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In November of 2022, the Great Salt Lake fell to a new record low water level not seen in all the years since elevation levels were first recorded from when pioneers settled the valley in 1847. As water levels dropped, salinity spiked, threatening an ecosystem that supports over 10 million migratory birds and a brine shrimp industry that helps feed tens of millions of people around the world. According to the Act, the strategic plan must include the following elements: (1) Coordination of efforts related to the Great Salt Lake; (2) A sustainable water supply for the Great Salt Lake, while balancing competing needs; (3) Human health and quality of life; (4) A healthy ecosystem; Economic development; (5) Water conservation, including municipal and industrial uses and agricultural uses;; (6) Water and land use planning; (7) Regional water sharing; and (8) Other provisions that the Commissioner determines would be for the benefit of the Great Salt Lake. This document represents an initial strategy to more effectively protect the Great Salt Lake, while balancing the other ecological, economic, and societal interests surrounding the lake. This is no small task, particularly in light of continued economic growth, sustained drought, and higher temperatures, which threaten to increase demand and shrink available water supplies even further.

In November of 2022, the Great Salt Lake fell to a new record low water level not seen in all the years since elevation levels were first recorded from when pioneers settled the valley in 1847. As water levels dropped, salinity spiked, threatening an ecosystem that supports over 10 million migratory birds and a brine shrimp industry that helps feed tens of millions of people around the world. According to the Act, the strategic plan must include the following elements: (1) Coordination of efforts related to the Great Salt Lake; (2) A sustainable water supply for the Great Salt Lake, while balancing competing needs; (3) Human health and quality of life; (4) A healthy ecosystem; Economic development; (5) Water conservation, including municipal and industrial uses and agricultural uses;; (6) Water and land use planning; (7) Regional water sharing; and (8) Other provisions that the Commissioner determines would be for the benefit of the Great Salt Lake. This document represents an initial strategy to more effectively protect the Great Salt Lake, while balancing the other ecological, economic, and societal interests surrounding the lake. This is no small task, particularly in light of continued economic growth, sustained drought, and higher temperatures, which threaten to increase demand and shrink available water supplies even further.

Introducing a limited PILOT program could yield millions of dollars annually to benefit Great Salt Lake. Many private organizations hold over $9 billion in untaxed property in the Great Salt Lake Basin. A PILOT program could yield significant revenue and ensure that all property types contribute to Utah’s water future. The Great Salt Lake Strike Team analyzed ten policy options and created summaries for each. The strike team does not endorse individual policies but rather evaluated the most-discussed options to address Great Salt Lake. Policy summaries fall into four categories: (1) Water Shepherding, (2) Economic Incentives, (3) Agriculture Optimization, and (4) Engineered Options.

Optimizing water pricing could conserve significant amounts of water and allow for water-neutral municipal and industrial (M&I) growth. The Great Salt Lake Strike Team analyzed ten policy options and created summaries for each. The strike team does not endorse individual policies but rather evaluated the most-discussed options to address Great Salt Lake. Policy summaries fall into four categories: (1) Water Shepherding, (2) Economic Incentives, (3) Agriculture Optimization, and (4) Engineered Options.

Water shepherding ensures that water conserved within the Great Salt Lake Basin flows to Great Salt Lake. Measurement infrastructure and distribution accounting models are needed to ensure that water that becomes available through the water rights change application process flows to the lake without being depleted before it gets there. The Great Salt Lake Strike Team analyzed ten policy options and created summaries for each. The strike team does not endorse individual policies but rather evaluated the most-discussed options to address Great Salt Lake. Policy summaries fall into four categories: (1) Water Shepherding, (2) Economic Incentives, (3) Agriculture Optimization, and (4) Engineered Options.

In 2023, Great Salt Lake rose from the record-low elevation reached in 2022, aided by record-high winter snowfall and the adaptive management berm. Economic activity, public health, and the lake's ecosystems continue to be adversely impacted by low water levels. This summary synthesizes essential data and insights so decision-makers have the information they need to improve water management, increase water deliveries to the lake, mitigate adverse impacts, and recover the lake to a healthy range.

Great Salt Lake is facing unprecedented danger. Without a dramatic increase in water flow to the lake in 2023 and 2024, its disappearance could cause immense damage to Utah’s public health, environment, and economy. This briefing provides background and recommends emergency measures. The choices we make over the next few months will affect our state and ecosystems throughout the West for decades to come.

Great Salt Lake is facing unprecedented danger. Without a dramatic increase in water flow to the lake in 2023 and 2024, its disappearance could cause immense damage to Utah’s public health, environment, and economy. This briefing provides background and recommends emergency measures. The choices we make over the next few months will affect our state and ecosystems throughout the West for decades to come.

Since the 1st Great Salt Lake Summit just over 10 months ago, much progress has been made to protect and preserve the Great Salt Lake. We’ve seen efforts from the state, federal, and local levels, as well as from our partners in the private sector and from individual Utahns.

Since the 1st Great Salt Lake Summit just over 10 months ago, much progress has been made to protect and preserve the Great Salt Lake. We’ve seen efforts from the state, federal, and local levels, as well as from our partners in the private sector and from individual Utahns.

Utah Administrative Code R317-3 sets forth the different types of reuses depending on where human exposure is likely (Type I) such as irrigation of landscape at individual houses or on golf courses, or where human contact is unlikely (Type II) such as irrigation on agricultural crops excluding where direct contact occurs with the editable parts of foods or for pasture for milking animals. This section also identifies the treatment level and limits required based on type of reuse and requires that reuse water have a chlorine residual. Finally, section R317-13 defines the approvals and permits required of a reuse project for a publicly owned municipal water reclamation facility.

