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Key words acne vulgarisanabolic androgenic steroidsbodybuildingcutaneous adverse drug reactionsskin infectionstestosterone

Key words acne vulgarisanabolic androgenic steroidsbodybuildingcutaneous adverse drug reactionsskin infectionstestosterone

Bakgrund: Muskeldysmorfi (MD) är en psykologisk störning som kännetecknas avatt en person är tvångsmässigt bekymrad över sin upplevda brist på muskulatur. MDkan ha betydande negativa effekter på en persons liv, vilket kan leda till socialisolering, ökad risk för missbruk och psykisk ohälsa. Ännu finns det inga studiersom tagit upp muskeldysmorfi hos den svenska befolkningen. Syfte: Syftet medstudien var att undersöka hur vanligt det är med muskeldysmorfi hos personer somstyrketränar. Metod: Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ forskningsmetod(enkät) och studiedesignen för denna studie var en tvärsnittsstudie. Antropometriskamått, tränings- och fysisk aktivitetbakgrund, kosttillskott, sociala medier och MuscleDysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) användes som mätinstrument i dennastudie. Resultat: Resultaten visade att 21,6% av deltagarna uppfyllde dediagnostiska kriterierna av MD. Manliga deltagare (n = 54) var i genomsnitt yngreän de kvinnliga deltagarna (n = 20). Männen var även tyngre, längre och hade högreBMI än kvinnorna. Resultaten visade inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellandeltagare utan symtom och deltagare med symtom av MD i träningsbakgrund,användning av sociala medier och kosttillskott. Resultaten visade inte heller någrastatistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan män (34.28±7.37) och kvinnor (31.60 ±6.57) av MD- symtom. Konklusion: Sammanfattningsvis visade studien vilkasymtom som varit mest prevalenta inom MDDI. Resultaten gick i linje med tidigareforskning som belyst MD:s negativa inverkan på individens fysiska självvärde,psykiska hälsa, inklusive ökad risk för depression och ångest., Background: Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a psychological disorder characterizedby a person being obsessively concerned about their perceived lack of muscularity.MD can have significant negative effects on a person's life, leading to socialisolation, increased risk of substance abuse and mental health problems. So far,there are no studies addressing muscle dysmorphia in the Swedish population.Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of muscledysmorphia in people who do strength training. Method: The method used was aquantitative research method (questionnaire) and the study design for this study wasa cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measures, exercise and physical activitybackground, dietary supplements, social media, and the Muscle DysmorphicDisorder Inventory (MDDI) were used as measurement instruments in this study.Results: Results showed that 21.6% of participants met the diagnostic criteria ofMD. Male participants (n = 54) were on average younger than the femaleparticipants (n = 20). The men were also heavier, taller and had a higher BMI thanthe women. The results showed no statistically significant differences betweenparticipants without symptoms and participants with symptoms of MD in exercisebackground, social media use and dietary supplements. The results also showed nostatistically significant differences between men (34.28±7.37) and women(31.60±6.57) of MD symptoms. Conclusion: In summary, the study showed whichsymptoms were most prevalent in MDDI. The results were in line with previousresearch highlighting the negative impact of MD on the individual's physical selfworth, mental health, including increased risk of depression and anxiety.

Aquest projecte es lliura com a Treball Final del Grau d'Enginyeria Informàtica de la Facultat d'Informàtica de Barcelona. Aquest projecte consisteix a desenvolupar una aplicació mòbil Android que permet als usuaris gestionar els seus entrenaments d'hipertròfia o força al gimnàs. L'aplicació compta amb tota mena de funcionalitats per complir aquest objectiu: registrar i editar exercicis i entrenaments, planificar rutines, obtenir dades de seguiment... En aquesta memòria s'inclou tota la documentació necessària per al desenvolupament de l'aplicació: planificació, gestió, metodologia, disseny, implementació, testatge i conclusions., This project is delivered as the Final Thesis of the Computer Engineering Degree of the Barcelona Faculty of Computer Science. This project involves developing an Android mobile application that allows users to manage their hypertrophy or strength training in the gym. The application has all kinds of functionalities to fulfill this objective: register and edit exercises and training, plan routines, obtain tracking data... This memory includes all the documentation necessary for the development of the application: planning, management, methodology, design, implementation, testing and conclusions.

This essay is a visual analysis of the marketing of protein powder by six Swedish actors and three foreign ones that sell protein powder. The essay explores which different idioms and attributes are used in images through a quantitative content analysis and then a qualitative semiotic analysis. The purpose was to check how the marketing of protein powder looks at different companies to see which idioms they use to speak to the target group of male bodybuilders. The purpose was then to discuss whether these imagery and forms of communication can be applied to vegan products in order to arouse interest in these products among the target group. The result of the analysis shows, among other things, that the marketing of protein powder alludes to the sensory and emotional aspects of the recipient. Based on the theory of strategic communication and market communication the results of the analysis are then discussed on how to implement the different design languages on vegan products in order to arouse an interest in these among the target group.

Bakgrund: Muskeldysmorfi (MD) är en psykologisk störning som kännetecknas avatt en person är tvångsmässigt bekymrad över sin upplevda brist på muskulatur. MDkan ha betydande negativa effekter på en persons liv, vilket kan leda till socialisolering, ökad risk för missbruk och psykisk ohälsa. Ännu finns det inga studiersom tagit upp muskeldysmorfi hos den svenska befolkningen. Syfte: Syftet medstudien var att undersöka hur vanligt det är med muskeldysmorfi hos personer somstyrketränar. Metod: Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ forskningsmetod(enkät) och studiedesignen för denna studie var en tvärsnittsstudie. Antropometriskamått, tränings- och fysisk aktivitetbakgrund, kosttillskott, sociala medier och MuscleDysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) användes som mätinstrument i dennastudie. Resultat: Resultaten visade att 21,6% av deltagarna uppfyllde dediagnostiska kriterierna av MD. Manliga deltagare (n = 54) var i genomsnitt yngreän de kvinnliga deltagarna (n = 20). Männen var även tyngre, längre och hade högreBMI än kvinnorna. Resultaten visade inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellandeltagare utan symtom och deltagare med symtom av MD i träningsbakgrund,användning av sociala medier och kosttillskott. Resultaten visade inte heller någrastatistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan män (34.28±7.37) och kvinnor (31.60 ±6.57) av MD- symtom. Konklusion: Sammanfattningsvis visade studien vilkasymtom som varit mest prevalenta inom MDDI. Resultaten gick i linje med tidigareforskning som belyst MD:s negativa inverkan på individens fysiska självvärde,psykiska hälsa, inklusive ökad risk för depression och ångest., Background: Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a psychological disorder characterizedby a person being obsessively concerned about their perceived lack of muscularity.MD can have significant negative effects on a person's life, leading to socialisolation, increased risk of substance abuse and mental health problems. So far,there are no studies addressing muscle dysmorphia in the Swedish population.Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of muscledysmorphia in people who do strength training. Method: The method used was aquantitative research method (questionnaire) and the study design for this study wasa cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measures, exercise and physical activitybackground, dietary supplements, social media, and the Muscle DysmorphicDisorder Inventory (MDDI) were used as measurement instruments in this study.Results: Results showed that 21.6% of participants met the diagnostic criteria ofMD. Male participants (n = 54) were on average younger than the femaleparticipants (n = 20). The men were also heavier, taller and had a higher BMI thanthe women. The results showed no statistically significant differences betweenparticipants without symptoms and participants with symptoms of MD in exercisebackground, social media use and dietary supplements. The results also showed nostatistically significant differences between men (34.28±7.37) and women(31.60±6.57) of MD symptoms. Conclusion: In summary, the study showed whichsymptoms were most prevalent in MDDI. The results were in line with previousresearch highlighting the negative impact of MD on the individual's physical selfworth, mental health, including increased risk of depression and anxiety.

Denna studie behandlar en grupp av unga, manliga amatörbodybuilders och deras förhållande till, och reproduktion av maskulina ideal genom en etnografisk studie. Tidigare forskning har belyst att normen på gymmet präglas av maskulina ideal, och att bodybuilders genom sin träning och sina uttryck konstant strävar mot att uppnå dessa. Vidare förs diskussioner i den tidigare forskningen kring gemenskapen inom gymmet, och hur den ger upphov till särskilda maskulina ideal. Syftet med studien är att studera hur dessa amatörbodybuilders förhåller sig till ideal, samt hur de genom gemensam träning kan förverkliga dessa. Frågeställningarna undersöker hur dessa amatörbodybuilders producerar och reproducerar ideal, samt hur gruppens dynamik påverkar olika förhållningssätt till maskulina ideal. Det empiriska materialet består av transkriberad text från fältanteckningar som samlades in genom samtal och observationer under flera träningspass med gruppen av amatörbodybuilders. Materialet har analyserats utifrån Goffmans teorier om presentationen av självet, samt med Wacquants begrepp gällande kroppskapital. Resultatet visar att förkroppsligade ideal inom gruppen bidrar till en reproduktion av idealen för övriga deltagare i gruppen. Vidare pekar även resultatet på att idealen ständigt är närvarande för gruppens praktik på gymmet, och att denna färgar träningen och sina jämförelser med andra. Analysen visar att gruppens ställning förstärker vissa ideal, såsom det kroppsliga men att det samtidigt finns en avsaknad av andra ideal såsom rivalitet. Slutsatsen är därmed att nya ideal inte produceras, utan befintliga ideal i stället reproduceras i bodybuilderns gympraxis, och att gruppträning även kan förstärka strävan efter idealet.

