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The use of sustainable biomass can be a cost-effective way of reducing the greenhouse gas emissions in the maritime and aviation sectors. Biomass, however, is a limited resource, and therefore, it is important to use the biomass where it creates the highest value, not only economically, but also in terms of GHG reductions. This study comprehensively evaluates the GHG reduction potential of utilising forestry residue in different bioenergy technologies using a consequential LCA approach. Unlike previous studies that assess GHG impacts per unit of fuel produced, this research takes a feedstock-centric approach which enables comparisons across systems that yield diverse products and by-products. Three technologies—combined heat and power plant with carbon capture, hydrothermal liquefaction, and gasification—are assessed, while considering both carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture and utilisation (CCU). Through scenario analysis, the study addresses uncertainty, and assumptions in the LCA modelling. It explores the impact of energy systems, fuel substitution efficiency, renewable energy expansion, and the up/down stream supply chain. All technology pathways showed a potential for net emissions savings when including avoided emissions from substitution of products, with results varying from −111 to −1742 kgCO2eq per tonne residue. When combining the bioenergy technologies with CCU the dependency on the energy system in which they are operated was a significantly higher compared to CCS. The breakpoint was found to be 44 kg CO2eq/kWh electricity meaning that the marginal electricity mix has to be below this point for CCU to obtain lower GHG emissions. Furthermore, it is evident that the environmental performance of CCU technologies is highly sensitive to how it will affect the ongoing expansion of renewable electricity capacity.

As society grapples with challenges of net zero emission, one big remaining challenge is heavy and aviation traffic due to the associated challenge of electrifying these sectors. One potential solution for this is E-fuels. E-fuels are hydrocarbon produced from electrolysis hydrogen and carbon dioxide that receive all their energy from renewable non-organic sources. The simplest E-fuel is methanol. Currently methanol is mainly produced from syngas derived from natural gas reforming also known as steam-methane reforming (SMR). A SMR process break down methane into hydrogen, CO2, and CO with the uses of steam. This syngas is then hydrogenated and forms methanol. One alternative production route to the classic syngas hydrogenation is to capture CO2 and add electrolysis hydrogen and then hydrogenate the mixture to from E-methanol. This thesis aims to compare the traditional production method with joint SMR-flue gas CO2 hydrogenation plant as well as a direct air capture (DAC) CO2 hydrogenation plant. This comparison will be evaluated by their engineering performance, economic performance, and environmental performance. This evaluation is done with process simulations in Chemcad as well as Excel. In Chemcad the desulfurization step, SMR, carbon capture, and distillation is simulated. The hydrogenation reactors are simulated in Excel with kinetic data. This process data in the foundation of the engineering performance and is used to determine hydrogen and carbon utilization along with energy and water demand. For the economic evaluation CAPEX is calculated from prices of related units adjusted for size and inflation. The OPEX is based on simulation data and modelled in Excel along with net present value (NPV). The environmental performance focuses on global warming potential as well as fossil resources depletion (FD). The DAC system has both the highest hydrogen and carbon utilization at 98% and 96,9% respectively but suffer from the highest energy and water demand. Bot, När samhället kämpar med utmaningarna kring nettonollutsläpp, kvarstår en stor utmaning inom tung- och flygtrafik på grund av den associerade svårigheten med att elektrifiera dessa sektorer. En potentiell lösning för detta är E-bränslen. E-bränslen är kolväten producerade från elektrolysväte och koldioxid som får all sin energi från förnybara icke-organiska källor. Den enklaste E-bränslen är metanol. För närvarande produceras metanol främst från syntes gas som kommer från naturgasreformering, även känd som ångmetanreformering (SMR). En SMR-process bryter ner metan till väte, CO2 och CO med hjälp av ånga. Denna syntes gas får sedan genomgå hydrering för att bilda metanol. Ett alternativa till denna produktionsmetod är att fånga CO2 och tillsätta elektrolysväte och sedan låta blandningen hydrera för att bilda E-metanol. Detta examensarbete syftar till att jämföra den traditionella produktionsmetoden med en gemensam SMR-rökgas-CO2-hydreringanläggning samt en direkt luftinfångning (DAC) CO2-hydreringanläggning. Denna jämförelse kommer att utvärderas utifrån deras tekniska prestanda, ekonomiska prestanda och miljöprestanda. Denna utvärdering görs med processimuleringar i Chemcad samt Excel. I Chemcad simuleras avsvavlingssteget, SMR, koldioxidsinfångning och destillation. Hydreringsreaktorerna simuleras i Excel med kinetiska data. Processdata från dessa simuleringar utgör grunden för den tekniska prestandan och används för att bestämma väte- och kolutnyttjande tillsammans med energi- och vattenbehov. För den ekonomiska utvärderingen beräknas CAPEX från priser på relaterade enheter justerade för storlek och inflation. OPEX baseras på simuleringsdata och modelleras i Excel tillsammans med nettonuvärde (NPV). Miljöprestandan fokuserar på den globala uppvärmningspotentialen samt utarmningen av fossila resurser (FD). DAC-systemet har både den högsta väte- och kolutnyttjande på 98 % respektive 96,9 %, men lider av det högsta energi- och vattenbehovet. Både rökgasmetoden och

As society grapples with challenges of net zero emission, one big remaining challenge is heavy and aviation traffic due to the associated challenge of electrifying these sectors. One potential solution for this is E-fuels. E-fuels are hydrocarbon produced from electrolysis hydrogen and carbon dioxide that receive all their energy from renewable non-organic sources. The simplest E-fuel is methanol. Currently methanol is mainly produced from syngas derived from natural gas reforming also known as steam-methane reforming (SMR). A SMR process break down methane into hydrogen, CO2, and CO with the uses of steam. This syngas is then hydrogenated and forms methanol. One alternative production route to the classic syngas hydrogenation is to capture CO2 and add electrolysis hydrogen and then hydrogenate the mixture to from E-methanol. This thesis aims to compare the traditional production method with joint SMR-flue gas CO2 hydrogenation plant as well as a direct air capture (DAC) CO2 hydrogenation plant. This comparison will be evaluated by their engineering performance, economic performance, and environmental performance. This evaluation is done with process simulations in Chemcad as well as Excel. In Chemcad the desulfurization step, SMR, carbon capture, and distillation is simulated. The hydrogenation reactors are simulated in Excel with kinetic data. This process data in the foundation of the engineering performance and is used to determine hydrogen and carbon utilization along with energy and water demand. For the economic evaluation CAPEX is calculated from prices of related units adjusted for size and inflation. The OPEX is based on simulation data and modelled in Excel along with net present value (NPV). The environmental performance focuses on global warming potential as well as fossil resources depletion (FD). The DAC system has both the highest hydrogen and carbon utilization at 98% and 96,9% respectively but suffer from the highest energy and water demand. Bot, När samhället kämpar med utmaningarna kring nettonollutsläpp, kvarstår en stor utmaning inom tung- och flygtrafik på grund av den associerade svårigheten med att elektrifiera dessa sektorer. En potentiell lösning för detta är E-bränslen. E-bränslen är kolväten producerade från elektrolysväte och koldioxid som får all sin energi från förnybara icke-organiska källor. Den enklaste E-bränslen är metanol. För närvarande produceras metanol främst från syntes gas som kommer från naturgasreformering, även känd som ångmetanreformering (SMR). En SMR-process bryter ner metan till väte, CO2 och CO med hjälp av ånga. Denna syntes gas får sedan genomgå hydrering för att bilda metanol. Ett alternativa till denna produktionsmetod är att fånga CO2 och tillsätta elektrolysväte och sedan låta blandningen hydrera för att bilda E-metanol. Detta examensarbete syftar till att jämföra den traditionella produktionsmetoden med en gemensam SMR-rökgas-CO2-hydreringanläggning samt en direkt luftinfångning (DAC) CO2-hydreringanläggning. Denna jämförelse kommer att utvärderas utifrån deras tekniska prestanda, ekonomiska prestanda och miljöprestanda. Denna utvärdering görs med processimuleringar i Chemcad samt Excel. I Chemcad simuleras avsvavlingssteget, SMR, koldioxidsinfångning och destillation. Hydreringsreaktorerna simuleras i Excel med kinetiska data. Processdata från dessa simuleringar utgör grunden för den tekniska prestandan och används för att bestämma väte- och kolutnyttjande tillsammans med energi- och vattenbehov. För den ekonomiska utvärderingen beräknas CAPEX från priser på relaterade enheter justerade för storlek och inflation. OPEX baseras på simuleringsdata och modelleras i Excel tillsammans med nettonuvärde (NPV). Miljöprestandan fokuserar på den globala uppvärmningspotentialen samt utarmningen av fossila resurser (FD). DAC-systemet har både den högsta väte- och kolutnyttjande på 98 % respektive 96,9 %, men lider av det högsta energi- och vattenbehovet. Både rökgasmetoden och

In the context of CO2 valorisation, the reverse water–gas shift reaction (RWGS) is gathering momentum since it represents a direct route for CO2 reduction to CO. The endothermic nature of the reaction posses a challenge when it comes to process energy demand making necessary the design of effective low-temperature RWGS catalysts. Herein, multicomponent Cs-promoted Cu, Ni and Pt catalysts supported on TiO2 have been studied in the low-temperature RWGS. Cs resulted an efficient promoter affecting the redox properties of the different catalysts and favouring a strong metal-support interaction effect thus modulating the catalytic behaviour of the different systems. Positive impact of Cs is shown over the different catalysts and overall, it greatly benefits CO selectivity. For instance, Cs incorporation over Ni/TiO2 catalysts increased CO selectivity from 0 to almost 50%. Pt-based catalysts present the best activity/selectivity balance although CuCs/TiO2 catalyst present comparable catalytic activity to Pt-studied systems reaching commendable activity and CO selectivity levels, being an economically appealing alternative for this process.

The building industry is responsible for about one third of the global greenhouse gas emissions and drastic measures are needed to reduce its environmental footprint. But what if the carbon footprint could not only be reduced, but if buildings could even serve as carbon sinks to fight climate change? The interdisciplinary CarNE research project developed a novel type of building materials based on biochar from plant-based wastes and side streams. With a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), we assessed 37 biomass streams available in Central Europe that could potentially be suitable for the production of biochar insulation materials. With the MCDA, biomass streams such as bran, forest wood bark, and wastes from coffee roasting were evaluated against nine sustainability criteria, six socio-economic criteria, and five technical criteria. For the most promising biomass streams, material samples and first scale-ups in the form of insulation boards were developed. In collaboration with project partners from Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW and Empa, a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of the new product system from different biomass streams was performed and compared to conventional building insulation materials. Impact assessment was made with the Environmental Footprint methodology and a special focus was laid on the evaluation of the biochar-based products’ potential to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it long-term in the building stock. Depending on their specific properties, the biochar materials could be reused in agriculture to increase soil fertility once the buildings have been deconstructed. The results presented at the LCM 2023 will reveal if biochar-based building insulation materials outperform conventional insulation materials and if they have potential to contribute to a net zero building industry.