Utah Administrative Code R317-3 sets forth the different types of reuses depending on where human exposure is likely (Type I) such as irrigation of landscape at individual houses or on golf courses, or where human contact is unlikely (Type II) such as irrigation on agricultural crops excluding where direct contact occurs with the editable parts of foods or for pasture for milking animals. This section also identifies the treatment level and limits required based on type of reuse and requires that reuse water have a chlorine residual. Finally, section R317-13 defines the approvals and permits required of a reuse project for a publicly owned municipal water reclamation facility.

Sea-levels will rise, even with stringent climate change mitigation. Mitigation will slow the rate of rise. There is limited knowledge on how the costs of coastal protection vary with alternative global warming levels of 1.5°C to 4.0°C. Analysing six sea-level rise scenarios (0.74m to 1.09m, 50th percentile) across these warming levels, and five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, this paper quantifies the economic costs of flooding and protection due to sea-level rise using the Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment (DIVA) modelling framework. Results are presented for World Bank income groups and five selected countries from the present to 2100. Annual sea flood damage costs without additional adaptation are more influenced by socio-economic development than sea-level rise, indicating there are opportunities to control risk with development choices. In contrast, annual sea dike investment costs are more dependent on the magnitude of sea-level rise. In terms of total costs with adaptation, upper middle, low middle and low income groups are projected to have higher relative costs as a proportion of GDP compared with high income groups. If low income countries protected now, flood costs could be reduced after 2050 and beyond. However, without further adaptation, their coasts will experience growing risks and costs leaving them increasingly reliant on emergency response measures. adaptation. Without mitigation or adaptation, greater inequalities in damage costs between income groups could result. At country level, annual sea flood damage costs without additional adaptation are projected to rapidly increase with approximately 0.2m of sea-level rise, leaving limited time to plan and adapt., SB, PG, KJ, RJ and RW were funded by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) under contract UK SBS CR18083. ASA, SB, SJ, DL, RN, RT and AV were funded by the European Union’s Seventh Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration under grant agreement No. 603396 (RISES-AM project)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Recent analyses indicate a historical decline of 11 feet in Great Salt Lake water levels due to human development and use of water in its watershed; a decline most recently accentuated by the recent drought of the 2000s and near-record low lake water levels in 2016 and 2018. A preliminary assessment of future conditions in Great Salt Lake’s Watershed suggests this trend may continue with lake water levels continuing to decline. The worldwide decline and loss of similar saline lakes provides further perspective on the possibility, the consequences, and the opportunities the State of Utah must consider as it evaluates the resiliency of Great Salt Lake and that of the communities located on its shoreline.

A healthy Great Salt Lake is critical to Utah’s economy, environment, and culture. Upstream diversions of water are contributing to declining lake levels. Without timely action to address declining lake levels, the Great Salt Lake may be irreparably damaged for future generations.

Strategy No. 1: Allow irrigators or other water users to send unneeded water downstream without being penalized or risk losing their water rights. The Issue: Presently, Utah Water Law discourages conservation of water by penalizing water right owners who do not use the full quantity of their water rights, providing no incentive for users to use less water. Water in Utah is owned by the public and governed by the Prior Appropriation Doctrine. Developed in the 19th century to advance western settlement and resolve disputes between competing parties, the Prior Appropriation Doctrine's primary function is to promote and manage the use of scarce, and therefore valuable, water resources. The law discourages wasting water and conditions the issuance of water rights on the requirement that water be put to use in a way that benefits society, commonly known as "beneficial use."

Recent analyses indicate a historical decline of 11 feet in Great Salt Lake water levels due to human development and use of water in its watershed; a decline most recently accentuated by the recent drought of the 2000s and near-record low lake water levels in 2016 and 2018. A preliminary assessment of future conditions in Great Salt Lake's Watershed suggests this trend may continue with lake water levels continuing to decline. The worldwide decline and loss of similar saline lakes provides further perspective on the possibility, the consequences, and the opportunities the State of Utah must consider as it evaluates the resiliency of Great Salt Lake and that of the communities located on its shoreline.

The purpose of this report is to assess the potential costs of declining water levels in Great Salt Lake and its wetlands. A multitude of people, systems, and wildlife rely on Great Salt Lake and value the services it provides. Declines in lake levels threaten current uses, imposing risks to livelihoods and lake ecosystems. This report synthesizes information from scientific literature, agency reports, informational interviews, and other sources to detail how and to what extent costs could occur at sustained lower lake levels. Water diversions from the rivers that feed Great Salt Lake have driven historical declines in lake levels. Current and future water stressors, without intervention to protect or enhance water flows to Great Salt Lake, have the potential to deplete water levels even further. Declines in lake levels threaten the business, environmental, and social benefits that Great Salt Lake provides and could result in substantial costs to surrounding local communities and the State of Utah. This report traces the pathways and resulting costs that could arise due to declines in water levels in Great Salt Lake. The potential costs evaluated in this report include those caused by reduced lake effect, increased dust, reduced lake access, increased salinity, habitat loss, new island bridges, and the spread of invasive species.