This essay is a visual analysis of the marketing of protein powder by six Swedish actors and three foreign ones that sell protein powder. The essay explores which different idioms and attributes are used in images through a quantitative content analysis and then a qualitative semiotic analysis. The purpose was to check how the marketing of protein powder looks at different companies to see which idioms they use to speak to the target group of male bodybuilders. The purpose was then to discuss whether these imagery and forms of communication can be applied to vegan products in order to arouse interest in these products among the target group. The result of the analysis shows, among other things, that the marketing of protein powder alludes to the sensory and emotional aspects of the recipient. Based on the theory of strategic communication and market communication the results of the analysis are then discussed on how to implement the different design languages on vegan products in order to arouse an interest in these among the target group.

Subclavian artery occlusion (SAO) is a rare form of peripheral artery disease, sometimes associated with arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (ATOS). Subclavian arterial and venous occlusions are often misdiagnosed initially, and their clinical presentation can be confusing in bodybuilding athletes with increased vascularity in combination with anabolic steroid use. We present a 63-year-old male weightlifter with a history of hypertensive cardiomyopathy, renal transplant with left upper extremity arteriovenous fistula and subsequent takedown, cervical spinal stenosis, left rotator cuff surgery, and decades of testosterone injections who presented with years of left shoulder and neck pain. After having seen multiple providers and being diagnosed with various common disorders, CT angiography and conventional angiography were eventually performed and confirmed the presence of chronic SAO. The chronic occlusion was not deemed amenable to surgery or endovascular intervention and was treated medically with anticoagulation. Although anabolic steroid use is associated with arterial thrombosis, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of SAO in a weightlifter. Initial misdiagnosis resulted in a long and costly workup. Although the patient's symptoms were consistent with occlusion (and his increased vascularity could potentially suggest chronic thrombosis of any kind), these key signs were masked given his weightlifting history, anabolic steroid use, and concurrent degenerative musculoskeletal conditions common to the weightlifting population. A thorough history, comprehensive physical examination, appropriate imaging studies, and a high index of suspicion for vascular occlusion in athletes who use steroids are critical for the timely diagnosis and treatment of SAO.

The concept of bodybuilding is based on high performance sports where its objective is focused on physical appearance and hypertrophy. The main objective of the present study was to analyze the development of eating disorders in bodybuilder athletes after competitions, filling the existing gaps in the academic exploration on this subject. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive research. Data collection took place through a Google form, where participants could respond at home, work and even at the gym. Two questionnaires were applied, the first aimed at understanding the athletes' eating routine, habits and behaviors and the second questionnaire the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) used to identify and evaluate irregular eating patterns. The present study showed that the group of bodybuilders analyzed had 18.8% of participants at risk of developing eating disorders based on the questionnaire applied (EAT-26), a significant percentage when compared to the total sample, in addition to demonstrating possible tendencies towards less healthy eating behavior. The manifestation of eating disorders in bodybuilding athletes, before, during or even after competitions is a topic still little explored in the scientific environment, highlighting the need for more detailed and in-depth studies on the subject in question., O conceito de fisiculturismo baseia-se na prática esportiva de alto rendimento onde o seu objetivo está voltado para a aparência física e hipertrofia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar o desenvolvimento de transtornos alimentares em atletas fisiculturistas após as competições, preenchendo as lacunas existentes na exploração acadêmica a respeito deste assunto. Trata- se de uma pesquisa do tipo transversal e descritiva. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um formulário do Google, onde os participantes puderam responder em suas casas, trabalhos e até mesmo na academia. Foram aplicados dois questionários, o primeiro voltado para o entendimento da rotina, hábitos e comportamentos alimentares dos atletas e o segundo questionário o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) utilizado para identificar e avaliar padrões alimentares irregulares. O presente estudo demonstrou que o grupo de fisiculturistas analisados apresentaram 18,8% dos participantes com risco de desenvolvimento de transtornos alimentares fundamentado no questionário aplicado (EAT-26), uma porcentagem significativa quando comparada com a amostra total, além de demonstrarem possíveis tendências a um comportamento alimentar menos saudável. A manifestação de transtornos alimentares em atletas de fisiculturismo, antes, durante ou até mesmo depois das competições é um tema ainda pouco explorado no meio científico, deixando em evidência a necessidade de estudos mais detalhados e profundos sobre o tema em questão.

Denna studie behandlar en grupp av unga, manliga amatörbodybuilders och deras förhållande till, och reproduktion av maskulina ideal genom en etnografisk studie. Tidigare forskning har belyst att normen på gymmet präglas av maskulina ideal, och att bodybuilders genom sin träning och sina uttryck konstant strävar mot att uppnå dessa. Vidare förs diskussioner i den tidigare forskningen kring gemenskapen inom gymmet, och hur den ger upphov till särskilda maskulina ideal. Syftet med studien är att studera hur dessa amatörbodybuilders förhåller sig till ideal, samt hur de genom gemensam träning kan förverkliga dessa. Frågeställningarna undersöker hur dessa amatörbodybuilders producerar och reproducerar ideal, samt hur gruppens dynamik påverkar olika förhållningssätt till maskulina ideal. Det empiriska materialet består av transkriberad text från fältanteckningar som samlades in genom samtal och observationer under flera träningspass med gruppen av amatörbodybuilders. Materialet har analyserats utifrån Goffmans teorier om presentationen av självet, samt med Wacquants begrepp gällande kroppskapital. Resultatet visar att förkroppsligade ideal inom gruppen bidrar till en reproduktion av idealen för övriga deltagare i gruppen. Vidare pekar även resultatet på att idealen ständigt är närvarande för gruppens praktik på gymmet, och att denna färgar träningen och sina jämförelser med andra. Analysen visar att gruppens ställning förstärker vissa ideal, såsom det kroppsliga men att det samtidigt finns en avsaknad av andra ideal såsom rivalitet. Slutsatsen är därmed att nya ideal inte produceras, utan befintliga ideal i stället reproduceras i bodybuilderns gympraxis, och att gruppträning även kan förstärka strävan efter idealet.

Introduction: Strength training is one most practiced modality by people and athletes in Brazil and around the world. The workouts combined with the practice and habits of bodybuilders, for example the intake of supplements is becoming more frequent in the gyms. With a lot of variety of supplements already known, creatine is one of the most scientifically proven, providing strength, power, increasing fat-free mass and helping with the neurological function. Objective: Investigate the intake of creatine supplementation in bodybuilders and analyze the knowledge of the people about the supplement and ways of using it. Materials and Methods: The sample is consisted about a total of 77 bodybuilders from a gym in the extreme south of Santa Catarina. To obtain the data, was applied an online questionnaire, to evaluate the knowledge about creatine supplementation. Results: Most of the sample was predominantly female and aged between 24 and 29 years. Only 58.4% reported that the main source of information regarding supplementation is through the professional of nutrition. Among the 77 people of the sample, 68.8% never did creatine loading and 33.8% did not use creatine daily, which it’s not the right way of using it. About the the reasons of the intake of creatine, 72.7% reported that used it to increase performance and/or strength, collaborating with this result, 92.2% reported positive effects after using creatine and among the positive effects mentioned in the questionnaire, stands out the strength, that was the most cited (56.5%). Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of the nutritionist to determine the individual’s intake needs and the effectiveness of the supplements in bodybuilders., Introdução: A musculação é uma das modalidades mais praticadas por pessoas e atletas no Brasil e no mundo. Aliado a prática da musculação, o uso de suplementos alimentares se faz cada vez mais frequente. Dentre os diversos suplementos já conhecidos, a creatina é um dos que mais apresenta evidências científicas, proporcionando a melhora da força, potência, aumento da massa livre de gordura e função neurológica. Objetivo: Investigar o uso da suplementação de creatina em praticantes de musculação e analisar o conhecimento dos usuários sobre as formas de utilização. Materiais e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por um total de 77 praticantes de musculação de uma academia do Extremo Sul Catarinense. Para a obtenção dos dados, foi aplicado um questionário online, com a finalidade de avaliar o conhecimento sobre a suplementação de creatina. Resultados: Grande parte da amostra era do sexo feminino e com faixa etária predominante entre 24 e 29 anos. Apenas 58,4% relataram que a principal fonte de informação quanto a suplementação é o profissional nutricionista. Dentre os 77 indivíduos avaliados, 68,8% nunca fez saturação de creatina e inadequadamente 33,8% não usam creatina diariamente. Dentre os motivos para utilização, 72,7% relatam fazer uso para aumentar o desempenho e ou/força, corroborando a isso, 92,2% relataram efeitos positivos após o uso de creatina e entre os efeitos positivos elencados, destaca-se maior força (56,5%). Conclusão: Destaca-se com o presente estudo o papel do profissional nutricionista que é de suma importância, para determinar a eficácia dos suplementos e necessidade individual de consumo.

