Search

Melting ice in the Arctic Circle is opening international shipping lanes and exposing new resources. The 2022 National Strategy for the Arctic Region, Department of the Navy Strategic Blueprint for the Arctic, and U.S. Navy Arctic Roadmap 2014–2030 call for an increase in maritime presence. The region has the same operational requirements as any maritime environment, but the difficult climate makes systems less effective or incapable. A reliable system with exceptional endurance is required to patrol the vast region and conduct multiple missions. The Airlander 10, a hybrid aircraft manufactured by Hybrid Air Vehicles in the United Kingdom, is a promising platform that could meet the regional demand. This thesis utilizes Office of Management and Budget guidelines to conduct an analysis of alternatives by developing a trade space analysis and Evaluation of Alternatives for the Airlander 10. The analysis investigates multiple Department of Defense systems that are currently in use and compares them to the Airlander 10. The results confirm the utility of the Airlander 10 in the Arctic and conclude there is a cost-to-benefit ratio surpassing its alternatives. The outcome is a baseline for Title 10 milestone decision authority requirements for Milestone A acquisition of the Airlander 10., Outstanding Thesis, Captain, United States Marine Corps, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Landwirtschaftliche Systeme müssen sich immerfort an Druckfaktoren wie Klimawandel und Bevölkerungswachstum anpassen. Hierbei spielt die genetische Vielfalt von Pflanzen eine wichtige Rolle, da diese für die Sicherung der Ernährung und des Einkommens von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Dennoch wird der wirtschaftliche Wert pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen selten untersucht. Um diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, werden in dieser Arbeit drei Bewertungen vorgestellt, welche die wirtschaftlichen Werte pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen untersuchen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden zwei verschiedene Agrarsystemen analysiert. Diese unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich des Klimas, der agrarökologischen Bedingungen, der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis, der politischen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen sowie der soziokulturellen Verankerung der Kulturart. Die ersten beiden Analysen befassen sich mit der Züchtung und Produktion von Winterweizen in Deutschland. Charakterisiert sind diese durch ein gemäßigtes Klima und intensive Anbaubedingungen. In diesem System überwiegen moderne Sorten, die in einem formalisierten Züchtungsprozess entstanden sind. Es werden die folgenden Forschungsfragen beantwortet: 1) Was ist der ökonomische Wert, der durch den Austausch von Zuchtmaterial entsteht? und 2) Wie hoch ist der mikroökonomische Wert von Resistenzzüchtung? In der dritten Analyse wird ein weiteres Agrarsystem vorgestellt: Die Andenlandwirtschaft, wo im Hochland unter extensiven Bedingungen eine Vielzahl von Kartoffellandrassen angebaut wird. Dort wird folgende Frage analysiert: 3) Welche Mehrwerte wurden durch die Repatriierung oder Neuverteilung von Kartoffellandrassen erzielt? Diese Analysen zeigen, dass die Verfügbarkeit, der Austausch und die Nutzung von pflanzengenetischen Ressourcen die Agrarproduktion verbessern; es entstehen sowohl sektorale, mikroökonomische als auch ernährungsbezogene und kulturelle Mehrwerte., Agricultural systems must constantly adapt to pressuring events such as climate change and population growth to maintain and improve production processes in a sustainable manner. Thereby the genetic diversity of plants used in agriculture constitute a strategic asset. Nevertheless, their economic value is often overlooked. To fill this research gap, this thesis presents three assessments that produce more evidence on the economic value of plant genetic resources. Two very distinct agricultural systems are discussed. These differ greatly in terms of climate, agroecological conditions, farming practices, seed systems, political and economic frameworks, and the socio-cultural embeddedness of the crop in question. The first two assessments are concerned with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) breeding and production in the temperate climate and intensive growing conditions in Germany. Modern cultivars created in a formalized breeding process prevail in this system. The following two research questions are elaborated: 1) What is the economic value of exchanging breeding material? and 2) What is the microeconomic value of resistance breeding? The third assessment presents a different agricultural system: Andean agriculture, where a wide variety of potato landraces (Solanum spp.) are grown extensively in the Peruvian highlands. In this case, the research question I investigated is: 3) What are the benefits of repatriating (i.e., redistributing) potato landraces to Andean farmers? These studies demonstrate that the availability, exchange, and adoption of plant genetic resources, which are well adapted to and culturally embedded in specific agricultural systems, improve the overall quantity and sustainability of agricultural production. These improvements can be translated into sectoral, microeconomic as well as nutritional and cultural benefits.

