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Om klimaatverandering tegen te gaan, moet de CO2-concentratie in de atmosfeer beperkt worden. Het kabinet heeft zich vastgelegd op een reductie van 55% CO2-emissie in 2030 ten opzichte van 1990, met een streven naar 60% reductie. De belangrijkste manier om dit te bereiken is het verminderen van CO2-emissies afkomstig van fossiele brandstoffen. Het beperken van CO2-emissies zelf is echter onvoldoende, er zijn ook methodes nodig die CO2 uit de lucht verwijderen. De beleidsmatige inzet van deze methodes is relatief nieuw en nog volop in ontwikkeling. Er is daarom nog veel onduidelijkheid over de effecten van deze methodes. Het doel van dit rapport is om een aantal verschillende methodes voor CO2-verwijdering met elkaar te vergelijken. In dit onderzoek hebben we in totaal zes methodes onderzocht: 1. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) 2. Vastlegging in bossen 3. Vastlegging in de bodem 4. Vastlegging in mariene ecosystemen 5. Biokool 6. Versnelde verwering van mineralen. Deze zes methodes zijn op acht indicatoren beoordeeld: 1. Kosten 2. Energieverbruik in de keten 3. Grondstoffenverbruik 4. Direct en indirect landgebruik 5. Duur van de CO2-vastlegging 6. Inpassing in een hernieuwbare economie 7. Impact op leefomgeving en economie 8. Synergieën en conflicten.

In 2020 heeft het Rijk samen met de provincies de landelijke Bossenstrategie opgesteld met daarin ambities over de kwaliteit én de kwantiteit van het Nederlandse bos. Deze ambities zijn de afgelopen twee jaar uitgewerkt naar provinciale bossenstrategieën. En nu, begin 2023, is het de vraag in hoeverre de provinciale plannen aansluiten bij de landelijk doelen. In dit Bosbericht kijken we naar de ambitieuze doelstellingen voor bosuitbreiding.

Item does not contain fulltext, Concurrent genital-anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infections may impose an increased anal cancer risk in women with HPV-related genital lesions. High viral load may facilitate genital-anal HPV concurrence. Genital and anal HPV is reduced by a bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine, yet the effect on concurrent genital-anal HPV remains unclear. This study analyzed viral load in concurrent genital-anal HPV infections, relative to genital-only and anal-only HPV infections and the impact of vaccination in young women. We included 1074 women, who provided both genital and anal swabs. HPV detection and genotyping was performed using the SPF10-DEIA-LiPA25. HPV copy numbers were measured with type-specific qPCRs and corrected for cellular content to obtain the viral load. Concurrent genital-anal HPV often had significantly higher genital viral load (0.09-371 c/cell) than genital-only HPV (3.17E-04-15.9 c/cell, p < 0.0001 to p < 0.05). Moreover, nearly all concurrent genital-anal HPV types had higher genital copy numbers per PCR reaction (157-416E04 c/rxn) than anal copy numbers (0.90-884E01 c/rxn, p < 0.0001 to p < 0.001). Vaccinated women had significantly less infections with HPV16/18 vaccine-types (2.8% vs 13.7%, p < 0.0001) and HPV31/35/45 cross-protective types (7.4% vs 21.1%, p < 0.0001) than unvaccinated women. In conclusion, particularly high genital viral load is found in concurrent genital-anal HPV infections, which are effectively reduced by vaccination.

Contains fulltext : 287767.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. OBJECTIVE: To describe whether practice variation studies on surgery in patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease used adequate study methodology to identify unwarranted variation, and to inform quality improvement in clinical practice. Secondary aim was to describe whether variation changed over time. METHODS: Literature databases were searched up to May 4(th), 2021. To define whether study design was appropriate to identify unwarranted variation, we extracted data on level of aggregation, study population, and case-mix correction. To define whether studies were appropriate to achieve quality improvement, data were extracted on outcomes, explanatory variables, description of scientific basis, and given recommendations. Spearman's rho was used to determine the association between the Extreme Quotient (EQ) and year of publication. RESULTS: We identified 34 articles published between 1990 and 2020. Twenty-six articles (76%) defined the diagnosis. Prior surgery cases were excluded or adjusted for in 5 articles (15%). Twenty-three articles (68%) adjusted for case-mix. Variation in outcomes was analyzed in 7 articles (21%). Fourteen articles (41%) identified explanatory variables. Twenty-six articles (76%) described the evidence on effectiveness. Recommendations for clinical practice were given in 9 articles (26%). Extreme Quotients ranged between 1-fold and 15-fold variation and did not show a significant change over time (rho= -.33, P= .09). CONCLUSIONS: Practice variation research on surgery in patients with degenerative disc disease showed important limitations to identify unwarranted variation and to achieve quality improvement by public reporting. Despite the availability of new evidence, we could not observe a significant decrease in variation over time.