Biogas solutions offer many benefits for the environment and society, including organic waste treatment as well as being an enabler for energy and nutrient recovery. The products of anaerobic digestion are a biogas, which contains a share of 30 to 50% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 50 to 70% methane, and a liquid remanent, rich in nutrients. The biogas can be upgraded by removing the CO2 to increase the energy content, producing biomethane. At present, CO2 is considered a waste in biomethane production systems, and hence it is emitted into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, biogas upgrading technologies separate a pure-grade CO2 and, likewise, carbon capture processes, providing a pure CO2 flow that can be stored or utilized. Compared to storage, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies deliver valuable carbon-based products required to sustain human activities. The valorization of green CO2 could aid the transition towards defossilization of the economy. Indeed, several CO2 utilization technologies could be incorporated into biomethane production systems, but there is still a limited understanding of the available alternatives and their potential impacts on biomethane systems. This thesis aims to investigate the integration of CO2 utilization technologies in biomethane production systems by revealing its potential, identifying alternatives, and assessing the impacts of the integration. Using Sweden as an example, scenarios of future biomethane production were employed to estimate the potential CO2 available for utilization. To complement the analysis, a qualitative approach made possible the identification of aspects that could affect CO2 utilization in biomethane production. Moreover, a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) framework was developed to identify relevant indicators for assessment and available alternatives for CO2 utilization. The research also includes a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the climate performance of relevant CCU alternatives in the biomet, Biogaslösningar kan ge en mängd positiva miljömässiga och samhällsviktiga effekter, inklusive behandling av organiskt avfall och framställning av energi och näringsämnen. Produkterna från anaerob rötning är dels biogas, som består från 30 till 50% av koldioxid (CO2) och 50 till 70% av metan, dels en flytande rötrest med högt näringsinnehåll. Biogasen kan uppgraderas genom att ta bort CO2 för att öka energiinnehållet, och på så vis framställs biometan. CO2 ses för närvarande som en restprodukt i produktionssystemet och släpps därför vanligtvis ut i atmosfären. Tekniker för uppgradering av biogas liknar dock processer för infångning av CO2, där högkoncentrerade flöden av CO2 lagras (CCS) eller används (CCU). Till skillnad från lagring bidrar tekniken för CCU till att skapa produkter som behövs för att upprätthålla samhällsviktiga funktioner. Dessa valoriseringar av grön CO2 skulle kunna stödja övergången mot ett fossilfritt ekonomiskt system. Faktum är att det finns ett flertal tekniker som skulle kunna integreras i produktionssystem för biometan, men kunskapen om dessa tekniker och deras inverkan på biometansystemet är begränsad. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka integrationen av tekniska lösningar för nyttiggörande av CO2 vid framställning av biometan genom att påvisa dess potential, identifiera alternativa tekniska lösningar, och utvärdera integrationens följder. Med Sverige som exempel skapades scenarier för framtida biometanproduktion för att uppskatta mängden CO2 som skulle kunna tas om hand. Som ett komplement till dessa uppskattningar tillämpades ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt som identifierade aspekter som skulle kunna påverka CO2-användningen vid biometanproduktion. Dessutom utvecklades ett multikriterieanalytiskt (MCA) ramverk för att identifiera relevanta indikatorer för utvärdering och möjliga alternativ för CO2-användning. En livscykelanalys (LCA) tillämpades även för att utvärdera klimatprestandan för relevanta CCU-alternativ inom produktion, Funding agency: The Kamprad Family Foundation

The overall purpose of this thesis is to investigate the feasibility of producing electrofuels from CO2 and H2 in connection to a CHP plant equipped with carbon capture technology. This is done by investigating the production of e-methane, e-methanol and e-kerosene from captured CO2 and H2 produced from electrolysis. Each of the processes is designed and analyzed in Aspen HYSYS. From this, the energy and product requirements for each process are obtained. With these results, a production model including the electrofuel and hydrogen production, integrated with the CHP plant Filbornaverket, were modelled in the software Energy Optima 3. Both a smaller system using only part of the captured CO2 and a system at full scale using all the captured CO2 are developed. Furthermore, the simulations were done for spot prices in SE4, for both 2021 and 2022. Average energy demands for the e-fuels were 28.8 kWh/kg for e-methane, 9.97 kWh/kg for e-methanol and 37.6 kWh/kg for e-kerosene. This includes the manufacturing process and hydrogen production. Production costs were lowest for the base case 2021, where e-methane, e-methanol and e-kerosene had production costs of 8.9, 2.2 and 16.4 SEK/kgfuel respectively. The highest production costs were for the full case 2022, where the costs were 31.8, 10.8 and 49.9 SEK/kgfuel, following the same order. For both 2021 and 2022, the production costs were higher for the full scale case than the base case. The main reason for this is that the CHP plant could not supply the processes with as much electricity, meaning the electricity costs for production quickly became high. The findings showed that integration of e-fuel production with a CHP plant could result in a lower production cost and energy demand. However, there are still many aspects of this project that needs to be further investigated to be able to say to which extent. The main factor affecting the production cost was electricity prices. And, the main factor affecting the energy dema, What if it is possible to produce fuels that generate no emissions, with the same characteristics as fossil fuels? High production costs are seen today but there are possibilities in reducing the costs and energy demand by having the production in direct connection with a CHP plant. Climate change is upon us, and actions are needed to decrease emissions of dangerous greenhouse gases. There are many proposed solutions and many cries for help to reach the 1.5 °C goal of the Paris Agreement. The transport sector is the sector that depends most on fossil fuels. It stands for almost 25 % of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Solutions for decreasing the emissions in this sector are highly needed. E-fuels are an innovative alternative to fossil fuels. They are based on electricity, hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and still, they possess the same characteristics. The CO2 is obtained by different capturing techniques. This way, instead of releasing new emissions, the CO2 can be continuously reused. To be considered renewable, the CO2 needs to be captured directly from the air (or from exhaust gases from burning biomass). Whether the CO2 is renewable determines if it is classified as green, blue, gray or brown. Green is considered the best. For that, renewable CO2 is required, as well as green H2. Green H2 is obtained when it is produced with renewable electricity. Three more well-known e-fuels are e-methane, e-methanol and e-kerosene. E-methane can substitute natural gas which is used by industries and for heating. E-methanol can power large ships, meaning that your future Caribbean cruise can be considered green. E-kerosene can be used as jet fuel, thereby flying to a ski resort could also be completely environmentally friendly. More and more facilities that produce e-fuels are popping up. Production prices are, however, still higher than for other fuels. So, more research needs to be done to make e-fuels part of the market. A combined heat and power (CHP) plant

The urgent need to mitigate climate change has prompted researchers to investigate novel strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One promising technology that might ease the way for sustainable and circular economies is carbon capture and utilization (CCU), which not only captures CO2 emissions but also uses them to produce valuable products. This thesis investigates the potential of CCU in the Scandinavian region beyond 2030. By analyzing environmental -, policy -, and technological uncertainties, the research assesses the feasibility and viability of implementing CCU solutions in the context of the region’s unique socioeconomic and environmental characteristics. The findings reveal significant potential for CCU in the region beyond 2030. The availability of abundant renewable energy resources coupled with strong government support for climate action and innovation creates a favorable environment for CCU development. Furthermore, as there are potential overlaps with a carbon capture and storage (CCS) ecosystem currently under construction, this further simplifies the deployment of CCU systems as the transition from traditional production has a partially established supporting ecosystem. One example is the established CO2 transportation required for both CCS and CCU. While this is the case, governmental support is required to catalyze this deployment. The current anharmonic mixture of sector-unique legalization hinders large-scale implementation. Uncertainties regarding the potential profitability, highly related to emission-based incentives and taxes, as well as limited established large-scale processes, can restrict the deployment in the region. In summary, the thesis is optimistic about the development and deployment of CCU in the region and expresses possibilities for this type of technology’s impact on the current emission crisis., CO2, environmental trash or industrial treasure? Our research examines new approaches to combat climate changeby capturing and using carbon emissions to create valuable materials, or what is also known as Carbon Capture and Utilizationmethods (CCU). CCU emerges as a game changer in addressing the vital need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We can stop carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power plants and industrial processes from entering the atmosphere and causing global warming by capturing them. Furthermore, rather than simply storing captured CO2, CCU provides the opportunity to convert it into valuable products, making it a truly sustainable solution. The work delves into the field of CCU, looking into new technologies and strategies to capture and repurpose CO2 emissions. Our findings provided insights on exciting developments and offer a fresh perspectives on the potential of CCU in the Scandinavian region. CCU offers many benefits, two of which are as follows: firstly, it helps mitigate climate change by minimizing CO2 emissions released into the atmosphere. Secondly, it provided the path for a circular economy in which carbon emissions are no longer regarded as waste but rather as a valuable resource for various industries. CCU has numerous and significant applications. CO2 can be converted into chemicals, fuels, and building materials, providing a more sustainable substitute to traditional fossil fuel-based products. The potential for CCU to revolutionize many industries is immense, from creating renewable fuels to building carbon-neutral building materials. These approaches highlight the ingenuity and potential for CCU to reshape our energy landscape and foster a more sustainable future. One interesting aspect that deserves attention is the progress in CCU technologies in the Scandinavian Region. One relevant example is the significant progress in developing e-kerosene, a synthetic aviation fuel derived from cap offers a sustainable alternative to tradi

The urgent need to mitigate climate change has prompted researchers to investigate novel strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One promising technology that might ease the way for sustainable and circular economies is carbon capture and utilization (CCU), which not only captures CO2 emissions but also uses them to produce valuable products. This thesis investigates the potential of CCU in the Scandinavian region beyond 2030. By analyzing environmental -, policy -, and technological uncertainties, the research assesses the feasibility and viability of implementing CCU solutions in the context of the region's unique socioeconomic and environmental characteristics. The findings reveal significant potential for CCU in the region beyond 2030. The availability of abundant renewable energy resources coupled with strong government support for climate action and innovation creates a favorable environment for CCU development. Furthermore, as there are potential overlaps with a carbon capture and storage (CCS) ecosystem currently under construction, this further simplifies the deployment of CCU systems as the transition from traditional production has a partially established supporting ecosystem. One example is the established CO2 transportation required for both CCS and CCU. While this is the case, governmental support is required to catalyze this deployment. The current anharmonic mixture of sector-unique legalization hinders large-scale implementation. Uncertainties regarding the potential profitability, highly related to emission-based incentives and taxes, as well as limited established large-scale processes, can restrict the deployment in the region. In summary, the thesis is optimistic about the development and deployment of CCU in the region and expresses possibilities for this type of technology's impact on the current emission crisis., Det akuta behovet av att mildra klimatförändringarna har lett till utvecklingen av strategier för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) har vuxit fram som en lovande teknik som inte bara syftar till att fånga upp koldioxidutsläpp (CO2) utan också använder den infångade koldioxide för att skapa produkter, och därigenom tillhandahålla en potentiell väg mot hållbara och cirkulära ekonomier. Denna avhandling undersöker potentialen för CCU i den skandinaviska regionen efter 2030. Genom att analysera miljömässiga -, policy -, och tekniska osäkerheter bedömer forskningen genomförbarheten av att implementera CCU-lösningar i sammanhanget av regionens unika socioekonomiska och miljömässiga egenskaper. Resultaten avslöjar betydande potential för CCU i regionen efter 2030. Tillgången till rikliga förnybara energiresurser i kombination med starkt statligt stöd för klimatåtgärder och innovation skapar en gynnsam miljö för CCU-utveckling. Dessutom, eftersom det finns potentiella överlappningar med ett ekosystem för avskiljning och lagring av koldioxid (CCS) som för närvarande är under uppbyggnad, förenklar detta ytterligare utbyggnaden av CCU-system. Den potentiella övergången från traditionell produktion har ett delvis etablerat ekosystem av stöttande infrastruktur. Ett exempel är den etablerade CO2-transporten som krävs för både CCS och CCU. Även om detta är fallet krävs statligt stöd för att katalysera denna utveckling. Den nuvarande oharmoniska blandningen av sektorunik legislation hindrar storskalig implementering. Osäkerhet om den potentiella lönsamheten, starkt relaterade till utsläppsbaserade incitament och skatter samt begränsade etablerade storskaliga processer, kan begränsa utbyggnaden i regionen. Sammanfattningsvis är avhandlingen postitiv till utveckling och etablering av CCU i regionen, och uttrycker möjligheten för denna typ av tekniks påverkan på den rådande utläppskrisen.

Utsläppen av växthusgaser ökar över hela världen och nya tekniker används för att minska utsläppen. 7% av utsläppen kommer från stålsektorn. 25% av världens stålproduktion görs via återvinningstekniken ljusbågsugn. Genom återvinningsprocessen släpps det ut 500kg CO2 per ton producerat flytande stål. En möjlighet att sänka dessa direkta utsläppär att koppla ljusbågsugnsprocessen med biomassa förgasnings och koldioxidavskiljning. Den föreslagna lösningen i denna avhandling är att utnyttja avgaserna från stålsmältningen i förgasningsprocessen och skapa värdefulla produkter. Projektet utvärderar den tekniska genomförbarheten i form av energieffektivitet och kolutnyttjande. Den föreslagna processen simulerades med Aspen Plus. Ett problem med ljusbågsugnens avgaser är fluktuationen i sammansättningen. Tre fall avavgassammansättning undersöktes. Fall 1 var den genomsnittliga avgassammansättningen, medan fall 2 och 3 var extrema med högt CO- respektive CO2-innehåll. Resultatet visade att syntetsgassammansättningen starkt beror på förgasningsmedlet. I samtliga fall ökade energieffektiviteten och de direkta utsläppen minskade, jämfört med nuvarande process. Fall 1 visade generellt högst effektivitet och kolutnyttjande, medan det CO2 rika fallet (fall 3) hade lägst. Ett kontinuerligt flöde av förgasningsmedel krävs för att driva förgasningsprocessen. Eftersom ljusbågsugn är en satsvis process, sker luftförgasning när avgaser inte är tillgängliga. Det önskade resultatet av luftförgasning är att producera syntetsgas som liknar avgasförgasningens syntesgas. Resultaten visade att luftinfiltration i avgaser är gynnsamt för mer liknande syntesgas ., Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing worldwide, and new techniques are being adopted to suppress the emissions. The steel sector is responsible for 7% of the emissions. 25% ofthe world’s steel production is made through the recycling technique EAF. Throughout the recycling process, 500 kg CO2 gets emitted per ton of liquid steel produced. An opportunity to lower these direct emissions is to couple the EAF process to biomass gasification and CO2 utilisation process. The proposed solution in this thesis is to utilise the off-gases in the gasification process and create high-valuable products. The project evaluates the technical feasibility via energy efficiency and carbon utilisation. The proposed process was simulated using Aspen Plus. A problem with the off-gases from EAF gasification is the fluctuation in composition. Three cases of off-gas composition were therefore investigated. Case 1 was the average off-gas composition, while cases 2 and 3 were extreme with high CO and CO2 content, respectively. The result showed that the syngas composition strongly depends on the gasifying agent. In all cases, the energy efficiency increased, and the direct emissions decreased. Case 1 generally showed the highest efficiency and carbon utilisation, while the CO2 heavily case (case 3) had the lowest. A continuous flow of gasifying agents is required to run the gasification process. Since EAF is a batch process, air gasification runs when off-gases are unavailable. The desired outcome of air gasification is to produce syngas similar to off-gas gasification. The results showed that air infiltration in off-gases is favourable for more similar syngas composition.

