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1. Heterogeneity in phenotype, disease progression and drug response in type 2 diabetes

Author

Nair, Anand Thakarakkattil Narayanan, Wesolowska-Andersen, Agata, Brorsson, Caroline, Rajendrakumar, Aravind Lathika, Hapca, Simona, Gan, Sushrima, Dawed, Adem Y., Donnelly, Louise A., McCrimmon, Rory, Doney, Alex S.F., Palmer, Colin N.A., Mohan, Viswanathan, Anjana, Ranjit M., Hattersley, Andrew T., Dennis, John M., Pearson, Ewan R., Nair, Anand Thakarakkattil Narayanan, Wesolowska-Andersen, Agata, Brorsson, Caroline, Rajendrakumar, Aravind Lathika, Hapca, Simona, Gan, Sushrima, Dawed, Adem Y., Donnelly, Louise A., McCrimmon, Rory, Doney, Alex S.F., Palmer, Colin N.A., Mohan, Viswanathan, Anjana, Ranjit M., Hattersley, Andrew T., Dennis, John M., and Pearson, Ewan R.

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex chronic disease characterized by considerable phenotypic heterogeneity. In this study, we applied a reverse graph embedding method to routinely collected data from 23,137 Scottish patients with newly diagnosed diabetes to visualize this heterogeneity and used partitioned diabetes polygenic risk scores to gain insight into the underlying biological processes. Overlaying risk of progression to outcomes of insulin requirement, chronic kidney disease, referable diabetic retinopathy and major adverse cardiovascular events, we show how these risks differ by patient phenotype. For example, patients at risk of retinopathy are phenotypically different from those at risk of cardiovascular events. We replicated our findings in the UK Biobank and the ADOPT clinical trial, also showing that the pattern of diabetes drug monotherapy response differs for different drugs. Overall, our analysis highlights how, in a European population, underlying phenotypic variation drives T2D onset and affects subsequent diabetes outcomes and drug response, demonstrating the need to incorporate these factors into personalized treatment approaches for the management of T2D.

Published
2022

2. Heterogeneity in phenotype, disease progression and drug response in type 2 diabetes

Author

Nair, Anand Thakarakkattil Narayanan, Wesolowska-Andersen, Agata, Brorsson, Caroline, Rajendrakumar, Aravind Lathika, Hapca, Simona, Gan, Sushrima, Dawed, Adem Y., Donnelly, Louise A., McCrimmon, Rory, Doney, Alex S.F., Palmer, Colin N.A., Mohan, Viswanathan, Anjana, Ranjit M., Hattersley, Andrew T., Dennis, John M., Pearson, Ewan R., Nair, Anand Thakarakkattil Narayanan, Wesolowska-Andersen, Agata, Brorsson, Caroline, Rajendrakumar, Aravind Lathika, Hapca, Simona, Gan, Sushrima, Dawed, Adem Y., Donnelly, Louise A., McCrimmon, Rory, Doney, Alex S.F., Palmer, Colin N.A., Mohan, Viswanathan, Anjana, Ranjit M., Hattersley, Andrew T., Dennis, John M., and Pearson, Ewan R.

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex chronic disease characterized by considerable phenotypic heterogeneity. In this study, we applied a reverse graph embedding method to routinely collected data from 23,137 Scottish patients with newly diagnosed diabetes to visualize this heterogeneity and used partitioned diabetes polygenic risk scores to gain insight into the underlying biological processes. Overlaying risk of progression to outcomes of insulin requirement, chronic kidney disease, referable diabetic retinopathy and major adverse cardiovascular events, we show how these risks differ by patient phenotype. For example, patients at risk of retinopathy are phenotypically different from those at risk of cardiovascular events. We replicated our findings in the UK Biobank and the ADOPT clinical trial, also showing that the pattern of diabetes drug monotherapy response differs for different drugs. Overall, our analysis highlights how, in a European population, underlying phenotypic variation drives T2D onset and affects subsequent diabetes outcomes and drug response, demonstrating the need to incorporate these factors into personalized treatment approaches for the management of T2D.