Contains fulltext : 252110.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Concurrent genital-anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infections may impose an increased anal cancer risk in women with HPV-related genital lesions. High viral load may facilitate genital-anal HPV concurrence. Genital and anal HPV is reduced by a bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine, yet the effect on concurrent genital-anal HPV remains unclear. This study analyzed viral load in concurrent genital-anal HPV infections, relative to genital-only and anal-only HPV infections and the impact of vaccination in young women. We included 1074 women, who provided both genital and anal swabs. HPV detection and genotyping was performed using the SPF10-DEIA-LiPA25. HPV copy numbers were measured with type-specific qPCRs and corrected for cellular content to obtain the viral load. Concurrent genital-anal HPV often had significantly higher genital viral load (0.09-371 c/cell) than genital-only HPV (3.17E-04-15.9 c/cell, p < 0.0001 to p < 0.05). Moreover, nearly all concurrent genital-anal HPV types had higher genital copy numbers per PCR reaction (157-416E04 c/rxn) than anal copy numbers (0.90-884E01 c/rxn, p < 0.0001 to p < 0.001). Vaccinated women had significantly less infections with HPV16/18 vaccine-types (2.8% vs 13.7%, p < 0.0001) and HPV31/35/45 cross-protective types (7.4% vs 21.1%, p < 0.0001) than unvaccinated women. In conclusion, particularly high genital viral load is found in concurrent genital-anal HPV infections, which are effectively reduced by vaccination.

Contains fulltext : 287767.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. OBJECTIVE: To describe whether practice variation studies on surgery in patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease used adequate study methodology to identify unwarranted variation, and to inform quality improvement in clinical practice. Secondary aim was to describe whether variation changed over time. METHODS: Literature databases were searched up to May 4(th), 2021. To define whether study design was appropriate to identify unwarranted variation, we extracted data on level of aggregation, study population, and case-mix correction. To define whether studies were appropriate to achieve quality improvement, data were extracted on outcomes, explanatory variables, description of scientific basis, and given recommendations. Spearman's rho was used to determine the association between the Extreme Quotient (EQ) and year of publication. RESULTS: We identified 34 articles published between 1990 and 2020. Twenty-six articles (76%) defined the diagnosis. Prior surgery cases were excluded or adjusted for in 5 articles (15%). Twenty-three articles (68%) adjusted for case-mix. Variation in outcomes was analyzed in 7 articles (21%). Fourteen articles (41%) identified explanatory variables. Twenty-six articles (76%) described the evidence on effectiveness. Recommendations for clinical practice were given in 9 articles (26%). Extreme Quotients ranged between 1-fold and 15-fold variation and did not show a significant change over time (rho= -.33, P= .09). CONCLUSIONS: Practice variation research on surgery in patients with degenerative disc disease showed important limitations to identify unwarranted variation and to achieve quality improvement by public reporting. Despite the availability of new evidence, we could not observe a significant decrease in variation over time.

6th International Workshop On Philosophy and Logic of Social Reality. 28 February – 1 March, 2022, On-Line

Met het FLEGT Actieplan wil de EU zorgen dat er enkel nog aantoonbaar legaal geoogste en verwerkte houtproducten op de EU markt gebracht worden. Sinds 2017 is Stichting Probos voor Nederland nationaal correspondent voor de FLEGT Independent Market Monitoring (IMM) en rapporteert jaarlijks over de effecten van FLEGT VPA op de Nederlandse houthandel. Daarvoor voert zij interviews uit bij de importerende houthandel. In dit Bosbericht worden de belangrijkste resultaten van de IMM monitor van de afgelopen jaren voor Nederland beschreven met nadruk op 2021.

