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New mutations provide the raw material for evolution and adaptation. The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) describes the spectrum of effects of new mutations that can occur along a genome, and is therefore of vital interest in evolutionary biology. Recent work has uncovered striking similarities in the DFE between closely related species, prompting us to ask whether there is variation in the DFE among populations of the same species, or among species with different degrees of divergence, i.e., whether there is variation in the DFE at different levels of evolution. Using exome capture data from six tree species sampled across Europe we characterised the DFE for multiple species, and for each species, multiple populations, and investigated the factors potentially influencing the DFE, such as demography, population divergence and genetic background. We find statistical support for there being variation in the DFE at the species level, even among relatively closely related species. However, we find very little difference at the population level, suggesting that differences in the DFE are primarily driven by deep features of species biology, and that evolutionarily recent events, such as demographic changes and local adaptation, have little impact.

Tumor recognition by T cells is essential for antitumor immunity. A comprehensive characterization of T cell diversity may be key to understanding the success of immunomodulatory drugs and failure of PD-1 blockade in tumors such as multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we use single-cell RNA and T cell receptor sequencing to characterize bone marrow T cells from healthy adults (n = 4) and patients with precursor (n = 8) and full-blown MM (n = 10). Large T cell clones from patients with MM expressed multiple immune checkpoints, suggesting a potentially dysfunctional phenotype. Dual targeting of PD-1 + LAG3 or PD-1 + TIGIT partially restored their function in mice with MM. We identify phenotypic hallmarks of large intratumoral T cell clones, and demonstrate that the CD27− and CD27+ T cell ratio, measured by flow cytometry, may serve as a surrogate of clonal T cell expansions and an independent prognostic factor in 543 patients with MM treated with lenalidomide-based treatment combinations.

Although the straightening capacity of the stem is key for light capture and mechanical stability in forest trees, little is known about its adaptive implications. Assuming that stem straightening is costly, trade-offs are expected with competing processes such as growth, maintenance, and defence. We established a manipulative experiment in a common garden of Pinus pinaster including provenances typically showing either straight-stemmed or crooked-stemmed phenotypes. We imposed a bending up to 35º on plants aged 9 years of both provenance groups and followed the straightening kinetics and shoot elongation after releasing. Eight months later, we destructively assessed biomass partitioning, reaction wood, wood microdensity, xylem reserve carbohydrates, and phloem secondary metabolites. The experimental bending and release caused significant, complex changes with a marked difference between straight- and crooked-type plants. The straight-type recovered verticality faster and to a higher degree and developed more compression wood, while displaying a transitory delay in shoot elongation, reducing resource allocation to defence and maintaining the levels of non-structural carbohydrates compared with the crooked type. This combination of responses indicates the existence of intraspecific divergence in the reaction to mechanical stresses that may be related to different adaptive phenotypic plasticity.

Background: Progress in the field of evolutionary forest ecology has been hampered by the huge challenge of phenotyping trees across their ranges in their natural environments, and the limitation in high-resolution environmental information. Findings: The GenTree Platform contains phenotypic and environmental data from 4,959 trees from 12 ecologically and economically important European forest tree species: Abies alba Mill. (silver fir), Betula pendula Roth. (silver birch), Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech), Picea abies (L.) H. Karst (Norway spruce), Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine), Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine), Pinus nigra Arnold (European black pine), Pinus pinaster Aiton (maritime pine), Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Populus nigra L. (European black poplar), Taxus baccata L. (English yew), and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak). Phenotypic (height, diameter at breast height, crown size, bark thickness, biomass, straightness, forking, branch angle, fructification), regeneration, environmental in situ measurements (soil depth, vegetation cover, competition indices), and environmental modeling data extracted by using bilinear interpolation accounting for surrounding conditions of each tree (precipitation, temperature, insolation, drought indices) were obtained from trees in 194 sites covering the species’ geographic ranges and reflecting local environmental gradients. Conclusion: The GenTree Platform is a new resource for investigating ecological and evolutionary processes in forest trees. The coherent phenotyping and environmental characterization across 12 species in their European ranges allow for a wide range of analyses from forest ecologists, conservationists, and macro-ecologists. Also, the data here presented can be linked to the GenTree Dendroecological collection, the GenTree Leaf Trait collection, and the GenTree Genomic collection presented elsewhere, which together build the largest evolutionary forest ecology data collection