The purpose of this report is to assess the potential costs of declining water levels in Great Salt Lake and its wetlands. A multitude of people, systems, and wildlife rely on Great Salt Lake and value the services it provides. Declines in lake levels threaten current uses, imposing risks to livelihoods and lake ecosystems. This report synthesizes information from scientific literature, agency reports, informational interviews, and other sources to detail how and to what extent costs could occur at sustained lower lake levels. Water diversions from the rivers that feed Great Salt Lake have driven historical declines in lake levels. Current and future water stressors, without intervention to protect or enhance water flows to Great Salt Lake, have the potential to deplete water levels even further. Declines in lake levels threaten the business, environmental, and social benefits that Great Salt Lake provides and could result in substantial costs to surrounding local communities and the State of Utah. This report traces the pathways and resulting costs that could arise due to declines in water levels in Great Salt Lake. The potential costs evaluated in this report include those caused by reduced lake effect, increased dust, reduced lake access, increased salinity, habitat loss, new island bridges, and the spread of invasive species.

Recent analyses indicate a historical decline of 11 feet in Great Salt Lake water levels due to human development and use of water in its watershed; a decline most recently accentuated by the recent drought of the 2000s and near-record low lake water levels in 2016 and 2018. A preliminary assessment of future conditions in Great Salt Lake’s Watershed suggests this trend may continue with lake water levels continuing to decline. The worldwide decline and loss of similar saline lakes provides further perspective on the possibility, the consequences, and the opportunities the State of Utah must consider as it evaluates the resiliency of Great Salt Lake and that of the communities located on its shoreline.

Strategy No. 1: Allow irrigators or other water users to send unneeded water downstream without being penalized or risk losing their water rights. The Issue: Presently, Utah Water Law discourages conservation of water by penalizing water right owners who do not use the full quantity of their water rights, providing no incentive for users to use less water. Water in Utah is owned by the public and governed by the Prior Appropriation Doctrine. Developed in the 19th century to advance western settlement and resolve disputes between competing parties, the Prior Appropriation Doctrine's primary function is to promote and manage the use of scarce, and therefore valuable, water resources. The law discourages wasting water and conditions the issuance of water rights on the requirement that water be put to use in a way that benefits society, commonly known as "beneficial use."

Recent analyses indicate a historical decline of 11 feet in Great Salt Lake water levels due to human development and use of water in its watershed; a decline most recently accentuated by the recent drought of the 2000s and near-record low lake water levels in 2016 and 2018. A preliminary assessment of future conditions in Great Salt Lake's Watershed suggests this trend may continue with lake water levels continuing to decline. The worldwide decline and loss of similar saline lakes provides further perspective on the possibility, the consequences, and the opportunities the State of Utah must consider as it evaluates the resiliency of Great Salt Lake and that of the communities located on its shoreline.

A healthy Great Salt Lake is critical to Utah’s economy, environment, and culture. Upstream diversions of water are contributing to declining lake levels. Without timely action to address declining lake levels, the Great Salt Lake may be irreparably damaged for future generations.

As a society, we face an economic, environmental, and moral imperative to combat global climate change. The benefits are widespread, but the costs are concentrated. Nowhere is this more evident than in America's coal country. Changes must be made, but let's not leave behind the people who have made the greatest sacrifice. Coal helped build this country, and America's coal transition belongs to all of us.

The immense value of Great Salt Lake (GSL) is clear to anyone who has experienced its unique nature firsthand or considers its role in our day-to-day lives. Some value the vast open space of the lake, the opportunity for a nearby escape from the bustle of life, the innumerable birds, or the amazing sunsets. For others the lake also represents their means to support their family, a source of lake effect snow that provides an invaluable water supply or ski days, or simply a veritable $1.3B/year regional economic engine (Bioeconomics 2012). All of us, however, realize indirect benefits of GSL whether it be through our food (such as, supporting suitable microclimate to support agriculture, providing raw materials for fertilizers, and supporting brine shrimp as food stock for fish and shrimp we eat) or other basic conveniences we enjoy (such as, aluminum cans, batteries, road salt, and so forth). Regardless of a person’s point of view, GSL is a critical fixture of our geography, culture, and economy – it is part of what makes this Utah. It is hard to imagine a lake like GSL disappearing. Recent analyses indicate a general decline in GSL water levels (11 feet) due to our use of water (Wurtsbaugh et al. 2016); all accentuated by our recent drought and near record low lake water levels in 2016 and 2018. The worldwide decline and loss of similar saline lakes (AECOM 2019) provides further perspective on the possibility (UDNR 2013), the consequences (SWCA 2012; ECONorthwest 2019), and the opportunities we have (Governor’s Water Strategy Advisory Team 2017; SWCA 2017). The lake is not lost, but a new and more complete understanding of GSL is needed before it is too late. Policymakers and planners must understand the scope of potential risks and opportunities to enable the growth that is envisioned, protect the resources and livelihood we enjoy, and avoid the significant costs of an emergency response. This study takes a first step toward accomplishing this. The objective of thi

The Great Salt Lake Integrated Model (GSLIM), completed in 2017, represented a leap forward in the capability of resource managers and policymakers to understand how changes in Great Salt Lake's watershed might influence Great Salt Lake and its resources. This project updated the GSLIM to include new growth and climate projections and improve the model's capability to understand future changes. Most importantly, this effort defined a range of plausible futures for the Wasatch Front and Back, integrated these scenarios into the GSLIM, and developed relative comparisons of how future growth, climate and water management alternatives might affect Great Salt Lake.

A study commissioned by the Great Salt Lake Advisory Council finds that drying of saline lakes around the world costs billions of dollars in economic losses and mitigation efforts and causes severe harms to human health and the environment.

