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Authors or journals often claim internationality or multidisciplinarity based on assertion or qualitative evidence, while scientometric studies employ sophisticated analyses or software beyond the resources of occasional users to assess these concepts. This paper demonstrates how statistics used to describe ecological communities can be applied to bibliometric data to quantify internationality or multidisciplinarity for individuals and journals, enabling tests of statistical significance using graphical user interface freeware accessible to even occasional users. Margalef Richness, diversity and evenness or equitability can be calculated to indicate whether papers or citations come predominantly from a small group of countries or disciplines, or are more widely distributed. Tests of statistical significance for differences in Margalef richness, diversity or evenness between authors or journals enable testing of diverse hypotheses including, for example: differences in internationality or multidisciplinarity between authors or between journals; or changes over time in these variables for authors or journals (perhaps in response to career changes or changes in editorial policy). Quantifying internationality and multidisciplinarity in an accessible way for many potential users, with the possibility of statistical hypothesis testing, is a significant advance over assertion and qualitative description on the one hand or conceptually and practically complex analysis on the other.

Authors or journals often claim internationality or multidisciplinarity based on assertion or qualitative evidence, while scientometric studies employ sophisticated analyses or software beyond the resources of occasional users to assess these concepts. This paper demonstrates how statistics used to describe ecological communities can be applied to bibliometric data to quantify internationality or multidisciplinarity for individuals and journals, enabling tests of statistical significance using graphical user interface freeware accessible to even occasional users. Margalef Richness, diversity and evenness or equitability can be calculated to indicate whether papers or citations come predominantly from a small group of countries or disciplines, or are more widely distributed. Tests of statistical significance for differences in Margalef richness, diversity or evenness between authors or journals enable testing of diverse hypotheses including, for example: differences in internationality or multidisciplinarity between authors or between journals; or changes over time in these variables for authors or journals (perhaps in response to career changes or changes in editorial policy). Quantifying internationality and multidisciplinarity in an accessible way for many potential users, with the possibility of statistical hypothesis testing, is a significant advance over assertion and qualitative description on the one hand or conceptually and practically complex analysis on the other.

A search for the rare decay $K_L \!\to\! \pi^0 \nu \overline{\nu}$ was performed. With the data collected in 2015, corresponding to $2.2 \times 10^{19}$ protons on target, a single event sensitivity of $( 1.30 \pm 0.01_{\rm stat} \pm 0.14_{\rm syst} ) \times 10^{-9}$ was achieved and no candidate events were observed. We set an upper limit of $3.0 \times 10^{-9}$ for the branching fraction of $K_L \!\to\! \pi^0 \nu \overline{\nu}$ at the 90% confidence level (C.L.), which improved the previous limit by almost an order of magnitude. An upper limit for $K_L \!\to\! \pi^0 X^0$ was also set as $2.4 \times 10^{-9}$ at the 90% C.L., where $X^0$ is an invisible boson with a mass of $135~{\rm MeV}/c^2$., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; published version, no change in the results. Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3 were revised, and Fig. 4 presenting the $K_L \!\to\! \pi^0 X^0$ limit as a function of the $X^0$ mass was added

A search for the rare decay $K_L \!\to\! \pi^0 \nu \overline{\nu}$ was performed. With the data collected in 2015, corresponding to $2.2 \times 10^{19}$ protons on target, a single event sensitivity of $( 1.30 \pm 0.01_{\rm stat} \pm 0.14_{\rm syst} ) \times 10^{-9}$ was achieved and no candidate events were observed. We set an upper limit of $3.0 \times 10^{-9}$ for the branching fraction of $K_L \!\to\! \pi^0 \nu \overline{\nu}$ at the 90% confidence level (C.L.), which improved the previous limit by almost an order of magnitude. An upper limit for $K_L \!\to\! \pi^0 X^0$ was also set as $2.4 \times 10^{-9}$ at the 90% C.L., where $X^0$ is an invisible boson with a mass of $135~{\rm MeV}/c^2$., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; published version, no change in the results. Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3 were revised, and Fig. 4 presenting the $K_L \!\to\! \pi^0 X^0$ limit as a function of the $X^0$ mass was added

Authors or journals often claim internationality or multidisciplinarity based on assertion or qualitative evidence, while scientometric studies employ sophisticated analyses or software beyond the resources of occasional users to assess these concepts. This paper demonstrates how statistics used to describe ecological communities can be applied to bibliometric data to quantify internationality or multidisciplinarity for individuals and journals, enabling tests of statistical significance using graphical user interface freeware accessible to even occasional users. Margalef Richness, diversity and evenness or equitability can be calculated to indicate whether papers or citations come predominantly from a small group of countries or disciplines, or are more widely distributed. Tests of statistical significance for differences in Margalef richness, diversity or evenness between authors or journals enable testing of diverse hypotheses including, for example: differences in internationality or multidisciplinarity between authors or between journals; or changes over time in these variables for authors or journals (perhaps in response to career changes or changes in editorial policy). Quantifying internationality and multidisciplinarity in an accessible way for many potential users, with the possibility of statistical hypothesis testing, is a significant advance over assertion and qualitative description on the one hand or conceptually and practically complex analysis on the other.

