applied and evaluated by constructing Swedish patent families in 1885-1914 with historical patent data from Finland and the United States. Moreover, the article introduces the Patent Diffusion Index (PDI), which is an indicator of historical patent families which can be used to study the sequence and pace of market entry. The article exemplifies how historical patent families open novel perspectives on patent value and technology diffusion in contrast to current indicators, such as patent fees, which usually are bound to national contexts. The method is applicable to any national patent data, and patent drawings are suggested as an effective way to form historical patent families.

Are people more likely to (mis)interpret information so that it aligns with their ideological identity when relying on feelings compared to when engaging in analytical thinking? Or is it the other way around: Does deliberation increase the propensity to (mis)interpret information to confirm existing political views? In a behavioral experiment, participants (n = 1207, Swedish sample) assessed numerical information concerning the effects of gender quotas and immigration either under time pressure or under no time pressure. To measure trait differences in cognitive sophistication, we also collected data on numeric ability. We found clear evidence of motivated reasoning when assessing both the effects of gender quotas on companies’ financial results and the effect of refugee intake on crime rates. Subjects who prioritized equality over liberty on the labor market were 13 percentage points less likely to correctly assess numerical information depicting that companies that used gender quotas when hiring made less profit. Subjects who classified themselves as ‘Swedes’ rather than ‘World citizens’ were 14 percentage points less likely to correctly assess numerical information depicting that crime rates decreased following immigration. Time pressure did not affect the likelihood to engage in motivated reasoning, while subjects with higher numeric ability were less likely to engage in motivated reasoning when analyzing information concerning refugee intake, but more likely to engage in motivated reasoning when analyzing information regarding the effect of gender quotas. Together these results indicate that motivated reasoning is primarily driven by individual differences in analytical thinking at the trait level and not by situational factors such as time pressure, and that whether motivated reasoning is primarily driven by analysis or feelings depends on the topic at hand., Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [2018.01755]

Are people more likely to (mis)interpret information so that it aligns with their ideological identity when relying on feelings compared to when engaging in analytical thinking? Or is it the other way around: Does deliberation increase the propensity to (mis)interpret information to confirm existing political views? In a behavioral experiment, participants (n = 1207, Swedish sample) assessed numerical information concerning the effects of gender quotas and immigration either under time pressure or under no time pressure. To measure trait differences in cognitive sophistication, we also collected data on numeric ability. We found clear evidence of motivated reasoning when assessing both the effects of gender quotas on companies’ financial results and the effect of refugee intake on crime rates. Subjects who prioritized equality over liberty on the labor market were 13 percentage points less likely to correctly assess numerical information depicting that companies that used gender quotas when hiring made less profit. Subjects who classified themselves as ‘Swedes’ rather than ‘World citizens’ were 14 percentage points less likely to correctly assess numerical information depicting that crime rates decreased following immigration. Time pressure did not affect the likelihood to engage in motivated reasoning, while subjects with higher numeric ability were less likely to engage in motivated reasoning when analyzing information concerning refugee intake, but more likely to engage in motivated reasoning when analyzing information regarding the effect of gender quotas. Together these results indicate that motivated reasoning is primarily driven by individual differences in analytical thinking at the trait level and not by situational factors such as time pressure, and that whether motivated reasoning is primarily driven by analysis or feelings depends on the topic at hand., Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [2018.01755]

Are people more likely to (mis)interpret information so that it aligns with their ideological identity when relying on feelings compared to when engaging in analytical thinking? Or is it the other way around: Does deliberation increase the propensity to (mis)interpret information to confirm existing political views? In a behavioral experiment, participants (n = 1207, Swedish sample) assessed numerical information concerning the effects of gender quotas and immigration either under time pressure or under no time pressure. To measure trait differences in cognitive sophistication, we also collected data on numeric ability. We found clear evidence of motivated reasoning when assessing both the effects of gender quotas on companies’ financial results and the effect of refugee intake on crime rates. Subjects who prioritized equality over liberty on the labor market were 13 percentage points less likely to correctly assess numerical information depicting that companies that used gender quotas when hiring made less profit. Subjects who classified themselves as ‘Swedes’ rather than ‘World citizens’ were 14 percentage points less likely to correctly assess numerical information depicting that crime rates decreased following immigration. Time pressure did not affect the likelihood to engage in motivated reasoning, while subjects with higher numeric ability were less likely to engage in motivated reasoning when analyzing information concerning refugee intake, but more likely to engage in motivated reasoning when analyzing information regarding the effect of gender quotas. Together these results indicate that motivated reasoning is primarily driven by individual differences in analytical thinking at the trait level and not by situational factors such as time pressure, and that whether motivated reasoning is primarily driven by analysis or feelings depends on the topic at hand., Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [2018.01755]

