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Since the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), other flame retardants may be increasingly used. Thirty-one current-use halogenated (HFRs) and 24 organophosphorous flame retardants (PFRs) have been sought in Arctic ecosystems so far. Air measurements provide evidence of long-range atmospheric transport for the majority of these compounds, with much higher concentrations for PFRs than for HFRs. Some HFRs, i.e. bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and hexabromobenzene (HBBz), had air concentrations comparable to those of PBDEs in some studies. Complementary data for seawater and ice indicate dry deposition of HFRs, while net volatilization from seawater was observed for some PFRs. Studies in the marine environment indicate a wide presence of HFRs in marine biota, but generally at low levels, i.e. typically lower than those of PBDEs. Exceptions exist, namely 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2,3-dibromopropyl ether (TBP-DBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), which were found in concentrations comparable to PBDEs in some species. The same was the case for 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allyl ether (TBP-AE) in a study from the terrestrial environment. PFRs generally had low concentrations in biota, probably due to metabolic transformation of PFR triesters, as suggested by in vitro studies. Elevated PFR concentrations occurred in some individuals, generally indicating a larger variability of PFR

Contains fulltext : 159986.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 159986.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 159986.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Laser irradiation of cylindrical cavities has attracted considerable interest in the context of soft x-ray laser experiments because the confined plasma may act as an x-ray waveguide. Waveguiding requires a concave, radially symmetric density profile and thus uniform plasma ablation inside the cavity. In the case of transverse irradiation presented in this work, the uniformity of plasma ablation is primarily determined by the mechanisms which redistribute the energy from the initial location of plasma generation by the incident laser. Among the mechanisms to be considered are x-radiation, hot electrons, and laser light reflected at the primary spot. Experimentally, evidence was found that for short-pulse, long-wavelength, high-irradiance conditions, the redistribution of energy is dominated by reflected laser light.

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High-temperature plasmas were produced by focusing 1·05 μm, 100 psec laser pulses onto Al layer targets at a mean irradiation of 3·1013 Watt/cm2. By means of simultaneous measurements of the thermal x-ray emission and the frequency-quadrupled laser pulse we observe a 20 ± 15 psec delay of the x-ray peak relative to the peak of the incident laser pulse. In addition, modulations on the trailing edge of the driving pulse appear strongly enhanced in the x-ray signature

Hollow microcylinder targets, 200-300 μm in diameter, have been internally irradiated at up to 5 · 1014 W/cm2 with Nd:glass laser pulses directed through an axial entrance slit. The plasma evolution in the interior of the cavities was diagnosed with a pinhole imaging X-ray streak camera and a Nomarski-type interferometer. Plasma collision near the center of the cylinder is observed about 300 ps after the irradiating laser pulse. The experimental results are confirmed by a one-dimensional Eulerian fluid code

The purpose of this study was to assess reliability of both indoor and outdoor 40 km time-trial cycling performance. Eight trained cyclists completed three indoor 40 km time-trials on an air-braked ergometer (KingcycleTM) and three outdoor 40 km time-trials on a local course. Power output was measured for all trials using the SRM™ powermeter. Mean performance time across three indoor trials was 54.21 ± 2.59 (min : sec) and was significantly different (P < 0.05) to mean time across three outdoor trials (57.29 ± 3.22 min : sec). However, there was no significant difference (P = 0.34) for mean power across three indoor trials (303 ± 35 W) when compared to outdoor performances (312 ± 23 W). Within-subject variation for mean power output expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) improved in both indoors and outdoors for trials 2 and 3 (CV = 1.9 %, 95 % CI 1.0 - 3.4 and CV = 2.1 %, 95 % CI 1.1 - 3.8) when compared to trials 1 and 2 (CV = 2.1 %, 95 % CI 1.2 - 3.8 and CV = 2.4 %, 95 % CI 1.3 - 4.3). These findings indicate that power output measured using the SRM powermeter is highly reproducible for both laboratory-based and actual 40 km time-trial cycling performance.

This study investigated heart-rate (HR) and lactate responses of 31 club-level orienteers (age 23-68 years) during competitions in technically easy (TE) and technically difficult (TD) terrain. HR was monitored throughout the events, and capillary-blood samples for lactate analysis were taken at a midpoint and at the finish. HR and lactate responses were relatively consistent within and between events