FcγRI cross-linking on monocytes may trigger clathrin-mediated endocytosis, likely through interaction of multiple intracellular molecules that are controlled by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. However, the identity of phospho-proteins and their regulation are unknown. We proposed the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) that inhibits FcγRI-mediated cytokine production via Tyr dephosphorylation of multiple kinases, may also regulate endocytosis/phagocytosis through similar mechanisms. FcγRI and/or LILRB4 were antibody-ligated on THP-1 cells, lysates immunoprecipitated using anti-pTyr antibody and peptides sequenced by mass spectrometry. Mascot Search identified 25 Tyr phosphorylated peptides with high confidence. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the most significantly affected pathways were clathrin-mediated endocytosis and Fc-receptor dependent phagocytosis. Tyr phosphorylation of key candidate proteins in these pathways included common γ-chain of the Fc receptors, Syk, clathrin, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase Cbl, hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate, tripartite motif-containing 21 and heat shock protein 70. Importantly, co-ligation of LILRB4 with FcγRI caused significant dephosphorylation of these proteins and was associated with suppression of Fc receptor-dependent uptake of antibody-opsonised bacterial particles, indicating that LILRB4. These results suggest that Tyr phosphorylation may be critical in FcγRI-dependent endocytosis/phagocytosis that may be regulated by LILRB4 by triggering dephosphorylation of key signalling proteins.

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A3 (LILRA3) is a soluble immune regulatory molecule primarily expressed by monocytes and macrophages. A homozygous 6.7kbp LILRA3 gene deletion that removes the first seven of its eight exons is predicted to lead to lack of LILRA3 protein, although this has not been experimentally confirmed. Moreover, there are conflicting results with regards to the link between the LILRA3 homozygous genetic deletion and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) in different European populations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LILRA3 gene deletion is associated with MS susceptibility in a North American cohort of European ancestry and assess if serum LILRA3 protein level is a marker of clinical subtype and/or disease severity in MS. A total of 456 patients with MS and 99 unrelated healthy controls were genotyped for the 6.7kbp LILRA3 gene deletion and levels of LILRA3 protein in sera determined by in-house sandwich ELISA. We showed that LILRA3 gene deletion was not associated with MS susceptibility and did not affect the age of disease onset, clinical subtype or disease severity. However, we discovered for the first time that homozygous LILRA3 gene deletion results in lack of production of LILRA3 protein. Importantly, LILRA3 protein level was significantly increased in sera of patients with MS when compared with control subjects, particularly in more severe type primary progressive MS. Multiple regression analysis showed that LILRA3 level in serum was one of the strongest independent markers of disease severity in MS, which potentially can be used as a diagnostic marker.

OBJECTIVES:Community viral load (CVL) estimates vary based on analytic methods. We extended the CVL concept and used data from the Veterans Health Administration (VA) to determine trends in the health care system viral load (HSVL) and its sensitivity to varying definitions of the clinical population and assumptions regarding missing data. METHODS:We included HIV-infected patients in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, 2000-2010, with at least one documented CD4 count, HIV-1 RNA or antiretroviral prescription (n = 37 318). We created 6-month intervals including patients with at least one visit in the past 2 years. We assessed temporal trends in clinical population size, patient clinical status and mean HSVL and explored the impact of varying definitions of the clinical population and assumptions about missing viral load. RESULTS:The clinical population size varied by definition, increasing from 16 000-19 000 patients in 2000 to 23 000-26 000 in 2010. The proportion of patients with suppressed HIV-1 RNA increased over time. Over 20% of patients had no viral load measured in a given interval or the past 2 years. Among patients with a current HIV-1 RNA, mean HSVL decreased from 97 800 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL in 2000 to 2000 copies/mL in 2010. When current HIV-1 RNA data were unavailable and the HSVL was recalculated using the last available HIV-1 RNA, HSVL decreased from 322 300 to 9900 copies/mL. HSVL was underestimated when using only current data in each interval. CONCLUSIONS:The CVL concept can be applied to a health care system, providing a measure of health care quality. Like CVL, HSVL estimates depend on definitions of the clinical population and assumptions about missing data.