With the high pace of digitalization, numerous information technology projects are initiated, but few are finished in time or at all. One reason is the inability to clarify the benefits of finishing the project from a perspective other than economic utility. The paper assesses a benefit analysis model within public-sector organizations. The evaluation is performed during three workshops with five representatives from five regions, municipalities, or cities in Sweden. The results reveal how the participants experienced difficulties quantifying qualitative information, focusing on economic utility, translating qualitative benefits into monetary value, finding representative measures for qualitative benefits, and defining a benefit from different perspectives.

Landwirtschaftliche Systeme müssen sich immerfort an Druckfaktoren wie Klimawandel und Bevölkerungswachstum anpassen. Hierbei spielt die genetische Vielfalt von Pflanzen eine wichtige Rolle, da diese für die Sicherung der Ernährung und des Einkommens von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Dennoch wird der wirtschaftliche Wert pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen selten untersucht. Um diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, werden in dieser Arbeit drei Bewertungen vorgestellt, welche die wirtschaftlichen Werte pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen untersuchen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden zwei verschiedene Agrarsystemen analysiert. Diese unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich des Klimas, der agrarökologischen Bedingungen, der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis, der politischen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen sowie der soziokulturellen Verankerung der Kulturart. Die ersten beiden Analysen befassen sich mit der Züchtung und Produktion von Winterweizen in Deutschland. Charakterisiert sind diese durch ein gemäßigtes Klima und intensive Anbaubedingungen. In diesem System überwiegen moderne Sorten, die in einem formalisierten Züchtungsprozess entstanden sind. Es werden die folgenden Forschungsfragen beantwortet: 1) Was ist der ökonomische Wert, der durch den Austausch von Zuchtmaterial entsteht? und 2) Wie hoch ist der mikroökonomische Wert von Resistenzzüchtung? In der dritten Analyse wird ein weiteres Agrarsystem vorgestellt: Die Andenlandwirtschaft, wo im Hochland unter extensiven Bedingungen eine Vielzahl von Kartoffellandrassen angebaut wird. Dort wird folgende Frage analysiert: 3) Welche Mehrwerte wurden durch die Repatriierung oder Neuverteilung von Kartoffellandrassen erzielt? Diese Analysen zeigen, dass die Verfügbarkeit, der Austausch und die Nutzung von pflanzengenetischen Ressourcen die Agrarproduktion verbessern; es entstehen sowohl sektorale, mikroökonomische als auch ernährungsbezogene und kulturelle Mehrwerte., Agricultural systems must constantly adapt to pressuring events such as climate change and population growth to maintain and improve production processes in a sustainable manner. Thereby the genetic diversity of plants used in agriculture constitute a strategic asset. Nevertheless, their economic value is often overlooked. To fill this research gap, this thesis presents three assessments that produce more evidence on the economic value of plant genetic resources. Two very distinct agricultural systems are discussed. These differ greatly in terms of climate, agroecological conditions, farming practices, seed systems, political and economic frameworks, and the socio-cultural embeddedness of the crop in question. The first two assessments are concerned with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) breeding and production in the temperate climate and intensive growing conditions in Germany. Modern cultivars created in a formalized breeding process prevail in this system. The following two research questions are elaborated: 1) What is the economic value of exchanging breeding material? and 2) What is the microeconomic value of resistance breeding? The third assessment presents a different agricultural system: Andean agriculture, where a wide variety of potato landraces (Solanum spp.) are grown extensively in the Peruvian highlands. In this case, the research question I investigated is: 3) What are the benefits of repatriating (i.e., redistributing) potato landraces to Andean farmers? These studies demonstrate that the availability, exchange, and adoption of plant genetic resources, which are well adapted to and culturally embedded in specific agricultural systems, improve the overall quantity and sustainability of agricultural production. These improvements can be translated into sectoral, microeconomic as well as nutritional and cultural benefits.