Utsläppen av växthusgaser ökar över hela världen och nya tekniker används för att minska utsläppen. 7% av utsläppen kommer från stålsektorn. 25% av världens stålproduktion görs via återvinningstekniken ljusbågsugn. Genom återvinningsprocessen släpps det ut 500kg CO2 per ton producerat flytande stål. En möjlighet att sänka dessa direkta utsläppär att koppla ljusbågsugnsprocessen med biomassa förgasnings och koldioxidavskiljning. Den föreslagna lösningen i denna avhandling är att utnyttja avgaserna från stålsmältningen i förgasningsprocessen och skapa värdefulla produkter. Projektet utvärderar den tekniska genomförbarheten i form av energieffektivitet och kolutnyttjande. Den föreslagna processen simulerades med Aspen Plus. Ett problem med ljusbågsugnens avgaser är fluktuationen i sammansättningen. Tre fall avavgassammansättning undersöktes. Fall 1 var den genomsnittliga avgassammansättningen, medan fall 2 och 3 var extrema med högt CO- respektive CO2-innehåll. Resultatet visade att syntetsgassammansättningen starkt beror på förgasningsmedlet. I samtliga fall ökade energieffektiviteten och de direkta utsläppen minskade, jämfört med nuvarande process. Fall 1 visade generellt högst effektivitet och kolutnyttjande, medan det CO2 rika fallet (fall 3) hade lägst. Ett kontinuerligt flöde av förgasningsmedel krävs för att driva förgasningsprocessen. Eftersom ljusbågsugn är en satsvis process, sker luftförgasning när avgaser inte är tillgängliga. Det önskade resultatet av luftförgasning är att producera syntetsgas som liknar avgasförgasningens syntesgas. Resultaten visade att luftinfiltration i avgaser är gynnsamt för mer liknande syntesgas ., Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing worldwide, and new techniques are being adopted to suppress the emissions. The steel sector is responsible for 7% of the emissions. 25% ofthe world’s steel production is made through the recycling technique EAF. Throughout the recycling process, 500 kg CO2 gets emitted per ton of liquid steel produced. An opportunity to lower these direct emissions is to couple the EAF process to biomass gasification and CO2 utilisation process. The proposed solution in this thesis is to utilise the off-gases in the gasification process and create high-valuable products. The project evaluates the technical feasibility via energy efficiency and carbon utilisation. The proposed process was simulated using Aspen Plus. A problem with the off-gases from EAF gasification is the fluctuation in composition. Three cases of off-gas composition were therefore investigated. Case 1 was the average off-gas composition, while cases 2 and 3 were extreme with high CO and CO2 content, respectively. The result showed that the syngas composition strongly depends on the gasifying agent. In all cases, the energy efficiency increased, and the direct emissions decreased. Case 1 generally showed the highest efficiency and carbon utilisation, while the CO2 heavily case (case 3) had the lowest. A continuous flow of gasifying agents is required to run the gasification process. Since EAF is a batch process, air gasification runs when off-gases are unavailable. The desired outcome of air gasification is to produce syngas similar to off-gas gasification. The results showed that air infiltration in off-gases is favourable for more similar syngas composition.

Large-scale energy storage plants based on power-to-gas-to-power (PtG-GtP) technologies incorporating high temperature electrolysis, catalytic methanation for the provision of synthetic natural gas (SNG) and novel, highly efficient SNG-fired Allam reconversion cycles allow for a confined and circular use of CO2/CH4 and thus an emission-free storage of intermittent renewable energy. This study features a thorough technology assessment for large-scale PtG-GtP storage plants based on highly efficient sCO2 power cycles combined with subsurface CO2 storage. The Allam cycle employs supercritical CO2 as working fluid as well as an oxy-combustion process to reach high efficiencies of up to 66 %. The entire PtG-GtP process chain assessed in this study is expected to reach maximum roundtrip efficiencies of 54.2 % (with dedicated and sufficient O2 storage) or 49.0 % (with a dedicated air separation unit). The implementation of said energy storage systems into existing national energy grids will pose a major challenge, since they will require far-reaching infrastructural changes to the respective systems itself, such as extensive installations of renewable generation and electrolysis capacities as well as sufficient subsurface storage capacities for both CO2 and CH4. Therefore, this study incorporates an assessment of the present subsurface storage potential for CO2 and CH4 in Germany. Furthermore, a basic forecast study for the German energy system with an assumed mass deployment of the proposed SNG-based PtG-GtP energy storage system for the year 2050 is conducted. In case of a fully circular use of CO2/CH4, when electricity is solely generated by renewable energy sources, 736 GW of renewables, 234 GW of electrolysis and 62 GW of gas-to-power capacities are required in the best case scenario in 2050. The total storage volume on the national scale of Germany for both CO2 and CH4 was determined to be 7.8 billion Nm3, respectively, leading to a CH4 storage capacity of 54.5 TWh.

Biogas solutions offer many benefits for the environment and society, including organic waste treatment as well as being an enabler for energy and nutrient recovery. The products of anaerobic digestion are a biogas, which contains a share of 30 to 50% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 50 to 70% methane, and a liquid remanent, rich in nutrients. The biogas can be upgraded by removing the CO2 to increase the energy content, producing biomethane. At present, CO2 is considered a waste in biomethane production systems, and hence it is emitted into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, biogas upgrading technologies separate a pure-grade CO2 and, likewise, carbon capture processes, providing a pure CO2 flow that can be stored or utilized. Compared to storage, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies deliver valuable carbon-based products required to sustain human activities. The valorization of green CO2 could aid the transition towards defossilization of the economy. Indeed, several CO2 utilization technologies could be incorporated into biomethane production systems, but there is still a limited understanding of the available alternatives and their potential impacts on biomethane systems. This thesis aims to investigate the integration of CO2 utilization technologies in biomethane production systems by revealing its potential, identifying alternatives, and assessing the impacts of the integration. Using Sweden as an example, scenarios of future biomethane production were employed to estimate the potential CO2 available for utilization. To complement the analysis, a qualitative approach made possible the identification of aspects that could affect CO2 utilization in biomethane production. Moreover, a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) framework was developed to identify relevant indicators for assessment and available alternatives for CO2 utilization. The research also includes a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the climate performance of relevant CCU alternatives in the biomet, Biogaslösningar kan ge en mängd positiva miljömässiga och samhällsviktiga effekter, inklusive behandling av organiskt avfall och framställning av energi och näringsämnen. Produkterna från anaerob rötning är dels biogas, som består från 30 till 50% av koldioxid (CO2) och 50 till 70% av metan, dels en flytande rötrest med högt näringsinnehåll. Biogasen kan uppgraderas genom att ta bort CO2 för att öka energiinnehållet, och på så vis framställs biometan. CO2 ses för närvarande som en restprodukt i produktionssystemet och släpps därför vanligtvis ut i atmosfären. Tekniker för uppgradering av biogas liknar dock processer för infångning av CO2, där högkoncentrerade flöden av CO2 lagras (CCS) eller används (CCU). Till skillnad från lagring bidrar tekniken för CCU till att skapa produkter som behövs för att upprätthålla samhällsviktiga funktioner. Dessa valoriseringar av grön CO2 skulle kunna stödja övergången mot ett fossilfritt ekonomiskt system. Faktum är att det finns ett flertal tekniker som skulle kunna integreras i produktionssystem för biometan, men kunskapen om dessa tekniker och deras inverkan på biometansystemet är begränsad. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka integrationen av tekniska lösningar för nyttiggörande av CO2 vid framställning av biometan genom att påvisa dess potential, identifiera alternativa tekniska lösningar, och utvärdera integrationens följder. Med Sverige som exempel skapades scenarier för framtida biometanproduktion för att uppskatta mängden CO2 som skulle kunna tas om hand. Som ett komplement till dessa uppskattningar tillämpades ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt som identifierade aspekter som skulle kunna påverka CO2-användningen vid biometanproduktion. Dessutom utvecklades ett multikriterieanalytiskt (MCA) ramverk för att identifiera relevanta indikatorer för utvärdering och möjliga alternativ för CO2-användning. En livscykelanalys (LCA) tillämpades även för att utvärdera klimatprestandan för relevanta CCU-alternativ inom produktion, Funding agency: The Kamprad Family Foundation

Biogas solutions offer many benefits for the environment and society, including organic waste treatment as well as being an enabler for energy and nutrient recovery. The products of anaerobic digestion are a biogas, which contains a share of 30 to 50% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 50 to 70% methane, and a liquid remanent, rich in nutrients. The biogas can be upgraded by removing the CO2 to increase the energy content, producing biomethane. At present, CO2 is considered a waste in biomethane production systems, and hence it is emitted into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, biogas upgrading technologies separate a pure-grade CO2 and, likewise, carbon capture processes, providing a pure CO2 flow that can be stored or utilized. Compared to storage, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies deliver valuable carbon-based products required to sustain human activities. The valorization of green CO2 could aid the transition towards defossilization of the economy. Indeed, several CO2 utilization technologies could be incorporated into biomethane production systems, but there is still a limited understanding of the available alternatives and their potential impacts on biomethane systems. This thesis aims to investigate the integration of CO2 utilization technologies in biomethane production systems by revealing its potential, identifying alternatives, and assessing the impacts of the integration. Using Sweden as an example, scenarios of future biomethane production were employed to estimate the potential CO2 available for utilization. To complement the analysis, a qualitative approach made possible the identification of aspects that could affect CO2 utilization in biomethane production. Moreover, a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) framework was developed to identify relevant indicators for assessment and available alternatives for CO2 utilization. The research also includes a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the climate performance of relevant CCU alternatives in the biomet, Biogaslösningar kan ge en mängd positiva miljömässiga och samhällsviktiga effekter, inklusive behandling av organiskt avfall och framställning av energi och näringsämnen. Produkterna från anaerob rötning är dels biogas, som består från 30 till 50% av koldioxid (CO2) och 50 till 70% av metan, dels en flytande rötrest med högt näringsinnehåll. Biogasen kan uppgraderas genom att ta bort CO2 för att öka energiinnehållet, och på så vis framställs biometan. CO2 ses för närvarande som en restprodukt i produktionssystemet och släpps därför vanligtvis ut i atmosfären. Tekniker för uppgradering av biogas liknar dock processer för infångning av CO2, där högkoncentrerade flöden av CO2 lagras (CCS) eller används (CCU). Till skillnad från lagring bidrar tekniken för CCU till att skapa produkter som behövs för att upprätthålla samhällsviktiga funktioner. Dessa valoriseringar av grön CO2 skulle kunna stödja övergången mot ett fossilfritt ekonomiskt system. Faktum är att det finns ett flertal tekniker som skulle kunna integreras i produktionssystem för biometan, men kunskapen om dessa tekniker och deras inverkan på biometansystemet är begränsad. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka integrationen av tekniska lösningar för nyttiggörande av CO2 vid framställning av biometan genom att påvisa dess potential, identifiera alternativa tekniska lösningar, och utvärdera integrationens följder. Med Sverige som exempel skapades scenarier för framtida biometanproduktion för att uppskatta mängden CO2 som skulle kunna tas om hand. Som ett komplement till dessa uppskattningar tillämpades ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt som identifierade aspekter som skulle kunna påverka CO2-användningen vid biometanproduktion. Dessutom utvecklades ett multikriterieanalytiskt (MCA) ramverk för att identifiera relevanta indikatorer för utvärdering och möjliga alternativ för CO2-användning. En livscykelanalys (LCA) tillämpades även för att utvärdera klimatprestandan för relevanta CCU-alternativ inom produktion, Funding agency: The Kamprad Family Foundation