Water levels at Great Salt Lake have been on a sustained downward trend. Further declines, particularly those over a long period, could result in losses totaling $1.69 billion to $2.17 billion per year and job losses of over 6,500 positions, as well as reductions in the quality of life for residents and visitors of Northern Utah.

Great Salt Lake has significance from local to global levels, given its standing as the largest salt water lake in the Western Hemisphere, the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world, and the $1.3 billion it contributes to the local economy on the basis of its industrial, recreational, aesthetic and quality of life characteristics. Complementing this is a rich, diverse and unique ecosystem that boasts premier wetlands, immense populations of migratory birds, and a wealth of other terrestrial and aquatic wildlife. However, this vitally important resource, and the wetlands associated with it, is threatened by sustained, declining water levels that will continue to severely and adversely impact the ecological integrity of the resource, and the economic viability and quality of life of those who rely upon it. Great Salt Lake and other significant saline lakes around the world are drying at alarming rates. Although saline lakes naturally shrink and grow with natural climatic variation, human impacts (such as diversions) can cause desiccation that may not be possible to reverse without intervention. Saline lakes provide a diverse range of ecological, sociological, and economic benefits. Saline lakes have a concentration of salts and other dissolved minerals significantly higher than most lakes (at least 3 grams of salt per liter). To better understand the implications of a drying of Great Salt Lake, a review of the economic, social and environmental consequences of "drying" lakes around the world was conducted for the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, Fire and State Lands and the Great Salt Lake Advisory Council. While there are more than 25 significant lakes drying around the world, this study focused on eight terminal saline lakes that share characteristics with Great Salt Lake, namely: Lake Urmia, Aral Sea, Lake Poopó, Owens Lake, Salton Sea, Dead Sea, Bakhtegan Lake, and Mono Lake. This report, based upon an extensive literature review, pro

The purpose of this report is to assess the potential costs of declining water levels in Great Salt Lake and its wetlands. A multitude of people, systems, and wildlife rely on Great Salt Lake and value the services it provides. Declines in lake levels threaten current uses, imposing risks to livelihoods and lake ecosystems. This report synthesizes information from scientific literature, agency reports, informational interviews, and other sources to detail how and to what extent costs could occur at sustained lower lake levels. Water diversions from the rivers that feed Great Salt Lake have driven historical declines in lake levels. Current and future water stressors, without intervention to protect or enhance water flows to Great Salt Lake, have the potential to deplete water levels even further. Declines in lake levels threaten the business, environmental, and social benefits that Great Salt Lake provides and could result in substantial costs to surrounding local communities and the State of Utah. This report traces the pathways and resulting costs that could arise due to declines in water levels in Great Salt Lake. The potential costs evaluated in this report include those caused by reduced lake effect, increased dust, reduced lake access, increased salinity, habitat loss, new island bridges, and the spread of invasive species.

The immense value of Great Salt Lake (GSL) is clear to anyone who has experienced its unique nature firsthand or considers its role in our day-to-day lives. Some value the vast open space of the lake, the opportunity for a nearby escape from the bustle of life, the innumerable birds, or the amazing sunsets. For others the lake also represents their means to support their family, a source of lake effect snow that provides an invaluable water supply or ski days, or simply a veritable $1.3B/year regional economic engine (Bioeconomics 2012). All of us, however, realize indirect benefits of GSL whether it be through our food (such as, supporting suitable microclimate to support agriculture, providing raw materials for fertilizers, and supporting brine shrimp as food stock for fish and shrimp we eat) or other basic conveniences we enjoy (such as, aluminum cans, batteries, road salt, and so forth). Regardless of a person’s point of view, GSL is a critical fixture of our geography, culture, and economy – it is part of what makes this Utah. It is hard to imagine a lake like GSL disappearing. Recent analyses indicate a general decline in GSL water levels (11 feet) due to our use of water (Wurtsbaugh et al. 2016); all accentuated by our recent drought and near record low lake water levels in 2016 and 2018. The worldwide decline and loss of similar saline lakes (AECOM 2019) provides further perspective on the possibility (UDNR 2013), the consequences (SWCA 2012; ECONorthwest 2019), and the opportunities we have (Governor’s Water Strategy Advisory Team 2017; SWCA 2017). The lake is not lost, but a new and more complete understanding of GSL is needed before it is too late. Policymakers and planners must understand the scope of potential risks and opportunities to enable the growth that is envisioned, protect the resources and livelihood we enjoy, and avoid the significant costs of an emergency response. This study takes a first step toward accomplishing this. The objective of thi

The Great Salt Lake Integrated Model (GSLIM), completed in 2017, represented a leap forward in the capability of resource managers and policymakers to understand how changes in Great Salt Lake's watershed might influence Great Salt Lake and its resources. This project updated the GSLIM to include new growth and climate projections and improve the model's capability to understand future changes. Most importantly, this effort defined a range of plausible futures for the Wasatch Front and Back, integrated these scenarios into the GSLIM, and developed relative comparisons of how future growth, climate and water management alternatives might affect Great Salt Lake.

Water levels at Great Salt Lake have been on a sustained downward trend. Further declines, particularly those over a long period, could result in losses totaling $1.69 billion to $2.17 billion per year and job losses of over 6,500 positions, as well as reductions in the quality of life for residents and visitors of Northern Utah.

A study commissioned by the Great Salt Lake Advisory Council finds that drying of saline lakes around the world costs billions of dollars in economic losses and mitigation efforts and causes severe harms to human health and the environment.