Background: Progress in the field of evolutionary forest ecology has been hampered by the huge challenge of phenotyping trees across their ranges in their natural environments, and the limitation in high-resolution environmental information. Findings: The GenTree Platform contains phenotypic and environmental data from 4,959 trees from 12 ecologically and economically important European forest tree species: Abies alba Mill. (silver fir), Betula pendula Roth. (silver birch), Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech), Picea abies (L.) H. Karst (Norway spruce), Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine), Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine), Pinus nigra Arnold (European black pine), Pinus pinaster Aiton (maritime pine), Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Populus nigra L. (European black poplar), Taxus baccata L. (English yew), and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak). Phenotypic (height, diameter at breast height, crown size, bark thickness, biomass, straightness, forking, branch angle, fructification), regeneration, environmental in situ measurements (soil depth, vegetation cover, competition indices), and environmental modeling data extracted by using bilinear interpolation accounting for surrounding conditions of each tree (precipitation, temperature, insolation, drought indices) were obtained from trees in 194 sites covering the species’ geographic ranges and reflecting local environmental gradients. Conclusion: The GenTree Platform is a new resource for investigating ecological and evolutionary processes in forest trees. The coherent phenotyping and environmental characterization across 12 species in their European ranges allow for a wide range of analyses from forest ecologists, conservationists, and macro-ecologists. Also, the data here presented can be linked to the GenTree Dendroecological collection, the GenTree Leaf Trait collection, and the GenTree Genomic collection presented elsewhere, which together build the largest evolutionary forest ecology data collection

The cross-correlation between the cosmic microwave background (CMB) fields and matter tracers carries important cosmological information. In this paper, we forecast by a signal-to-noise ratio analysis the information contained in the cross-correlation of the CMB anisotropy fields with source counts for future cosmological observations and its impact on cosmological parameters uncertainties, using a joint tomographic analysis. We include temperature, polarization and lensing for the CMB fields and galaxy number counts for the matter tracers. By restricting ourselves to quasi-linear scales, we forecast by a Fisher matrix formalism the relative importance of the cross-correlation of source counts with the CMB in the constraints on the parameters for several cosmological models. We obtain that the CMB-number counts cross-correlation can improve the dark energy Figure of Merit (FoM) at most up to a factor $\sim 2$ for LiteBIRD+CMB-S4 $\times$ SKA1 compared to the uncorrelated combination of both probes and will enable the Euclid-like photometric survey to reach the highest FoM among those considered here. We also forecast how CMB-galaxy clustering cross-correlation could increase the FoM of the neutrino sector, also enabling a statistically significant ($\gtrsim$ 3$\sigma$ for LiteBIRD+CMB-S4 $\times$ SPHEREx) detection of the minimal neutrino mass allowed in a normal hierarchy by using quasi-linear scales only. Analogously, we find that the uncertainty in the local primordial non-Gaussianity could be as low as $\sigma (f_{\rm NL}) \sim 1.5-2$ by using two-point statistics only with the combination of CMB and radio surveys such as EMU and SKA1. Our results highlight the additional constraining power of the cross-correlation between CMB and galaxy clustering from future surveys which is mainly based on quasi-linear scales and therefore sufficiently robust to non-linear effects., Comment: 30 pages, 13 figures, 10 tables