Företag har idag enklare att införskaffa nya system och applikationer. De nya applikationerna och systemen måste integreras med befintliga system, vilket många företag har problem med. När företagen växer blir problemen större. För att hantera problemen med integrationen av system, i samband med tillväxten, gör 43% av företag investeringar i detta område. Företag med få nuvarande tekniska lösningar har svårare att hantera hård- och mjukvara vilket skapar problem i införandet av informationssystem. Införandeprocessen involverar oftast systemkonsulter med expertis inom IT. Denna IT-expertis är svårare för företag med få nuvarande tekniska lösningar att förstå och använda. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats i informatik är att identifiera och beskriva framgångsfaktorer under en införandeprocess av systemintegration mellan en e-handelsplattform och ett affärssystem, ur ett kund−IT-konsultperspektiv. Studien har genomförts med en abduktiv ansats där fallstudiemetoden, litteraturstudie, litteraturbaserad analysmodell och semi-strukturerade intervjuer använts. Litteraturstudien är baserad på det upplevda problemet Klubbhuset har, med andra ord det specifika fallet som undersöks. Baserat på litteraturstudien har en litteraturbaserad analysmodell framställts som avser att illustrera de i högre grad viktiga och faktorer och sambanden från den verkliga världen. Baserat på den litteraturbaserade analysmodellen har semi-strukturerade intervjuguider formulerats för att samla in empiri. Totalt har fem intervjuer genomförts, fyra med rollinnehavare på Klubbhuset och en med inhyrd IT-konsult. Till sist presenteras en modifierad analysmodell för att påvisa kunskapsbidraget. Studiens slutsatser är: betydelsen av den mänskliga faktorn är hög vid en införandeprocess av systemintegration, korrekt kravställning minskar risker för felaktigheter i beställning av systemintegration och betydelsen av IT-konsultens engagemang är hög i kund–IT-konsultsamarbete.

Are people more likely to (mis)interpret information so that it aligns with their ideological identity when relying on feelings compared to when engaging in analytical thinking? Or is it the other way around: Does deliberation increase the propensity to (mis)interpret information to confirm existing political views? In a behavioral experiment, participants (n = 1207, Swedish sample) assessed numerical information concerning the effects of gender quotas and immigration either under time pressure or under no time pressure. To measure trait differences in cognitive sophistication, we also collected data on numeric ability. We found clear evidence of motivated reasoning when assessing both the effects of gender quotas on companies’ financial results and the effect of refugee intake on crime rates. Subjects who prioritized equality over liberty on the labor market were 13 percentage points less likely to correctly assess numerical information depicting that companies that used gender quotas when hiring made less profit. Subjects who classified themselves as ‘Swedes’ rather than ‘World citizens’ were 14 percentage points less likely to correctly assess numerical information depicting that crime rates decreased following immigration. Time pressure did not affect the likelihood to engage in motivated reasoning, while subjects with higher numeric ability were less likely to engage in motivated reasoning when analyzing information concerning refugee intake, but more likely to engage in motivated reasoning when analyzing information regarding the effect of gender quotas. Together these results indicate that motivated reasoning is primarily driven by individual differences in analytical thinking at the trait level and not by situational factors such as time pressure, and that whether motivated reasoning is primarily driven by analysis or feelings depends on the topic at hand., Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [2018.01755]

PURPOSE: To investigate and identify which working methods are applied by the employees at a nursing home with a focus on dementia (SÄBO), with the aim of supporting daily communication for the residents. BACKGROUND: The symptoms from a dementia diagnosis are characterized by the individual's cognitive functions deteriorating, in step with the development of the dementia diagnosis. This impairs the individual's communicative ability, an emerging need for support that is expected to be met through the investigated employees. METHOD: A qualitative interview study at a SÄBO within the city of Stockholm, carried out through four face-to-face interviews, with the employees who work to the greatest extent with the individual residents. Based on collected empirical data, a thematic analysis has been made. RESULTS: Identified working methods create and develop knowledge, within the group of employees, which aims to interpret and understand the residents' individual needs. Through a personcentred working method, knowledge is created through working methods based on the residents' individual needs and personal abilities. The residents are interpreted and understood as the sources of information through which knowledge is created among the employees. CONCLUSION: Through the person-centred working methods the knowledge creation is based on the individual needs of each tenant. However, the present study has shown that existing working methods can, and should, be developed to better support the residents in their daily communication. A structured development of knowledge creation around physical application of support, to better support the residents in their daily communication.

Sustainable development is arguably a core element and a desirable objective for the institutions of a society to reach for. Upper secondary schools of Sweden are not an exception. Among the many subjects that the upper secondary school provides, civics education is arguably the most relevant one in relation to the matter of sustainable development. How does civic education portray the matter of sustainability, both regarding quantity and quality? What can the production of the subjects' purpose, key content and grades affiliation with sustainable development tell us about the society it´s been framed in? This essay attempts to provide some answers to those questions, by scrutinizing the three different subjects and courses of civics education from 1994 to the upcoming subject of 2025. The democratic, patriarchal and scientifically rational perspectives of society and education, formed by Tomas Englund, constitute the theoretical framework of the essay. The method used is qualitative text analysis, where categorization will help to identify content related to sustainable development in the subjects and courses. The study's result shows that all subjects could be classified as democratic, and that the subjects of 2011 and 2025 provide more and diversified content related to sustainable development than 1994, which indicates a progression. Also, the subjects of 2011 and 2025 could be classified, beyond democratic, as patriarch and scientific rationale, which makes a notable difference between the subjects.