Biogas solutions offer many benefits for the environment and society, including organic waste treatment as well as being an enabler for energy and nutrient recovery. The products of anaerobic digestion are a biogas, which contains a share of 30 to 50% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 50 to 70% methane, and a liquid remanent, rich in nutrients. The biogas can be upgraded by removing the CO2 to increase the energy content, producing biomethane. At present, CO2 is considered a waste in biomethane production systems, and hence it is emitted into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, biogas upgrading technologies separate a pure-grade CO2 and, likewise, carbon capture processes, providing a pure CO2 flow that can be stored or utilized. Compared to storage, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies deliver valuable carbon-based products required to sustain human activities. The valorization of green CO2 could aid the transition towards defossilization of the economy. Indeed, several CO2 utilization technologies could be incorporated into biomethane production systems, but there is still a limited understanding of the available alternatives and their potential impacts on biomethane systems. This thesis aims to investigate the integration of CO2 utilization technologies in biomethane production systems by revealing its potential, identifying alternatives, and assessing the impacts of the integration. Using Sweden as an example, scenarios of future biomethane production were employed to estimate the potential CO2 available for utilization. To complement the analysis, a qualitative approach made possible the identification of aspects that could affect CO2 utilization in biomethane production. Moreover, a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) framework was developed to identify relevant indicators for assessment and available alternatives for CO2 utilization. The research also includes a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the climate performance of relevant CCU alternatives in the biomet, Biogaslösningar kan ge en mängd positiva miljömässiga och samhällsviktiga effekter, inklusive behandling av organiskt avfall och framställning av energi och näringsämnen. Produkterna från anaerob rötning är dels biogas, som består från 30 till 50% av koldioxid (CO2) och 50 till 70% av metan, dels en flytande rötrest med högt näringsinnehåll. Biogasen kan uppgraderas genom att ta bort CO2 för att öka energiinnehållet, och på så vis framställs biometan. CO2 ses för närvarande som en restprodukt i produktionssystemet och släpps därför vanligtvis ut i atmosfären. Tekniker för uppgradering av biogas liknar dock processer för infångning av CO2, där högkoncentrerade flöden av CO2 lagras (CCS) eller används (CCU). Till skillnad från lagring bidrar tekniken för CCU till att skapa produkter som behövs för att upprätthålla samhällsviktiga funktioner. Dessa valoriseringar av grön CO2 skulle kunna stödja övergången mot ett fossilfritt ekonomiskt system. Faktum är att det finns ett flertal tekniker som skulle kunna integreras i produktionssystem för biometan, men kunskapen om dessa tekniker och deras inverkan på biometansystemet är begränsad. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka integrationen av tekniska lösningar för nyttiggörande av CO2 vid framställning av biometan genom att påvisa dess potential, identifiera alternativa tekniska lösningar, och utvärdera integrationens följder. Med Sverige som exempel skapades scenarier för framtida biometanproduktion för att uppskatta mängden CO2 som skulle kunna tas om hand. Som ett komplement till dessa uppskattningar tillämpades ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt som identifierade aspekter som skulle kunna påverka CO2-användningen vid biometanproduktion. Dessutom utvecklades ett multikriterieanalytiskt (MCA) ramverk för att identifiera relevanta indikatorer för utvärdering och möjliga alternativ för CO2-användning. En livscykelanalys (LCA) tillämpades även för att utvärdera klimatprestandan för relevanta CCU-alternativ inom produktion, Funding agency: The Kamprad Family Foundation

Biogas solutions offer many benefits for the environment and society, including organic waste treatment as well as being an enabler for energy and nutrient recovery. The products of anaerobic digestion are a biogas, which contains a share of 30 to 50% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 50 to 70% methane, and a liquid remanent, rich in nutrients. The biogas can be upgraded by removing the CO2 to increase the energy content, producing biomethane. At present, CO2 is considered a waste in biomethane production systems, and hence it is emitted into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, biogas upgrading technologies separate a pure-grade CO2 and, likewise, carbon capture processes, providing a pure CO2 flow that can be stored or utilized. Compared to storage, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies deliver valuable carbon-based products required to sustain human activities. The valorization of green CO2 could aid the transition towards defossilization of the economy. Indeed, several CO2 utilization technologies could be incorporated into biomethane production systems, but there is still a limited understanding of the available alternatives and their potential impacts on biomethane systems. This thesis aims to investigate the integration of CO2 utilization technologies in biomethane production systems by revealing its potential, identifying alternatives, and assessing the impacts of the integration. Using Sweden as an example, scenarios of future biomethane production were employed to estimate the potential CO2 available for utilization. To complement the analysis, a qualitative approach made possible the identification of aspects that could affect CO2 utilization in biomethane production. Moreover, a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) framework was developed to identify relevant indicators for assessment and available alternatives for CO2 utilization. The research also includes a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the climate performance of relevant CCU alternatives in the biomet, Biogaslösningar kan ge en mängd positiva miljömässiga och samhällsviktiga effekter, inklusive behandling av organiskt avfall och framställning av energi och näringsämnen. Produkterna från anaerob rötning är dels biogas, som består från 30 till 50% av koldioxid (CO2) och 50 till 70% av metan, dels en flytande rötrest med högt näringsinnehåll. Biogasen kan uppgraderas genom att ta bort CO2 för att öka energiinnehållet, och på så vis framställs biometan. CO2 ses för närvarande som en restprodukt i produktionssystemet och släpps därför vanligtvis ut i atmosfären. Tekniker för uppgradering av biogas liknar dock processer för infångning av CO2, där högkoncentrerade flöden av CO2 lagras (CCS) eller används (CCU). Till skillnad från lagring bidrar tekniken för CCU till att skapa produkter som behövs för att upprätthålla samhällsviktiga funktioner. Dessa valoriseringar av grön CO2 skulle kunna stödja övergången mot ett fossilfritt ekonomiskt system. Faktum är att det finns ett flertal tekniker som skulle kunna integreras i produktionssystem för biometan, men kunskapen om dessa tekniker och deras inverkan på biometansystemet är begränsad. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka integrationen av tekniska lösningar för nyttiggörande av CO2 vid framställning av biometan genom att påvisa dess potential, identifiera alternativa tekniska lösningar, och utvärdera integrationens följder. Med Sverige som exempel skapades scenarier för framtida biometanproduktion för att uppskatta mängden CO2 som skulle kunna tas om hand. Som ett komplement till dessa uppskattningar tillämpades ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt som identifierade aspekter som skulle kunna påverka CO2-användningen vid biometanproduktion. Dessutom utvecklades ett multikriterieanalytiskt (MCA) ramverk för att identifiera relevanta indikatorer för utvärdering och möjliga alternativ för CO2-användning. En livscykelanalys (LCA) tillämpades även för att utvärdera klimatprestandan för relevanta CCU-alternativ inom produktion, Funding agency: The Kamprad Family Foundation

Biogas from anaerobic digestion is an important renewable energy source. Combining its utilisation with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) may improve climate change performance. This study uses life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts of 17 biogas management technology configurations (TCs). The technologies include biogas combustion, upgrading to natural gas quality, CCS, direct utilisation of CO2 and methanation. The focus is mainly on energy balances and climate change impacts, and the results are subjected to sensitivity-, uncertainty-, and energy system analysis. The TCs with CCS and CCU provide the largest climate change savings (-1400 to - 2100 kg CO2-eq/1000 Nm3 biogas). Specifically, the methanation TCs provide the highest savings, but they also depend strongly on the energy sources. When combustion and upgrading TCs are amended with CCS, the resulting climate change savings are robust across the energy systems. The biogas upgrading TCs exhibit substantial climate change savings, mainly due to the natural gas substitution. Combustion TCs without CCS have the lowest climate change savings and the highest quantified uncertainties. The biogas upgrading TCs with storage or direct utilisation of CO2 provide a good compromise between climate change savings and energy recovery. In the remaining impact categories, the CCU TCs generally perform best, followed by the upgrading TCs and finally, the combustion TCs. The CCS TCs consistently perform worse than their counterparts without CCS, opposite to the climate change results. Overall, amending biogas utilisation with CCS or CCU can contribute to climate change mitigation.

A new carbonation procedure is presented to recycle waste from phosphoric acid production, known as phosphogypsum (PG). The PG is treated with lye (NaOH solution) used in the olive industry instead of commercial NaOH. Chemical analyses confirm that the reaction of these two industrial by-products shows very good carbonation efficiency. In addition, it has also been confirmed that the radionuclides present in the starting PG are mostly transferred to the solid by-product. The concentration of hazardous trace elements present in these solid by-products is low enough to allow their use in civil engineering applications. Therefore, this procedure can be a new management strategy for PG and waste streams from the olive industry and can be explored to exploit the potential of the PG by-product as a CO2 sequestration agent. In addition, it improves the economy of the process and mitigates the environmental impact of discharging of these caustics because it results in a neutral pH residual liquid

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is an emerging technology for reducing the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and to limit the negative effects on the global warming. Different from carbon capture and storage (CCS), in CCU the carbon captured from point sources or direct from air is processed to valuable carbon containing products. Several studies have been conducted on the technological and economic viability of CCU. However, no detailed process analyses with a system-level approach have been reported. Performance and challenges on pre-treatment and downstream processing of product streams have been ignored or generalized. This work aims to perform a detailed front-end techno-economic and environmental analysis on CCU pathways, focused on thermocatalysis (TC) and low- and high temperature electrolysis (LTE and HTE) of CO2. Identifying the most business critical pathways for valorization and utilization of CO2. The scope of this study focuses on the identified single-step chemicals, that can directly be produced from CO2 without intermediates. KPI's selected for both conversion technologies are used to determine performance. A parametric analysis is carried out to evaluate the marginal costs of production per unit of weight for the selected chemicals. Based on costs, TRL and phase of product stream a selection of chemicals is made. Products identified as potential viable for industrial scale production and selected for further study are carbon monoxide (LTE, HTE and TC), formic acid (LTE and TC) and oxalic acid (LTE). Conceptual process designs are made using reported system performance with all required units identified. A model is developed to simulate input- and product streams, scale size of units, calculate required utilities and costs of investment and operation. All processes are modulated according to generic battery limits, use cases and analysis methodology to provide an equal comparative study. It is found that state-of-the-art ele

The energy transition is one of the largest challenges our global society is facing. In 2015, the United Nations acknowledged the Paris Agreement, where the world’s nations were united to limit the global warming well below 2 °C in comparison with pre-historic levels. One of the measures to tackle this challenge that have been proposed by both the International Energy Agency and the European Union is carbon capture and storage or utilisation (CCUS). The concept of CCUS is relatively old but has in light of climate mitigation measures been identified as vital since carbon dioxide (CO2) either can be permanently stored or sequestered into products and materials. Previous research has shown a large potential in CCUS, and that it has a key role in enabling and achieving net-zero climate scenarios. However, large-scale and widely distributed CCUS facilities has not yet been deployed, and it is not fully clear which aspects that are the most important affecting the deployment and how this can be facilitated. This study aims to investigate the current and future market of captured CO2 in Europe during the next decade. The study aims to fill the knowledge gap on how policies affect the development of CCUS, the drivers and barriers that current actors have identified within the field, and lastly, possible pathways in which CO2 can be used. This study was performed using a literature scoping review and interviews with relevant CCUS actors in different parts of the value-chain. The results show CCUS is recognised as an important tool within the European Union to reach the climate goals set out by the European Commission. The development and further deployment of CCUS are however prevented due to economic and legislative barriers, of which low carbon pricing, such as the EU ETS, is identified as the main barrier against making CCUS commercially competitive. Additional legislative barriers are connected to the cross-national trade and export of CO2, as well as a lacking framewor

This document reports the finding from the project BeKind: Circularity and climate benefit of a Bio- and Electro-based Chemical Industry - effects of transitions in petrochemical value chains. The aim of the BeKind-project has been to identify challenges for transition to a circular and climate-neutral petrochemical industry, to develop proposals for remedial activities for these obstacles and challenges, and to quantify the benefits such a transition can have for circularity, climate and social sustainability. The focus of the project has been on industrial production of liquid fuels and plastics.