El tema que nos propusimos investigar en esta red de investigación e innovación docente se encuentra contextualizado en torno a la cuestión de cómo ayudar al alumnado novel o inexperto de los grados de Matemáticas y Física en el estudio y comprensión de los conceptos, metodologías y técnicas de trabajo vinculados a las principales materias de primer curso adscritas al departamento de matemáticas. No cabe duda de que el acceso a estas dos carreras universitarias conlleva en el alumnado un cambio de mentalidad, de forma de trabajar y de razonar, lo que acarrea particularmente una ruptura con su anterior manera de enfrentarse a los problemas y cuestiones matemáticas, tanto de índole teórica como práctica. En algunos casos, este cambio supone una barrera infranqueable e impide al alumnado continuar con su formación académica. En base a esta situación, el trabajo de la red durante este curso ha consistido inicialmente en averiguar cuáles son esas barreras, conceptos y estructuras que, en opinión del alumnado, son especialmente complejas. Una vez identificados los principales problemas, en colaboración estrecha con el alumnado, valoramos su importancia y procedimos a ponderar el grado de dificultad o conflictividad, para los estudiantes, de los conceptos matemáticos involucrados que, a la postre, resultan imprescindibles para su aprendizaje. Así, centrándonos en algunos de estos conceptos clave, una parte importante del trabajo de la red ha consistido en encontrar el lenguaje, el canal y la forma de conseguir que estas nociones lleguen al alumnado de una manera distinta, amena, enérgica y competente. En particular, una de las novedades de este trabajo, en el contexto docente universitario señalado con anterioridad, ha sido el empleo de la herramienta TikTok.

In this paper, we study solutions to the max–min mean value problem ½ max q∈Vm,p {f(q)} + ½ min q∈Vm,p {f(q)} = f(p) in the Sierpinski Gasket with a prescribed Dirichlet datum at the three vertices of the first triangle. In the previous mean value, formula p is a vertex of one triangle at one stage in the construction of the Sierpinski Gasket and Vm,p is the set of vertices that are adjacent to p at that stage. For this problem, it was known that there are existence and uniqueness of a continuous solution, a comparison principle holds, and, moreover, solutions are Lipschitz continuous. Here we continue the analysis of this problem and prove that the solution is piecewise linear on the segments of the Sierpinski Gasket. Moreover, we also show for which values at the three vertices of the first triangle solutions to this mean value formula coincide with infinity harmonic functions.

Motivation: Trait variation within species can reveal plastic and/or genetic responses to environmental gradients, and may indicate where local adaptation has occurred. Here, we present a dataset of rangewide variation in leaf traits from seven of the most ecologically and economically important tree species in Europe. Sample collection and trait assessment are embedded in the GenTree project (EU‐Horizon 2020), which aims at characterizing the genetic and phenotypic variability of forest tree species to optimize the management and sustainable use of forest genetic resources. Our dataset captures substantial intra‐ and interspecific leaf phenotypic variability, and provides valuable information for studying the relationship between ecosystem functioning and trait variability of individuals, and the response and resilience of species to environmental changes. Main types of variable contained: We chose morphological and chemical characters linked to trade‐offs between acquisition and conservation of resources and water use, namely specific leaf area, leaf size, carbon and nitrogen content and their ratio, and the isotopic signature of stable isotope 13C and 15N in leaves. Spatial location and grain: We surveyed between 18 and 22 populations per species, 141 in total, across Europe. Time period: Leaf sampling took place between 2016 and 2017. Major taxa and level of measurement: We sampled at least 25 individuals in each population, 3,569 trees in total, and measured traits in 35,755 leaves from seven European tree species, i.e. the conifers Picea abies, Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris, and the broadleaves Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Populus nigra and Quercus petraea. Software format: The data files are in ASCII text, tab delimited, not compressed.