Great Salt Lake has significance from local to global levels, given its standing as the largest salt water lake in the Western Hemisphere, the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world, and the $1.3 billion it contributes to the local economy on the basis of its industrial, recreational, aesthetic and quality of life characteristics. Complementing this is a rich, diverse and unique ecosystem that boasts premier wetlands, immense populations of migratory birds, and a wealth of other terrestrial and aquatic wildlife. However, this vitally important resource, and the wetlands associated with it, is threatened by sustained, declining water levels that will continue to severely and adversely impact the ecological integrity of the resource, and the economic viability and quality of life of those who rely upon it. Great Salt Lake and other significant saline lakes around the world are drying at alarming rates. Although saline lakes naturally shrink and grow with natural climatic variation, human impacts (such as diversions) can cause desiccation that may not be possible to reverse without intervention. Saline lakes provide a diverse range of ecological, sociological, and economic benefits. Saline lakes have a concentration of salts and other dissolved minerals significantly higher than most lakes (at least 3 grams of salt per liter). To better understand the implications of a drying of Great Salt Lake, a review of the economic, social and environmental consequences of "drying" lakes around the world was conducted for the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, Fire and State Lands and the Great Salt Lake Advisory Council. While there are more than 25 significant lakes drying around the world, this study focused on eight terminal saline lakes that share characteristics with Great Salt Lake, namely: Lake Urmia, Aral Sea, Lake Poopó, Owens Lake, Salton Sea, Dead Sea, Bakhtegan Lake, and Mono Lake. This report, based upon an extensive literature review, pro

The purpose of this report is to assess the potential costs of declining water levels in Great Salt Lake and its wetlands. A multitude of people, systems, and wildlife rely on Great Salt Lake and value the services it provides. Declines in lake levels threaten current uses, imposing risks to livelihoods and lake ecosystems. This report synthesizes information from scientific literature, agency reports, informational interviews, and other sources to detail how and to what extent costs could occur at sustained lower lake levels. Water diversions from the rivers that feed Great Salt Lake have driven historical declines in lake levels. Current and future water stressors, without intervention to protect or enhance water flows to Great Salt Lake, have the potential to deplete water levels even further. Declines in lake levels threaten the business, environmental, and social benefits that Great Salt Lake provides and could result in substantial costs to surrounding local communities and the State of Utah. This report traces the pathways and resulting costs that could arise due to declines in water levels in Great Salt Lake. The potential costs evaluated in this report include those caused by reduced lake effect, increased dust, reduced lake access, increased salinity, habitat loss, new island bridges, and the spread of invasive species.

As a society, we face an economic, environmental, and moral imperative to combat global climate change. The benefits are widespread, but the costs are concentrated. Nowhere is this more evident than in America's coal country. Changes must be made, but let's not leave behind the people who have made the greatest sacrifice. Coal helped build this country, and America's coal transition belongs to all of us.

Harbours are essential infrastructures for economic activity that are susceptible to impacts from climate change driven processes, like sea level rise (SLR), or alterations in wave patterns. In this paper, the impact of climate change on wave agitation in ports (oscillations due to wind waves) and, therefore, on port operability is analyzed. This is carried out through a numerical model suite, considering the RCP8.5 scenario to project changes in wave fields, and three values of SLR. The study is particularized for the port of Barcelona (NW Mediterranean), but the used methodology can be applied to other harbours. Results suggest that changes due only to waves will be minimal and with a general trend to slightly decrease wave agitation. On the contrary, the effect of SLR and the associated increase of water depth will favor the penetration of waves within the harbour, leading to a certain reduction of port operability, the magnitude of which will depend on the SLR value. However, the complexity of wave patterns within the harbours, due to multiple reflections of waves on port structures, implies that the reduction of operability strongly varies according to the position and orientation of the berthing zones inside the harbour., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Purpose: The paper aims to provide a general overview of the impacts of climate change upon supply chains and to analyze the implications of climate change for supply chain management in terms of strategic and operational planning. A roadmap of fruitful research approaches is also presented. Design/methodology/approach: The paper makes use of a general review of the relevant literature and, based on a systematic categorization of the findings, looks for useful insights towards the issues of climate change and supply chain management. A framework is drawn for systematically assessing the impacts of climate change upon supply chains and their management, while making suggestions for future research. Findings and Originality/value: Supply chain networks run physical, operational and reputational risks attributed to climate change. Escalation in regulations, market forces and stakeholders’ pressures are paving the way for the decarbonization of supply chains with obvious implications for supply chain management. Supply chain managers should pay special attention to the impacts of climate change on supply chains and academics should further explore the interrelationships between climate change and supply chain design and operations. Research limitations/implications: Additional qualitative research based on grounded theory is suggested for validating and interconnecting the findings with empirical data. Practical implications: The paper provides several insights towards the issues of supply chain management in view of climate change and may serve as an initial basis for exploring future research directions by academics. Practitioners, especially those drafting value-creating supply chain agendas, may also find these insights useful for improving their managerial practices. Originality/value: By providing an original structured overview of the impacts of climate change upon supply chain design and operations management the paper substantiates the need for management impro, Peer Reviewed