Introduction: The Core musculature involves all the muscle groups located in the middle area of the body whose activity can be measured using superficial electromyography (sEMG), a clinical methodology for recording and subsequent analysis of skeletal muscle bioelectric activities. Objectives: The objective of this research is to determine if there are differences in electromyographic activity in the muscles of the rectus abdominis and external oblique between bodybuilding practitioners and calisthenics practitioners. Methodology: A comparative study, non-experimental design, cross-sectional with a quantitative approach in a sample of 20 subjects; 10 calisthenics practitioners and 10 who train with classic bodybuilding exercises. Results: The exercises with the greatest electromyographic response were abdominal in suspension and abdominal incline. Conclusions: Calisthenics is a viable alternative for muscle activation at the Core level., Introducción: la musculatura del core involucra a todos los grupos musculares ubicados en la zona media del cuerpo. La metodología clínica de elección para el registro y análisis de su actividad bioeléctrica es la electromiografía superficial (sEMG), metodología clínica para el registro y posterior análisis de las actividades bioeléctricas del músculo esquelético. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si existen diferencias de actividad electromiográfica en la musculatura del recto abdominal y oblicuo externo entre practicantes de musculación y practicantes de calistenia. Metodología: el estudio es de tipo comparativo, de diseño no experimental, transversal de enfoque cuantitativo en una muestra de 20 sujetos; 10 practicantes de calistenia y 10 que entrenan con ejercicios de musculación clásicos. Resultados: los ejercicios que tuvieron mayor respuesta electromiográfica fueron abdominal en suspensión y abdominal inclinado. Conclusiones: la calistenia es una alternativa viable para la activación muscular a nivel del Core.

Muscular Dysmorphia (DM) is a Body Dysmorphia Disorder that is little known today and that could be gaining weight due to the great advertising influence and valuation of body image that is currently taking place in first-world societies. The objective of this study has been to review and study the different risk factors that can lead to the development of DM in order to facilitate its study and prevent its development. The results have illustrated the importance of self-esteem and body dissatisfaction as central elements for the development and maintenance of muscle dysmorphia; as well as sociodemographic, physiological factors, the environment close to the subjects (families, friends, coaches, social networks, the media, sports partners, etc.), easy access to steroids or doping substances; as well as reinforcements, maintenance behaviors, psychological factors and the pressure and influence of the media that favor the internalization of beauty ideals., La Dismorfia Muscular (DM) es un Trastorno de Dismorfia Corporal poco conocido en la actualidad y que podría estar ganando peso debido a la gran influencia publicitaria y de valoración de la imagen corporal que se está produciendo actualmente en las sociedades del primer mundo. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido revisar y estudiar los diferentes factores de riesgo que pueden condicionar el desarrollo de DM con el fin de facilitar su estudio y prevenir su desarrollo. Los resultados han ilustrado la importancia de la autoestima y la insatisfacción corporal como elementos centrales para el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la dismorfia muscular; así como factores sociodemográficos, fisiológicos, el entorno cercano a los sujetos (familias, amigos, entrenadores, redes sociales, medios de comunicación, compañeros deportivos, etc.), fácil acceso a esteroides o sustancias dopantes; así como refuerzos, conductas de mantenimiento, factores psicológicos y la presión e influencia de los medios que favorecen la interiorización de los ideales de belleza.

Introduction: Bodybuilding is a sport that requires high performance to obtain results, athletes commonly adopt nutritional and pharmacological practices, which do not always have scientific support. Objective: To know the food consumption of bodybuilders athletes. Materials and Methods: The review covered original scientific articles published in the following databases: Pubmed, Scielo and Science Direct, in the end 7 articles were selected, which were published from 2014 to 2021. The Boolean form AND and OR was used as a strategy of search. Results: There are many factors intrinsic to the sport, such as: training schedules and requirements related to body image, which may influence the eating habits of these athletes. Therefore, understanding the relationships between dietary patterns and the various factors associated with sport are essential aspects for the establishment of nutritional guidelines. Final conclusion: The study contributes not only to the academic training of future physical education professionals, but also to science, and to society in general, where the data will be disclosed so that anyone can have access to them., Introdução: O fisiculturismo é um esporte que requer um alto rendimento para obtenção de resultados, comumente os atletas adotam práticas nutricionais e farmacológicas, as quais nem sempre possuem respaldo científico. Objetivo: Conhecer o consumo alimentar de atletas fisiculturistas. Materiais e Métodos: A revisão abrangeu artigos científicos originais publicados nas seguintes bases de dados: Pubmed, Scielo e Science Direct, ao final foram selecionados 7 artigos, os quais foram publicados no período de 2014 a 2021. A forma boleana AND e OR foi utilizada como estratégia de busca. Resultados: Inúmeros são os fatores intrínsecos à modalidade esportiva, tais como: esquemas de treinamento e exigências relacionadas à imagem corporal, podem representar influência nos hábitos alimentares destes atletas. Logo, o entendimento das relações entre os padrões alimentares e os diversos fatores associados ao esporte, consistem em aspectos essenciais para o estabelecimento de orientações nutricionais. Conclusão: O estudo contribui não somente para a formação acadêmica dos futuros profissionais de educação física, como também para a ciência, e para a sociedade de forma geral, onde os dados serão divulgados para que qualquer pessoa possa ter acesso aos mesmos.

Managing the body composition of athletes is a common practice in the field of sports nutrition. The loss of body weight (BW) in resistance-trained athletes is mainly conducted for aesthetic reasons (bodybuilding) or performance (powerlifting or weightlifting). The aim of this review is to provide dietary–nutritional strategies for the loss of fat mass in resistance-trained athletes. During the weight loss phase, the goal is to reduce the fat mass by maximizing the retention of fat-free mass. In this narrative review, the scientific literature is evaluated, and dietary–nutritional and supplementation recommendations for the weight loss phase of resistance-trained athletes are provided. Caloric intake should be set based on a target BW loss of 0.5–1.0%/week to maximize fat-free mass retention. Protein intake (2.2–3.0 g/kgBW/day) should be distributed throughout the day (3–6 meals), ensuring in each meal an adequate amount of protein (0.40–0.55 g/kgBW/meal) and including a meal within 2–3 h before and after training. Carbohydrate intake should be adapted to the level of activity of the athlete in order to training performance (2–5 g/kgBW/day). Caffeine (3–6 mg/kgBW/day) and creatine monohydrate (0.08–0.10 g/kgBW/day) could be incorporated into the athlete’s diet due to their ergogenic effects in relation to resistance training. The intake of micronutrients complexes should be limited to special situations in which there is a real deficiency, and the athlete cannot consume through their diet.

Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att undersöka hur doping och anti-doping förstås i ett gym- och fitnessammanhang. För att besvara syftet formulerades tre frågeställningar angående förekomsten av doping, hur doping kan förstås i relation till kropp och genus, och om anti-doping och preventiva insatser. Utifrån semistrukturerade intervjuer tillsammans med nio informanter, tillhörande bodybuildingens professionella sfär, har sedan frågeställningarna försökt besvarats. Informanterna bestod av tre kvinnor och sex män i åldrarna 21 till 45 år. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån Connells begrepp hegemonisk maskulinitet och betonad femininitet, samt delar av Bourdieus begreppsapparat. Resultatet presenteras under tre olika teman som berör respektive frågeställning. Utifrån resultatet kan doping förstås vara vanligt förekommande inom professionell bodybuilding vid tävlingssatsning. Doping förekommer även utanför tävlingskontext hos användare med motiv som på olika sätt förankras i rekreation och estetik. I båda fallen kan doping förstås i syfte att stå ut och skapa ett narrativ om att vara något utöver vanliga. Resultatet visar även att anti-dopingarbetet är svårnavigerat och delvis splittrat där nya perspektiv på arbetssätt möter äldre, och där anti-dopingrörelsens olika aktörer kan behöva göras enhetliga för att inte riskera sin trovärdighet., The purpose of this essay is to examine (anti)doping in a gym- and fitness environment. To answer the research questions, semi-structured interviews have been accomplished with members all part of the professional bodybuilding sphere. The theoretical framework is based on theories by Connell and Bourdieu. The result shows that doping can be understood in relation to a narrative about being something out o the ordinary, but also that the anti-doping interventions lack a path of clear direction.

Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att undersöka hur doping och anti-doping förstås i ett gym- och fitnessammanhang. För att besvara syftet formulerades tre frågeställningar angående förekomsten av doping, hur doping kan förstås i relation till kropp och genus, och om anti-doping och preventiva insatser. Utifrån semistrukturerade intervjuer tillsammans med nio informanter, tillhörande bodybuildingens professionella sfär, har sedan frågeställningarna försökt besvarats. Informanterna bestod av tre kvinnor och sex män i åldrarna 21 till 45 år. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån Connells begrepp hegemonisk maskulinitet och betonad femininitet, samt delar av Bourdieus begreppsapparat. Resultatet presenteras under tre olika teman som berör respektive frågeställning. Utifrån resultatet kan doping förstås vara vanligt förekommande inom professionell bodybuilding vid tävlingssatsning. Doping förekommer även utanför tävlingskontext hos användare med motiv som på olika sätt förankras i rekreation och estetik. I båda fallen kan doping förstås i syfte att stå ut och skapa ett narrativ om att vara något utöver vanliga. Resultatet visar även att anti-dopingarbetet är svårnavigerat och delvis splittrat där nya perspektiv på arbetssätt möter äldre, och där anti-dopingrörelsens olika aktörer kan behöva göras enhetliga för att inte riskera sin trovärdighet., The purpose of this essay is to examine (anti)doping in a gym- and fitness environment. To answer the research questions, semi-structured interviews have been accomplished with members all part of the professional bodybuilding sphere. The theoretical framework is based on theories by Connell and Bourdieu. The result shows that doping can be understood in relation to a narrative about being something out o the ordinary, but also that the anti-doping interventions lack a path of clear direction.

Introduction: Bodybuilders seek for muscle development and definition, and, for this, they have a specific training and nutrition routine. Objective: Evaluate the protein consumption by bodybuilding athletes and compare it to scientific evidence. Materials and Methods: This is a systematic review, with data search in the PubMed database on September 8, 2020. Articles published between the years of 2010 and 2020, and that evaluated the protein consumption by bodybuilding athletes, were considered eligible. Results: 284 references were found, of which 6 met the eligibility criteria, with a total of 128 male and 27 female athletes evaluated. The highest average protein consumption presented during the off-season phase was 4.3±1.2g/kg/day, and during the pre-contest it was 3.56±1.43g/kg/day. Discussion: Protein consumption was above the recommendations brought by ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) and ISSN (International Society of Sports Nutrition), 1.2 to 2.0g/kg/day and 1.4 to 2.0g/kg/day, especially during the off-season phase, while normal values ​​are observed during the pre-contest phase. Conclusion: Studies indicate the absence of elements to affirm that the protein consumption above the recommendations may cause some risk to the athlete's health, however, the uncertain outcomes that renal overload can cause in the long run requires attention. Nutritional approaches are important to maintain a balanced diet, avoiding micronutrient deficiency., Introdução: Fisiculturistas buscam o desenvolvimento e a definição muscular, e, para isso, possuem uma rotina de treino e alimentação específica. Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo de proteína por atletas de fisiculturismo e compará-lo às evidências científicas. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática com busca de dados na base PubMed na data de 08 de setembro de 2020. Foram considerados elegíveis os artigos publicados entre os anos de 2010 e 2020 e que avaliaram o consumo de proteína por atletas de fisiculturismo. Resultados: Foram encontradas 284 referências, sendo que 6 atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade, com um total de 128 atletas homens e 27 mulheres avaliadas. O maior consumo médio proteico apresentado durante a fase de off-season foi de 4,3±1,2g/kg/dia, e durante o pré-contest foi de 3,56±1,43g/kg/dia. Discussão: O consumo proteico foi acima das recomendações trazidas pela ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) e ISSN (International Society of Sports Nutrition), 1,2 a 2,0g/kg/dia e 1,4 a 2,0g/kg/dia, especialmente durante a fase de off-season, enquanto observam-se valores normais durante a fase pré-contest. Conclusão: Estudos indicam ausência de elementos para afirmar que o consumo proteico acima das recomendações possa causar algum risco à saúde do atleta, entretanto, deve-se atentar para os desfechos incertos que a sobrecarga renal pode acarretar no longo prazo. O acompanhamento nutricional é fundamental para o atleta tenha uma alimentação equilibrada, evitando a deficiência de micronutrientes.

Managing the body composition of athletes is a common practice in the field of sports nutrition. The loss of body weight (BW) in resistance-trained athletes is mainly conducted for aesthetic reasons (bodybuilding) or performance (powerlifting or weightlifting). The aim of this review is to provide dietary–nutritional strategies for the loss of fat mass in resistance-trained athletes. During the weight loss phase, the goal is to reduce the fat mass by maximizing the retention of fat-free mass. In this narrative review, the scientific literature is evaluated, and dietary–nutritional and supplementation recommendations for the weight loss phase of resistance-trained athletes are provided. Caloric intake should be set based on a target BW loss of 0.5–1.0%/week to maximize fat-free mass retention. Protein intake (2.2–3.0 g/kgBW/day) should be distributed throughout the day (3–6 meals), ensuring in each meal an adequate amount of protein (0.40–0.55 g/kgBW/meal) and including a meal within 2–3 h before and after training. Carbohydrate intake should be adapted to the level of activity of the athlete in order to training performance (2–5 g/kgBW/day). Caffeine (3–6 mg/kgBW/day) and creatine monohydrate (0.08–0.10 g/kgBW/day) could be incorporated into the athlete’s diet due to their ergogenic effects in relation to resistance training. The intake of micronutrients complexes should be limited to special situations in which there is a real deficiency, and the athlete cannot consume through their diet.

Amb l’actual situació de pandèmia la majoria dels gimnasos han tancat les seves instal·lacions i els que segueixen oberts, suposen un alt risc de contagi per als usuaris. Aquest fet queda reflectit en el mercat del material esportiu on els preus de les màquines de gimnàs i complements com les barres o les manuelles han vist multiplicats els seus preus. L’objectiu d’aquest projecte és dissenyar i construir una estació multi funció que permeti realitzar exercicis de musculació de tot el cos, des de casa. Per desenvolupar el projecte se segueix una metodologia basada en la constant investigació i l’experiència pròpia com a usuari habitual tant de gimnasos com de màquines de musculació d’ús privat. S’estudia el mercat amb les màquines més rellevants, es redissenya una gàbia d’entrenament incorporant un sistema de politges i un seguit de components per tal d’oferir un gimnàs complet en un sol aparell. Un cop finalitzada la part tècnica de la proposta, se sotmet a un estudi de resistència per comprovar com reacciona a l’aplicació d’esforços típics d’aquest tipus d’aparells. Finalment, s’adquireixen els diferents materials necessaris per a la realització del producte final. Aquesta construcció es realitza en diverses fases en un taller mecànic amb eines adequades. També es documenta de forma tècnica tot el procés des de la concepció de la idea fins a la execució de la construcció del producte passant pels plànols i els 3D., With the current pandemic situation, most gyms have closed their facilities and those that remain open pose a high risk of contagion for users. This fact is reflected in the sports equipment market where the prices of gym machines and accessories such as bars or dumbbells have seen their prices multiply. The objective of this project is to design and build a multi-function station that allows performing bodybuilding exercises from home. To develop the project a methodology based on constant research and our own experience as a regular user of both gyms and weight machines for private use is followed. The market is studied with the most relevant machines, a training cage is redesigned incorporating a pulley system together with some components to offer a complete gym in a single product. Once the technical part of the proposal was completed, it was subjected to a resistance study to check how it reacts to the application of typical efforts of this type of equipment. Finally, the different materials required for the realization of the final product are acquired. This construction is carried out in several phases in a mechanical workshop with appropriate tools. The entire process is also technically documented from the conception of the idea to the execution of the construction of the product, including drawings and 3D drawings.

To improve health and aid in the prevention of chronic diseases, the consumption of omega-3 has been increasing due to its numerous benefits to human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the daily consumption of food containing omega-3 by practitioners of physical exercise at a gym in the city of Pelotas-RS. Fifty adult individuals were interviewed at a gym located in the city center. The sample consisted of 50 regulars with a mean age of 24.64 years, 25 (50%) men and 25 (50%) women. Of the participants, all reported consuming foods containing omega-3s, 08 reported supplemental omega-3s, of which 02 without professional guidance. The main objective of practicing physical activity was well-being, reported by 21 participants. Most participants reported an average training time of one hour. The foods most consumed by the participants were oats, followed by broccoli and flaxseed. The present study demonstrated an adequate consumption of plant-based foods of omega-3 sources, but low consumption of foods of omega-3 sources of marine origin. The results also demonstrated that there is the practice of physical exercise and use of food supplementation without professional supervision., Visando melhorar a saúde e auxílio na prevenção de doenças crônicas o consumo de ômega-3 vem aumentando devido aos seus inúmeros benefícios para a saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o consumo diário de alimentos que contém ômega-3 por praticantes de exercício físico de uma academia do munícipio de Pelotas-RS. Foram entrevistados 50 indivíduos adultos em uma academia localizada no centro da cidade. A amostra foi de 50 frequentadores com idade média de 24,64 anos, sendo 25 (50%) homens e 25 (50%) mulheres. Dos participantes, todos relataram consumir alimentos que contém ômega-3, 08 relataram suplementar ômega-3, sendo 02 sem orientação profissional. O principal objetivo da prática de atividade física foi o bem-estar, relatado por 21 participantes. A maioria dos participantes relatou tempo médio de treino de uma hora. Os alimentos mais consumidos pelos participantes foram aveia, seguida por brócolis e linhaça. O presente estudo demonstrou um consumo adequado de alimentos de origem vegetal fontes de ômega-3, porém baixo consumo de alimentos fontes de ômega-3 de origem marinha. Os resultados também demonstraram que existe a prática de exercício físico e de uso de suplementação alimentar sem a supervisão profissional.