In opdracht van FSC Nederland en het ministerie van LNV heeft Stichting Probos onderzocht wat de ambities, knelpunten en behoeftes aan ondersteuning van gemeenten zijn bij bosuitbreiding en toekomstbestendig bosbeheer.

Het nieuwe regeerakkoord ligt er, de ambities zijn er ook. De klimaatdoelstellingen staan zwart op wit voor 2030 en 2050. De noodzaak om de gebouwde omgeving te verduurzamen is urgent, aangezien die verantwoordelijk is voor 40 procent van de CO2 uitstoot. Is biobased bouwen de uitkomst? Onno Dwars van Ballast Nedam Development: “De verandering gaat niet snel genoeg, ook niet in het nieuwe regeerakkoord.”

In het huidige onderzoek werd onderzocht hoe de effectiviteit van ontroerende en grappige narratieve commercials zich tot elkaar verhouden en welke rol de Need for Affect (NFA) van individuen hierin speelde. Het is bekend dat narratieve commercials overtuigender zijn dan niet-narratieve commercials, (mede) doordat deze emoties oproepen. Het is echter nog niet bekend of ontroerende of grappige narratieve commercials overtuigender zijn en of de NFA van individuen hier een rol in speelt. 79 Nederlanders van achttien jaar of ouder hebben aan dit onderzoek deelgenomen. De deelnemers hebben vier commercials gekeken, waarvan twee grappig en twee ontroerende, van vier verschillende merken (Douwe Egberts, Nike, Adidas en Citroën). Na het kijken van elke commercial werd hen gevraagd een vragenlijst in te vullen. Daarnaast vulden de deelnemers voor en na het kijken van de commercials een vragenlijst in over persoonlijkheidskenmerken, waarvan de vragenlijst over NFA van belang was voor dit onderzoek. De resultaten suggereren dat ontroerende narratieve commercials overtuigender dan of minstens zo overtuigend zijn als de grappige narratieve commercials. De mate van NFA was niet bepalend voor de overtuigingskracht van ontroerende en grappige narratieve commercials. Daarnaast suggereren de resultaten dat de mate van NFA geen invloed heeft op de beoordeling van de ontroerende versus grappige narratieve commercials. Door de lage betrouwbaarheid van de NFA emotie-benaderende dimensie is in dit onderzoek alleen de emotie-vermijdende dimensie van NFA gebruikt om NFA te meten. Deze beperking kan verklaren waarom er geen effect van NFA is gevonden.

Een woonhuis dat eruitziet als een grote betonnen kei die plompverloren in de natuur lijkt te zijn gevallen. Sinds kort is het geen toekomstmuziek meer: de eerste 3D-geprinte woning in Nederland is een feit. En het is meer dan het uiterlijk dat tot de verbeelding spreekt; het vraagt ook om veel minder materiaal. Is dit de oplossing om de bouw duurzaam te maken?

De rijksoverheid streeft ernaar om 100% duurzaam geproduceerd hout in te kopen dat voldoet aan vastgestelde duurzaamheidscriteria. Momenteel bestaan er twee commissies in Nederland die vrijwillige certificeringssystemen voor duurzaam bosbeheer (houtkeurmerken) toetsen, namelijk de Timber Procurement Assessment Committee (TPAC) voor toetsingen van hout en houtproducten en de Adviescommissie Duurzaamheid Biomassa voor Energietoepassingen (ADBE) voor toetsingen van vaste biomassa voor energietoepassingen.