Analytical tools used in infrastructure asset management of urban water pipe networks are reliant on asset data. Traditionally, data required by analytical tools has not been collected by most water utilities because it has not been needed. The data that is collected might be characterised by low availability, integrity and consistency. A process is required to support water utilities in assessing the accuracy and completeness of their current data management approach and defining improvement pathways in relation to their objectives. This study proposes a framework to enable increased data-driven asset management in pipe networks. The theoretical basis of the framework was a literature review of data management for pipe network asset management and its link to the coherence of set objectives. A survey to identify the current state of data management practice and challenges of asset management implementation in five Swedish water utilities and three focus group workshops with the same utilities was carried out. The main findings of this research were that the quality of pipe network datasets and lack of interoperability between asset management tools was a driver for creating data silos between asset management levels, which may hinder the implementation of data-driven asset management. Furthermore, these findings formed the basis for the proposed conceptual framework. The suggested framework aims to support the selection, development and adoption of improvement pathways to enable increased data-driven asset management in municipal pipe networks. Results from a preliminary application of the proposed framework are also presented., Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-09-29 (alebob);Artikeln har tidigare förekommit som manuskript i avhandling

Analytical tools used in infrastructure asset management of urban water pipe networks are reliant on asset data. Traditionally, data required by analytical tools has not been collected by most water utilities because it has not been needed. The data that is collected might be characterised by low availability, integrity and consistency. A process is required to support water utilities in assessing the accuracy and completeness of their current data management approach and defining improvement pathways in relation to their objectives. This study proposes a framework to enable increased data-driven asset management in pipe networks. The theoretical basis of the framework was a literature review of data management for pipe network asset management and its link to the coherence of set objectives. A survey to identify the current state of data management practice and challenges of asset management implementation in five Swedish water utilities and three focus group workshops with the same utilities was carried out. The main findings of this research were that the quality of pipe network datasets and lack of interoperability between asset management tools was a driver for creating data silos between asset management levels, which may hinder the implementation of data-driven asset management. Furthermore, these findings formed the basis for the proposed conceptual framework. The suggested framework aims to support the selection, development and adoption of improvement pathways to enable increased data-driven asset management in municipal pipe networks. Results from a preliminary application of the proposed framework are also presented., Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-09-29 (alebob);Artikeln har tidigare förekommit som manuskript i avhandling

Stated choice surveys have established themselves as the preferred approach for value of travel time elicitation with the help of choice models. However, major differences exist in the approach used across regions and contexts. In Europe (particularly Northern Europe), value of travel time is often estimated in large national studies, which continue to rely extensively on simple time-money trade-offs. On the other hand, studies in Australia and South America in particular tend to have a more local focus and follow the notion that more complex setups are preferable. The European studies however are also those where the results are actually used in cost–benefit analysis and data from European studies have formed a testbed for many advanced model specifications. The present paper aims to provide a critical appraisal of the use of simple time-money trade-offs, drawing from our experience in recent European studies. We highlight a number of issues, in terms of differences in valuations across formats as well as a lack of clarity on how respondents actually interpret travel time in these simple time-money trade-offs., QC 20200707

This paper presents a legal-economic analysis of key aspects of the WTO Panel Report involving a challenge by Indonesia against the anti-dumping and countervailing duties imposed by the US on certain coated paper from Indonesia. We focus on the findings in this case relevant to the determination of a ‘benefit’ to the recipient, a core requirement to establish the existence and extent of a subsidy. We examine benchmarking for determining benefit in cases of predominant government ownership of a natural resource and the use of ‘adverse facts available’ against a non-cooperative respondent to infer the existence of a benefit. The benefit analysis in this case may have broader implications. First, it may limit the scope for governments to determine their own policies regarding the ownership and management of natural resources. Second, it may create a loophole allowing investigating authorities to fill gaps in the factual record by intentionally using the ‘facts available’ to the disadvantage of a respondent. In both cases the panel’s findings may open the door to potential misuse of these flexibilities to find a benefit where none exists, or to inflate the margin of benefit to allow for higher countervailing duties.

This paper presents a legal-economic analysis of key aspects of the WTO Panel Report involving a challenge by Indonesia against the anti-dumping and countervailing duties imposed by the US on certain coated paper from Indonesia. We focus on the findings in this case relevant to the determination of a ‘benefit’ to the recipient, a core requirement to establish the existence and extent of a subsidy. We examine benchmarking for determining benefit in cases of predominant government ownership of a natural resource and the use of ‘adverse facts available’ against a non-cooperative respondent to infer the existence of a benefit. The benefit analysis in this case may have broader implications. First, it may limit the scope for governments to determine their own policies regarding the ownership and management of natural resources. Second, it may create a loophole allowing investigating authorities to fill gaps in the factual record by intentionally using the ‘facts available’ to the disadvantage of a respondent. In both cases the panel’s findings may open the door to potential misuse of these flexibilities to find a benefit where none exists, or to inflate the margin of benefit to allow for higher countervailing duties.