El tema que nos propusimos investigar en esta red de investigación e innovación docente se encuentra contextualizado en torno a la cuestión de cómo ayudar al alumnado novel o inexperto de los grados de Matemáticas y Física en el estudio y comprensión de los conceptos, metodologías y técnicas de trabajo vinculados a las principales materias de primer curso adscritas al departamento de matemáticas. No cabe duda de que el acceso a estas dos carreras universitarias conlleva en el alumnado un cambio de mentalidad, de forma de trabajar y de razonar, lo que acarrea particularmente una ruptura con su anterior manera de enfrentarse a los problemas y cuestiones matemáticas, tanto de índole teórica como práctica. En algunos casos, este cambio supone una barrera infranqueable e impide al alumnado continuar con su formación académica. En base a esta situación, el trabajo de la red durante este curso ha consistido inicialmente en averiguar cuáles son esas barreras, conceptos y estructuras que, en opinión del alumnado, son especialmente complejas. Una vez identificados los principales problemas, en colaboración estrecha con el alumnado, valoramos su importancia y procedimos a ponderar el grado de dificultad o conflictividad, para los estudiantes, de los conceptos matemáticos involucrados que, a la postre, resultan imprescindibles para su aprendizaje. Así, centrándonos en algunos de estos conceptos clave, una parte importante del trabajo de la red ha consistido en encontrar el lenguaje, el canal y la forma de conseguir que estas nociones lleguen al alumnado de una manera distinta, amena, enérgica y competente. En particular, una de las novedades de este trabajo, en el contexto docente universitario señalado con anterioridad, ha sido el empleo de la herramienta TikTok.

In this paper, we study solutions to the max–min mean value problem ½ max q∈Vm,p {f(q)} + ½ min q∈Vm,p {f(q)} = f(p) in the Sierpinski Gasket with a prescribed Dirichlet datum at the three vertices of the first triangle. In the previous mean value, formula p is a vertex of one triangle at one stage in the construction of the Sierpinski Gasket and Vm,p is the set of vertices that are adjacent to p at that stage. For this problem, it was known that there are existence and uniqueness of a continuous solution, a comparison principle holds, and, moreover, solutions are Lipschitz continuous. Here we continue the analysis of this problem and prove that the solution is piecewise linear on the segments of the Sierpinski Gasket. Moreover, we also show for which values at the three vertices of the first triangle solutions to this mean value formula coincide with infinity harmonic functions.

The cross-correlation between the cosmic microwave background (CMB) fields and matter tracers carries important cosmological information. In this paper, we forecast by a signal-to-noise ratio analysis the information contained in the cross-correlation of the CMB anisotropy fields with source counts for future cosmological observations and its impact on cosmological parameters uncertainties, using a joint tomographic analysis. We include temperature, polarization and lensing for the CMB fields and galaxy number counts for the matter tracers. By restricting ourselves to quasi-linear scales, we forecast by a Fisher matrix formalism the relative importance of the cross-correlation of source counts with the CMB in the constraints on the parameters for several cosmological models. We obtain that the CMB-number counts cross-correlation can improve the dark energy Figure of Merit (FoM) at most up to a factor $\sim 2$ for LiteBIRD+CMB-S4 $\times$ SKA1 compared to the uncorrelated combination of both probes and will enable the Euclid-like photometric survey to reach the highest FoM among those considered here. We also forecast how CMB-galaxy clustering cross-correlation could increase the FoM of the neutrino sector, also enabling a statistically significant ($\gtrsim$ 3$\sigma$ for LiteBIRD+CMB-S4 $\times$ SPHEREx) detection of the minimal neutrino mass allowed in a normal hierarchy by using quasi-linear scales only. Analogously, we find that the uncertainty in the local primordial non-Gaussianity could be as low as $\sigma (f_{\rm NL}) \sim 1.5-2$ by using two-point statistics only with the combination of CMB and radio surveys such as EMU and SKA1. Our results highlight the additional constraining power of the cross-correlation between CMB and galaxy clustering from future surveys which is mainly based on quasi-linear scales and therefore sufficiently robust to non-linear effects., Comment: 30 pages, 13 figures, 10 tables