The use of doping agents has these days become a public health problem, as it also affects young and non-competitive amateurs in different sports. To prepare for competition, bodybuilders perform aggressive dietary protocols, so, bodybuilders frequently consume nutritional supplements (NS) and banned substances in large dosages. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of banned substances consumption and NS intake in competitive level bodybuilders. A total of 48 bodybuilders (44 males and 4 females) completed a validated online questionnaire on NS consumption. The quantitative data was presented as a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD), as well as having minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and percentages. 83.3% of the participants declared that they had consumed or would consume banned substances, the most consumed being anabolic steroids (72.9%). One hundred percent of those sampled use NS. Whey protein (96%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (94%), creatine (85%) and vitamin complexes (83%) were the most consumed, however, there is a low consumption of certain NS which could also increase athletic performance.

The use of doping agents has these days become a public health problem, as it also affects young and non-competitive amateurs in different sports. To prepare for competition, bodybuilders perform aggressive dietary protocols, so, bodybuilders frequently consume nutritional supplements (NS) and banned substances in large dosages. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of banned substances consumption and NS intake in competitive level bodybuilders. A total of 48 bodybuilders (44 males and 4 females) completed a validated online questionnaire on NS consumption. The quantitative data was presented as a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD), as well as having minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and percentages. 83.3% of the participants declared that they had consumed or would consume banned substances, the most consumed being anabolic steroids (72.9%). One hundred percent of those sampled use NS. Whey protein (96%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (94%), creatine (85%) and vitamin complexes (83%) were the most consumed, however, there is a low consumption of certain NS which could also increase athletic performance.

The use of doping agents has these days become a public health problem, as it also affects young and non-competitive amateurs in different sports. To prepare for competition, bodybuilders perform aggressive dietary protocols, so, bodybuilders frequently consume nutritional supplements (NS) and banned substances in large dosages. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of banned substances consumption and NS intake in competitive level bodybuilders. A total of 48 bodybuilders (44 males and 4 females) completed a validated online questionnaire on NS consumption. The quantitative data was presented as a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD), as well as having minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and percentages. 83.3% of the participants declared that they had consumed or would consume banned substances, the most consumed being anabolic steroids (72.9%). One hundred percent of those sampled use NS. Whey protein (96%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (94%), creatine (85%) and vitamin complexes (83%) were the most consumed, however, there is a low consumption of certain NS which could also increase athletic performance.

This article describes and analyses the historical development of gym and fitness culture in general and doping use in this context in particular. Theoretically, the paper utilises the concept of subculture and explores how a subcultural response can be used analytically in relation to processes of cultural normalisation as well as marginalisation. The focus is on historical and symbolic negotiations that have occurred over time, between perceived expressions of extreme body cultures and sociocultural transformations in society-with a perspective on fitness doping in public discourse. Several distinct phases in the history of fitness doping are identified. First, there is an introductory phase in the mid-1950s, in which there is an optimism connected to modernity and thoughts about scientifically-engineered bodies. Secondly, in the 1960s and 70s, a distinct bodybuilding subculture is developed, cultivating previously unseen muscular male bodies. Thirdly, there is a critical phase in the 1980s and 90s, where drugs gradually become morally objectionable. The fourth phase, the fitness revolution, can be seen as a transformational phase in gym culture. The massive bodybuilding body is replaced with the well-defined and moderately muscular fitness body, but at the same time there are strong commercialised values which contribute to the development of a new doping market. Finally, it is possible to speculate on the development of a fifth phase, in which fitness doping is increasingly being filtered into mainstream gym and fitness culture, influencing the fitness doping demography.

This article describes and analyses the historical development of gym and fitness culture in general and doping use in this context in particular. Theoretically, the paper utilises the concept of subculture and explores how a subcultural response can be used analytically in relation to processes of cultural normalisation as well as marginalisation. The focus is on historical and symbolic negotiations that have occurred over time, between perceived expressions of extreme body cultures and sociocultural transformations in society-with a perspective on fitness doping in public discourse. Several distinct phases in the history of fitness doping are identified. First, there is an introductory phase in the mid-1950s, in which there is an optimism connected to modernity and thoughts about scientifically-engineered bodies. Secondly, in the 1960s and 70s, a distinct bodybuilding subculture is developed, cultivating previously unseen muscular male bodies. Thirdly, there is a critical phase in the 1980s and 90s, where drugs gradually become morally objectionable. The fourth phase, the fitness revolution, can be seen as a transformational phase in gym culture. The massive bodybuilding body is replaced with the well-defined and moderately muscular fitness body, but at the same time there are strong commercialised values which contribute to the development of a new doping market. Finally, it is possible to speculate on the development of a fifth phase, in which fitness doping is increasingly being filtered into mainstream gym and fitness culture, influencing the fitness doping demography.

The use of doping agents has these days become a public health problem, as it also affects young and non-competitive amateurs in different sports. To prepare for competition, bodybuilders perform aggressive dietary protocols, so, bodybuilders frequently consume nutritional supplements (NS) and banned substances in large dosages. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of banned substances consumption and NS intake in competitive level bodybuilders. A total of 48 bodybuilders (44 males and 4 females) completed a validated online questionnaire on NS consumption. The quantitative data was presented as a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD), as well as having minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and percentages. 83.3% of the participants declared that they had consumed or would consume banned substances, the most consumed being anabolic steroids (72.9%). One hundred percent of those sampled use NS. Whey protein (96%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (94%), creatine (85%) and vitamin complexes (83%) were the most consumed, however, there is a low consumption of certain NS which could also increase athletic performance.

This article describes and analyses the historical development of gym and fitness culture in general and doping use in this context in particular. Theoretically, the paper utilises the concept of subculture and explores how a subcultural response can be used analytically in relation to processes of cultural normalisation as well as marginalisation. The focus is on historical and symbolic negotiations that have occurred over time, between perceived expressions of extreme body cultures and sociocultural transformations in society-with a perspective on fitness doping in public discourse. Several distinct phases in the history of fitness doping are identified. First, there is an introductory phase in the mid-1950s, in which there is an optimism connected to modernity and thoughts about scientifically-engineered bodies. Secondly, in the 1960s and 70s, a distinct bodybuilding subculture is developed, cultivating previously unseen muscular male bodies. Thirdly, there is a critical phase in the 1980s and 90s, where drugs gradually become morally objectionable. The fourth phase, the fitness revolution, can be seen as a transformational phase in gym culture. The massive bodybuilding body is replaced with the well-defined and moderately muscular fitness body, but at the same time there are strong commercialised values which contribute to the development of a new doping market. Finally, it is possible to speculate on the development of a fifth phase, in which fitness doping is increasingly being filtered into mainstream gym and fitness culture, influencing the fitness doping demography.

The use of doping agents has these days become a public health problem, as it also affects young and non-competitive amateurs in different sports. To prepare for competition, bodybuilders perform aggressive dietary protocols, so, bodybuilders frequently consume nutritional supplements (NS) and banned substances in large dosages. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of banned substances consumption and NS intake in competitive level bodybuilders. A total of 48 bodybuilders (44 males and 4 females) completed a validated online questionnaire on NS consumption. The quantitative data was presented as a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD), as well as having minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and percentages. 83.3% of the participants declared that they had consumed or would consume banned substances, the most consumed being anabolic steroids (72.9%). One hundred percent of those sampled use NS. Whey protein (96%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (94%), creatine (85%) and vitamin complexes (83%) were the most consumed, however, there is a low consumption of certain NS which could also increase athletic performance.

The use of doping agents has these days become a public health problem, as it also affects young and non-competitive amateurs in different sports. To prepare for competition, bodybuilders perform aggressive dietary protocols, so, bodybuilders frequently consume nutritional supplements (NS) and banned substances in large dosages. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of banned substances consumption and NS intake in competitive level bodybuilders. A total of 48 bodybuilders (44 males and 4 females) completed a validated online questionnaire on NS consumption. The quantitative data was presented as a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD), as well as having minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and percentages. 83.3% of the participants declared that they had consumed or would consume banned substances, the most consumed being anabolic steroids (72.9%). One hundred percent of those sampled use NS. Whey protein (96%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (94%), creatine (85%) and vitamin complexes (83%) were the most consumed, however, there is a low consumption of certain NS which could also increase athletic performance.