Syfte och frågeställning Syftet med studien är att undersöka specialidrottslärares bedömningspraktik genom att utforska hur de ser på bedömning och återkoppling. Hur talar lärare om sin bedömningspraktik? Vilka praktiska övningar/spel använder sig specialidrottslärare av, så att eleverna kan demonstrera sina kunskaper? Hur beskriver specialidrottsläraren sin återkoppling till eleverna om bedömning? Metod I denna studie används en kvalitativ metod för att besvara frågeställningarna. Det skedde via semistrukturerade intervjuer och det var fyra olika lärare på Nationell idrotts utbildning (NIU) skolor runt om i Stockholm som deltog. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt tas i det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärandet. Nationell idrottsutbildning (NIU) är en nationell idrottsutbildning som ger elever möjligheten att utveckla en karriär inom vald idrott. Resultat Resultatet visar att bedömning sker året om under lektionerna, det uppstår för det mesta under lektionerna som är till största del praktiska övningar och spel. Det sker genom en subjektiv professionalism och erfarenhet som lärarna besitter på. Övningarna under lektionerna är anpassade till elevernas kunskapsnivå och medföljer därför med någon form av individualisering. Återkopplingen till elever sker via formativfeedback, då den anses ge eleverna större möjlighet till att utveckla sina kunskaper. Slutsats Det finns tydliga likheter i hur lärarna väljer att bedöma, lägga upp övningar och ge feedback. Lärarna använder sig av samma sorts mönster i sin val av upplägg, det ska planeras med hjälp av skolans kunskapskrav, men att målet att eleverna ska utvecklas inom sin idrott är det viktigaste., Purpose and Research Questions The purpose of the study is to investigate the assessment practices for teachers in physical education by exploring their view on evaluation and feedback. How do teachers discuss their assessment practices? What practical exercises/games do physical education teachers use to allow students to demonstrate their knowledge? How do physical education teachers provide feedback to students regarding assessment? Method In this study, a qualitative approach is employed to address the research questions. The data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews, involving four different teachers from National Sports High Schools (NIU) in various locations around Stockholm. The theoretical framework of the study is rooted in the sociocultural perspective on learning. Results The findings indicate that assessment occurs throughout the academic year, predominantly during practical exercises and games in lessons. The process relies on subjective professionalism and the experience possessed by the teachers. The exercises are tailored to the students levels of knowledge, incorporating a degree of individualization. Feedback to students is provided through formative feedback, as it is deemed to offer students greater opportunities to develop their skills. Conclusion Clear similarities exist in how teachers choose to assess, structure exercises, and provide feedback. Teachers follow similar patterns in the planning of their lessons, incorporating the knowledge requirements of the schools, with the overarching goal of fostering students development in their respective sports.

This paper studies how investments in design affect the market value of firms, using European RegisteredCommunity Designs and national Swedish design rights data combined with R&D, patent and trademark data,for the period 2003–2013. This paper is the first large-scale quantitative study using industrial designs rightsto measure design. Nonlinear least-squares regressions are used to investigate the association between thesevariables and the market value of Swedish firms. The results show that industrial designs rights have a positiveand significant relationship to the market value of firms. It provides both new evidence on the effect ofindustrial design rights on the market value of firms and internationally comparable results for other intangibleassets such as patents, trademarks and R&D. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the understanding of designknowledge and the valuation of design rights.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, there is a large and growing group of older adults. Frailty is known as an important discriminatory factor for poor outcomes. The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) has become a frequently used frailty instrument in different clinical settings and health care sectors, and it has shown good predictive validity. The aims of this study were to describe and validate the translation and cultural adaptation of the CFS into Swedish (CFS-SWE), and to test the inter-rater reliability (IRR) for registered nurses using the CFS-SWE. METHODS: An observational study design was employed. The ISPOR principles were used for the translation, linguistic validation and cultural adaptation of the scale. To test the IRR, 12 participants were asked to rate 10 clinical case vignettes using the CFS-SWE. The IRR was assessed using intraclass correlation and Krippendorff's alpha agreement coefficient test. RESULTS: The Clinical Frailty Scale was translated and culturally adapted into Swedish and is presented in its final form. The IRR for all raters, measured by an intraclass correlation test, resulted in an absolute agreement value among the raters of 0.969 (95% CI: 0.929-0.991) and a consistency value of 0.979 (95% CI: 0.953-0.994), which indicates excellent reliability. Krippendorff's alpha agreement coefficient for all raters was 0.969 (95% CI: 0.917-0.988), indicating near-perfect agreement. The sensitivity of the reliability was examined by separately testing the IRR of the group of specialised registered nurses and non-specialised registered nurses respectively, with consistent and similar results. CONCLUSION: The Clinical Frailty Scale was translated, linguistically validated and culturally adapted into Swedish following a well-established standard technique. The IRR was excellent, judged by two established, separately used, reliability tests. The reliability test results did not differ between non-specialised and specialised registered nurses. However, the use of cas, CC-BY 4.0

This paper studies how investments in design affect the market value of firms, using European Registered Community Designs and national Swedish design rights data combined with R&D, patent and trademark data, for the period 2003–2013. This paper is the first large-scale quantitative study using industrial designs rights to measure design. Nonlinear least-squares regressions are used to investigate the association between these variables and the market value of Swedish firms. The results show that industrial designs rights have a positive and significant relationship to the market value of firms. It provides both new evidence on the effect of industrial design rights on the market value of firms and internationally comparable results for other intangible assets such as patents, trademarks and R&D. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the understanding of design knowledge and the valuation of design rights.