Background: Progress in the field of evolutionary forest ecology has been hampered by the huge challenge of phenotyping trees across their ranges in their natural environments, and the limitation in high-resolution environmental information. Findings: The GenTree Platform contains phenotypic and environmental data from 4,959 trees from 12 ecologically and economically important European forest tree species: Abies alba Mill. (silver fir), Betula pendula Roth. (silver birch), Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech), Picea abies (L.) H. Karst (Norway spruce), Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine), Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine), Pinus nigra Arnold (European black pine), Pinus pinaster Aiton (maritime pine), Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Populus nigra L. (European black poplar), Taxus baccata L. (English yew), and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak). Phenotypic (height, diameter at breast height, crown size, bark thickness, biomass, straightness, forking, branch angle, fructification), regeneration, environmental in situ measurements (soil depth, vegetation cover, competition indices), and environmental modeling data extracted by using bilinear interpolation accounting for surrounding conditions of each tree (precipitation, temperature, insolation, drought indices) were obtained from trees in 194 sites covering the species’ geographic ranges and reflecting local environmental gradients. Conclusion: The GenTree Platform is a new resource for investigating ecological and evolutionary processes in forest trees. The coherent phenotyping and environmental characterization across 12 species in their European ranges allow for a wide range of analyses from forest ecologists, conservationists, and macro-ecologists. Also, the data here presented can be linked to the GenTree Dendroecological collection, the GenTree Leaf Trait collection, and the GenTree Genomic collection presented elsewhere, which together build the largest evolutionary forest ecology data collection

Motivation: Trait variation within species can reveal plastic and/or genetic responses to environmental gradients, and may indicate where local adaptation has occurred. Here, we present a dataset of rangewide variation in leaf traits from seven of the most ecologically and economically important tree species in Europe. Sample collection and trait assessment are embedded in the GenTree project (EU‐Horizon 2020), which aims at characterizing the genetic and phenotypic variability of forest tree species to optimize the management and sustainable use of forest genetic resources. Our dataset captures substantial intra‐ and interspecific leaf phenotypic variability, and provides valuable information for studying the relationship between ecosystem functioning and trait variability of individuals, and the response and resilience of species to environmental changes. Main types of variable contained: We chose morphological and chemical characters linked to trade‐offs between acquisition and conservation of resources and water use, namely specific leaf area, leaf size, carbon and nitrogen content and their ratio, and the isotopic signature of stable isotope 13C and 15N in leaves. Spatial location and grain: We surveyed between 18 and 22 populations per species, 141 in total, across Europe. Time period: Leaf sampling took place between 2016 and 2017. Major taxa and level of measurement: We sampled at least 25 individuals in each population, 3,569 trees in total, and measured traits in 35,755 leaves from seven European tree species, i.e. the conifers Picea abies, Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris, and the broadleaves Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Populus nigra and Quercus petraea. Software format: The data files are in ASCII text, tab delimited, not compressed.

Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) carrying standard- or high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities (CAs) achieve similar complete response (CR) rates, but the later have inferior progression-free survival (PFS). This questions the legitimacy of CR as a treatment endpoint and represents a biological conundrum regarding the nature of tumor reservoirs that persist after therapy in high-risk MM. We used next-generation flow (NGF) cytometry to evaluate measurable residual disease (MRD) in MM patients with standard- vs high-risk CAs (n = 300 and 90, respectively) enrolled in the PETHEMA/GEM2012MENOS65 trial, and to identify mechanisms that determine MRD resistance in both patient subgroups (n = 40). The 36-month PFS rates were higher than 90% in patients with standard- or high-risk CAs achieving undetectable MRD. Persistent MRD resulted in a median PFS of ∼3 and 2 years in patients with standard- and high-risk CAs, respectively. Further use of NGF to isolate MRD, followed by whole-exome sequencing of paired diagnostic and MRD tumor cells, revealed greater clonal selection in patients with standard-risk CAs, higher genomic instability with acquisition of new mutations in high-risk MM, and no unifying genetic event driving MRD resistance. Conversely, RNA sequencing of diagnostic and MRD tumor cells uncovered the selection of MRD clones with singular transcriptional programs and reactive oxygen species–mediated MRD resistance in high-risk MM. Our study supports undetectable MRD as a treatment endpoint for patients with MM who have high-risk CAs and proposes characterizing MRD clones to understand and overcome MRD resistance. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01916252.