大量學術文獻指出氣候變化是毫不含糊地由持續增加的人為溫室氣體排放所造成。其中，二氧化碳排放（碳排放）是最為重要的溫室氣體排放。碳排放和經濟發展之間的密切關係亦受到廣泛肯定。碳排放和收入之間的關係引起了研究人員的極大興趣。學者們對該關係的環境庫茲涅茨曲線（一個倒U形曲線）的有效性持有不同的觀點，該曲線之有效性的討論可以分為兩部分，即時間和空間（國家）的尺度。, 在這項研究中，首先以描述性統計研究碳排放量的變化，其中包括排放總量，人均排放量和碳強度三個指標。然後，透過雙對數和二次雙對數回歸模型進一步研究這三項指標和各經濟發展指標的關係（經濟發展指標包括總量和人均國內生產總值，貿易值和產業值）。結果指出國內生產總值可以很好地解釋碳排放之變化。根據1970年到2007年的數據，排放總量和國內生產總值總量在雙對數回歸模型中呈現顯著的線性關係。同樣在雙對數回歸模型中，人均排放量和人均國內生產總值之間的關係則從顯著線性變成顯著二次（倒U形曲線），從而支持環境庫茲涅茨曲線理論。碳強度和人均國內生產總值之間的關係是顯著的倒U形曲線。所有研究國家的回歸結果指出，發達國家在經濟增長的同時，已經減少排放總量及人均量，而發展中國家沒有減少。大多數發達國家在碳強度和人均國內生產總值的關係上呈現顯著的負相關，而發展中國家在碳強度和人均國內生產總值之間的關係上比例平均。在一般情況下，其他因素如貿易值和產業值解釋碳排放變化之能力較國內生產總值差。較特別的結果是由於製造、礦業和公用事業產業值屬於高碳密集性，該產業能很好地解釋碳排放的變化，所以為該產業的度身訂造之減排控制是必要的。, 進一步說，發展中國家之間的差異仍然很大。透過層次聚類法，所有國家基於排放水平可分成11個類。其中，第11類主要包括發達國家，擁有極高的排放總量，非常高的人均排放量和中等的碳強度。與此同時，第4類主要包括發展中國家，亦有非常高的總排放量，中等的人均排放量和極高的碳強度。美國和中國，分別為第11類和第4類的案例研究，這兩國能有效地幫助了解碳排放和經濟發展之相互關係。其他集群則代表不同的經濟發展階段。聚類分析的結果可作為未來國際氣候變化政策建設的參考。, Wealth of scholarly reviewed literatures indicates that climate change is unequivocally caused by the continual increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions remain to be of upmost importance among all GHGs emissions. It is widely accepted that close relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic development exists. The relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and income, in particular, has aroused much research interests. Researchers have polarizing views on the validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), an inverted U-shaped curve of that relationship. The ground of argumentation for the validity of EKC can be also divided into two parts, namely temporal and spatial (national) extents., In this research, variations in three indicators of carbon dioxide emissions, including total emissions, per capita emissions and carbon intensity (CI), are firstly examined by descriptive statistics. Next, double-log and quadratic double-log regression models are employed to study the relationship between these three indicators and indicators of economic development (including the total and per capita GDP, trade values and sectoral values). Results show that GDP has high explanatory power for the large variation of emissions. By using the data from 1970 to 2007, the relationship between total emissions and total GDP is significantly linear in double-log regression models. The relationship between per capita emissions and per capita GDP has changed from linear to quadratic (inverted U-shaped), which supports the EKC. The relationship between CI and per capita GDP is significant in an inverted U-shaped curve. Regression results in each country indicate that developed countries have reduced total and per capita emissions in parallel with economic growth while developing countries have not. Majority of developed countries have negative relationship between CI and per capita GDP; whereas their counterparts have even proportion in the relationships. Other explanatory factors, like trade values and sectoral values, in general, have lower explanatory power than GDP. Surprisingly, results indicated that manufacturing, mining and utility (MMU) sector yields very high explanatory power for the variation of carbon dioxide emissions due to the sector’s high carbon-intensive nature. Tailor-made control on this sector is necessary for emissions abatement., Furthermore, as the variation within developing countries is still large, countries are classified into clusters on the basis of their levels of emissions by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. Eleven clusters are formed. Among all, cluster 11, comprised of mostly developed countries, yields extremely high total emissions, very high per capita emissions and medium CI. Meanwhile, cluster 4, made of mostly developing countries, have very high total emissions, medium per capita emissions and extremely high CI. The USA and China, case studies of clusters 11 and 4 respectively, have provided insight for the interactive relationship between emissions and economic development. Remaining clusters represent different stages of economic development. The results of the clustering can serve as a reference for the construction of future climate change policy., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., Detailed summary in vernacular field only., Wong, Wai Fung., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 273-280)., Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., s also in Chinese., p.i, 摘錄 --- p.iii, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv, TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v, LIST OF TABLES --- p.x, LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xix, LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xxiv, Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- VARIATION IN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AMONG COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF THREE INDICATORS: TOTAL AMOUNT, PER CAPITA AMOUNT AND CARBON INTENSITY (CI) --- p.3, Chapter 1.3 --- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT --- p.6, Chapter 1.4 --- RESEARCH QUESTIONS --- p.8, Chapter 1.5 --- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES --- p.8, Chapter 1.6 --- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY --- p.9, Chapter 1.7 --- ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS --- p.10, Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.12, Chapter 2.1 --- CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS --- p.12, Chapter 2.1.1 --- Definitions of carbon dioxide emissions --- p.12, Chapter 2.1.2 --- Estimation of carbon dioxide emissions --- p.13, Chapter 2.1.3 --- Importance of carbon dioxide emissions in the context of climate change --- p.15, Chapter 2.2 --- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT --- p.19, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Concept and different stages of economic development --- p.19, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Indicators of economic development among all countries --- p.20, Chapter 2.2.3 --- Economic development since 1970 in major countries --- p.23, Chapter 2.3 --- PAST STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT --- p.30, Chapter 2.3.1 --- Relationship between emissions and income expressed by GDP --- p.30, Chapter 2.3.2 --- Relationship between emissions and international trade expressed by export and import values --- p.38, Chapter 2.3.3 --- Relationship between emissions and sectoral composition expressed by sectoral values --- p.43, Chapter 2.4 --- RESEARCH GAPS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT --- p.44, Chapter 2.4.1 --- Identification of relationship between emissions and economic development --- p.44, Chapter 2.4.2 --- Classification of countries based on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions --- p.46, Chapter 2.4.3 --- Research plan for this study --- p.47, Chapter 2.5 --- SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.48, Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY --- p.49, Chapter 3.1 --- INTRODUCTION OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.49, Chapter 3.2 --- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS UNDER THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.50, Chapter 3.3 --- INTRODUCTION TO THE INDICATORS OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.51, Chapter 3.4 --- RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE COMPONENTS --- p.53, Chapter 3.4.1 --- Relationship between income and carbon dioxide emissions --- p.53, Chapter 3.4.2 --- Relationship between international trade and carbon dioxide emissions --- p.54, Chapter 3.4.3 --- Relationship between sectoral composition and carbon dioxide emissions --- p.54, Chapter 3.5 --- EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP IN SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL EXTENT --- p.54, Chapter 3.6 --- DATA SOURCE --- p.57, Chapter 3.6.1 --- Data source for the indicators of economic development and population --- p.57, Chapter 3.6.2 --- Data source for the indicators of carbon dioxide emissions --- p.58, Chapter 3.7 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.59, Chapter 3.7.1 --- Variables used in the research --- p.59, Chapter 3.7.2 --- Methodology used in the research --- p.60, Chapter 3.8 --- SUMMURY OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY --- p.63, Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- VARIATIONS IN THE LEVELS OF INDICATORS OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT --- p.65, Chapter 4.1 --- VARIATIONS IN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, POPULATION AND GDP --- p.65, Chapter 4.1.1 --- Variation in total carbon dioxide emissions --- p.65, Chapter 4.1.2 --- Variation in total population --- p.72, Chapter 4.1.3 --- Variation in total GDP --- p.75, Chapter 4.1.4 --- Variation in per capita carbon dioxide emissions --- p.79, Chapter 4.1.5 --- Variation in per capita GDP --- p.83, Chapter 4.1.6 --- Variation in CI --- p.87, Chapter 4.2 --- VARIATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE VALUES AND SECTORAL VALUES --- p.91, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Variation in total export values --- p.91, Chapter 4.2.2 --- Variation in total import values --- p.94, Chapter 4.2.3 --- Variation in per capita export values --- p.96, Chapter 4.2.4 --- Variation in per capita import values --- p.99, Chapter 4.2.5 --- Variation in trade balance --- p.102, Chapter 4.2.6 --- Variation in total sectoral values --- p.104, Chapter 4.2.7 --- Variation in per capita sectoral values --- p.106, Chapter 4.2.8 --- Variation in sectoral composition --- p.107, Chapter 4.3 --- SUMMARY ON THE VARIATIONS IN THE LEVELS OF INDICATORS OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT --- p.109, Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDICATORS OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT --- p.112, Chapter 5.1 --- RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND INCOME IN TERMS OF TOTAL AMOUNT, PER CAPITA AMOUNT AND CARBON INTENSITY --- p.112, Chapter 5.1.1 --- Relationship between total carbon dioxide emissions and total GDP --- p.112, Chapter 5.1.2 --- Relationship between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and per capita GDP --- p.123, Chapter 5.1.3 --- Relationship between CI and per capita GDP --- p.133, Chapter 5.2 --- RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TERMS OF TOTAL AMOUNT, PER CAPITA AMOUNT AND CARBON INTENSITY --- p.142, Chapter 5.2.1 --- Relationship between total carbon dioxide emissions and total values of exports and imports --- p.142, Chapter 5.2.2 --- Relationship between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and per capita values of exports and imports --- p.146, Chapter 5.2.3 --- Relationship between CI and per capita values of exports and imports . --- p.151, Chapter 5.3 --- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND SECTORAL COMPOSITION IN TERMS OF TOTAL AMOUNT, PER CAPITA AMOUNT AND CARBON INTENSITY --- p.157, Chapter 5.3.1 --- Relationship between of total carbon dioxide emissions and total values of six sectors --- p.157, Chapter 5.3.2 --- Relationship between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and per capita values of six sectors --- p.160, Chapter 5.3.3 --- Relationship between CI and per capita values of six sectors --- p.163, Chapter 5.3.4 --- Relationship between indicators of carbon dioxide emissions and ratios of sectoral values to the sum of all sectors --- p.165, Chapter 5.4 --- SUMMARY ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDICATORS OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT --- p.168, Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES BASED ON THE LEVELS OF TOTAL CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, PER CAPITA CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND CARBON INTENSITY --- p.171, Chapter 6.1 --- CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN TOTAL EMISSIONS, PER CAPITA EMISSIONS AND CARBON INTENSITY --- p.171, Chapter 6.2 --- MEMBERSHIP OF COUNTRIES AND BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH CLUSTER --- p.173, Chapter 6.2.1 --- Result of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and membership of countries --- p.173, Chapter 6.2.2 --- Characteristics of each cluster in terms of carbon dioxide