This paper studies how investments in design affect the market value of firms, using European RegisteredCommunity Designs and national Swedish design rights data combined with R&D, patent and trademark data,for the period 2003–2013. This paper is the first large-scale quantitative study using industrial designs rightsto measure design. Nonlinear least-squares regressions are used to investigate the association between thesevariables and the market value of Swedish firms. The results show that industrial designs rights have a positiveand significant relationship to the market value of firms. It provides both new evidence on the effect ofindustrial design rights on the market value of firms and internationally comparable results for other intangibleassets such as patents, trademarks and R&D. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the understanding of designknowledge and the valuation of design rights.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, there is a large and growing group of older adults. Frailty is known as an important discriminatory factor for poor outcomes. The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) has become a frequently used frailty instrument in different clinical settings and health care sectors, and it has shown good predictive validity. The aims of this study were to describe and validate the translation and cultural adaptation of the CFS into Swedish (CFS-SWE), and to test the inter-rater reliability (IRR) for registered nurses using the CFS-SWE. METHODS: An observational study design was employed. The ISPOR principles were used for the translation, linguistic validation and cultural adaptation of the scale. To test the IRR, 12 participants were asked to rate 10 clinical case vignettes using the CFS-SWE. The IRR was assessed using intraclass correlation and Krippendorff's alpha agreement coefficient test. RESULTS: The Clinical Frailty Scale was translated and culturally adapted into Swedish and is presented in its final form. The IRR for all raters, measured by an intraclass correlation test, resulted in an absolute agreement value among the raters of 0.969 (95% CI: 0.929-0.991) and a consistency value of 0.979 (95% CI: 0.953-0.994), which indicates excellent reliability. Krippendorff's alpha agreement coefficient for all raters was 0.969 (95% CI: 0.917-0.988), indicating near-perfect agreement. The sensitivity of the reliability was examined by separately testing the IRR of the group of specialised registered nurses and non-specialised registered nurses respectively, with consistent and similar results. CONCLUSION: The Clinical Frailty Scale was translated, linguistically validated and culturally adapted into Swedish following a well-established standard technique. The IRR was excellent, judged by two established, separately used, reliability tests. The reliability test results did not differ between non-specialised and specialised registered nurses. However, the use of cas, CC-BY 4.0

This paper studies how investments in design affect the market value of firms, using European Registered Community Designs and national Swedish design rights data combined with R&D, patent and trademark data, for the period 2003–2013. This paper is the first large-scale quantitative study using industrial designs rights to measure design. Nonlinear least-squares regressions are used to investigate the association between these variables and the market value of Swedish firms. The results show that industrial designs rights have a positive and significant relationship to the market value of firms. It provides both new evidence on the effect of industrial design rights on the market value of firms and internationally comparable results for other intangible assets such as patents, trademarks and R&D. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the understanding of design knowledge and the valuation of design rights.

This paper studies how investments in design affect the market value of firms, using European RegisteredCommunity Designs and national Swedish design rights data combined with R&D, patent and trademark data,for the period 2003–2013. This paper is the first large-scale quantitative study using industrial designs rightsto measure design. Nonlinear least-squares regressions are used to investigate the association between thesevariables and the market value of Swedish firms. The results show that industrial designs rights have a positiveand significant relationship to the market value of firms. It provides both new evidence on the effect ofindustrial design rights on the market value of firms and internationally comparable results for other intangibleassets such as patents, trademarks and R&D. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the understanding of designknowledge and the valuation of design rights.

Background Prospectively and systematically collected long-term real-world clinical data on ustekinumab (anti-interleukin-12/23) are still scarce. Aims To assess the long-term effectiveness of ustekinumab in patients with active Crohns disease (CD). Methods This is a prospective multicenter study of adult patients with CD initiating ustekinumab according to recommended doses at 20 Swedish hospitals. The primary outcome was clinical remission (Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) <= 4 points) at weeks 52 and 104. Secondary outcomes included clinical response (>= 3-point-decrease in HBI among patients with initial HBI >= 5 points), treatment retention, and biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin, fecal-calprotectin) at weeks 52 and 104 compared to baseline. We also reported Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) measures. Results Of 114 included patients, 107 (94%) had previously failed >= 1 and 58 (51%) >= 2 anti-tumor necrosis factor agents. Forty (35%) had failed anti-integrin agents. Ustekinumab retention rates at weeks 52 and 104 were 70% (n = 80/114) and 61% (n = 69/114), respectively. Clinical response was seen in 36% (n = 25/69) and 29% (n = 20/69) of the patients, and remission was achieved in 32% (n = 31/96) and 29% (n = 28/96) at weeks 52 and 104, respectively. Median HBI and CRP levels decreased significantly at both timepoints as compared to baseline. Significant improvements were also observed in HRQoL. Adverse events were reported in 11% (n = 13/114) of the patients, including five cases of severe adverse events. No malignancies were observed. Conclusions In this nationwide prospective real-world 104-week-follow-up study of adult patients with active CD, ustekinumab was associated with long-term clinical effectiveness and improvement in HRQoL measures when used in routine clinical care., Funding Agencies|Karolinska InstituteKarolinska Institutet; Janssen Cilag AB, Sweden