The dataset presented here was collected by the GenTree project (EU-Horizon 2020), which aims to improve the use of forest genetic resources across Europe by better understanding how trees adapt to their local environment. This dataset of individual tree-core characteristics including ring-width series and whole-core wood density was collected for seven ecologically and economically important European tree species: silver birch (Betula pendula), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European black poplar (Populus nigra), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Tree-ring width measurements were obtained from 3600 trees in 142 populations and whole-core wood density was measured for 3098 trees in 125 populations. This dataset covers most of the geographical and climatic range occupied by the selected species. The potential use of it will be highly valuable for assessing ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental conditions as well as for model development and parameterization, to predict adaptability under climate change scenarios.

Persistence of tree populations in the face of global change relies on their capacity to respond to biotic and abiotic stressors through plastic or adaptive changes. Genetic adaptation will depend on the additive genetic variation within populations and the heritability of traits related to stress tolerance. Because traits can be genetically linked, selective pressure acting on one trait may lead to correlated responses in other traits. To test direct and correlated responses to selection for drought tolerance and growth in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.), we selected trees in a parental population for higher growth and greater water-use efficiency (WUE) and compared their offspring with that of random trees of the parental population in two contrasting common gardens. Direct responses to selection for growth and WUE, and correlated responses for growth and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors were estimated. We found a strong response to selection and high realized heritability for WUE, but no response to selection was found for growth. Correlated responses to selection in other life-history traits were not significant, except for concentration of chemical defences (mono and sesquiterpene) which was significantly greater in the offspring of mother trees selected for growth than in that of unselected control trees. The empirical evidence of direct responses to selection for high WUE suggests that P. halepensis have the potential to evolve in response to rising drought stress. Contrary to our expectations, the results are not conclusive of a potential negative impact of WUE and growth selection on other key life-history traits.

The ratio between the CMB lensing/galaxy counts and the galaxy shear/galaxy counts cross-correlations combines the information from different cosmological probes to infer cosmographic measurements that are less dependent on astrophysical uncertainties and can constrain the geometry of the Universe. We discuss the future perspectives for the measurement of this lensing ratio as previously introduced, i.e. with the use of the Limber and flat-sky approximations and neglecting all the effects on the galaxy survey from observing on the past lightcone. We then show how the cosmological information in this estimator is affected by the Limber approximation and by the inclusion of the redshift space distorsions (RSD) and magnification lensing contributions to the galaxy number counts. We find that the magnification lensing contribution induces a multipole dependence of the lensing ratio that we show to be detectable at a statistical significant level combining post-$Planck$ CMB surveys and a Euclid-like experiment. We propose an improved estimator which takes into account this angular scale dependence. Using this extended formalism, we present forecasts for upcoming and future cosmological surveys and we show at which extent the lensing ratio information can improve the CMB constraints on cosmological parameters. We get that for extended cosmological models where the neutrino mass, the spatial curvature and the dark energy equation of state are allowed to vary, the constraints from $Planck$ on these parameters and on $H_0$ can be reduced by $\sim 40\%$ with the inclusion of a single lensing ratio and by $\sim 60-70\%$ adding the joint measurement of 9 lensing ratios with a Euclid-like survey. We also find that neglegcting the contribution from magnification lensing can induce a bias on the derived cosmological parameters in a combined analysis., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in PRD

La investigación a realizar durante la duración de la red será, la de buscar los diferentes y principales problemas que, los alumnos encuentran en las principales nociones introducidas durante el curso, así como, los errores más comunes realizados por los alumnos en las diferentes pruebas de evaluación continua desarrollada por la signatura en cuestión. También se realizarán trabajos bibliográficos para proponer nuevos ejercicios/problemas para que los alumnos puedan mejorar la comprensión de los conceptos tratados. Además, se realizarán resúmenes escritos con las diferentes formas de resolución planteadas por los alumnos para que éstos puedan ver las diferentes formas de poder abarcar cada uno de los problemas planteados en la evaluación continua.