OBJECTIVES:Community viral load (CVL) estimates vary based on analytic methods. We extended the CVL concept and used data from the Veterans Health Administration (VA) to determine trends in the health care system viral load (HSVL) and its sensitivity to varying definitions of the clinical population and assumptions regarding missing data. METHODS:We included HIV-infected patients in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, 2000-2010, with at least one documented CD4 count, HIV-1 RNA or antiretroviral prescription (n = 37 318). We created 6-month intervals including patients with at least one visit in the past 2 years. We assessed temporal trends in clinical population size, patient clinical status and mean HSVL and explored the impact of varying definitions of the clinical population and assumptions about missing viral load. RESULTS:The clinical population size varied by definition, increasing from 16 000-19 000 patients in 2000 to 23 000-26 000 in 2010. The proportion of patients with suppressed HIV-1 RNA increased over time. Over 20% of patients had no viral load measured in a given interval or the past 2 years. Among patients with a current HIV-1 RNA, mean HSVL decreased from 97 800 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL in 2000 to 2000 copies/mL in 2010. When current HIV-1 RNA data were unavailable and the HSVL was recalculated using the last available HIV-1 RNA, HSVL decreased from 322 300 to 9900 copies/mL. HSVL was underestimated when using only current data in each interval. CONCLUSIONS:The CVL concept can be applied to a health care system, providing a measure of health care quality. Like CVL, HSVL estimates depend on definitions of the clinical population and assumptions about missing data.

This guide highlights the importance of analyzing and integrating health risk data within the risk management framework as described in AFI 48-145, Occupational and Environmental Health Program, and AFI 90-802, Risk Management, and was formerly embodied in the now-rescinded AFMAN 48-153, Health Risk Assessment.

This chapter provides a brief description of the information resources currently supporting environmental studies of Siberia including key references and points of contact. It describes environmental, hydrological, and meteorological datasets available for Siberia as well as the tools developed to organize and seamlessly deliver these data to the international research community for studying regional environmental and climatic dynamics of the ongoing global changes. Three-hour and daily datasets of major meteorological characteristics measured at the Siberian weather stations and relevant metadata sets are the first tangible resources available to the researchers. However, most of the Siberian territory is sparsely populated and the observational networks that provide regional in situ observations are also sparse. Therefore, other information resources described below are based upon, or include as their integral part, remote sensing and model output data. These resources are (a) land information system for Siberia that includes cartographical materials, data of different inventories and surveys, diverse databases of in situ measurements and remote sensing products, and numerous auxiliary models for assessment of relevant biophysical indicators of Siberian ecosystems; (b) remote sensing Earth observation products and tools for data search, data access, data visualization, and analysis over Siberia; and (c) a suite of online systems to monitor, process, visualize, analyze, and access Earth science remote sensing products and regional climatic and meteorological geospatial datasets, as well as a variety of geospatial data on climate, climate forecast, hydrology, hydrological forecast, environmental remote sensing, socioeconomic information, etc.

This chapter provides a brief description of the information resources currently supporting environmental studies of Siberia including key references and points of contact. It describes environmental, hydrological, and meteorological datasets available for Siberia as well as the tools developed to organize and seamlessly deliver these data to the international research community for studying regional environmental and climatic dynamics of the ongoing global changes. Three-hour and daily datasets of major meteorological characteristics measured at the Siberian weather stations and relevant metadata sets are the first tangible resources available to the researchers. However, most of the Siberian territory is sparsely populated and the observational networks that provide regional in situ observations are also sparse. Therefore, other information resources described below are based upon, or include as their integral part, remote sensing and model output data. These resources are (a) land information system for Siberia that includes cartographical materials, data of different inventories and surveys, diverse databases of in situ measurements and remote sensing products, and numerous auxiliary models for assessment of relevant biophysical indicators of Siberian ecosystems; (b) remote sensing Earth observation products and tools for data search, data access, data visualization, and analysis over Siberia; and (c) a suite of online systems to monitor, process, visualize, analyze, and access Earth science remote sensing products and regional climatic and meteorological geospatial datasets, as well as a variety of geospatial data on climate, climate forecast, hydrology, hydrological forecast, environmental remote sensing, socioeconomic information, etc.

The safety profile of HibMenCY was compared with licensed Hib conjugate vaccines in a pooled analysis that included more than 8,500 subjects who were administered a four-dose series of HibMenCY or commercially available Hib vaccines at 2, 4, 6 and 12-15 mo of age in two primary vaccination and two fourth dose phase 3 studies. In all studies, HibMenCY or Hib vaccine was co-administered with age-appropriate, routinely recommended vaccines. In one primary and one fourth dose study (n = 4180), local and general symptoms were solicited using diary cards for 4 d after each dose. Serious adverse events (SAEs) and the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) indicating new onset of chronic disease (NOCD), rash, and conditions prompting Emergency Room (ER) visits were reported from dose 1 until 6 mo after dose 4. The incidences of solicited local and general symptoms were similar following HibMenCY and commercially available Hib vaccines. For some solicited symptoms (pain at the injection site and irritability), rates were lower in the HibMenCY group compared with the Hib control group (p value < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in the incidences of SAEs, NOCDs, rash, or AEs leading to ER visits, with the exceptions of anemia and viral gastroenteritis, which occurred significantly less frequently in those receiving HibMenCY than those receiving commercially available Hib vaccines. In this pooled safety analysis, the safety profile of HibMenCY was similar to the safety profile of licensed monovalent Hib vaccines, despite the addition of meningococcal antigens. These studies are registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00345579 (primary vaccination study), NCT00345683 (fourth dose vaccination study) and NCT00289783 (primary and fourth dose vaccination studies).