In het huidige onderzoek werd onderzocht hoe de effectiviteit van ontroerende en grappige narratieve commercials zich tot elkaar verhouden en welke rol de Need for Affect (NFA) van individuen hierin speelde. Het is bekend dat narratieve commercials overtuigender zijn dan niet-narratieve commercials, (mede) doordat deze emoties oproepen. Het is echter nog niet bekend of ontroerende of grappige narratieve commercials overtuigender zijn en of de NFA van individuen hier een rol in speelt. 79 Nederlanders van achttien jaar of ouder hebben aan dit onderzoek deelgenomen. De deelnemers hebben vier commercials gekeken, waarvan twee grappig en twee ontroerende, van vier verschillende merken (Douwe Egberts, Nike, Adidas en Citroën). Na het kijken van elke commercial werd hen gevraagd een vragenlijst in te vullen. Daarnaast vulden de deelnemers voor en na het kijken van de commercials een vragenlijst in over persoonlijkheidskenmerken, waarvan de vragenlijst over NFA van belang was voor dit onderzoek. De resultaten suggereren dat ontroerende narratieve commercials overtuigender dan of minstens zo overtuigend zijn als de grappige narratieve commercials. De mate van NFA was niet bepalend voor de overtuigingskracht van ontroerende en grappige narratieve commercials. Daarnaast suggereren de resultaten dat de mate van NFA geen invloed heeft op de beoordeling van de ontroerende versus grappige narratieve commercials. Door de lage betrouwbaarheid van de NFA emotie-benaderende dimensie is in dit onderzoek alleen de emotie-vermijdende dimensie van NFA gebruikt om NFA te meten. Deze beperking kan verklaren waarom er geen effect van NFA is gevonden.

Virtual reality environments provide valuable opportunities for cognitive scientists to investigate complex cognitive func-tions in ecologically valid environments. For example, it is unclear if visual representation of the users body is requiredto evoke optimal performance. This study examined the effects of hand representation in a virtual flight simulation usingbehavioural and biometric data. Event-Related Potentials, Event-Related Spectral Perturbations, and mental workload re-sponses were measured using wireless electroencephalography across the hand presence conditions. Workload indices andneural activity in the parietal region was not significantly affected by the presence of hands, yet lower alpha levels werefound across all cortical regions. Findings are relevant to cognitive scientists as they show that the virtual representationof hands is important as it increases task engagement, while not taxing mental workload or spatial processes in the brain.

Contains fulltext : 232568.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Introduction: This prospective cohort study determined which questions in patient history are most likely to identify symptoms that are independently associated with a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional dizziness (BPPV) in patients presenting with dizziness, and to evaluate whether the patient's age and type of BPPV are of influence. Methods: We included adult patients with dizziness referred to our dizziness center, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands, from December 2018 to November 2019. All patients completed a questionnaire, underwent vestibular testing and received a diagnosis. Symptoms strongly suggesting BPPV were tested with multivariable analysis to determine their independent associations with BPPV. Subgroup analysis was performed for patient age, and the type of BPPV. Results: We included a total of 885 patients, 113 of whom (13%) were diagnosed with BPPV. The duration of dizziness spells <1 min (Q2) and dizziness provoked by rolling over in bed (Q4) were independently associated with the diagnosis BPPV. Q2 showed a sensitivity of 43%, and a specificity of 75%; Q4 scored 81% and 68%, respectively. Overall, the way patients perceived their dizziness (vertigo, light-headedness or instability) was not independently associated with the diagnosis BPPV. In younger patients, light-headedness and instability decreased the likelihood of BPPV compared to vertigo. Conclusion: The most reliable predictors for BPPV in patient history are a short duration of the dizziness spell and provocation of dizziness by rolling over in bed. Unlike younger patients, elderly patients with BPPV do not only perceive the dizziness as vertigo, but also as a feeling of instability.

Miniaturization has allowed CubeSats to enter the domains of Earth observation, RF-oriented missions, and astronomy, surpassing its original intention of being an educational instrument. With the increase in power density, thermal control measures are needed for CubeSats, requiring low-cost hardware and software solutions, which are currently hardly available. The deficit of thermal control solutions for CubeSats is inherently related to their short development time resulting in suboptimal thermal designs. Miniaturization and application of thermal control systems is being worked on (1,2), however evaluating design iterations is hindered by the lack of thermal analysis imposing large uncertainties in the thermal design of CubeSats. The conventional method of validation and model correlation to reduce model uncertainties takes too much time and is therefore excluded for CubeSats. ISIS - Innovative Solutions in Space and the Royal Netherlands Aerospace Centre, NLR have worked together on an innovative modular approach for CubeSat thermal analyses in ESATAN-TMS. Key of this approach is the interchangeability and scalability of validated thermal sub-models allowing for fast and more accurate analysis for LEO missions. Any design of a CubeSat can be quickly evaluated in ESATAN-TMS by implementation of a combination of validated and correlated thermal sub-models in the CubeSat frame model. Over time a library of validated thermal sub-models will be created in ESATAN-TMS, allowing for fast and accurate orbital analysis, which results in improved thermal designs of CubeSats.