Background Prospectively and systematically collected long-term real-world clinical data on ustekinumab (anti-interleukin-12/23) are still scarce. Aims To assess the long-term effectiveness of ustekinumab in patients with active Crohns disease (CD). Methods This is a prospective multicenter study of adult patients with CD initiating ustekinumab according to recommended doses at 20 Swedish hospitals. The primary outcome was clinical remission (Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) <= 4 points) at weeks 52 and 104. Secondary outcomes included clinical response (>= 3-point-decrease in HBI among patients with initial HBI >= 5 points), treatment retention, and biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin, fecal-calprotectin) at weeks 52 and 104 compared to baseline. We also reported Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) measures. Results Of 114 included patients, 107 (94%) had previously failed >= 1 and 58 (51%) >= 2 anti-tumor necrosis factor agents. Forty (35%) had failed anti-integrin agents. Ustekinumab retention rates at weeks 52 and 104 were 70% (n = 80/114) and 61% (n = 69/114), respectively. Clinical response was seen in 36% (n = 25/69) and 29% (n = 20/69) of the patients, and remission was achieved in 32% (n = 31/96) and 29% (n = 28/96) at weeks 52 and 104, respectively. Median HBI and CRP levels decreased significantly at both timepoints as compared to baseline. Significant improvements were also observed in HRQoL. Adverse events were reported in 11% (n = 13/114) of the patients, including five cases of severe adverse events. No malignancies were observed. Conclusions In this nationwide prospective real-world 104-week-follow-up study of adult patients with active CD, ustekinumab was associated with long-term clinical effectiveness and improvement in HRQoL measures when used in routine clinical care., Funding Agencies|Karolinska InstituteKarolinska Institutet; Janssen Cilag AB, Sweden

We exploit exogenous variation arising from the historical rollout of the Swedish railroad network across municipalities to identify the impacts of improved transport infrastructure on innovative activity. A network connection led to a local surge in patenting due to an increased entry and productivity of inventors. As the railroad network expanded, inventors in connected areas began to develop ideas with applications outside the local economy, which were subsequently sold to firms along the network. Our findings suggest that reductions in communication and transportation costs were an important driver of the historical emergence of a market for ideas.

The main subject of this quantitative study is political history. The study focuses on electoral participation to the Swedish parliament in a historical, regional context. The timeframe concern the elections in the democratically emancipatory 1920s and the economically successful 1950s. Kronoberg county is the region in focus of the study. The aim of the study is to examine who chosed to use his or her democratic rights, which political party the people of the region voted for and try to figure out what kind of structural lines there might be to explain why there is a broad variation in electoral participation in different districts in the region. The differences are expected to develop over time, which motivates the different periods of time.

The main subject of this quantitative study is political history. The study focuses on electoral participation to the Swedish parliament in a historical, regional context. The timeframe concern the elections in the democratically emancipatory 1920s and the economically successful 1950s. Kronoberg county is the region in focus of the study. The aim of the study is to examine who chosed to use his or her democratic rights, which political party the people of the region voted for and try to figure out what kind of structural lines there might be to explain why there is a broad variation in electoral participation in different districts in the region. The differences are expected to develop over time, which motivates the different periods of time.

Syfte och frågeställning Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur pojkfotbollsakademier arbetar med att utveckla sina spelare i åldrarna 14-19 år, med fokus på hur tränarna planerar, vilka övningar de använder sig av och hur de arbetar med målsättning. Våra frågeställningar är följande: - Hur arbetar fotbollsakademier för att utveckla sina spelare i åldrarna 14-19 år? - Vilka former av övningar och träningsupplägg använder sig tränarna av och varför? Metod I studien används en kvalitativ metod för att samla in information och för att kunna besvara syftet och frågeställningarna. Tre akademitränare från olika akademiklubbar valde att delta. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt tas i det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärandet. Resultat Resultaten visar att periodisering under kortare tid inte används i träningen, då varje vecka är lika mycket värd. I veckocyklarna används däremot periodisering och en formtoppning sker till matchdag. Under övningarna används SSG (small sided games) väldigt ofta och andra former av övningar med aktiva motståndare. Målformuleringen sker både för lag och individuellt. Det sker tre individuella möten mellan varje spelare och tränaren, där de bland annat diskuterar hur spelaren ska utvecklas. Slutsats Slutsatsen är att det finns tydliga likheter och skillnader mellan hur olika fotbollsakademi-tränare planerar träningen och arbetar med den. Enligt akademitränarna är det viktigt med en utvecklingsplan och att spelarna ska vara utvilade på matchdagarna., Aim The purpose of this study is to get an insight into how boys' soccer academies work to develop their players aged 14-19 years, focusing on how the coaches plan, what exercises they use and how they work with goal setting. Our questions are as follows: - How do football academies develop their players aged 14-19 years? - What forms of exercises and training arrangements do the trainers use and why? Method The study uses a qualitative method to collect information and to be able to answer the purpose and the questions. Three academy coaches from different clubs chose to participate.The study is based on the socio-cultural perspective on the learning. Results The results showed that periodization over a short period of time is used, as each week is worth the same amount. However, in the weekly cycles, periodization is used and a peak of form until match day takes place. During the exercises, SSG (small sided games) and other forms of exercises with active opponents are used very often. Goal formulation takes place both as a team and individually. There are three individual meetings between each player and the coach, where they discuss, how the player should develop. Conclusions The conclusion is that there are clear similarities and differences between how different football academy coaches plan the training and how they work with it. According to the academy coaches, it is important to have a development plan and that the players should be well rested on match days.