Many countries strengthen their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change and meet the Paris Agreement (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2019). Commitments include achieving net-zero emissions or in some cases even negative emissions (Government offices of Sweden, 2020a; United Nations, 2021a). To achieve these goals, carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is considered as an essential strategy. Carbon capture storage and utilization are recognized methods of reducing or avoiding greenhouse gas emissions (IEA, 2019a, 2020). However, the uncertainty regarding costs, financial incentives, and pricing is impeding adoption. Further information is needed for CCUS concepts both in respect to cost estimates and required market prices for CCUS, this to provide guidance for decision makers and market actors. In this report a study has investigated the economic feasibility of three CCUS concepts for a biogas facility. One CCS concept where CO2 was captured and liquefied on-site to be transported to a terminal for shipping and end storage injection. The CCS concept annual capacity was ~16 500 ton net stored CO2. Two CCU concepts were considered, where synthetic natural gas (SNG) was produced via biologic methanation with on-site produced hydrogen, both with annual production of ~88 GWh SNG. A techno-economic assessment (TEA) was carried out where the key cost-drivers were identified, and the economic feasibility assessed. With performance and cost estimates for each process step in the different considered concepts a model was built where a cash flow was created and a net present value (NPV) could be calculated. The study found transportation to be the most prominent cost driver for CCS where shipping and storage represented 57 % of the total cost of CO2 removal. The cost driver for CCU concepts was found to be hydrogen production, where the electricity for the electrolyser constituted 65 % of the total cost of produced SNG. None of the con, Många länder stärker sina åtaganden att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser för att begränsa klimatförändringen och uppfylla Parisavtalet (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2019). I åtagandena ingår att uppnå nettonollutsläpp eller i vissa fall till och med negativa utsläpp (Regeringskansliet, 2020a; FN, 2021a). För att uppnå dessa mål anses avskiljning, nyttjande och lagring av koldioxid (CCUS) vara en viktig strategi. Avskiljning, lagring och utnyttjande av koldioxid är erkända metoder för att minska eller undvika utsläpp av växthusgaser (IEA, 2019a, 2020). Osäkerheten kring kostnader, ekonomiska incitament och prissättning hindrar dock införandet. Ytterligare information behövs för CCUS-koncept både när det gäller kostnadsberäkningar och nödvändiga marknadspriser för CCUS, detta för att ge vägledning för beslutsfattare och marknadsaktörer. I den här rapporten undersöks den ekonomiska genomförbarheten av tre CCUS-koncept för en biogasanläggning. Ett CCS-koncept där koldioxid avskiljs och kondenseras på plats för att sedan transporteras till en terminal för slutlig sjöfrakt och injektion i geologiskt lager. Den årliga kapaciteten för CCS-konceptet var ~16 500 ton nettolagrad koldioxid. Två CCU-koncept övervägdes, där syntetisk natur gas (SNG) producerades genom biologisk metanisering med vätgas producerad på plats, där båda koncepten hade en årlig produktion av ~88 GWh SNG. En tekno-ekonomisk undersökning genomfördes där de viktigaste kostnadsdrivande faktorerna identifierades och den ekonomiska genomförbarheten bedömdes. Med hjälp av prestanda- och kostnadsberäkningar för varje processteg i de olika tänkta koncepten byggdes en modell där ett kassaflöde skapades och ett netto-nuvärde kunde beräknas. I studien konstaterades att transport var den mest framträdande kostnadsdrivande faktorn för CCS, där sjöfrakt och lagring stod för 57 % av den totala kostnaden för koldioxidavskiljning. Kostnadsdrivande för CCU-konceptet var vätgasproduktionen, där el till elektrolysen utgjorde 65

The energy transition is one of the largest challenges our global society is facing. In 2015, the United Nations acknowledged the Paris Agreement, where the world’s nations were united to limit the global warming well below 2 °C in comparison with pre-historic levels. One of the measures to tackle this challenge that have been proposed by both the International Energy Agency and the European Union is carbon capture and storage or utilisation (CCUS). The concept of CCUS is relatively old but has in light of climate mitigation measures been identified as vital since carbon dioxide (CO2) either can be permanently stored or sequestered into products and materials. Previous research has shown a large potential in CCUS, and that it has a key role in enabling and achieving net-zero climate scenarios. However, large-scale and widely distributed CCUS facilities has not yet been deployed, and it is not fully clear which aspects that are the most important affecting the deployment and how this can be facilitated. This study aims to investigate the current and future market of captured CO2 in Europe during the next decade. The study aims to fill the knowledge gap on how policies affect the development of CCUS, the drivers and barriers that current actors have identified within the field, and lastly, possible pathways in which CO2 can be used. This study was performed using a literature scoping review and interviews with relevant CCUS actors in different parts of the value-chain. The results show CCUS is recognised as an important tool within the European Union to reach the climate goals set out by the European Commission. The development and further deployment of CCUS are however prevented due to economic and legislative barriers, of which low carbon pricing, such as the EU ETS, is identified as the main barrier against making CCUS commercially competitive. Additional legislative barriers are connected to the cross-national trade and export of CO2, as well as a lacking framewor

Many countries strengthen their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change and meet the Paris Agreement (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2019). Commitments include achieving net-zero emissions or in some cases even negative emissions (Government offices of Sweden, 2020a; United Nations, 2021a). To achieve these goals, carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is considered as an essential strategy. Carbon capture storage and utilization are recognized methods of reducing or avoiding greenhouse gas emissions (IEA, 2019a, 2020). However, the uncertainty regarding costs, financial incentives, and pricing is impeding adoption. Further information is needed for CCUS concepts both in respect to cost estimates and required market prices for CCUS, this to provide guidance for decision makers and market actors. In this report a study has investigated the economic feasibility of three CCUS concepts for a biogas facility. One CCS concept where CO2 was captured and liquefied on-site to be transported to a terminal for shipping and end storage injection. The CCS concept annual capacity was ~16 500 ton net stored CO2. Two CCU concepts were considered, where synthetic natural gas (SNG) was produced via biologic methanation with on-site produced hydrogen, both with annual production of ~88 GWh SNG. A techno-economic assessment (TEA) was carried out where the key cost-drivers were identified, and the economic feasibility assessed. With performance and cost estimates for each process step in the different considered concepts a model was built where a cash flow was created and a net present value (NPV) could be calculated. The study found transportation to be the most prominent cost driver for CCS where shipping and storage represented 57 % of the total cost of CO2 removal. The cost driver for CCU concepts was found to be hydrogen production, where the electricity for the electrolyser constituted 65 % of the total cost of produced SNG. None of the con, Många länder stärker sina åtaganden att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser för att begränsa klimatförändringen och uppfylla Parisavtalet (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2019). I åtagandena ingår att uppnå nettonollutsläpp eller i vissa fall till och med negativa utsläpp (Regeringskansliet, 2020a; FN, 2021a). För att uppnå dessa mål anses avskiljning, nyttjande och lagring av koldioxid (CCUS) vara en viktig strategi. Avskiljning, lagring och utnyttjande av koldioxid är erkända metoder för att minska eller undvika utsläpp av växthusgaser (IEA, 2019a, 2020). Osäkerheten kring kostnader, ekonomiska incitament och prissättning hindrar dock införandet. Ytterligare information behövs för CCUS-koncept både när det gäller kostnadsberäkningar och nödvändiga marknadspriser för CCUS, detta för att ge vägledning för beslutsfattare och marknadsaktörer. I den här rapporten undersöks den ekonomiska genomförbarheten av tre CCUS-koncept för en biogasanläggning. Ett CCS-koncept där koldioxid avskiljs och kondenseras på plats för att sedan transporteras till en terminal för slutlig sjöfrakt och injektion i geologiskt lager. Den årliga kapaciteten för CCS-konceptet var ~16 500 ton nettolagrad koldioxid. Två CCU-koncept övervägdes, där syntetisk natur gas (SNG) producerades genom biologisk metanisering med vätgas producerad på plats, där båda koncepten hade en årlig produktion av ~88 GWh SNG. En tekno-ekonomisk undersökning genomfördes där de viktigaste kostnadsdrivande faktorerna identifierades och den ekonomiska genomförbarheten bedömdes. Med hjälp av prestanda- och kostnadsberäkningar för varje processteg i de olika tänkta koncepten byggdes en modell där ett kassaflöde skapades och ett netto-nuvärde kunde beräknas. I studien konstaterades att transport var den mest framträdande kostnadsdrivande faktorn för CCS, där sjöfrakt och lagring stod för 57 % av den totala kostnaden för koldioxidavskiljning. Kostnadsdrivande för CCU-konceptet var vätgasproduktionen, där el till elektrolysen utgjorde 65

This document reports the finding from the project BeKind: Circularity and climate benefit of a Bio- and Electro-based Chemical Industry - effects of transitions in petrochemical value chains. The aim of the BeKind-project has been to identify challenges for transition to a circular and climate-neutral petrochemical industry, to develop proposals for remedial activities for these obstacles and challenges, and to quantify the benefits such a transition can have for circularity, climate and social sustainability. The focus of the project has been on industrial production of liquid fuels and plastics.

Following the decision set by the EU of a net-zero greenhouse gas emission target for 2050, several industries have made roadmaps for how these reductions will be achieved. This thesis investigates the chemical industry roadmaps in order to assess how they envision their role in reaching the EU target. The technologies and strategies used in the roadmaps to reach the reduction targets vary widely, often showing a mix of mechanical and chemical recycling, feedstock switches to biomass and CO2, electrification and CCS. The industry's transition is furthermore seen as heavily dependent on the surrounding framework, mainly in regard to policy and energy. Clear signals to indicate the industry's own agency is on the other hand often lacking in the roadmaps. While the roadmaps often indicate how the transition is modelled to progress in intervals until 2050, more short term planning and recommendations for industry is generally lacking, thus not facilitating early action. What emissions are included and how they are accounted for is not consistent across the different roadmaps, and this is especially the case for emissions that are not under the direct control of the chemical industry. To better assess the potential of solutions involving the entire value chain and circular economy solutions, the full life cycle emissions of products should be more carefully assessed and calculated. Despite the EU target of net-zero, the pathways illustrated in the roadmaps show varying and often less ambitious reduction targets. If industries follow paths that do not achieve net-zero emissions, this jeopardizes the EU's ability to reach its target, as well as the Paris agreement and ultimately the future stability of the planet's climate., Som en följd av EU-beslutet om ett nettonollutsläppsmål till 2050 har flera industrier utvecklat färdplaner för hur dessa utsläppsminskningar ska uppnås. Det här examensarbetet undersöker kemiindustrins färdplaner i syfte att bedöma hur de ser på sin roll i att nå EU:s utsläppsmål. Teknikerna och strategierna som används i färdplanerna för att nå utsläppsminskningar varierar stort. Ofta antas att en blandning av mekanisk och kemisk återvinning, byten av råmaterial till biomassa och CO2, samt elektrifiering, och CCS kan komma att utnyttjas. Industrins omställning är dessutom beroende av olika förutsättningar i samhället i övrigt, framför allt kopplat till politik och energi. Tydliga signaler om hur kemiindustrin ser på sina egna möjligheter till agerande saknas dock ofta i färdplanerna. Medan färdplanerna ofta indikerar hur omsällningen skulle kunna ske modellerat i intervall fram till 2050 så saknas planering och rekommendationer till industrin på kort sikt. Därmed underlättar heller inte färdplanerna för tidiga åtgärder. Vilka utsläpp som inkluderas och hur de beräknas är heller inte konsekvent färdplaner emellan, i synnerhet vad gäller utsläpp som inte är under kemiindustrins direkta kontroll. För att kunna bedöma potentialen för lösningar som involverar hela produkternas värdekedja och cirkulära lösningar bör utsläppen från produktens hela livscykel inkluderas och bedömas mer i detalj. Trots EU:s mål om nettonollutsläpp illustrerar färdplanerna varierade och ofta mindre ambitiösa mål för utsläppsminskning. Om industrier följer vägar som inte leder till nettonollutsläpp äventyras EU:s möjligheter att nå sitt mål. Likaså äventyras Parisavtalet och i slutändan den framtida stabiliteten av planetens klimat., Hur tänker kemiindustrin nå nettonollutsläpp? Till år 2050 ska EU:s nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser vara noll. För kemiindustrin innebär det endast en investeringscykel kvar för att ställa om. Men att ställa om en industri som tillverkar plast, gödningsmedel och en myriad av andra produkter - produkter där olja och gas utgör själva materialet - kräver enorma satsningar, och kanske mod. När den europeiska kemiindustrin utvecklar färdplaner för hur de ska minska sina utsläpp till 2050 ser de enorma utmaningar framför sig. Elanvänding väntas mångdubblas, och investeringarna kanske likaså. Teknikerna som behövs finns, men är inte konkurrenskraftiga så stöd behövs för att omställningen ska ske. El, infrastruktur och styrmedel måste till. Det är bilden som framkommer i detta examensarbete där kemiindustrins färdplaner undersöks. Målet med arbetet är att se vilken roll kemiindustrin ser sig ha i att nå EU:s mål, vilka tekniker och strategier som väntas användas, kostnader som förväntas, beroenden av andra aktörer samt hur mogna färdplanerna är. En mängd tänkbara strategier ligger på bordet. Råvaran skulle kunna ersättas med biomassa, återvunnet material både från mekanisk och framtida kemisk återvinning, och kol från koldioxidinfångning. Dessutom måste den fossila energianvändningen ersättas med el och kanske andra förnybara energikällor, effektivisering ska fortgå och kvarvarande utsläpp kan fångas in och lagras. Idag är det ännu oklart vilka av dessa strategier som väntas spela störst roll i framtiden. Det står klart att omställningen beror mycket på omkringliggande faktorer. Omställningen väntas heller inte ske om industrin ser en risk att bli utkonkurrerad. Industrin frågar därför efter tydliga och stabila regler för att stötta och skapa incitament för investeringar. Offentliga satsningar på forskning, utveckling, och demonstrationsprojekt önskas. Det efterfrågas också infrastruktur för exempelvis energi, koldioxid och återvinningsflöden, samt god tillgång till billig och