This paper presents a legal-economic analysis of key aspects of the WTO Panel Report involving a challenge by Indonesia against the anti-dumping and countervailing duties imposed by the US on certain coated paper from Indonesia. We focus on the findings in this case relevant to the determination of a ‘benefit’ to the recipient, a core requirement to establish the existence and extent of a subsidy. We examine benchmarking for determining benefit in cases of predominant government ownership of a natural resource and the use of ‘adverse facts available’ against a non-cooperative respondent to infer the existence of a benefit. The benefit analysis in this case may have broader implications. First, it may limit the scope for governments to determine their own policies regarding the ownership and management of natural resources. Second, it may create a loophole allowing investigating authorities to fill gaps in the factual record by intentionally using the ‘facts available’ to the disadvantage of a respondent. In both cases the panel’s findings may open the door to potential misuse of these flexibilities to find a benefit where none exists, or to inflate the margin of benefit to allow for higher countervailing duties.

Introduction: Fire and rescue services Syd, in the south of Sweden, started to conduct home fire and safety checks on a large scale in 2010. The goal was to reduce the damages from residential fires. Method: We estimate the effects of the intervention on the incidence of residential fires and evaluate its economic effect. We use a difference-in-kinks design to analyze time-varying intervention effects and conduct a cost–benefit analysis for the economic evaluation. Results: The results demonstrate that fires and developed fires decrease by a maximum of approximately 6% and 8% per year (assuming 100% causality)and that the intervention has positive economic effects, with the benefits estimated to be maximum 8–11 times higher than the costs. Practical applications: The results should be valuable as input when deciding whether to implement home fire and safety checks elsewhere.

Green building is the development of sustainable development concept in architectural field. While the construction industry has brought great benefits to the development of national economy, its high investment, high pollution and inefficient development mode has also produced a huge energy load. Therefore, from the perspective of environmental and economic sustainability, the development of green buildings is particularly important. In this paper, the author makes economic benefit analysis of green building based on fuzzy logic and bilateral game model. By introducing such factors as economic benefits, cognition and government policies, this paper construct an evolutionary game model, which provides a basis for improving the economic benefits of green buildings. The results show that the first factor affecting enterprise decision-making is the incremental profit of green building developers, followed by the government's incentive policy. After the evolution of the market, the final strategic choice will be stabilized to higher economic benefits. Generally speaking, green buildings need to effectively control incremental costs and consider scale benefits. Through management efficiency innovation and policy stimulation, the problems of huge investment cost and long payback period can be solved, so as to improve the economic benefits of green building development.

Shipping is the world’s largest mode of transportation, considering mass moved a distance: it is the most e˙effective way to carry large volumes far. In order for the shipping industry to keep its position and develop even further, efforts are made to increase efficiency and reduce the environmental footprint from the industry. More efficient ships, reduced fuel consumption, use of alternative fuels and exhaust gas treatment are some of the choices to reduce shipping’s environmental footprint and achieve the sustainability goal established by EU and enforced by the International Maritime Organization.Throughout the thesis, en evaluation of 18 energy efficiency measures and 4 alternative fuels is performed. Energy efficiency measures reduce a ship’s fuel consumption and alternative fuels substitutes fossil fuels with higher content of environmentally harmful content. The measures and fuels, covered in the study, are evaluated for nine representative container ship´s. Data from year 2016 are used for the nine container ships. The current procedure followed for new investments is analyzed for all measures and fuels for each ship, focused on the financial study of each measure and fuel. The results are then included in a risk and benefit analysis that introduces external aspects, not included in the traditional financial evaluation, that include: those that influence the ship and the ship’s environment and those affected by the ship’s operations.The main goal is to evaluate the possibilities to reduce emissions by considering these aspects and involve more stakeholders in the investment of measures and fuels for shipping to keep its position as the most efficient mode of transportation.