Contains fulltext : 232568.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Introduction: This prospective cohort study determined which questions in patient history are most likely to identify symptoms that are independently associated with a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional dizziness (BPPV) in patients presenting with dizziness, and to evaluate whether the patient's age and type of BPPV are of influence. Methods: We included adult patients with dizziness referred to our dizziness center, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands, from December 2018 to November 2019. All patients completed a questionnaire, underwent vestibular testing and received a diagnosis. Symptoms strongly suggesting BPPV were tested with multivariable analysis to determine their independent associations with BPPV. Subgroup analysis was performed for patient age, and the type of BPPV. Results: We included a total of 885 patients, 113 of whom (13%) were diagnosed with BPPV. The duration of dizziness spells <1 min (Q2) and dizziness provoked by rolling over in bed (Q4) were independently associated with the diagnosis BPPV. Q2 showed a sensitivity of 43%, and a specificity of 75%; Q4 scored 81% and 68%, respectively. Overall, the way patients perceived their dizziness (vertigo, light-headedness or instability) was not independently associated with the diagnosis BPPV. In younger patients, light-headedness and instability decreased the likelihood of BPPV compared to vertigo. Conclusion: The most reliable predictors for BPPV in patient history are a short duration of the dizziness spell and provocation of dizziness by rolling over in bed. Unlike younger patients, elderly patients with BPPV do not only perceive the dizziness as vertigo, but also as a feeling of instability.

Contains fulltext : 232568.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Introduction: This prospective cohort study determined which questions in patient history are most likely to identify symptoms that are independently associated with a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional dizziness (BPPV) in patients presenting with dizziness, and to evaluate whether the patient's age and type of BPPV are of influence. Methods: We included adult patients with dizziness referred to our dizziness center, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands, from December 2018 to November 2019. All patients completed a questionnaire, underwent vestibular testing and received a diagnosis. Symptoms strongly suggesting BPPV were tested with multivariable analysis to determine their independent associations with BPPV. Subgroup analysis was performed for patient age, and the type of BPPV. Results: We included a total of 885 patients, 113 of whom (13%) were diagnosed with BPPV. The duration of dizziness spells <1 min (Q2) and dizziness provoked by rolling over in bed (Q4) were independently associated with the diagnosis BPPV. Q2 showed a sensitivity of 43%, and a specificity of 75%; Q4 scored 81% and 68%, respectively. Overall, the way patients perceived their dizziness (vertigo, light-headedness or instability) was not independently associated with the diagnosis BPPV. In younger patients, light-headedness and instability decreased the likelihood of BPPV compared to vertigo. Conclusion: The most reliable predictors for BPPV in patient history are a short duration of the dizziness spell and provocation of dizziness by rolling over in bed. Unlike younger patients, elderly patients with BPPV do not only perceive the dizziness as vertigo, but also as a feeling of instability.

In 2018 heeft Probos voor de zesde keer het marktaandeel duurzaam geproduceerd gezaagd hout, plaatmateriaal en papier en karton op de Nederlandse markt in beeld gebracht voor het ministerie van LNV. Zowel het marktaandeel duurzaam geproduceerd gezaagd hout en plaatmateriaal als papier en karton groeide in 2017 naar 85%. De resultaten voor 2017 maken duidelijk dat de groei voor duurzaam geproduceerd gezaagd hout en plaatmateriaal afvlakt, wat onderschreven wordt door meer recente sectorgegevens.

Contains fulltext : 215194.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Tonsil-related complaints are very common among the adult population. Tonsillectomy under general anesthesia is currently the most performed surgical treatment in adults for such complaints. Unfortunately, tonsillectomy is an invasive treatment associated with a high complication rate and a long recovery time. Complications and a long recovery time are mostly related to removing the vascular and densely innervated capsule of the tonsils. Recently, CO2-lasertonsillotomy under local anesthesia has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative treatment for tonsil-related disease with a significantly shorter and less painful recovery period. The milder side-effect profile of CO2-lasertonsillotomy is likely related to leaving the tonsil capsule intact. The aim of the current report is to present a concise protocol detailing the execution of CO2-lasertonsillotomy under local anesthesia. This intervention has been performed successfully in our hospital in more than 1,000 patients and has been found to be safe and to be associated with a steep learning curve.