Large-scale energy storage plants based on power-to-gas-to-power technologies incorporating high temperature electrolysis, catalytic methanation of H₂ and CO₂ and novel, highly efficient methane-fired Allam reconversion cycles allow for a confined and circular use of CO₂ and thus an emission-free storage of intermittent renewable energy. The Allam power cycle is considered as a beneficial power plant concept, which employs supercritical CO₂ as working fluid as well as an oxy-combustion process to reach high efficiencies of up to 66%. The combination of said process chain could reach a maximum roundtrip efficiency of 54.2 % assuming the presence of sufficient storage capacities for all relevant technical gases. In a technically feasible scenario, paired with a separate air separation unit instead of stationary O₂ storages, roundtrip efficiencies of 49.0 % were determined.. The implementation of said energy storage systems into existing national energy systems will pose a major challenge, since they will require far-reaching infrastructural changes to the respective systems itself, such as extensive installations of renewable generation and electrolysis capacities as well as sufficient subsurface storage capacities for both CO₂ and CH₂. Furthermore, an exemplary energy system forecast for Germany for the year of 2050 is presented to show the viability of the energy storage concept. In case of a fully circular use of CO₂, when electricity is solely generated by renewable energy sources (RES), 736 GW of RES, 234 GW of electrolysis and 62 GW of gas-to-power capacities are required. The total storage volume on the national scale of Germany for both CO₂ and CH₄ was determined to be 7.8 billion Nm³, respectively, leading to a CH₄ storage capacity of 54.5 TWh. The present investigation illustrates the feasibility of large-scale energy storage systems for renewable electricity based on high temperature electrolysis, catalytic methanation and Allam power cycles paired with lar

Dari pengamatan yang telah dilakukan ditemui bahwa mahasiswa masih kesulitan berbicara Bahasa inggris sesuai dengan kebutuhan bagi peserta didik dan dalam konteks lingkungan kerja. English Specific Purpose sebagai promosi pariwisata di Blitar dimana Blitar memiliki banyak potensi pariwisata yang perlu disikapi dengan cermat dengan menyiapkan SDM yang mumpuni untuk pengelolaannya. Penelitian ini merupakan pengembangan Desain Research. Adapun penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengembangkan produk mata kuliah English Specific Purpose. Adapun produk berupa bahan ajar English specific purpose for English Tourism yang diajarkan untuk semester 6 mahasiswa Program Studi S1 Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris tahun akademik 2021/2022. Sedangkan model Penelitian ini adalah Model Plomp, yang menggunakan tahapan berupa Preliminary Research, Development or Prototyping Phase dan Assesment Phase. Untuk melihat layak dan tidaknya produk peneliti menggunakna validator untuk memvalidasi produk. Validator diantaranya adalah validator instrument, materi dan media. Dari hasil validasi yang telah dilakukan ahli diperoleh rerata tingkat kevalidan sebesar 87,50%.

The Paris Agreement's temperature goals require global CO2 emissions to halve by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050. CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are considered promising to achieve the temperature goals. This paper investigates which CCU technologies—using atmospheric, biogenic, or fossil CO2—are Paris compatible, based on life cycle emissions and technological maturity criteria. We systematically gathered and harmonized CCU technology information for both criteria and found that CCU with technology readiness levels (TRLs) of 6 or higher can be Paris compatible in 2030 for construction materials, enhanced oil recovery, horticulture industry, and some chemicals. For 2050, considering all TRLs, we showed that only products storing CO2 permanently or produced from only zero-emissions energy can be Paris compatible. Our findings imply that research and policy should focus on accelerating development of CCU technologies that may achieve (close to) zero net emissions, avoiding lock-in by CCU technologies with limited net emission reductions.

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is an emerging technology for reducing the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and to limit the negative effects on the global warming. Different from carbon capture and storage (CCS), in CCU the carbon captured from point sources or direct from air is processed to valuable carbon containing products. Several studies have been conducted on the technological and economic viability of CCU. However, no detailed process analyses with a system-level approach have been reported. Performance and challenges on pre-treatment and downstream processing of product streams have been ignored or generalized. This work aims to perform a detailed front-end techno-economic and environmental analysis on CCU pathways, focused on thermocatalysis (TC) and low- and high temperature electrolysis (LTE and HTE) of CO2. Identifying the most business critical pathways for valorization and utilization of CO2. The scope of this study focuses on the identified single-step chemicals, that can directly be produced from CO2 without intermediates. KPI's selected for both conversion technologies are used to determine performance. A parametric analysis is carried out to evaluate the marginal costs of production per unit of weight for the selected chemicals. Based on costs, TRL and phase of product stream a selection of chemicals is made. Products identified as potential viable for industrial scale production and selected for further study are carbon monoxide (LTE, HTE and TC), formic acid (LTE and TC) and oxalic acid (LTE). Conceptual process designs are made using reported system performance with all required units identified. A model is developed to simulate input- and product streams, scale size of units, calculate required utilities and costs of investment and operation. All processes are modulated according to generic battery limits, use cases and analysis methodology to provide an equal comparative study. It is found that state-of-the-art ele, Mechanical Engineering

This study was performed with the ambition to clarify some of the findings from the previous project and also to address the possible hurdles and possibilities that exists for the implementation of an industrial BEJF production facility at the Lugnvik site in Östersund, Sweden. Also, the development of a roadmap for implementation of the concept is included in this study. The study reports on the establishment of international consortia for both continued research and the realization of the full-scale facility. Hence, two parallel paths are described (research and full-scale) and a roadmap depicting possible ways forward for those paths during the upcoming 5 years is presented. One important conclusion is that funding should be sourced separate for the two paths to prevent the implementation of the full-scale plant being dependent on research funding. However, the research path has great potential to provide valuable, knowledge also for the full-scale case. As a general next step, it is proposed that the roadmap developed within this project is followed for the upcoming five years. As a more specific next step, a follow up detailed pre-study is proposed that would enhance the possibility to go deeper into the concept., Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.

This study was performed with the ambition to clarify some of the findings from the previous project and also to address the possible hurdles and possibilities that exists for the implementation of an industrial BEJF production facility at the Lugnvik site in Östersund, Sweden. Also, the development of a roadmap for implementation of the concept is included in this study. The study reports on the establishment of international consortia for both continued research and the realization of the full-scale facility. Hence, two parallel paths are described (research and full-scale) and a roadmap depicting possible ways forward for those paths during the upcoming 5 years is presented. One important conclusion is that funding should be sourced separate for the two paths to prevent the implementation of the full-scale plant being dependent on research funding. However, the research path has great potential to provide valuable, knowledge also for the full-scale case. As a general next step, it is proposed that the roadmap developed within this project is followed for the upcoming five years. As a more specific next step, a follow up detailed pre-study is proposed that would enhance the possibility to go deeper into the concept., Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.

In order to meet climate goals, both CO2 capture and storage (CCS) and CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) have been identified as increasingly important technologies for mitigating CO2 emissions that are difficult to avoid. In this work, the CO2 utilization, or more specifically, the CO2 conversion to fuels and urea, considering the large demand for CO2, as well as the CO2 mineralization are surveyed and reviewed. The content of this review includes technologies - all the way from the laboratory studies to the industrial applications - their current status, and future potential. CCS is included for a comparison concerning the costs. Also, aspects as the CO2 impurities and the effect of it as well as various requirements concerning the CO2 impurity are included. Many recent studies show that CCU, especially CO2 conversion to fuels, will play an essential role in mitigating CO2 emissions, while developed methods and technologies are not yet mature. More research work needs to be conducted to improve the process efficiency via developing catalysts and reducing the cost of producing H-2 that is used as a reactant for fuel synthesis. Moreover, current literature also shows that impurities will affect the process of both CCS and CCU, while the work of studying their influence, especially on CCU, is still scarce. The cost of CCS has been estimated combined with impurities, while studies on cost estimation for CCU are still limited, and the cost, in general, is relatively high with the currently available technologies.

Carbon dioxide is released by natural and anthropogenic processes, such as the production and combustion of fossil fuels. Production of biogas also generates carbon dioxide, but of biogenic origin. The global, yearly emissions of greenhouse gases are regularly increasing, although agreements such as the Paris Agreement is signed by parties globally. Sweden has the goal to reach net-zero emissions by 2045, and thereafter to only obtain negative emission levels. To reach these goals the biogenic version of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) called Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is considered to be an essential strategy. Using carbon dioxide, through Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU), in for example products, can complement BECCS since the strategy can increase the value of carbon dioxide. These strategies make it possible to reduce the climate impact of biogas production. This master thesis aimed to chart different techniques in CCS and CCU to examine how they can be used to utilize or store carbon dioxide from biogas plants. What technical demands different solutions create was explored. The different techniques were assessed through a multi criteria analysis by a technological, environmental, marketable and economical standpoint to investigate which ones were the most suitable for a specific, studied case – Tekniska verken’s biogas plant. One suitable technique within CCU was analyzed through a screening of actors in the region. An environmental assessment of one technique in CCS and one in CCU were compared with the reference case Business as usual, to explore how a simulated biogas plant’s climate impact can change through the implementation of CCS and CCU. The charting of literature gave findings of 42 different techniques, which were sifted down to 7; algae farming for wastewater treatment, BECCS in saltwater aquifers, carbon dioxide curing of concrete, bulk solutions, production of methanol, production of methane through Power To Gas and c, Koldioxid släpps ut av såväl naturliga som antropogena processer, exempelvis vid produktion och förbränning av fossila bränslen. Även vid biogasproduktion uppkommer koldioxid, men av biogent ursprung. Årliga globala utsläpp av växthusgaser ökar regelbundet, trots överenskommelser som Parisavtalet som syftar till att begränsa klimatförändringarna. Sverige ska nå nettonollutsläpp senast 2045 och därefter ha negativa utsläppsnivåer. För att uppnå detta mål anses en biogen version av Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), det vill säga avskiljning och lagring av koldioxid, kallad Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) vara en essentiell strategi. Tillvaratagande av koldioxid, genom Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU), kan ge ett bra komplement till BECCS eftersom det nyttiggör koldioxid i produkter och kan öka värdet av koldioxid. Tekniker inom CCS och CCU möjliggör minskad klimatpåverkan inom biogasproduktion. Detta examensarbete syftade till att kartlägga olika alternativ inom teknikerna CCS och CCU för att undersöka hur dessa kan användas för att nyttiggöra eller lagra koldioxid från biogasanläggningar, samt att undersöka vilka tekniska krav som ges av lösningarna. Utifrån en multikriterieanalys bedömdes vilka lösningar som var tekniskt, miljömässigt, marknadsmässigt och ekonomiskt motiverade för tillvaratagande av koldioxid. Bedömningen genomfördes genom att studera specifikt fall som var Tekniska verken i Linköpings biogasanläggning. Den lösning som valdes ut som lämplig inom CCU analyserades ur ett marknadsmässigt perspektiv genom en översiktlig kartläggning av aktörer i regionen. Därefter studerades klimatpåverkan från en förenklad modell av Tekniska verkens biogasanläggning för att undersöka hur denna förändras vid implementering av en lämplig lösning inom CCS respektive CCU. Genom en screening av lösningsförslag identifierades 42 lösningsförslag inom CCS och CCU som sållades ner till sju stycken; algodling vid vattenrening, BECCS i saltvattenakviferer