Published
2022

3. Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Author

Bixby, Honor, Bentham, James, Zhou, Bin, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Paciorek, Christopher J, Bennett, James E, Taddei, Cristina, Stevens, Gretchen A, Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Khang, Young-Ho, Sorić, Maroje, Gregg, Edward W, Miranda, J Jaime, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Savin, Stefan, Sophiea, Marisa K, Iurilli, Maria LC, Solomon, Bethlehem D, Cowan, Melanie J, Riley, Leanne M, Danaei, Goodarz, Bovet, Pascal, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Hambleton, Ian R, Hayes, Alison J, Ikeda, Nayu, Kengne, Andre P, Laxmaiah, Avula, Li, Yanping, McGarvey, Stephen T, Mostafa, Aya, Neovius, Martin, Starc, Gregor, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Abdul Ghaffar, Suhaila, Abdul Hamid, Zargar, Abubakar Garba, Jamila, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adams, Robert J, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Agdeppa, Imelda A, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmadvand, Alireza, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Ajlouni, Kamel, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Ali, Mohamed M, Ali, Osman, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Othman, Amani Rashed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amouyel, Philippe, Amuzu, Antoinette, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Ängquist, Lars H, Anjana, Ranjit M, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araújo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K, Assunção, Maria CF, Aung, May Soe, Auvinen, Juha, Avdicová, Mária, Azevedo, Ana, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Babu, Bontha V, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Baker, Jennifer L, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, Jose R, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barceló, Alberto, Tan, Eng Joo, Bixby, Honor, Bentham, James, Zhou, Bin, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Paciorek, Christopher J, Bennett, James E, Taddei, Cristina, Stevens, Gretchen A, Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Khang, Young-Ho, Sorić, Maroje, Gregg, Edward W, Miranda, J Jaime, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Savin, Stefan, Sophiea, Marisa K, Iurilli, Maria LC, Solomon, Bethlehem D, Cowan, Melanie J, Riley, Leanne M, Danaei, Goodarz, Bovet, Pascal, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Hambleton, Ian R, Hayes, Alison J, Ikeda, Nayu, Kengne, Andre P, Laxmaiah, Avula, Li, Yanping, McGarvey, Stephen T, Mostafa, Aya, Neovius, Martin, Starc, Gregor, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Abdul Ghaffar, Suhaila, Abdul Hamid, Zargar, Abubakar Garba, Jamila, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adams, Robert J, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Agdeppa, Imelda A, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmadvand, Alireza, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Ajlouni, Kamel, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Ali, Mohamed M, Ali, Osman, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Othman, Amani Rashed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amouyel, Philippe, Amuzu, Antoinette, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Ängquist, Lars H, Anjana, Ranjit M, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araújo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K, Assunção, Maria CF, Aung, May Soe, Auvinen, Juha, Avdicová, Mária, Azevedo, Ana, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Babu, Bontha V, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Baker, Jennifer L, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, Jose R, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barceló, Alberto, and Tan, Eng Joo