Shipping is the world’s largest mode of transportation, considering mass moved a distance: it is the most e˙effective way to carry large volumes far. In order for the shipping industry to keep its position and develop even further, efforts are made to increase efficiency and reduce the environmental footprint from the industry. More efficient ships, reduced fuel consumption, use of alternative fuels and exhaust gas treatment are some of the choices to reduce shipping’s environmental footprint and achieve the sustainability goal established by EU and enforced by the International Maritime Organization.Throughout the thesis, en evaluation of 18 energy efficiency measures and 4 alternative fuels is performed. Energy efficiency measures reduce a ship’s fuel consumption and alternative fuels substitutes fossil fuels with higher content of environmentally harmful content. The measures and fuels, covered in the study, are evaluated for nine representative container ship´s. Data from year 2016 are used for the nine container ships. The current procedure followed for new investments is analyzed for all measures and fuels for each ship, focused on the financial study of each measure and fuel. The results are then included in a risk and benefit analysis that introduces external aspects, not included in the traditional financial evaluation, that include: those that influence the ship and the ship’s environment and those affected by the ship’s operations.The main goal is to evaluate the possibilities to reduce emissions by considering these aspects and involve more stakeholders in the investment of measures and fuels for shipping to keep its position as the most efficient mode of transportation.

Mobile government (m-government) provides a high potential to facilitate internal work processes, improve the quality of service, and increase performance of organizations in the public sector. However, only a few investigations have been conducted to explore this research area. And we lack of knowledge of evaluating the value and benefits of m-government solutions. In the paper, we identify and analyse the benefits of a mobile government solution for problem and complaint management by adopting the PENG model. Data are collected from case studies of two municipalities in Sweden. We perform thematic analysis of the data. The results reveal two main benefits of the m-government solution. Firstly, it helps the municipalities to enhance their innovative appearance and increase transparency in administration, which result in an improved social image. Secondly, the solution provides a number of benefits that have an impact on the municipalities and citizens. In particular, these benefits include an improved quality of public service, reduced costs and improved democracy. Moreover, we summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the PENG model that arises in the study. This paper contributes knowledge to the research of mobile government and increases the understanding of benefit analysis of mobile solutions for public organizations.

La zona franca del Eje Cafetero, ubicada en el departamento del Quindío, cuyo fin es el fortalecimiento de los sectores de la producción, industrial y comercial del departamento, es objeto de este estudio por ser un polo de desarrollo económico en esta zona del país -- Esta investigación determina el proceso industrial y logístico que desempeña la zona franca, al igual que el grado de aprovechamiento de esta en las empresas de los sectores económicos más relevantes de la región que, por su figura, pueden gozar de sus beneficios -- En este estudio se tomó como muestra la Zona Franca, las empresas vinculadas a esta y los actores pertenecientes a los diferentes sectores económicos que influyen en la economía de la región, para brindar una mirada crítica a los componentes relevantes en el desarrollo de las Zonas Francas y fortalecer e implementar aspectos importantes en sus procesos para su mejoramiento continuo

This thesis reviewed two different approaches to benefit analysis, benefit comparison and user satisfaction, that could be applied to the evaluation of proposed information systems which are under consideration for acquisition by the federal government. Currently the General Services Administration only recommends that present value analysis methods be used in the analysis of alternatives even though the GSA specifies that non-cost factors should be evaluated in such an analysis. Different benefit comparison and user satisfaction methods are reviewed for their particular advantages and disadvantages. A discussion is given on how selected methods of each approach may be used within the federal government for the evaluation of alternatives. Suggestions are made for ways of conducting a more complete analysis of alternatives through incorporating present value analysis, benefit comparison of non-cost factors, and analysis of user satisfaction, into one comprehensive analysis., http://archive.org/details/benefitnalysisof1094528014, Captain, United States Army, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The growing use of ICT solutions for improving the public sector has created a need for valuating e-government initiatives. A number of methods for this purpose have been developed, but they are typically restricted to analyzing the benefits and costs of only one single actor. There is, therefore, a need for methods that take a broader view and take into account entire networks of actors. This paper proposes a novel method, called VAMEE, the purpose of which is to produce a well-grounded and easily understandable valuation of an e-government initiative that takes into consideration the benefits, costs, and interrelationships of all actors concerned. The basis of the proposed method is a combination of enterprise modeling techniques, in particular goal modeling and value modeling, with an established method for cost benefit analysis (i.e. Peng). VAMEE is designed to be inclusive, easily understandable, and visual. These properties of the method will support accurate and unbiased valuations as well as improved innovation in the development of e-government initiatives.