Seed availability and viability are key processes for the persistence of mature forests. There are evidences that tree senescence does not decrease seed fecundity. However, the effect of senescence on the viability of the progeny in mature forests has not been assessed. This study analyses the influence of tree age on biometric traits of the acorn, germination and emergence in mature forests of Quercus suberin Cabañeros and Monfragüe National Parks. We selected 45 to 48 trees in each National Park (NP), covering from young to old trees along the range of diameter at breast height (DBH) found (from 24 to 100 cm in Cabañeros NP, and from 24 to 176 cm in Monfragüe NP). Measurements included coordinates, DBH, height and two perpendicular crown diameters. Tree age was estimated at 1.3 m by extracting cores. In December 2018 seeds were collected from the selected trees. The yield was not abundant due to the marked masting year. After numbering the acorns individually, different biometric traits were measured (fresh weight, diameter, volume and length), and the effect of tree age was analysed, considering DBH as a proxy of tree age. Acorns were seeded to monitor germination and emergence. The results show the effect of site, tree age and acorn size on seed production, biometric traits, germination and emergence. Acorn size varied with parental trees and within a tree. The low yield in 2018 could in part mask the results., La disponibilidad de semilla y su viabilidad son procesos clave para la persistencia de los bosques maduros. Existen evidencias de que la senescencia en los árboles no disminuye la fecundidad en edades avanzadas, pero se desconoce si tiene efectos sobre la viabilidad de la progenie. Este trabajo analiza la influencia de la edad del árbol sobre los atributos biométricos de la semilla, la germinación y la emergencia en los bosques maduros de Quercus suber en los Parques Nacionales de Cabañeros y Monfragüe. En cada uno de los PPNN se seleccionaron 45-48 individuos de Quercus suber, entre jóvenes y senescentes, cubriéndose el rango de diámetros encontrados (24 a 100 cm en el PN de Cabañeros y 24 a 176 cm en el PN de Monfragüe). Se tomaron sus coordenadas y se midió su tamaño (diámetro, altura y diámetros de copa). Además, se estimó la edad a 1,30 m de altura (dbh) mediante la extracción de testigos de madera. En diciembre de 2018 se recogió toda la semilla presente en los individuos seleccionados, que no fue muy abundante debido a la marcada vecería en 2018. Se determinaron los caracteres biométricos de cada bellota (peso fresco, diámetro y longitud), analizándose el efecto de la edad del árbol, a través del dbh. Los resultados muestran el efecto del sitio, la edad del árbol y el tamaño de la bellota, tanto en la producción de semilla, como en su caracterización biométrica, germinación y emergencia, aunque la baja cosecha registrada en 2018 enmascara las diferencias esperadas.