This paper studies how investments in design affect the market value of firms, using European RegisteredCommunity Designs and national Swedish design rights data combined with R&D, patent and trademark data,for the period 2003–2013. This paper is the first large-scale quantitative study using industrial designs rightsto measure design. Nonlinear least-squares regressions are used to investigate the association between thesevariables and the market value of Swedish firms. The results show that industrial designs rights have a positiveand significant relationship to the market value of firms. It provides both new evidence on the effect ofindustrial design rights on the market value of firms and internationally comparable results for other intangibleassets such as patents, trademarks and R&D. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the understanding of designknowledge and the valuation of design rights.

This paper studies how investments in design affect the market value of firms, using European Registered Community Designs and national Swedish design rights data combined with R&D, patent and trademark data, for the period 2003–2013. This paper is the first large-scale quantitative study using industrial designs rights to measure design. Nonlinear least-squares regressions are used to investigate the association between these variables and the market value of Swedish firms. The results show that industrial designs rights have a positive and significant relationship to the market value of firms. It provides both new evidence on the effect of industrial design rights on the market value of firms and internationally comparable results for other intangible assets such as patents, trademarks and R&D. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the understanding of design knowledge and the valuation of design rights.

Patenttvister i domstol utgör en viktig del av innovationssystemet, som möjliggör för uppfinnare och innovatörer att skydda sina uppfinningar. Det finns dock indikationer, både från forskning och praktik, på att mindre aktörer som småföretagare och uppfinnare stöter på oproportionerliga hinder när de gäller patentintrång och de juridiska processer som det innebär. Artikeln fokuserar på hur och varför dessa problem uppstår och pekar på möjliga förbättringar.

In line with an increasing population and the ongoing digitization process, there is a need for an effective planning process. In Sweden, there are both national and international goals that concern this. Zoning plans are an important tool for regulating the planning process. In the case of new constructions and densification of cities, it is required that analyzes are carried out to ensure that requirements for noise, daylight and sunlight are met. Currently, analyzes take place at various stages of the planning process. This has consequences when different interests collide and certain requirements may not be met. Therefore, there is a need for effective scenario management where all requirements are taken into account simultaneously in the process. In a recent project including Gothenburg City, Malmö City, Stockholm City and Lund University, 3CIM was developed with the aim of creating a common information model for city models. 3CIM's information model is based on CityGML 2.0 in combination with an application domain extension (ADE). The ADE file extends the CityGML 2.0 data structure with 3CIM specific attributes, such as version management and links to different external references. Version management is an important concept in scenario management as it enables the tracking of sequence of events for buildings and objects. Test data from the 3CIM project was used in this work. In the case study, the area of Lorensborg in Malmö was investigated, where a densification process is undergoing. The study uses scenario management with parametric design to create a work process where new scenarios are created and fed back into a city model stored in a geodatabase. A total of three scenarios are created in CityEngine, of which one scenario follows a zoned area within Lorensborg and two scenarios are based on different forms of building typologies. The different scenarios are assigned a status attribute to facilitate version management in the city model. The scenarios in, I takt med en ökande befolkningsmängd och den pågående digitaliseringsprocessen, finns det ett behov av en effektiv planeringsprocess. I Sverige finns det både nationella och internationella mål som berör detta. Detaljplaner är ett viktigt verktyg för att reglera planeringsprocessen. Vid nybyggnationer och förtätningar av städer krävs det att analyser utförs för att säkerställa att krav på buller, dags- och solljus uppfylls. I dagsläget sker analyser i olika skeden av planeringsprocessen. Detta medför konsekvenser när olika intressen krockar och vissa krav kanske inte uppfylls. Det finns ett behov av effektiv scenariohantering där alla krav tas hänsyn till samtidigt i processen. I ett nyligen genomfört projekt mellan Göteborgs Stad, Malmö Stad, Stockholm Stad och Lunds Universitet utvecklades 3CIM med syftet att skapa en gemensam informationsmodell för stadsmodeller. 3CIM:s informationsmodell är baserad på CityGML 2.0 i kombination med en application domain extension (ADE). ADE-filen förlänger CityGML 2.0 datastrukturen med 3CIM specifika attribut, såsom versionshantering och länkar till olika verksamhetssystem. Versionshantering är ett viktigt koncept inom scenariohantering då det möjliggör händelseförlopp för byggnader och objekt. Testdata från 3CIM-projektet användes i detta arbete. I fallstudien undersöktes området Lorensborg i Malmö där en förtätningsprocess pågår. Studien använder scenariohantering med parametrisk design för att skapa en arbetsprocess där nya scenarier skapas och kan återföras till en stadsmodell som lagras i en geodatabas. Totalt skapas tre scenarier i CityEngine, varav ett scenario följer ett detaljplanelagt område inom Lorensborg och två scenarier baseras på olika former av byggnadstypologier. De olika scenarierna tilldelas ett statusattribut för att underlätta versionshantering i stadsmodellen. Scenarierna i databasen plockas även ut och analyseras ur ett solinstrålningsperspektiv i QGIS-UMEP. Denna process krävde en digital ytmodell (DSM)