This article describes and analyses the historical development of gym and fitness culture in general and doping use in this context in particular. Theoretically, the paper utilises the concept of subculture and explores how a subcultural response can be used analytically in relation to processes of cultural normalisation as well as marginalisation. The focus is on historical and symbolic negotiations that have occurred over time, between perceived expressions of extreme body cultures and sociocultural transformations in society-with a perspective on fitness doping in public discourse. Several distinct phases in the history of fitness doping are identified. First, there is an introductory phase in the mid-1950s, in which there is an optimism connected to modernity and thoughts about scientifically-engineered bodies. Secondly, in the 1960s and 70s, a distinct bodybuilding subculture is developed, cultivating previously unseen muscular male bodies. Thirdly, there is a critical phase in the 1980s and 90s, where drugs gradually become morally objectionable. The fourth phase, the fitness revolution, can be seen as a transformational phase in gym culture. The massive bodybuilding body is replaced with the well-defined and moderately muscular fitness body, but at the same time there are strong commercialised values which contribute to the development of a new doping market. Finally, it is possible to speculate on the development of a fifth phase, in which fitness doping is increasingly being filtered into mainstream gym and fitness culture, influencing the fitness doping demography.

This article describes and analyses the historical development of gym and fitness culture in general and doping use in this context in particular. Theoretically, the paper utilises the concept of subculture and explores how a subcultural response can be used analytically in relation to processes of cultural normalisation as well as marginalisation. The focus is on historical and symbolic negotiations that have occurred over time, between perceived expressions of extreme body cultures and sociocultural transformations in society-with a perspective on fitness doping in public discourse. Several distinct phases in the history of fitness doping are identified. First, there is an introductory phase in the mid-1950s, in which there is an optimism connected to modernity and thoughts about scientifically-engineered bodies. Secondly, in the 1960s and 70s, a distinct bodybuilding subculture is developed, cultivating previously unseen muscular male bodies. Thirdly, there is a critical phase in the 1980s and 90s, where drugs gradually become morally objectionable. The fourth phase, the fitness revolution, can be seen as a transformational phase in gym culture. The massive bodybuilding body is replaced with the well-defined and moderately muscular fitness body, but at the same time there are strong commercialised values which contribute to the development of a new doping market. Finally, it is possible to speculate on the development of a fifth phase, in which fitness doping is increasingly being filtered into mainstream gym and fitness culture, influencing the fitness doping demography.

The subculture of bodybuilding is rife with people willing to do whatever is necessary to achieve the perfect physique. One particularly concerning behavior is the injection of site-enhancing-oils (SEO) into lagging muscle groups to achieve instant size and symmetry. The typical SEO is a combination of lidocaine, alcohol, and oil; it is rarely, if ever, administered by a qualified professional. As a result, there are a variety of potential complications that can manifest in the skin and other organ systems. In our case, a 41-year-old former competitive bodybuilder was referred to our clinic for excision of a subcutaneous nodule. The initial histopathology was concerning for lymphoma, but a more thorough history and review of systems were completely negative. The patient underwent a negative systemic lymphoma workup and it was not until we discussed the prospects of radiation and other forms of treatment that he revealed a history of SEO use, as well as other identical nodules on his body. Subsequent excisions revealed a more classic sclerosing lipogranuloma-type reaction pattern. Owing to the taboo nature of SEOs, most patients are reluctant to provide this vital piece of historical information, highlighting the importance of patient rapport and clinical-pathologic correlation in our specialty.

Durante tres años, un sometimiento corporal, nutricional, social e inclusive espiritual, fue el insumo principal para un experimento etnográfico que tenía como propósito no solo entender como una práctica puede disolver dicotomías clásicas, sino también, como un experimento puede revelar nuevas formas de hacer investigación. A lo largo de este trabajo, el fisiculturismo es medio y fin en sí mismo, pues funcionó como un vehículo para entender fenómenos muy particulares y a su vez, fue una práctica sumamente adherente y reveladora. Se trabajaron variedad de temas alrededor de la práctica tales como la nutrición, la materialidad de la misma y la mediación farmacológica que tanto revuelo ha causado. Por otro lado, también se trabajó la posibilidad de utilizar al investigador como objeto de investigación, dejando su cuerpo en campo como parte del experimento mismo. Así, este trabajo tiene una doble reflexión, una teórica que se pregunta por las dicotomías como alma y cuerpo, y otra, totalmente metodológica que cuestiona la hegemonía metodológica de la antropología y los estudios sociales., For three years, a bodily, nutritional, social and even spiritual submission was the main input for an ethnographic experiment whose purpose was not only to understand how a practice can dissolve classic dichotomies, but also, as an experiment can reveal new ways of doing investigation. Throughout this work, bodybuilding is a way and an end in itself, since it functioned as a vehicle to understand very particular phenomena and, at the same time, it was an extremely adherent and revealing practice. A variety of topics around the practice were worked on, such as nutrition, the materiality of the same and the pharmacological mediation that caused such a stir. On the other hand, we also worked on the possibility of using the researcher as an object of research, leaving his body in the field as part of the experiment itself. Thus, this work has a double reflection, a theoretical one that asks about dichotomies as soul and body, and another, totally methodological that questions the methodological hegemony of anthropology and social studies.

Purpose: to reveal the basic directions of perfection of construction of compositions of voluntary programs in the category of Women in fitness. Material & Methods: judges-experts analyzed the structure and content of voluntary competitive programs of performances of six female athletes'-finalists of the championship of Ukraine on bodybuilding and fitness in 2016. Results: voluntary programs include elements of structural groups of varying complexity: "acrobatic", "choreographic", "strength" and "flexibility"; female athletes with better indicators in the quantitative analysis of competitive compositions received higher grades for performance; the results of athletes for an arbitrary program are directly proportional to the number of complex elements in the composition. Conclusions: in an voluntary program in women's fitness for a competitive result affects the saturation of the program, the variety and complexity of the elements.

Bakgrund: En dålig kroppsuppfattning kan påverka välmåendet negativt och medföra en rad olika konsekvenser för den fysiska och psykiska hälsan. Tidigare forskning kring fenomenet kroppsuppfattning är begränsad, särskilt kopplat till yrkesrollen, vilket gör det svårt att förstå arbetets betydelse för kroppsuppfattningen. Syftet med studien var att undersöka kroppsuppfattning och upplevt välbefinnande bland träningsinstruktörer som arbetar på gym. Detta för att öka förståelsen för möjliga faktorer som kan påverka kroppsuppfattningen och välbefinnandet. Metod: Studien har genomförts med hjälp av ett kvalitativt metodval i form av enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer där totalt 10 deltagare har fått representera resultatet. Resultat: Sammanfattningsvis visade resultatet att de flesta informanter hade både negativa och positiva tankar om den egna kroppen, men där de positiva tankarna dominerade. Den egna kroppen ansågs vara ett värdefullt redskap där det var viktigt för deltagarna att underhålla sitt yttre då klienter ofta föredrog vältränade träningsinstruktörer. Somliga informanter tävlade även i bodybuilding, vilket tenderade att påverka deras välmående negativt. Det framkom även att det finns en större press kring kvinnors utseende än vad det gör för män ur ett samhällsperspektiv. Deltagarnas syn på hälsa sammanfatttas som ett holistiskt synsätt där flera viktiga komponenter behövde samspela med varandra. Konklusion: På grund av den begränsade forskningen finns därför ett behov för att vidare studera kroppsuppfattning utifrån en kvalitativ och kvantitativ aspekt för att ge en tydligare bild av vilka faktorer som påverkar den., Background: A poor body perception can affect well being in a negative way and lead to detrimental results for both physical and mental health. Previous research about the phenomenon body perception is limited, especially work related, which makes it harder to understand how work can affect body perception. Purpose: To study body perception and the existence of well being amongst training instructors working at the gym. The objective is to increase the understanding of potential factors that may affect body perception and well being. Method: The study was implemented by using a qualitative methodology in the form of individual semi-structured interviews with a total of ten participants. Results: In summary the result shows that most of the participants experienced both negative and positive thoughts about their own body, although the positive thoughts were more common. A well conditioned body was considered a valuable asset in attracting clients since this was preferred. Some of the participants also competed in bodybuilding; however, this tended to have a negative impact on their well being. In a social setting there is a greater expectation about a women’s appearance than it is for men. The participants view on health can be summarized as a holistic approach where several components contributed. Conclusion: Due to the existence of limited research, there is a need for further studies about body perception from a qualitative and quantitative point of view to give a better picture of possible additional factors that affect it.