Contains fulltext : 208857.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), At a joint workshop organized by RIVM and BfR, international experts from governmental institutes, regulatory agencies, industry, academia and animal welfare organizations discussed and provided recommendations for the development, validation and implementation of innovative 3R approaches in regulatory toxicology. In particular, an evolutionary improvement of our current approach of test method validation in the context of defined approaches or integrated testing strategies was discussed together with a revolutionary approach based on a comprehensive description of the physiological responses of the human body to chemical exposure and the subsequent definition of relevant and predictive in vitro, in chemico or in silico methods. A more comprehensive evaluation of biological relevance, scientific validity and regulatory purpose of new test methods and assessment strategies together with case studies that provide practical experience with new approaches were discussed as essential steps to build up the necessary confidence to facilitate regulatory acceptance.

Contains fulltext : 215194.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Tonsil-related complaints are very common among the adult population. Tonsillectomy under general anesthesia is currently the most performed surgical treatment in adults for such complaints. Unfortunately, tonsillectomy is an invasive treatment associated with a high complication rate and a long recovery time. Complications and a long recovery time are mostly related to removing the vascular and densely innervated capsule of the tonsils. Recently, CO2-lasertonsillotomy under local anesthesia has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative treatment for tonsil-related disease with a significantly shorter and less painful recovery period. The milder side-effect profile of CO2-lasertonsillotomy is likely related to leaving the tonsil capsule intact. The aim of the current report is to present a concise protocol detailing the execution of CO2-lasertonsillotomy under local anesthesia. This intervention has been performed successfully in our hospital in more than 1,000 patients and has been found to be safe and to be associated with a steep learning curve.

Contains fulltext : 208857.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), At a joint workshop organized by RIVM and BfR, international experts from governmental institutes, regulatory agencies, industry, academia and animal welfare organizations discussed and provided recommendations for the development, validation and implementation of innovative 3R approaches in regulatory toxicology. In particular, an evolutionary improvement of our current approach of test method validation in the context of defined approaches or integrated testing strategies was discussed together with a revolutionary approach based on a comprehensive description of the physiological responses of the human body to chemical exposure and the subsequent definition of relevant and predictive in vitro, in chemico or in silico methods. A more comprehensive evaluation of biological relevance, scientific validity and regulatory purpose of new test methods and assessment strategies together with case studies that provide practical experience with new approaches were discussed as essential steps to build up the necessary confidence to facilitate regulatory acceptance.

Contains fulltext : 208857.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), At a joint workshop organized by RIVM and BfR, international experts from governmental institutes, regulatory agencies, industry, academia and animal welfare organizations discussed and provided recommendations for the development, validation and implementation of innovative 3R approaches in regulatory toxicology. In particular, an evolutionary improvement of our current approach of test method validation in the context of defined approaches or integrated testing strategies was discussed together with a revolutionary approach based on a comprehensive description of the physiological responses of the human body to chemical exposure and the subsequent definition of relevant and predictive in vitro, in chemico or in silico methods. A more comprehensive evaluation of biological relevance, scientific validity and regulatory purpose of new test methods and assessment strategies together with case studies that provide practical experience with new approaches were discussed as essential steps to build up the necessary confidence to facilitate regulatory acceptance.

Tot halverwege de vorige eeuw werd stamhout voordat het verzaagd werd vaak gewaterd tijdens transport over de rivieren en bij opslag voor de zagerij(molen). Door de jaren heen ondervond men voor verschillende houtsoorten positieve effecten van gewaterd hout in de toepassing. Naarmate tijd steeds meer gelijk is gaan staan aan geld, is het wateren op grote schaal verdwenen. Echter, met toenemende interesse in het hoogwaardig toepassen van lokaal hout, mede in het kader van de circulaire economie, is er weer meer belangstelling voor het wateren van hout. Probos heeft de kennis rondom het wateren van hout op een rij gezet.