Background Prospectively and systematically collected long-term real-world clinical data on ustekinumab (anti-interleukin-12/23) are still scarce. Aims To assess the long-term effectiveness of ustekinumab in patients with active Crohns disease (CD). Methods This is a prospective multicenter study of adult patients with CD initiating ustekinumab according to recommended doses at 20 Swedish hospitals. The primary outcome was clinical remission (Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) <= 4 points) at weeks 52 and 104. Secondary outcomes included clinical response (>= 3-point-decrease in HBI among patients with initial HBI >= 5 points), treatment retention, and biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin, fecal-calprotectin) at weeks 52 and 104 compared to baseline. We also reported Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) measures. Results Of 114 included patients, 107 (94%) had previously failed >= 1 and 58 (51%) >= 2 anti-tumor necrosis factor agents. Forty (35%) had failed anti-integrin agents. Ustekinumab retention rates at weeks 52 and 104 were 70% (n = 80/114) and 61% (n = 69/114), respectively. Clinical response was seen in 36% (n = 25/69) and 29% (n = 20/69) of the patients, and remission was achieved in 32% (n = 31/96) and 29% (n = 28/96) at weeks 52 and 104, respectively. Median HBI and CRP levels decreased significantly at both timepoints as compared to baseline. Significant improvements were also observed in HRQoL. Adverse events were reported in 11% (n = 13/114) of the patients, including five cases of severe adverse events. No malignancies were observed. Conclusions In this nationwide prospective real-world 104-week-follow-up study of adult patients with active CD, ustekinumab was associated with long-term clinical effectiveness and improvement in HRQoL measures when used in routine clinical care., Funding Agencies|Karolinska InstituteKarolinska Institutet; Janssen Cilag AB, Sweden

This paper studies how investments in design affect the market value of firms, using European Registered Community Designs and national Swedish design rights data combined with R&D, patent and trademark data, for the period 2003–2013. This paper is the first large-scale quantitative study using industrial designs rights to measure design. Nonlinear least-squares regressions are used to investigate the association between these variables and the market value of Swedish firms. The results show that industrial designs rights have a positive and significant relationship to the market value of firms. It provides both new evidence on the effect of industrial design rights on the market value of firms and internationally comparable results for other intangible assets such as patents, trademarks and R&D. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the understanding of design knowledge and the valuation of design rights.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, there is a large and growing group of older adults. Frailty is known as an important discriminatory factor for poor outcomes. The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) has become a frequently used frailty instrument in different clinical settings and health care sectors, and it has shown good predictive validity. The aims of this study were to describe and validate the translation and cultural adaptation of the CFS into Swedish (CFS-SWE), and to test the inter-rater reliability (IRR) for registered nurses using the CFS-SWE. METHODS: An observational study design was employed. The ISPOR principles were used for the translation, linguistic validation and cultural adaptation of the scale. To test the IRR, 12 participants were asked to rate 10 clinical case vignettes using the CFS-SWE. The IRR was assessed using intraclass correlation and Krippendorff's alpha agreement coefficient test. RESULTS: The Clinical Frailty Scale was translated and culturally adapted into Swedish and is presented in its final form. The IRR for all raters, measured by an intraclass correlation test, resulted in an absolute agreement value among the raters of 0.969 (95% CI: 0.929-0.991) and a consistency value of 0.979 (95% CI: 0.953-0.994), which indicates excellent reliability. Krippendorff's alpha agreement coefficient for all raters was 0.969 (95% CI: 0.917-0.988), indicating near-perfect agreement. The sensitivity of the reliability was examined by separately testing the IRR of the group of specialised registered nurses and non-specialised registered nurses respectively, with consistent and similar results. CONCLUSION: The Clinical Frailty Scale was translated, linguistically validated and culturally adapted into Swedish following a well-established standard technique. The IRR was excellent, judged by two established, separately used, reliability tests. The reliability test results did not differ between non-specialised and specialised registered nurses. However, the use of cas, CC-BY 4.0

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, there is a large and growing group of older adults. Frailty is known as an important discriminatory factor for poor outcomes. The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) has become a frequently used frailty instrument in different clinical settings and health care sectors, and it has shown good predictive validity. The aims of this study were to describe and validate the translation and cultural adaptation of the CFS into Swedish (CFS-SWE), and to test the inter-rater reliability (IRR) for registered nurses using the CFS-SWE. METHODS: An observational study design was employed. The ISPOR principles were used for the translation, linguistic validation and cultural adaptation of the scale. To test the IRR, 12 participants were asked to rate 10 clinical case vignettes using the CFS-SWE. The IRR was assessed using intraclass correlation and Krippendorff's alpha agreement coefficient test. RESULTS: The Clinical Frailty Scale was translated and culturally adapted into Swedish and is presented in its final form. The IRR for all raters, measured by an intraclass correlation test, resulted in an absolute agreement value among the raters of 0.969 (95% CI: 0.929-0.991) and a consistency value of 0.979 (95% CI: 0.953-0.994), which indicates excellent reliability. Krippendorff's alpha agreement coefficient for all raters was 0.969 (95% CI: 0.917-0.988), indicating near-perfect agreement. The sensitivity of the reliability was examined by separately testing the IRR of the group of specialised registered nurses and non-specialised registered nurses respectively, with consistent and similar results. CONCLUSION: The Clinical Frailty Scale was translated, linguistically validated and culturally adapted into Swedish following a well-established standard technique. The IRR was excellent, judged by two established, separately used, reliability tests. The reliability test results did not differ between non-specialised and specialised registered nurses. However, the use of cas, CC-BY 4.0