This study deals with the trend of male bodybuilding in Korea and investigates the motivations and aesthetic ideals of Korean male bodybuilders. The author of the study uses the few hitherto academic research works on the subject and tries to give an overview of the history of Korean bodybuilding. Besides, the author has conducted a digital survey in order to collect answers from Korean male bodybuilders about their motivations, aesthetic ideals, etc. The aesthetic ideals of the bodybuilders are then compared to the male aesthetic ideals of modern Korean society and also discussed in relation to the somatic beliefs of NeoConfucianism. The findings are thereafter analyzed in context of two theses of the cultural consequences of globalization, namely homogenization and hybridization. The study concludes that Korean bodybuilders are more concerned with the arduous process of sculpting their physiques rather than the look of them themselves. Although the research material on Korean bodybuilding is scarce and the responses to the conducted survey are small in terms of both numbers and scale, it may be suggested that Korean bodybuilding appears to be an instance of the hybridization thesis. Lastly, the study emphasizes the need for more extensive research on the subject in question., Denna studie behandlar ämnet koreansk bodybuilding för män och undersöker dels vad som motiverar koreanska kroppsbyggare att utöva sin sport, dels vad deras estetiska ideal är. Studiens författare använder sig av den begränsade befintliga forskningen inom ämnet och försöker även ge en överblick över koreansk bodybuildings historia. Författaren har dessutom utfört en digital undersökning för att samla in svar från koreanska kroppsbyggare om deras drivkrafter, estetiska ideal, etc. Dessa ideal jämförs sedan med det moderna koreanska samhällets motsvarigheter och diskuteras även utifrån de somatiska föreställningarna inom neokonfucianismen. Studiens forskningsresultat analyseras sedan utifrån två teorier om globaliseringens kulturella konsekvenser, närmare bestämt homogenisering respektive hybridisering. Trots det knappa forskningsmaterialet kring koreansk bodybuilding är studiens slutsats att koreanska kroppsbyggare är mer måna om den mödosamma processen i att bygga sina kroppar, snarare än hur dessa ser ut i sig själva. Studien suggererar också att koreansk bodybuilding verkar vara ett exempel på hybridiseringsteorin. Slutligen betonar studien behovet av mer utförlig forskning kring ämnet i fråga.

Denna undersökning har haft som mål att undersöka och förstå hälsoism som begrepp inom bodybuildingkretsar men även om dessa kan uppfattas som religiösa fenomen. Den metod som använts har varit intervjuer, det har varit sex stycken informanter till denna undersökning, fördelningen mellan könen har varit helt jämn, åldersfördelningen har varit relativt jämn med spannet mellan 22 år till 28 år. Efter transkribering av intervjuer har ett kodningsschema använts för att finna material att tolka utifrån en innehållsanalys. Den tidigare forskningen har varit relativt omfattande med allt från mediers roll i att påverka individer till hur extremt fokuserad man kan vara vad gäller matintaget. Detta är för att öka förståelsen för ämnet men även för att kunna jämföra denna studies resultat med den tidigare forskningen. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten har varit bred, för att kunna definiera svaren som religiösa fenomen eller inte har Berger och Luckmanns teori om ”osynlig” religion använts, där religion har skiftat fokus från grupp till individfokus. Men samtidigt för att klassas som ett religiöst fenomen måste det finnas ett meningssystem men samtidigt en egen identitet. Här har även teorin varit till stor hjälp att öka förståelsen för det meningssystem som finns bland svaren. Utifrån svaren kan man se att denna livsstil påverkar individerna både positivt och negativt och i många frågor kan man se tecken på religiösa fenomen. Detta har främst varit frälsning och mission som är sammankopplade med många religioner.

The subculture of bodybuilding is rife with people willing to do whatever is necessary to achieve the perfect physique. One particularly concerning behavior is the injection of site-enhancing-oils (SEO) into lagging muscle groups to achieve instant size and symmetry. The typical SEO is a combination of lidocaine, alcohol, and oil; it is rarely, if ever, administered by a qualified professional. As a result, there are a variety of potential complications that can manifest in the skin and other organ systems. In our case, a 41-year-old former competitive bodybuilder was referred to our clinic for excision of a subcutaneous nodule. The initial histopathology was concerning for lymphoma, but a more thorough history and review of systems were completely negative. The patient underwent a negative systemic lymphoma workup and it was not until we discussed the prospects of radiation and other forms of treatment that he revealed a history of SEO use, as well as other identical nodules on his body. Subsequent excisions revealed a more classic sclerosing lipogranuloma-type reaction pattern. Owing to the taboo nature of SEOs, most patients are reluctant to provide this vital piece of historical information, highlighting the importance of patient rapport and clinical-pathologic correlation in our specialty.

Denna undersökning har haft som mål att undersöka och förstå hälsoism som begrepp inom bodybuildingkretsar men även om dessa kan uppfattas som religiösa fenomen. Den metod som använts har varit intervjuer, det har varit sex stycken informanter till denna undersökning, fördelningen mellan könen har varit helt jämn, åldersfördelningen har varit relativt jämn med spannet mellan 22 år till 28 år. Efter transkribering av intervjuer har ett kodningsschema använts för att finna material att tolka utifrån en innehållsanalys. Den tidigare forskningen har varit relativt omfattande med allt från mediers roll i att påverka individer till hur extremt fokuserad man kan vara vad gäller matintaget. Detta är för att öka förståelsen för ämnet men även för att kunna jämföra denna studies resultat med den tidigare forskningen. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten har varit bred, för att kunna definiera svaren som religiösa fenomen eller inte har Berger och Luckmanns teori om ”osynlig” religion använts, där religion har skiftat fokus från grupp till individfokus. Men samtidigt för att klassas som ett religiöst fenomen måste det finnas ett meningssystem men samtidigt en egen identitet. Här har även teorin varit till stor hjälp att öka förståelsen för det meningssystem som finns bland svaren. Utifrån svaren kan man se att denna livsstil påverkar individerna både positivt och negativt och i många frågor kan man se tecken på religiösa fenomen. Detta har främst varit frälsning och mission som är sammankopplade med många religioner.

This study deals with the trend of male bodybuilding in Korea and investigates the motivations and aesthetic ideals of Korean male bodybuilders. The author of the study uses the few hitherto academic research works on the subject and tries to give an overview of the history of Korean bodybuilding. Besides, the author has conducted a digital survey in order to collect answers from Korean male bodybuilders about their motivations, aesthetic ideals, etc. The aesthetic ideals of the bodybuilders are then compared to the male aesthetic ideals of modern Korean society and also discussed in relation to the somatic beliefs of NeoConfucianism. The findings are thereafter analyzed in context of two theses of the cultural consequences of globalization, namely homogenization and hybridization. The study concludes that Korean bodybuilders are more concerned with the arduous process of sculpting their physiques rather than the look of them themselves. Although the research material on Korean bodybuilding is scarce and the responses to the conducted survey are small in terms of both numbers and scale, it may be suggested that Korean bodybuilding appears to be an instance of the hybridization thesis. Lastly, the study emphasizes the need for more extensive research on the subject in question., Denna studie behandlar ämnet koreansk bodybuilding för män och undersöker dels vad som motiverar koreanska kroppsbyggare att utöva sin sport, dels vad deras estetiska ideal är. Studiens författare använder sig av den begränsade befintliga forskningen inom ämnet och försöker även ge en överblick över koreansk bodybuildings historia. Författaren har dessutom utfört en digital undersökning för att samla in svar från koreanska kroppsbyggare om deras drivkrafter, estetiska ideal, etc. Dessa ideal jämförs sedan med det moderna koreanska samhällets motsvarigheter och diskuteras även utifrån de somatiska föreställningarna inom neokonfucianismen. Studiens forskningsresultat analyseras sedan utifrån två teorier om globaliseringens kulturella konsekvenser, närmare bestämt homogenisering respektive hybridisering. Trots det knappa forskningsmaterialet kring koreansk bodybuilding är studiens slutsats att koreanska kroppsbyggare är mer måna om den mödosamma processen i att bygga sina kroppar, snarare än hur dessa ser ut i sig själva. Studien suggererar också att koreansk bodybuilding verkar vara ett exempel på hybridiseringsteorin. Slutligen betonar studien behovet av mer utförlig forskning kring ämnet i fråga.

In the past ten years, physical exercise has become a major part of the lifestyle of a growing number of people. Workout gyms have filled up worldwide. This has contributed to the growth in the market for food supplements (FS), whether those supplements be for improving appearance or health. The objective of this research paper is to look into the consumption of food supplements by young bodybuilding athletes in gyms located in Estância Turística de Ouro Preto do Oeste – Rondônia. 178 male and female athletes, from different social classes, were evaluated and filled out a questionnaire. The athletes are members of 5 different gyms in the city. According to the questionnaires filled out by the athletes, 33.15% currently use food supplements, 44.30% male and 24.24% female. The three most consumed products among the athletes are hyper proteins (34.83%), branch chain amino acids (BCAA) (32.58%), and creatine (21.91%). The athletes' main goal by consuming FS is to build muscle mass (46.63%) and improve their physical performance (38.20%). Most participants in the research (73.59%) reported non-prescribed use of food supplements by a qualified professional. Such being the case, the presence of qualified professionals to prescribe these products in gyms where they are commercialized, is of uttermost importance. Such professionals could inform athletes on the health risks related to misuse of the drugs., Na última década, a prática de atividades físicas tornou-se um hábito por boa parte da população, aumentando assim a busca por academias. Paralelamente, o mercado dos suplementos alimentares (SA) também cresceu, seja devido à busca por melhor estética ou algum aspecto referente ao desempenho físico. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o consumo de SA por jovens praticantes de musculação em academias situadas na Estância Turística de Ouro Preto do Oeste, Rondônia. Para tal, foram avaliados 178 atletas dos gêneros masculino e feminino, de classes sociais diferentes e membros de cinco academias localizadas na cidade. Verificou-se que 33,15% dos praticantes de musculação usavam atualmente SA. O gênero masculino (44,30%) predominou no consumo atual de suplementos em relação ao gênero feminino (24,24%). Os três produtos mais consumidos foram os hiperproteicos (34,83%), aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (BCAA) (32,58%%) e creatina (21,91%). O objetivo principal dos participantes com o consumo de suplementos foi aumento de massa muscular (46,63%) e melhora no desempenho físico (38,20%). A maioria (73,59%) dos entrevistados relatou consumirem suplementos sem orientação de profissional habilitado, tendo assim, realizado o consumo dos produtos por indicação de amigos, vendedor da loja de suplementos e propagandas. É de suma importância que haja profissionais qualificados para indicar estes produtos nas academias que os comercializam, comunicando seus possíveis riscos à saúde relacionados ao uso de maneira indevida. ABSTRACT The consumption of food supplements by young people in the tourist resort of Ouro Preto do Oeste-ROIn the past ten years, physical exercise has become a major part of the lifestyle of a growing number of people. Workout gyms have filled up worldwide. This has contributed to the growth in the market for food supplements (FS), whether those supplements be for improving appearance or health. The objective of this research paper is to look into the consump