Carbon dioxide from biogas production is currently considered to be without value and isbecause of this released into the atmosphere in the biogas upgrading process. The residualgas is a potential carbon source and can create value in the biogas manufacturing process.By finding a suitable value-creating process that utilizes carbon dioxide, it can be possibleto provide both economic and environmental incentives for companies to develop theiroperations. This project explored the possibility to create value from this CO2. Through anevaluation of the technical maturity of CCU technologies, a recommendation could be givenat the end of the project. An analysis of technical barriers, such as pollutants in the gas, aswell as barriers in the form of competence and corporate culture were examined in orderto provide a reasoned recommendation. The project mapped which value-creating systemswould be suitable for biogas producers in a Swedish context. This included established methaneand carbon dioxide upgrading techniques currently in use and suitable CCU techniquesthat can interact with the selected upgrading processes and serve as value creators. Based onthis survey, it was then possible to identify common, critical variables for these systems. Thereafter,a recommendation of an appropriate CCU technology could be given depending onthe CO2 composition produced. One conclusion from the study was that carbon dioxide concentrationsfrom the residual gas was often high (approx. 97-98 %) and did not contain anycorrosive or toxic components, and that this largely depends on how the digestion reactor ishandled in the production process. Thus, questions were raised about what the actual limitationsof the CCU are, as they did not seem to be technical. CCU techniques that proved to beof particular interest were pH regulation of sewage plants, CO2 as a nutrient substrate for thecultivation of microalgae, and manufacturing of dry-ice for refrigerated transports. All of thesetechnologies cu, Koldioxid från biogasproduktion betraktas i dagsläget som utan värde och släpps ut i atmosfärenvid uppgradering av biogas. Restgasen är en potentiell kolkälla och kan vara värdeskapandeför biogasprocessen. Genom att finna en lämplig värdeskapande process som utnyttjarkoldioxid går det att ge både ekonomiska och miljömässiga incitament till företag att utvecklasin verksamhet. I detta projekt undersöktes möjligheten att skapa värde av denna CO2.Genom en utvärdering av den tekniska mognadsgraden hos CCU-tekniker kunde en rekommendationges vid projektets slut. En analys av tekniska hinder, såsom föroreningar i gassammansättningen,såväl som hinder i form av kompetens och företagskultur undersöktes för attkunna ge en motiverad rekommendation. I projektet kartlades vilka värdeskapande systemsom skulle passa för biogasproducenter i en svensk kontext. Detta inkluderade etableradeuppgraderingstekniker för metan- och koldioxid som används i dagsläget. I projektet undersöktesäven lämpliga CCU-tekniker som kan samverka med de valda uppgraderingsprocessernaoch och agera värdeskapande. Utifrån denna kartläggning kunde det sedan anges vilkagemensamma, kritiska variabler som finns för dessa system. Därefter kunde en rekommendationav lämplig CCU-teknik ges beroende på den producerade CO2 sammansättningen. Enslutsats i projektet var att koldioxid från restgasen ofta var av hög koncentration (ca. 97-98 %)och ej innehöll några korrosiva eller toxiska komponenter, och att detta till stor del beror påhur rötkammaren är hanterad i produktionsprocessen. Således väcktes frågor kring vilka defaktiska begränsningarna för CCU är, då de inte torde vara tekniska. CCU-tekniker som visadesig vara av särskilt intresse var pH-reglering av avloppsverk, CO2 som näringssubstratför odling av mikroalger, samt tillverkning av kolsyreis för kyltransporter. Samtliga dessatekniker har tillräckligt hög teknisk mognadsgrad för att kunna installeras i dagsläget. AndraCCU-tekniker, såsom ”Power to gas”, kräver en

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Carbon dioxide from biogas production is currently considered to be without value and isbecause of this released into the atmosphere in the biogas upgrading process. The residualgas is a potential carbon source and can create value in the biogas manufacturing process.By finding a suitable value-creating process that utilizes carbon dioxide, it can be possibleto provide both economic and environmental incentives for companies to develop theiroperations. This project explored the possibility to create value from this CO2. Through anevaluation of the technical maturity of CCU technologies, a recommendation could be givenat the end of the project. An analysis of technical barriers, such as pollutants in the gas, aswell as barriers in the form of competence and corporate culture were examined in orderto provide a reasoned recommendation. The project mapped which value-creating systemswould be suitable for biogas producers in a Swedish context. This included established methaneand carbon dioxide upgrading techniques currently in use and suitable CCU techniquesthat can interact with the selected upgrading processes and serve as value creators. Based onthis survey, it was then possible to identify common, critical variables for these systems. Thereafter,a recommendation of an appropriate CCU technology could be given depending onthe CO2 composition produced. One conclusion from the study was that carbon dioxide concentrationsfrom the residual gas was often high (approx. 97-98 %) and did not contain anycorrosive or toxic components, and that this largely depends on how the digestion reactor ishandled in the production process. Thus, questions were raised about what the actual limitationsof the CCU are, as they did not seem to be technical. CCU techniques that proved to beof particular interest were pH regulation of sewage plants, CO2 as a nutrient substrate for thecultivation of microalgae, and manufacturing of dry-ice for refrigerated transports. All of thesetechnologies cu, Koldioxid från biogasproduktion betraktas i dagsläget som utan värde och släpps ut i atmosfärenvid uppgradering av biogas. Restgasen är en potentiell kolkälla och kan vara värdeskapandeför biogasprocessen. Genom att finna en lämplig värdeskapande process som utnyttjarkoldioxid går det att ge både ekonomiska och miljömässiga incitament till företag att utvecklasin verksamhet. I detta projekt undersöktes möjligheten att skapa värde av denna CO2.Genom en utvärdering av den tekniska mognadsgraden hos CCU-tekniker kunde en rekommendationges vid projektets slut. En analys av tekniska hinder, såsom föroreningar i gassammansättningen,såväl som hinder i form av kompetens och företagskultur undersöktes för attkunna ge en motiverad rekommendation. I projektet kartlades vilka värdeskapande systemsom skulle passa för biogasproducenter i en svensk kontext. Detta inkluderade etableradeuppgraderingstekniker för metan- och koldioxid som används i dagsläget. I projektet undersöktesäven lämpliga CCU-tekniker som kan samverka med de valda uppgraderingsprocessernaoch och agera värdeskapande. Utifrån denna kartläggning kunde det sedan anges vilkagemensamma, kritiska variabler som finns för dessa system. Därefter kunde en rekommendationav lämplig CCU-teknik ges beroende på den producerade CO2 sammansättningen. Enslutsats i projektet var att koldioxid från restgasen ofta var av hög koncentration (ca. 97-98 %)och ej innehöll några korrosiva eller toxiska komponenter, och att detta till stor del beror påhur rötkammaren är hanterad i produktionsprocessen. Således väcktes frågor kring vilka defaktiska begränsningarna för CCU är, då de inte torde vara tekniska. CCU-tekniker som visadesig vara av särskilt intresse var pH-reglering av avloppsverk, CO2 som näringssubstratför odling av mikroalger, samt tillverkning av kolsyreis för kyltransporter. Samtliga dessatekniker har tillräckligt hög teknisk mognadsgrad för att kunna installeras i dagsläget. AndraCCU-tekniker, såsom ”Power to gas”, kräver en

Carbon dioxide is released by natural and anthropogenic processes, such as the production and combustion of fossil fuels. Production of biogas also generates carbon dioxide, but of biogenic origin. The global, yearly emissions of greenhouse gases are regularly increasing, although agreements such as the Paris Agreement is signed by parties globally. Sweden has the goal to reach net-zero emissions by 2045, and thereafter to only obtain negative emission levels. To reach these goals the biogenic version of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) called Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is considered to be an essential strategy. Using carbon dioxide, through Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU), in for example products, can complement BECCS since the strategy can increase the value of carbon dioxide. These strategies make it possible to reduce the climate impact of biogas production. This master thesis aimed to chart different techniques in CCS and CCU to examine how they can be used to utilize or store carbon dioxide from biogas plants. What technical demands different solutions create was explored. The different techniques were assessed through a multi criteria analysis by a technological, environmental, marketable and economical standpoint to investigate which ones were the most suitable for a specific, studied case – Tekniska verken’s biogas plant. One suitable technique within CCU was analyzed through a screening of actors in the region. An environmental assessment of one technique in CCS and one in CCU were compared with the reference case Business as usual, to explore how a simulated biogas plant’s climate impact can change through the implementation of CCS and CCU. The charting of literature gave findings of 42 different techniques, which were sifted down to 7; algae farming for wastewater treatment, BECCS in saltwater aquifers, carbon dioxide curing of concrete, bulk solutions, production of methanol, production of methane through Power To Gas and c, Koldioxid släpps ut av såväl naturliga som antropogena processer, exempelvis vid produktion och förbränning av fossila bränslen. Även vid biogasproduktion uppkommer koldioxid, men av biogent ursprung. Årliga globala utsläpp av växthusgaser ökar regelbundet, trots överenskommelser som Parisavtalet som syftar till att begränsa klimatförändringarna. Sverige ska nå nettonollutsläpp senast 2045 och därefter ha negativa utsläppsnivåer. För att uppnå detta mål anses en biogen version av Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), det vill säga avskiljning och lagring av koldioxid, kallad Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) vara en essentiell strategi. Tillvaratagande av koldioxid, genom Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU), kan ge ett bra komplement till BECCS eftersom det nyttiggör koldioxid i produkter och kan öka värdet av koldioxid. Tekniker inom CCS och CCU möjliggör minskad klimatpåverkan inom biogasproduktion. Detta examensarbete syftade till att kartlägga olika alternativ inom teknikerna CCS och CCU för att undersöka hur dessa kan användas för att nyttiggöra eller lagra koldioxid från biogasanläggningar, samt att undersöka vilka tekniska krav som ges av lösningarna. Utifrån en multikriterieanalys bedömdes vilka lösningar som var tekniskt, miljömässigt, marknadsmässigt och ekonomiskt motiverade för tillvaratagande av koldioxid. Bedömningen genomfördes genom att studera specifikt fall som var Tekniska verken i Linköpings biogasanläggning. Den lösning som valdes ut som lämplig inom CCU analyserades ur ett marknadsmässigt perspektiv genom en översiktlig kartläggning av aktörer i regionen. Därefter studerades klimatpåverkan från en förenklad modell av Tekniska verkens biogasanläggning för att undersöka hur denna förändras vid implementering av en lämplig lösning inom CCS respektive CCU. Genom en screening av lösningsförslag identifierades 42 lösningsförslag inom CCS och CCU som sållades ner till sju stycken; algodling vid vattenrening, BECCS i saltvattenakviferer

Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) are the main cause of climate change, with as effect a rise in global temperature. The culprit in these emissions is carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon capture and utilization (CCU)Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) are the main cause of climate change, with as effect a rise in global temperature. The culprit in these emissions is carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) can mitigate a part of these emissions, by converting carbon species to useful products. The typical route for CCU involves: carbon capture, compression, transportation and utilization. This thesis takes on a slightly different approach. Instead of utilization at a centralized location, the utilization of carbon species will be realized on location. This is beneficial, since no transportation of CO2 is required. Three different high partial pressure carbon sources will be addressed: tail-gas (TG) from steam methane reforming, blast furnace gas (BFG) from the steel industry and biogas from the bacterial degeneration of biomass. Each of these gas streams are composed of up to 50-60 mol % CO2 and or CO. By capturing the carbon species in these gases or removing some of the inert components, different ratios of CO2, CO, H2 and inerts can be obtained. Electrolysis technologies will be used to upgrade the captured gases, with the addition of hydrogen or by adjusting the CO/CO2 ratio. The electrolysis technologies considered are PEM and SOEC. The advantage of electrolysis is the potential for integration with renewable energy sources such as, wind, solar and hydro power. Depending on the electrolysis technology and carbon source, syngas with CO/CO2 ratios varying between 0-4 can be obtained. Five different cases were defined with CO/CO2 ratios equal to 0, 0.25, 1, 3 and 4. The upgraded syngas can then be used in the conversion towards several liquid fuels, such as methanol and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) liquids. Both methanol and FT liquids require a stoichiometri, Mechanical Engineering | Process and Energy Technology

Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death in women in our country. Within the first host defensemechanisms is the im-mune response of NK cells and their lytic function at the expense of its NKG2D receptor activator which has as ligands mica, micband ulbp(1-6), which are expressed in transformed cells and / or virally infected. One of the mechanisms of evasion by the tumor cell is the cleavage of these proteins through metalloproteinases as adam10, adam17and mmp14. We analyzed the expression of these ligands and metalloproteinases by real time PCR, in reference to cell lines HeLa cervical cancer (positive for HPV-18) andC33A (negative for HPV). We obtained representing relative gene expression with significant differences from the other lines of study as follows: mmp14in HeLa (p = 0.006); and micaand ulbp-3in C33A (p = 0.020 and p = 0.003 respectively). Thus one might suggest that the expression of mmp14is possible involved with HPV presence causing high risk of cervical cancer and in-nate inmunne response developed., El CCU es la segunda causa de muerte en mujeres de nuestro país. Dentro de los primeros mecanismos de defensa del hospedero se encuentra la respuesta inmune de las células NK y su función lítica a expensas de su receptor activador NKG2D, el cual posee como ligandos mica, micb y ulbp (1-6), los cuales se expresan en células transformadas y/o infectadas por virus. Uno de los mecanismos de evasión por parte de la célula tumoral es el clivaje de estas proteínas a través de metaloproteinasas como adam10, adam17 y mmp14. Se analizó la expresión de estos ligandos y metaloproteinasas mediante PCR tiempo real, en lineas celulares de referencia para cáncer cervical como HeLa (positiva para VPH-18) y C33A (negativa para VPH). Se obtuvieron valores representativos de expresion relativa genica con diferencias significativas asi: mmp14 en linea HeLa (p= 0.006); y mica y ulbp-3 en la linea C33A (p= 0.020 y p=0.003 respectivamente). Por lo tanto, se podría sugerir que la expresión de mmp14 se encuentran posiblemente involucrados con la presencia de VPH causante del cancer cervical y la respuesta inmunne innata desarrollada.