Published
2019

4. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years

Author

Afshin, Ashkan, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Reitsma, Marissa B., Sur, Patrick, Estep, Kara, Lee, Alex, Marczak, Laurie, Mokdad, Ali H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Salama, Joseph S., Vos, Theo, Abate, Kalkidan H., Abbafati, Cristiana, Ahmed, Muktar B., Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza K., Amini, Erfan, Amrock, Stephen M., Anjana, Ranjit M., Arnlov, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Baye, Estifanos, Bennett, Derrick A., Beyene, Addisu S., Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Boneya, Dube J., Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Carrero, Juan J., Cecilio, Pedro, Cercy, Kelly, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon A., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Duncan, Bruce B., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Feigin, Valery L., Fernandes, Joao C., Furst, Thomas, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T., Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon N., Goto, Atsushi, Habtewold, Tesfa D., Hadush, Kokeb T., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hay, Simon I., Horino, Masako, Islami, Farhad, Kamal, Ritul, Kasaeian, Amir, Katikireddi, Srinivasa V., Kengne, Andre P., Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan N., Khader, Yousef S., Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kosen, Soewarta, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G. Anil, Larson, Heidi J., Leinsalu, Mall, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Patrick, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah C., Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGarvey, Stephen T., Mengistu, Desalegn T., Mensah, George A., Mensink, Gert B. M., Mezgebe, Haftay B., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mueller, Ulrich O., Noubiap, Jean J., Obermeyer, Carla M., Ogbo, Felix A., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Patton, George C., Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rai, Rajesh K., Ranabhat, Chhabi L., Reinig, Nikolas, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A., Sanabria, Juan R., Santos, Itamar S., Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schutte, Aletta E., Schmidt, Maria I., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shamsizadeh, Moretza, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Roba, Hirbo S., Silva, Diego A. S., Silverberg, Jonathan I., Singh, Jasvinder A., Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadese, Fentaw, Tedla, Bemnet A., Tegegne, Balewgizie S., Terkawi, Abdullah S., Thakur, J. S., Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Vollset, Stein E., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zenebe, Zerihun M., Zipkin, Ben, Murray, Christopher J. L., Afshin, Ashkan, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Reitsma, Marissa B., Sur, Patrick, Estep, Kara, Lee, Alex, Marczak, Laurie, Mokdad, Ali H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Salama, Joseph S., Vos, Theo, Abate, Kalkidan H., Abbafati, Cristiana, Ahmed, Muktar B., Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza K., Amini, Erfan, Amrock, Stephen M., Anjana, Ranjit M., Arnlov, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Baye, Estifanos, Bennett, Derrick A., Beyene, Addisu S., Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Boneya, Dube J., Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Carrero, Juan J., Cecilio, Pedro, Cercy, Kelly, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon A., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Duncan, Bruce B., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Feigin, Valery L., Fernandes, Joao C., Furst, Thomas, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T., Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon N., Goto, Atsushi, Habtewold, Tesfa D., Hadush, Kokeb T., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hay, Simon I., Horino, Masako, Islami, Farhad, Kamal, Ritul, Kasaeian, Amir, Katikireddi, Srinivasa V., Kengne, Andre P., Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan N., Khader, Yousef S., Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kosen, Soewarta, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G. Anil, Larson, Heidi J., Leinsalu, Mall, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Patrick, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah C., Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGarvey, Stephen T., Mengistu, Desalegn T., Mensah, George A., Mensink, Gert B. M., Mezgebe, Haftay B., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mueller, Ulrich O., Noubiap, Jean J., Obermeyer, Carla M., Ogbo, Felix A., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Patton, George C., Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rai, Rajesh K., Ranabhat, Chhabi L., Reinig, Nikolas, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A., Sanabria, Juan R., Santos, Itamar S., Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schutte, Aletta E., Schmidt, Maria I., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shamsizadeh, Moretza, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Roba, Hirbo S., Silva, Diego A. S., Silverberg, Jonathan I., Singh, Jasvinder A., Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadese, Fentaw, Tedla, Bemnet A., Tegegne, Balewgizie S., Terkawi, Abdullah S., Thakur, J. S., Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Vollset, Stein E., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zenebe, Zerihun M., Zipkin, Ben, and Murray, Christopher J. L.

Abstract

BACKGROUND Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem.