This paper studies how investments in design affect the market value of firms, using European Registered Community Designs and national Swedish design rights data combined with R&D, patent and trademark data, for the period 2003–2013. This paper is the first large-scale quantitative study using industrial designs rights to measure design. Nonlinear least-squares regressions are used to investigate the association between these variables and the market value of Swedish firms. The results show that industrial designs rights have a positive and significant relationship to the market value of firms. It provides both new evidence on the effect of industrial design rights on the market value of firms and internationally comparable results for other intangible assets such as patents, trademarks and R&D. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the understanding of design knowledge and the valuation of design rights.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, there is a large and growing group of older adults. Frailty is known as an important discriminatory factor for poor outcomes. The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) has become a frequently used frailty instrument in different clinical settings and health care sectors, and it has shown good predictive validity. The aims of this study were to describe and validate the translation and cultural adaptation of the CFS into Swedish (CFS-SWE), and to test the inter-rater reliability (IRR) for registered nurses using the CFS-SWE. METHODS: An observational study design was employed. The ISPOR principles were used for the translation, linguistic validation and cultural adaptation of the scale. To test the IRR, 12 participants were asked to rate 10 clinical case vignettes using the CFS-SWE. The IRR was assessed using intraclass correlation and Krippendorff's alpha agreement coefficient test. RESULTS: The Clinical Frailty Scale was translated and culturally adapted into Swedish and is presented in its final form. The IRR for all raters, measured by an intraclass correlation test, resulted in an absolute agreement value among the raters of 0.969 (95% CI: 0.929-0.991) and a consistency value of 0.979 (95% CI: 0.953-0.994), which indicates excellent reliability. Krippendorff's alpha agreement coefficient for all raters was 0.969 (95% CI: 0.917-0.988), indicating near-perfect agreement. The sensitivity of the reliability was examined by separately testing the IRR of the group of specialised registered nurses and non-specialised registered nurses respectively, with consistent and similar results. CONCLUSION: The Clinical Frailty Scale was translated, linguistically validated and culturally adapted into Swedish following a well-established standard technique. The IRR was excellent, judged by two established, separately used, reliability tests. The reliability test results did not differ between non-specialised and specialised registered nurses. However, the use of cas, CC-BY 4.0

This paper studies how investments in design affect the market value of firms, using European RegisteredCommunity Designs and national Swedish design rights data combined with R&D, patent and trademark data,for the period 2003–2013. This paper is the first large-scale quantitative study using industrial designs rightsto measure design. Nonlinear least-squares regressions are used to investigate the association between thesevariables and the market value of Swedish firms. The results show that industrial designs rights have a positiveand significant relationship to the market value of firms. It provides both new evidence on the effect ofindustrial design rights on the market value of firms and internationally comparable results for other intangibleassets such as patents, trademarks and R&D. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the understanding of designknowledge and the valuation of design rights.

Management innovations are an important source of competitive advantage, but we lack knowledge on the implementation process, not least in small- and medium-sized companies (SMEs). Recognising that psychological ownership (PO) represents a crucial aspect of the implementation process, we address micro-foundational characteristics of the implementation process. PO and critical incident theory (CIT) provide a lens enabling this micro analysis. The empirical setting is the implementation of Hoshin Kanri, a strategic management system in eight small companies. From the analysis of the eight cases, we operationalise four dimensions that characterise how PO evolves in the implementation process: types of PO incidents, frequency of PO incidents, incidents indicating an increase or decrease in PO, and incidents addressing individual or collective PO. Looking at how PO is developed both among CEOs and managers in SMEs, we use the four dimensions to characterise the evolvement of PO within the focal organisations. In doing so, our article elaborates on PO as a driver and, if insufficiently developed, an impediment to effectively implementing management innovations.

We exploit exogenous variation arising from the historical rollout of the Swedish railroad network across municipalities to identify the impacts of improved transport infrastructure on innovative activity. A network connection led to a local surge in patenting due to an increased entry and productivity of inventors. As the railroad network expanded, inventors in connected areas began to develop ideas with applications outside the local economy, which were subsequently sold to firms along the network. Our findings suggest that reductions in communication and transportation costs were an important driver of the historical emergence of a market for ideas.

We provide the first estimates of how pro-environmental consumers reduce their total carbon footprint using a carbon calculator that covers all financial transactions. We use data from Swedish users of a carbon calculator that includes weekly estimates of users' consumption-based carbon-equivalent emissions based on detailed financial statements, official registers, and self-reported lifestyle factors. The calculator is designed to induce behavioral change and gives users detailed information about their footprint. By using a robust difference-in-differences analysis with staggered adoption of the calculator, we estimate that users decrease their carbon footprint by around 10% in the first few weeks, but over the next few weeks, the reduction fades. Further analysis suggests that the carbon footprint reduction is driven by a combination of a shift from high- to low-emitting consumption categories and a temporary decrease in overall spending, and not by changes in any specific consumption category.