Tegenwoordig leeft bij velen het besef dat het belangrijk is om duurzaam geproduceerd hout te kopen. Daarnaast groeit ook het besef van het belang van eerlijke productie en lokale verwerking van dit hout, waarbij lokale gemeenschappen ook profiteren van de wereldwijd stijgende vraag naar hout. Certificering van duurzaam bosbeheer en de handelsketen garandeert dat producten afkomstig zijn uit duurzaam beheerde bossen. Maar wat als je graag Fairtrade houten producten wilt kopen? Probos heeft verkend welke initiatieven er op dit vlak zijn en wat de relevantie is voor de Europese houtmarkt.

A comprehensive examination of the interfaces of logic, computer science, and game theory, drawing on twenty years of research on logic and games.This book draws on ideas from philosophical logic, computational logic, multi-agent systems, and game theory to offer a comprehensive account of logic and games viewed in two complementary ways. It examines the logic of games: the development of sophisticated modern dynamic logics that model information flow, communication, and interactive structures in games. It also examines logic as games: the idea that logical activities of reasoning and many related tasks can be viewed in the form of games.In doing so, the book takes up the ?intelligent interaction? of agents engaging in competitive or cooperative activities and examines the patterns of strategic behavior that arise. It develops modern logical systems that can analyze information-driven changes in players' knowledge and beliefs, and introduces the ?Theory of Play? that emerges from the combination of logic and game theory. This results in a new view of logic itself as an interactive rational activity based on reasoning, perception, and communication that has particular relevance for games.Logic in Games, based on a course taught by the author at Stanford University, the University of Amsterdam, and elsewhere, can be used in advanced seminars and as a resource for researchers.

A comprehensive examination of the interfaces of logic, computer science, and game theory, drawing on twenty years of research on logic and games.This book draws on ideas from philosophical logic, computational logic, multi-agent systems, and game theory to offer a comprehensive account of logic and games viewed in two complementary ways. It examines the logic of games: the development of sophisticated modern dynamic logics that model information flow, communication, and interactive structures in games. It also examines logic as games: the idea that logical activities of reasoning and many related tasks can be viewed in the form of games.In doing so, the book takes up the ?intelligent interaction? of agents engaging in competitive or cooperative activities and examines the patterns of strategic behavior that arise. It develops modern logical systems that can analyze information-driven changes in players' knowledge and beliefs, and introduces the ?Theory of Play? that emerges from the combination of logic and game theory. This results in a new view of logic itself as an interactive rational activity based on reasoning, perception, and communication that has particular relevance for games.Logic in Games, based on a course taught by the author at Stanford University, the University of Amsterdam, and elsewhere, can be used in advanced seminars and as a resource for researchers.

A comprehensive examination of the interfaces of logic, computer science, and game theory, drawing on twenty years of research on logic and games.This book draws on ideas from philosophical logic, computational logic, multi-agent systems, and game theory to offer a comprehensive account of logic and games viewed in two complementary ways. It examines the logic of games: the development of sophisticated modern dynamic logics that model information flow, communication, and interactive structures in games. It also examines logic as games: the idea that logical activities of reasoning and many related tasks can be viewed in the form of games.In doing so, the book takes up the ?intelligent interaction? of agents engaging in competitive or cooperative activities and examines the patterns of strategic behavior that arise. It develops modern logical systems that can analyze information-driven changes in players' knowledge and beliefs, and introduces the ?Theory of Play? that emerges from the combination of logic and game theory. This results in a new view of logic itself as an interactive rational activity based on reasoning, perception, and communication that has particular relevance for games.Logic in Games, based on a course taught by the author at Stanford University, the University of Amsterdam, and elsewhere, can be used in advanced seminars and as a resource for researchers.

Sinds de jaren 90 van de vorige eeuw is door velen hard gewerkt om het marktaandeel aantoonbaar duurzaam geproduceerd hout op de Neder- landse markt te vergroten. En niet zonder resultaat. Uit de meest recente cijfers over 2015 blijkt het marktaandeel duurzaam geproduceerd hout 83,3% voor gezaagd hout en plaatmateriaal en 65,4% voor papier en karton te zijn. Een enorme groei ten opzichte van de situatie in 2005.