Objective: To identify the profile of creatine consumers from fitness club. Material and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample consisted of 93 bodybuilders who used creatine as supplementation. The participants were selected from eight high-power training academies in the city of Montes Claros-MG. For data collection, a self-administered questionnaire was used with sociodemographic variables, health profile and user profile regarding creatine consumption. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages). It was used the program Statical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 18.0. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Montes Claros (Unimontes), nº 2189/10. Results: Of the 93 participants distributed in 8 fitness centers, we observed that over 63% were between 20 and 30 years old, and 91.4% of the participants were male. 45% of these bodybuilders make continuous use of creatine and almost 40% aim to gain lean mass. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of bodybuilders supplementation users who make continuous use of creatine., Objetivo: Identificar o perfil dos frequentadores de academias de musculação que consomem creatina. Material e métodos: Estudo descritivo de corte transversal. A amostra foi composta por 93 indivíduos praticantes de musculação que faziam uso de creatina como suplementação. Os participantes foram selecionados em oito academias de musculação de elevado poder aquisitivo da cidade de Montes Claros-MG. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário autoaplicável com variáveis sociodemográficas, perfil de saúde e perfil do usuário quanto ao consumo de creatina. Os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva (frequência e porcentagens). Foi utilizando o programa Statical Package for Social Science (SPSS), versão 18.0. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), nº 2189/10. Resultados: Dos 93 participantes, distribuídos em 8 academias de musculação, observou-se que mais de 63% possuía idade entre 20 a 30 anos e 91,4% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino. Destes, 45% fazia uso contínuo de creatina e quase 40% tinha como objetivo o ganho de massa magra. Conclusão: Foi encontrada prevalência elevada de praticantes de musculação usuários de suplementação que fazem ingestão de forma contínua de creatina. ABSTRACTCreatine users profile of musculation academies Objective: To identify the profile of creatine consumers from fitness club. Material and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample consisted of 93 bodybuilders who used creatine as supplementation. The participants were selected from eight high-power training academies in the city of Montes Claros-MG. For data collection, a self-administered questionnaire was used with sociodemographic variables, health profile and user profile regarding creatine consumption. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages). It was used the program Statical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 18.0. Th

Objective: To characterize and analyze the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in bodybuilders and runners. Methods: The sample consisted of 30 bodybuilders and runners with more than 12 months of practice. Practitioners with at least six months of continuous practice, and a minimum frequency of 3 days a week, with ages between 20 and 50 years old of both genders were included. Individuals who presented pain/injury prior to data collection were excluded from the sample. This research was a field study, of analytical character, the data were collected through a Questionnaire of Morbidity Reformed questionnaire adapted to meet specific conditions of sports practices. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics with mean, standard deviation. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test for correlation being considered as value of statistical significance p <0.05. Results: The study showed that all of its participants were already affected by one of the types of lesions presented in the questionnaire, accounting for a total of 79 lesions. Of this total 40 injuries were due to running and 39 Bodybuilding. This shows an equality between the two activities and the risk of injury. Conclusion: According to this study it can be evidenced that there was a correlation between the body weight and the number of injuries occurred in the participants. There was also a high prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in running and bodybuilders., Objetivo: Caracterizar e analisar a prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas em praticantes de musculação e corrida considerados experientes. Métodos: A amostra consistiu de 30 praticantes de musculação e corredores com mais de 12 meses de prática. Foram incluídos os praticantes com pelo menos seis meses de prática contínua e uma frequência mínima de 3 vezes por semana, com idades entre 20 e 50 anos de ambos os sexos. Os indivíduos que apresentaram dor/lesão antes da coleta de dados foram excluídos da amostra. Este trabalho foi um estudo de campo, de caráter analítico, cujos dados foram coletados através de um Questionário de Morbidade Referida adaptado para atender a condições específicas de práticas esportivas. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando estatística descritiva com média, desvio padrão. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o teste de correlação de Pearson para correlação sendo considerado como valor de significância estatística p <0,05. Resultados: O estudo mostrou que todos os participantes já foram acometidos por um dos tipos de lesões apresentadas no questionário, respondendo por um total de 79 lesões. Deste total, 40 lesões foram decorrentes da corrida e 39 da Musculação. Isso mostra uma igualdade entre as duas atividades para o risco de lesão. Conclusão: De acordo com este estudo, podese evidenciar que houve correlação entre o peso corporal e o número de lesões ocorridas nos participantes. Houve também uma alta prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas em corredores e praticantes de musculação ., Objetivo: caracterizar y analizar la prevalência de lesión musculoesquelética em practicantes de musculación e de corredores. Métodos: La muestra consistió de 30 practicantes de musculación y corredores com más de 12 meses de práctica. Fueron incluídos los practicantes com al menos seis meses de práctica continua y com uma frecuencia mínima de 3 veces por semana, con edades entre 20 y 50 años de ambos sexos. Los indivíduos que presentaron dolor/lesión antes de la recolección de datos fueron excluídos de la muestra. Este trabajo fue um estúdio de campo, de carácter analítico, cuyos datos fueron recoletados a través de um cuestionário de mobilidade reportada adaptado para responder a las condiciones específicas de prácticas deportivas. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva com la media, desviación estándar. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el test de correlación de Pearson y para correlacion fue considerado como valor de significación estadística p<0,05. Resultados: el estúdio mostro que todos los participantes ya han sido afectados por uno de los tipos de lesiones que aparecen em la encuesta, respondendo por um total de 79 lesiones. De este total, 40 lesiones fueron derivadas de la carrera y 39 de la musculación. Esto muestra uma igualdad entre las dos atividades y el riesgo de lesión. Conclusión: De acuerdo com este estúdio, se puede evidenciar que hubo correlación entre el peso corporal y el número de lesiones em los participantes. También hubo uma alta prevalência de lesión musculoesquelética em pasillos y practicantes de musculación

Currently a large number of people are looking for activities in the gym, among them, you can highlight the bodybuilding. The search for a "perfect" body makes these individuals use a wide variety of food supplements and ergogenic resources in order to enhance these results, often without professional guidance. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of the use of food supplements and ergogenic resources in a Fortaleza-CE academy. A questionnaire containing 17 questions was applied to 85 subjects of both sexes, aged between 18 and 58 years. There was an expressive number indicating the use or knowledge of someone close to the interviewees who use these products (97.6%), and that young adults between 18 and 30 reported making more use of these substances than people of more advanced age. The supplements most cited by the interviewees were Whey Protein and BCAA, with the main motivation for the use being the indication of a nutritionist. An alarming finding was found regarding the use of anabolic steroids, where 67.1% of respondents said they did or know someone who uses these substances. The high consumption of food supplements and ergogenic resources point out the need to warn these users, and new ones that may arise, of risks related to misuse and without professional guidance., Atualmente uma elevada quantidade de pessoas procura as atividades em academia, entre estas, pode-se destacar a musculação. A busca por um corpo “perfeito” faz com que esses indivíduos utilizem uma grande variedade de suplementos alimentares e recursos ergogênicos com a finalidade de potencializar esses resultados, e muitas vezes sem orientação profissional. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a prevalência do uso de suplementos alimentares e recursos ergogênicos em uma academia de Fortaleza-CE. Utilizou-se para isso, um questionário contendo 17 perguntas, aplicado a 85 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 58 anos. Observou-se um expressivo número que indica o uso ou conhecimento de alguém próximo aos entrevistados que usam esses produtos (97,6%), e que adultos jovens entre 18 e 30 relatam fazer maior consumo dessas substâncias do que pessoas de idades mais avançadas. Os suplementos mais citados pelos entrevistados foram o Whey Protein e BCAA, tendo como motivação principal para o uso a indicação de um nutricionista. Um dado alarmante foi encontrado no que diz respeito a utilização de esteroides anabolizantes, onde 67,1% dos entrevistados afirmaram fazer ou conhecer alguém que utilize tais substâncias. O alto consumo de suplementos alimentares e recursos ergogênicos apontam a necessidade de alertar esses usuários, e aos novos que poderão vir a surgir, dos riscos relacionados à utilização indevida e sem orientação profissional.