Sweden is a precursor in e-government and development of municipal e-services. For example, the Swedish government has announced a national action plan for fast development of e-government using e-services and workflow systems for effective public administration. However, introducing e-government is a complex process including many different actors with different goals: public organizations with a complex combination of economic and non-economic goals, citizens and private organizations with different relations to the public organization, and IT vendors, offering different tools and techniques to develop and maintain e-services. In order to implement a right mix of e-services in the public sector, the benefits and costs of different e-services, and combinations of e-services, for all involved actors need to be investigated. In this paper, two established approaches for value analysis, Peng and Value modeling, are combined. Peng is a participative, bottom-up approach for identifying and estimating benefits and costs for IT-investments, while Value modeling is a top-down approach for analyzing economic viability of an entire net-work of actors. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the application of the combined approach using a case study from the municipality of Jarfalla, a suburb of Stockholm. The results show that value analysis can be improved by combining these two models. The results also initiated an important discussion in the municipality of Järfalla on how to realize the potential values of a new e-service., QC 20110221

This dissertation develops a discrete choice equilibrium model to evaluate the benefits of the air quality improvements that occurred in the Los Angeles area following the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). Large improvements in air quality will change the desirability of different neighborhoods, disrupting the equilibrium of the housing market. The discrete choice equilibrium approach accounts for the fact that air quality improvements brought about by the 1990 CAAA will change housing choices and prices. The dissertation makes two empirical contributions to public economics. First, the study provides the first application of the discrete choice equilibrium framework (Anas, 1982, Bayer et al., 2005) to the valuation of large environmental changes. Second, the study provides new evidence for the distributional benefits of the 1990 CAAA in the Los Angeles area. Households' location choices are modeled according to the random utility framework of McFadden (1978) and the differentiated product specification of Berry, Levinsohn and Pakes (1995). The model is estimated with public-use household microdata from the 1990 U.S. Census. Findings suggest that the air quality improvements that occurred in the Los Angeles area between 1990 and 2000 provided an average equilibrium welfare benefit of $1,800 to households. In contrast, average benefits are $1,400 when equilibrium price effects are not accounted, demonstrating that ignoring equilibrium effects will likely underestimate the benefits of large environmental changes. We find that the equilibrium welfare impacts of the 1990 CAAA in the Los Angeles area varied significantly across income groups. Households in the highest income quartile experienced equilibrium benefits of approximately $3,600 as compared to only $400 for households in the lowest income quartile. We also find that ignoring equilibrium adjustments in housing prices can significantly alter the distribution of relative welfare gains (i.e. welfare gains as a

In this paper I argue that Resource and Environmental economists are doing a disproportionate level of nonmarket valuation, "demand" or benefit estimation research, relative to what one could loosely call "supply" or cost analysis. By nonmarket valuation I mean deriving willingness-to-pay (WTP) values for unpriced goods and services. By cost analysis I mean economically oriented trade-off analyses e.g. estimating potential opportunity costs of managing forests to provide these goods and services. The first part of the paper reviews the basis of my skepticism of nonmarket valuation. The second part of the paper identifies why I believe cost analysis is a challenge, particularly in the context of ecological sustainability, and provides some examples of such work.

Cabin safety presents challenges common to all aviation authorities. Related issues and needed research must be accomplished through a totally integrated program. To enhance their respective research capabilities, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Transport Canada Aviation (TCA), the aviation authorities of North America, and the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA), the aviation authority of Europe, have, as they have been doing in rulemaking, agreed to cooperate in research on transport category airplane cabin safety. The FAA/JAA/TCA Cabin Safety Research Program is the formalization of this agreement. Specifically, the goal of the Cabin Safety Research Program is to provide a mechanism for the coordination of pertinent activities and, as appropriate, the conduct of cooperative, joint, and complementary programs to the benefit of the three authorities. For the purpose of this program, cabin safety is intended to address acute events/conditions which can be dealt with by changes within (or closely associated with) the cabin. Although in-flight issues form an integral part of cabin safety, the primary focus is postcrash survivability, the principal elements of which are structural crashworthiness, fire safety, evacuation, and overwater survival. The formost decision-making tools to identify and assess the potential benefits of needed research (and of past improvements) are a probabilistic risk analysis model and a cabin safety accident/incident information data bank/base.