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

5. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years

Author

Afshin, Ashkan, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Reitsma, Marissa B., Sur, Patrick, Estep, Kara, Lee, Alex, Marczak, Laurie, Mokdad, Ali H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Salama, Joseph S., Vos, Theo, Abate, Kalkidan H., Abbafati, Cristiana, Ahmed, Muktar B., Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza K., Amini, Erfan, Amrock, Stephen M., Anjana, Ranjit M., Arnlov, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Baye, Estifanos, Bennett, Derrick A., Beyene, Addisu S., Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Boneya, Dube J., Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Carrero, Juan J., Cecilio, Pedro, Cercy, Kelly, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon A., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Duncan, Bruce B., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Feigin, Valery L., Fernandes, Joao C., Furst, Thomas, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T., Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon N., Goto, Atsushi, Habtewold, Tesfa D., Hadush, Kokeb T., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hay, Simon I., Horino, Masako, Islami, Farhad, Kamal, Ritul, Kasaeian, Amir, Katikireddi, Srinivasa V., Kengne, Andre P., Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan N., Khader, Yousef S., Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kosen, Soewarta, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G. Anil, Larson, Heidi J., Leinsalu, Mall, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Patrick, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah C., Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGarvey, Stephen T., Mengistu, Desalegn T., Mensah, George A., Mensink, Gert B. M., Mezgebe, Haftay B., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mueller, Ulrich O., Noubiap, Jean J., Obermeyer, Carla M., Ogbo, Felix A., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Patton, George C., Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rai, Rajesh K., Ranabhat, Chhabi L., Reinig, Nikolas, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A., Sanabria, Juan R., Santos, Itamar S., Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schutte, Aletta E., Schmidt, Maria I., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shamsizadeh, Moretza, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Roba, Hirbo S., Silva, Diego A. S., Silverberg, Jonathan I., Singh, Jasvinder A., Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadese, Fentaw, Tedla, Bemnet A., Tegegne, Balewgizie S., Terkawi, Abdullah S., Thakur, J. S., Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Vollset, Stein E., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zenebe, Zerihun M., Zipkin, Ben, Murray, Christopher J. L., Afshin, Ashkan, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Reitsma, Marissa B., Sur, Patrick, Estep, Kara, Lee, Alex, Marczak, Laurie, Mokdad, Ali H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Salama, Joseph S., Vos, Theo, Abate, Kalkidan H., Abbafati, Cristiana, Ahmed, Muktar B., Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza K., Amini, Erfan, Amrock, Stephen M., Anjana, Ranjit M., Arnlov, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Baye, Estifanos, Bennett, Derrick A., Beyene, Addisu S., Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Boneya, Dube J., Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Carrero, Juan J., Cecilio, Pedro, Cercy, Kelly, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon A., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Duncan, Bruce B., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Feigin, Valery L., Fernandes, Joao C., Furst, Thomas, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T., Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon N., Goto, Atsushi, Habtewold, Tesfa D., Hadush, Kokeb T., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hay, Simon I., Horino, Masako, Islami, Farhad, Kamal, Ritul, Kasaeian, Amir, Katikireddi, Srinivasa V., Kengne, Andre P., Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan N., Khader, Yousef S., Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kosen, Soewarta, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G. Anil, Larson, Heidi J., Leinsalu, Mall, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Patrick, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah C., Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGarvey, Stephen T., Mengistu, Desalegn T., Mensah, George A., Mensink, Gert B. M., Mezgebe, Haftay B., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mueller, Ulrich O., Noubiap, Jean J., Obermeyer, Carla M., Ogbo, Felix A., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Patton, George C., Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rai, Rajesh K., Ranabhat, Chhabi L., Reinig, Nikolas, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A., Sanabria, Juan R., Santos, Itamar S., Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schutte, Aletta E., Schmidt, Maria I., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shamsizadeh, Moretza, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Roba, Hirbo S., Silva, Diego A. S., Silverberg, Jonathan I., Singh, Jasvinder A., Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadese, Fentaw, Tedla, Bemnet A., Tegegne, Balewgizie S., Terkawi, Abdullah S., Thakur, J. S., Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Vollset, Stein E., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zenebe, Zerihun M., Zipkin, Ben, and Murray, Christopher J. L.

Abstract

BACKGROUND Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.)

Published
2017
Full Text
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6. Human islet mass, morphology, and survival after cryopreservation using the Edmonton protocol.

Author

Miranda, Priya M, Miranda, Priya M, Mohan, Viswanathan, Ganthimathy, Sekhar, Anjana, Ranjit M, Gunasekaran, S, Thiagarajan, Venkatachalam, Churchill, Thomas A, Kin, Tatsuya, Shapiro, AM James, Lakey, Jonathan RT, Miranda, Priya M, Miranda, Priya M, Mohan, Viswanathan, Ganthimathy, Sekhar, Anjana, Ranjit M, Gunasekaran, S, Thiagarajan, Venkatachalam, Churchill, Thomas A, Kin, Tatsuya, Shapiro, AM James, and Lakey, Jonathan RT

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess recovery, cell death, and cell composition of post-thaw cultured human islets. Cryopreserved islets were provided by the Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Edmonton, Canada. Islets were processed using media prepared in accordance with Pre-Edmonton and Edmonton protocols. Cryopreserved islets were rapidly thawed and cultured for 24 h, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d, following which they were processed for histology. Islet quantification, integrity, morphology and tissue turnover were studied via hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Ultrastructure was studied by electron microscopy and endocrine cell composition by immunohistochemistry. Using the Pre-Edmonton protocol, islet recovery was 50.1% and islet survival was 50% at 24 h while for the Edmonton protocol, the islet recovery was 69.4% (p<0.001) and islet survival, 50% at ≈2.5 d. With an increasing culture duration although the physical integrity was retained there was an increasing loss of cohesivity both at light microscopic and at ultrastructure level regardless of the protocols used. Percentage islet survival and tissue turnover correlated negatively with culture duration in both protocols. The Edmonton protocol appears to preserve the islets better. However, culture duration adversely affects islet survival and quality, indicating the need for more optimal cryopreservation and culture techniques.

Published
2013

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