emissions --- p.176, Chapter 6.2.3 --- Characteristics of each cluster in terms of GDP (indicator of economic development) --- p.180, Chapter 6.3 --- IN-DEPTH EXAMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH CLUSTER --- p.184, Chapter 6.3.1 --- Clusters with extremely high to very high total emissions: clusters 11 and 4 --- p.185, Chapter 6.3.2 --- Clusters with high total emissions: clusters 8, 10 and 3 --- p.211, Chapter 6.3.3 --- Clusters with medium to low total emissions: clusters 9, 2 and 1 --- p.230, Chapter 6.3.4 --- Clusters with very low to extremely low total emissions: clusters 5, 6 and 7 --- p.247, Chapter 6.4 --- SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS --- p.263, Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN: --- CONCLUSION --- p.267, Chapter 7.1 --- MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH --- p.267, Chapter 7.2 --- IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH --- p.270, Chapter 7.3 --- LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEACH --- p.271, Chapter 7.4 --- RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH --- p.272, REFERENCES --- p.273, APPENDICES --- p.281, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5549063, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Aquest article il·lustra les connexions entre els impactes del canvi climàtic i el desenvolupament socioeconòmic i, a partir d’aquestes consideracions s’analitzen les relacions que aquests impactes tenen per als assentaments urbans. A la segona part, s’analitzen els temes d’adaptació i, mentre d’una banda es fa èmfasi en la relació entre Canvi Ambiental Global (GEC) canvi climàtic i adaptació, de l’altra es destaca com a l’interior d’aquestes dinàmiques hi ha una agenda de la desigualtat i de la justícia social. Finalment, en la tercera i última part de l’article, s’analitzen les dimensions de l’espai urbà, de la provisió d’energia i de l’accés a l’aigua i al sanejament, per mostrar la seva característica de dobles agendes del canvi climàtic, és a dir, de temàtiques front a les quals la racionalitat tècnica i la mirada a la dimensió física del problema del canvi climàtic no aconsegueix capturar la complexitat. L’article es proposa com un “concept paper”, és a dir, un treball que té com a objectiu mostrar connexions analítiques encara poc desenvolupades a l’interior d’una àrea d’investigació en ràpida construcció, com és el cas de l’adaptació de les ciutats al canvi climàtic., Este artículo ilustra las conexiones entre impactos del cambio climático y desarrollo socioeconómico y, a partir de estas consideraciones se analizan las relaciones que estos impactos tienen para los asentamientos urbanos. En la segunda parte, se analizan los temas de adaptación y, mientras por un lado se hace énfasis en la relación entre Cambio Ambiental Global (GEC) cambio climático y adaptación, por el otro se destaca como al interior de estas dinámicas existe una agenda de la desigualdad y de la justicia social. Finalmente, en la tercera y última parte del artículo, se analizan las dimensiones del espacio urbano, de la provisión de energía y del acceso al agua y al saneamiento, para mostrar su característica de dobles agendas del cambio climático, es decir, de temáticas frente a las cuales la racionalidad técnica y la mirada a la dimensión física del problema del cambo climático no logra capturar la complejidad. El artículo se propone como un “concept paper”, o sea, un trabajo que tiene como objetivo mostrar conexiones analíticas todavía poco desarrolladas al interior de un área de investigación en rápida construcción, como es el caso de la adaptación de las ciudades al cambio climático., This article illustrates the connections between climate change impacts and socioeconomic development and, and from these considerations, the relationships that these impacts have on urban settlements are analyzed. In the second part, the issues of adaptation are discussed; in one hand, it emphasizes the relationship between Global Environmental Change (GEC) climate change and adaptation, while on the other stands out that there is an agenda of inequality and social justice within these dynamics. Finally, the third and final part of the article explores the dimensions of urban space, energy supply and access to water and sanitation, to show how climate change agendas are double featured, meaning how looking at the physical dimension with technical rationality fail to capture the complexity of subjects related to the problem of climate change. The article is proposed as a “concept paper”, which aims to show analytical connections still poorly developed within a research area of rapid construction, such as the cities adaptation to climate change., Peer Reviewed

El comienzo del siglo XXI está viendo la última crisis energética que por mor del cambio climático está teniendo un impacto social muy superior al de las precedentes. Por más que la actual coyuntura económica haya templado la escalada del precio del barril del petróleo (fue el 11 de julio de 2008 cuando alcanzó 147.25 dólares, su actual máximo) todo indica que tan pronto la economía recupere su pulso, el precio del petróleo registrará nuevos máximos y de nuevo la crisis energética volverá al primer plano de la actualidad. Una crisis que ha servido para evidenciar el enorme gasto de energía que el manejo sostenible del agua comporta, situando en la primera página de las agendas política y científica al binomio agua - energía. Un interés acrecentado por la doble interacción del binomio con el cambio climático. De una parte porque con el gasto energético aumenta la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y de otra porque según los pronósticos del Panel Intergubernamental para el estudio del Cambio Climático (IPCC) en muchas áreas geográficas de España, en especial la mediterránea, disminuirán las disponibilidades de recursos hídricos acentuándose el estrés que hoy ya sufren. De estas cuestiones, y de las dificultades que hay que superar para optimizar el uso de recursos tan estratégicos, sobre todo como consecuencia de la actual dispersión de competencias en materia de agua y energía, se ocupa este trabajo., Peer Reviewed