Cost estimates for USMC SINCGARS usage of BB-5590/U Lithium Sulfur Dioxide (LiSO2) Batteries, BA-590/U Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries, and BB-490/U nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cad) Batteries. Estimates encompass battery costs, charger costs as applicable, and disposal costs. Annual battery-related costs were estimated for USMC usage of mix of LiSO2 and Ni-Cad batteries ranging from 100% use of LiSO2 batteries to 100% use of Ni-Cad batteries; and for mix of LiSO2 and Lead-Acid batteries over the same range. Estimated hourly battery-related costs are $2.66 per hour for LiSO2 batteries $0.34 for Ni-Cad batteries, and $0.30 for Lead-Acid batteries. Disposal related regulations and related documents are discussed and included in Appendices.

This thesis reviews two different approaches to benefit analysis, benefit comparison and user satisfaction, that could be applied to the evaluation of proposed information systems which are under consideration for acquisition by the federal government. Currently the General Services Administration only recommends that present value analysis methods be used in the analysis of alternatives even though the GSA specifies that non-cost factors should be evaluated in such an analysis. Different benefit comparison and user satisfaction methods are reviewed for their particular advantages and disadvantages. A discussion is given on how selected methods of each approach may be used within the federal government for the evaluation of alternatives. Suggestions are made for ways of conducting a more complete analysis of alternative through incorporating present value analysis, benefit comparison of non-cost factors, and analysis of user satisfaction, into one comprehensive analysis.

This report contains the results of a cost benefit analysis of various levels of computerized production process planning for cylindrical and non-cylindrical machined parts. The results of the study indicate that: Computer aided process planning can significantly lower the costs of manufacturing machined parts. That computer aided process planning can have a major impact on numerous other factors influencing overall manufacturing productivity. The vast majority of the companies contacted are receptive to computer aided planning and are either currently using or plan to use such techniques in the near future. The economic viability of a particular level of process planning automation depends primarily on the indigenous circumstances of individual companies, particularly with respect to product similarity and annual sales volumes. The more simplistic approaches to computer aided process planning offer better short-term economic payoff; however, the more sophisticated approaches offer greater potential lowering costs and increasing productivity in the long run. Originator supplied keywords include: Computer-aided manufacturing; Computerized production process planning; Computer applications; Production process planning; Process planning; Benefit analysis; Cost reduction., Prepared in Cooperation with United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT. See also Volume 3, AD-A151 997.

A nonlinear integer programming model for expanding the transportation system of an underdeveloped country is presented. The model uses integer 0-1 decision variables. The basic model has linear constraints and a nonlinear objective function. Some special situations and extensions to the model are presented. The benefits being maximized in the objective function are discussed, as are the problems of parameterization and suboptimization. A solution procedure for the model is suggested, but an efficient algorithm is not available for solving the model. Some areas for future research are also suggested., http://archive.org/details/anonlinearintege1094512725, Major, United States Army, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

It is the objective of this report to look at benefits of public transit in a broad way to gain a better understanding of how their measurement can be used to assist in making decisions. The report provides a comprehensive view of the range of consequences of transit services and indicates various methods that can be used to assess their benefits. Consequences of transit are illustrated through the use of a benefit tree. Transit service provides an alternative means of travel, results in changes of trip making by automobile to transit, affects land-use activity and leads to direct and indirect employment. These effects lead to still further consequences. Methods are provided for measuring benefits. These methods include an enhanced consumer surplus approach to measure travel related changes and a land-use redistribution model to identify travel benefits of land-use changes. Techniques for air pollution assessment and for employment impacts are also given in detail. Figures, tables, bibliography, appendix. 5,886k, 164p.

Introduction, Systems description, Benefits of the automated flow control function, Quantification of FAD procedure benefits, Appendices, This report summarizes the findings of a benefit analysis study of the present and proposed Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center automation systems. The benefits analyzed were those associated with Fuel Advisory Departure and Quota Flow procedures. Actual data on reduced arrival capacity conditions were analyzed. Benefits were then derived based in the supposition that flow control procedures had been utilized. Using future demand predictions, benefits for both the present and proposed advanced systems were estimated through 1990. The study indicated that the only benefit that could be appropriately quantified was fuel savings due to the implementation of Fuel Advisory Departure Procedures.