Since the utilization of wind and solar energy is constantly growing, the demand for technologies for temporal and spatial decoupling of energy provision and consumption is steadily increasing. The application of proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (H-SOECs) has been a main concern of recent research activities since they offer an environmentally friendly and efficient technique for the conversion of excess energy and steam into hydrogen. An appropriate coupling of stationary carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters and consumers offers a promising option for chemical energy storage and the production of valuable chemicals (e.g. methanol). Using electrolytic hydrogen production together with suitable downstream syntheses units as combined power-to-liquid technologies, a promising method for the recycling of carbon dioxide (CCU) can be provided. Since renewables occur intermittently, SOECs have to be capable of withstanding harsh operating conditions and the knowledge of their dynamic behavior is crucial for their future system application. This work studies the transient behavior of a single tubular, proton conducting SOEC during rapid load variations through 2D-FEM single cell and quasi-2D system scale simulations and evaluates the usability of the cell in combination with fluctuating loads.

Since the utilization of wind and solar energy is constantly growing, the demand for technologies for temporal and spatial decoupling of energy provision and consumption is steadily increasing. The application of proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (H-SOECs) has been a main concern of recent research activities since they offer an environmentally friendly and efficient technique for the conversion of excess energy and steam into hydrogen. An appropriate coupling of stationary carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters and consumers offers a promising option for chemical energy storage and the production of valuable chemicals (e.g. methanol). Using electrolytic hydrogen production together with suitable downstream syntheses units as combined power-to-liquid technologies, a promising method for the recycling of carbon dioxide (CCU) can be provided. Since renewables occur intermittently, SOECs have to be capable of withstanding harsh operating conditions and the knowledge of their dynamic behavior is crucial for their future system application. This work studies the transient behavior of a single tubular, proton conducting SOEC during rapid load variations through 2D-FEM single cell and quasi-2D system scale simulations and evaluates the usability of the cell in combination with fluctuating loads.

In 2015, more than 80% of energy consumption was based on fossil resources. Growing population especially in developing countries fuel the trend in global energy consumption. This constant increase however leads to climate change caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. GHG, especially CO2 mitigation is one of the top priority challenges in the EU. Amongst the solutions to mitigate future emissions, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is gaining interest. CO2 is a valuable, abundant and renewable carbon source that can be converted into fuels and chemicals. Methanol (MeOH) is one of the chemicals that can be produced from CO2. It is considered a basic compound in chemical industry as it can be utilised in a versatility of processes. These arguments make methanol and its production from CO2 a current, intriguing topic in climate change mitigation. In this master’s thesis first the applications, production, global demand and market price of methanol were investigated. In the second part of the thesis, a methanol plant producing chemical grade methanol was simulated in Aspen Plus. The studied plants have three different annual capacities: 10 kt/a, 50 kt/a and 250 kt/a. They were compared with the option of buying the CO2 or capturing it directly from flue gases through a carbon capture (CC) unit attached to the methanol plant. The kinetic model considering both CO and CO2 as sources of carbon for methanol formation was described thoroughly, and the main considerations and parameters were introduced for the simulation. The simulation successfully achieved chemical grade methanol production, with a high overall CO2 conversion rate and close to stoichiometric raw material utilization. Heat exchanger network was optimized in Aspen Energy Analyzer which achieved a total of 75% heat duty saving. The estimated levelised cost of methanol (LCOMeOH) ranges between 1130 and 630 €/t which is significantly higher than the current listed market price for fossil metha

In 2015, more than 80% of energy consumption was based on fossil resources. Growing population especially in developing countries fuel the trend in global energy consumption. This constant increase however leads to climate change caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. GHG, especially CO2 mitigation is one of the top priority challenges in the EU. Amongst the solutions to mitigate future emissions, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is gaining interest. CO2 is a valuable, abundant and renewable carbon source that can be converted into fuels and chemicals. Methanol (MeOH) is one of the chemicals that can be produced from CO2. It is considered a basic compound in chemical industry as it can be utilised in a versatility of processes. These arguments make methanol and its production from CO2 a current, intriguing topic in climate change mitigation. In this master’s thesis first the applications, production, global demand and market price of methanol were investigated. In the second part of the thesis, a methanol plant producing chemical grade methanol was simulated in Aspen Plus. The studied plants have three different annual capacities: 10 kt/a, 50 kt/a and 250 kt/a. They were compared with the option of buying the CO2 or capturing it directly from flue gases through a carbon capture (CC) unit attached to the methanol plant. The kinetic model considering both CO and CO2 as sources of carbon for methanol formation was described thoroughly, and the main considerations and parameters were introduced for the simulation. The simulation successfully achieved chemical grade methanol production, with a high overall CO2 conversion rate and close to stoichiometric raw material utilization. Heat exchanger network was optimized in Aspen Energy Analyzer which achieved a total of 75% heat duty saving. The estimated levelised cost of methanol (LCOMeOH) ranges between 1130 and 630 €/t which is significantly higher than the current listed market price for fossil metha

Climate change caused by the rise of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the challenges mankind has to face in the coming years. The deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and potentially CO2 utilization (CCU) technologies are needed to limit climate change. These technologies aim to capture CO2 from power and industrial processes and store the CO2 long term or utilize the CO2 into useable products. Integrating CCS with the use of biomass (BioCCS) can be particularly interesting, as in total CO2 can be removed from the atmosphere, and is considered necessary for ambitious climate change mitigation targets. CCS and CCU can reduce CO2 emissions, but often leads to an increase in other environmental impacts as a result of (fossil) energy needed for capturing, transporting and utilizing the CO2. It is important to understand the environmental trade-offs between climate change mitigation and other environmental impacts when considering the deployment of CCS and CCU technologies. This thesis focusses on three areas that are increasingly gaining attention, i.e.: the impact of CCS on water availability, the effect of different types of biomass on the environmental trade-offs of BioCCS, and environmental impacts of CO2 utilization. The impact of CCS on water availability is studied on both a process and system level. Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies are carried out for different case studies (power plant and industry) that include the water depletion potential of the instalment of CCS. The results show that the deployment of CCS can substantially increase the water depletion potential of a process, as a result of increased water use on site for cooling and CO2 capture processes, and a rise in water use caused by the production of additional fuel. A system level analysis highlight that equipping a large part of European power plants with CCS in 2050 can significantly increase regional water stress levels across Europe. The environmental impac

In this paper, a novel carbon capture and utilization process is proposed. It is based on using a fraction of the captured carbon dioxide to produce sodium bicarbonate, a widely used product in the chemical and food industries. The process couples the Dry Carbonate process for carbon dioxide capture with sodium bicarbonate production. Raw material is trona or sodium sesquicarbonate dehydrate, which is a relatively abundant mineral composed by approximately 46% sodium carbonate and 35% sodium bicarbonate by weight. In the process, trona is firstly converted into sodium carbonate in a fluidized bed reactor operated at 180–200 °C and 1 bar. Heat required in the fluidized bed reactor for decomposing trona can be supplied by renewable sources such as low/medium temperature solar energy or biomass. A fraction of the sodium carbonate generated is recirculated for carbon dioxide capture by means of the dry carbonate process. The rest is converted to sodium bicarbonate in a carbonating tower through the reaction with carbon dioxide and water. After separation of sodium bicarbonate and other salts from water, the sodium bicarbonate produced is suitable for direct sale. The use of renewable sources for supplying the energy required at the sorbent regenerator and for trona decomposition yields a near-zero carbon dioxide emissions global system. As case of study, carbon dioxide capture coupled to sodium bicarbonate production has been analysed for a 15 MWel coal fired power plant. Heat required in the carbon capture process penalizes the global system efficiency by a 10.2%, which is reduced just to the electricity parasitic consumption for solids transport and carbon dioxide compression (∼3%) if renewable energy sources are integrated. From an economic perspective, the penalty in electricity consumption is fully compensated by the new by-product sales. Taking into account the reduction of electricity sales and current prices of trona and sodium bicarbonate a return of investment

In this paper, a novel carbon capture and utilization process is proposed. It is based on using a fraction of the captured carbon dioxide to produce sodium bicarbonate, a widely used product in the chemical and food industries. The process couples the Dry Carbonate process for carbon dioxide capture with sodium bicarbonate production. Raw material is trona or sodium sesquicarbonate dehydrate, which is a relatively abundant mineral composed by approximately 46% sodium carbonate and 35% sodium bicarbonate by weight. In the process, trona is firstly converted into sodium carbonate in a fluidized bed reactor operated at 180–200 °C and 1 bar. Heat required in the fluidized bed reactor for decomposing trona can be supplied by renewable sources such as low/medium temperature solar energy or biomass. A fraction of the sodium carbonate generated is recirculated for carbon dioxide capture by means of the dry carbonate process. The rest is converted to sodium bicarbonate in a carbonating tower through the reaction with carbon dioxide and water. After separation of sodium bicarbonate and other salts from water, the sodium bicarbonate produced is suitable for direct sale. The use of renewable sources for supplying the energy required at the sorbent regenerator and for trona decomposition yields a near-zero carbon dioxide emissions global system. As case of study, carbon dioxide capture coupled to sodium bicarbonate production has been analysed for a 15 MWel coal fired power plant. Heat required in the carbon capture process penalizes the global system efficiency by a 10.2%, which is reduced just to the electricity parasitic consumption for solids transport and carbon dioxide compression (∼3%) if renewable energy sources are integrated. From an economic perspective, the penalty in electricity consumption is fully compensated by the new by-product sales. Taking into account the reduction of electricity sales and current prices of trona and sodium bicarbonate a return of investment

In this paper, a novel carbon capture and utilization process is proposed. It is based on using a fraction of the captured carbon dioxide to produce sodium bicarbonate, a widely used product in the chemical and food industries. The process couples the Dry Carbonate process for carbon dioxide capture with sodium bicarbonate production. Raw material is trona or sodium sesquicarbonate dehydrate, which is a relatively abundant mineral composed by approximately 46% sodium carbonate and 35% sodium bicarbonate by weight. In the process, trona is firstly converted into sodium carbonate in a fluidized bed reactor operated at 180–200 °C and 1 bar. Heat required in the fluidized bed reactor for decomposing trona can be supplied by renewable sources such as low/medium temperature solar energy or biomass. A fraction of the sodium carbonate generated is recirculated for carbon dioxide capture by means of the dry carbonate process. The rest is converted to sodium bicarbonate in a carbonating tower through the reaction with carbon dioxide and water. After separation of sodium bicarbonate and other salts from water, the sodium bicarbonate produced is suitable for direct sale. The use of renewable sources for supplying the energy required at the sorbent regenerator and for trona decomposition yields a near-zero carbon dioxide emissions global system. As case of study, carbon dioxide capture coupled to sodium bicarbonate production has been analysed for a 15 MWel coal fired power plant. Heat required in the carbon capture process penalizes the global system efficiency by a 10.2%, which is reduced just to the electricity parasitic consumption for solids transport and carbon dioxide compression (∼3%) if renewable energy sources are integrated. From an economic perspective, the penalty in electricity consumption is fully compensated by the new by-product sales. Taking into account the reduction of electricity sales and current prices of trona and sodium bicarbonate a return of investment

The use of fossil resources must be phased out during the next few decades in order to meet the adopted 2° target. The transition to non-fossil feedstocks in the production of chemicals and transportation fuels will make it increasingly important to economise on the biomass carbon since biomass is a limited resource. Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be used as carbon feedstock and thus serve as a valuable complement to biomass. CO2 can be transformed into various chemicals via reaction with hydrogen, which can be produced from electricity and water. The objectives of this report are to technically and economically assess the opportunities to produce chemicals and fuels based on electricity and biogenic CO2 from different biomass conversion processes in Europe and to identify promising production process routes. The report focuses on the production of methanol and methane, which are widely used in the chemical industry and as fuel.The total generation of CO2 from the current centralised use of biomass and wastes in Europe is estimated to 395 Mt CO2. Most of this CO2 originates from biomass combustion (287 Mt) and waste incineration (81 Mt) and less from biogas production (23 Mt) and ethanol production (4.4 Mt). The technical potential production of chemicals based on this amount of biogenic CO2 is estimated to 6.2 EJ of methane (about one third of the current use of fossil methane in Europe), assuming all the CO2 is converted into methane, or alternatively to a combination of 4.6 EJ of methanol (about five times the current use of methanol in Europe) and 0.4 EJ of methane. The production is estimated to require 2500-3200 TWh of electricity, depending on transformation product. Hence, the use of biogenic CO2 and electricity increases the potential production of chemicals and fuels from non-fossil resources substantially, but implies an enormous expansion of renewable electricity production in order to supply the required volume of low-carbon electricity.The main cost driver f