La disponibilidad de semilla y su viabilidad son procesos clave para la persistencia de los bosques maduros. Existen evidencias de que la senescencia en los árboles no disminuye la fecundidad en edades avanzadas, pero se desconoce si tiene efectos sobre la viabilidad de la progenie. Este trabajo analiza la influencia de la edad del árbol sobre los atributos biométricos de la semilla, la germinación y la emergencia en los bosques maduros de Quercus suber en los Parques Nacionales de Cabañeros y Monfragüe. En cada uno de los PPNN se seleccionaron 45-48 individuos de Quercus suber, entre jóvenes y senescentes, cubriéndose el rango de diámetros encontrados (24 a 100 cm en el PN de Cabañeros y 24 a 176 cm en el PN de Monfragüe). Se tomaron sus coordenadas y se midió su tamaño (diámetro, altura y diámetros de copa). Además, se estimó la edad a 1.30 m de altura (DBH) mediante la extracción de testigos de madera. En diciembre de 2018 se recogió toda la semilla presente en los individuos seleccionados, que no fue muy abundante. Se determinaron los caracteres biométricos de cada bellota (peso fresco, diámetro, volumen y longitud), analizándose el efecto de la edad del árbol, a través del DBH. Los resultados muestran el efecto del PN, la edad del árbol y el peso de la bellota, tanto en la producción de semilla, como en su germinación y emergencia, aunque la baja cosecha registrada en 2018 enmascara las diferencias esperadas.

La disponibilidad de semilla y su viabilidad son procesos clave para la persistencia de los bosques maduros. Existen evidencias de que la senescencia en los árboles no disminuye la fecundidad en edades avanzadas, pero se desconoce si tiene efectos sobre la viabilidad de la progenie. Este trabajo analiza la influencia de la edad del árbol sobre los atributos biométricos de la semilla, la germinación y la emergencia en los bosques maduros de Quercus suber en los Parques Nacionales de Cabañeros y Monfragüe. En cada uno de los PPNN se seleccionaron 45-48 individuos de Quercus suber, entre jóvenes y senescentes, cubriéndose el rango de diámetros encontrados (24 a 100 cm en el PN de Cabañeros y 24 a 176 cm en el PN de Monfragüe). Se tomaron sus coordenadas y se midió su tamaño (diámetro, altura y diámetros de copa). Además, se estimó la edad a 1.30 m de altura (DBH) mediante la extracción de testigos de madera. En diciembre de 2018 se recogió toda la semilla presente en los individuos seleccionados, que no fue muy abundante. Se determinaron los caracteres biométricos de cada bellota (peso fresco, diámetro, volumen y longitud), analizándose el efecto de la edad del árbol, a través del DBH. Los resultados muestran el efecto del PN, la edad del árbol y el peso de la bellota, tanto en la producción de semilla, como en su germinación y emergencia, aunque la baja cosecha registrada en 2018 enmascara las diferencias esperadas.

La investigación a realizar durante la duración de la red será, la de buscar los diferentes y principales problemas que, los alumnos encuentran en las principales nociones introducidas durante el curso, así como, los errores más comunes realizados por los alumnos en las diferentes pruebas de evaluación continua desarrollada por la signatura en cuestión. También se realizarán trabajos bibliográficos para proponer nuevos ejercicios/problemas para que los alumnos puedan mejorar la comprensión de los conceptos tratados. Además, se realizarán resúmenes escritos con las diferentes formas de resolución planteadas por los alumnos para que éstos puedan ver las diferentes formas de poder abarcar cada uno de los problemas planteados en la evaluación continua.

The ratio between the CMB lensing/galaxy counts and the galaxy shear/galaxy counts cross-correlations combines the information from different cosmological probes to infer cosmographic measurements that are less dependent on astrophysical uncertainties and can constrain the geometry of the Universe. We discuss the future perspectives for the measurement of this lensing ratio as previously introduced, i.e. with the use of the Limber and flat-sky approximations and neglecting all the effects on the galaxy survey from observing on the past lightcone. We then show how the cosmological information in this estimator is affected by the Limber approximation and by the inclusion of the redshift space distorsions (RSD) and magnification lensing contributions to the galaxy number counts. We find that the magnification lensing contribution induces a multipole dependence of the lensing ratio that we show to be detectable at a statistical significant level combining post-$Planck$ CMB surveys and a Euclid-like experiment. We propose an improved estimator which takes into account this angular scale dependence. Using this extended formalism, we present forecasts for upcoming and future cosmological surveys and we show at which extent the lensing ratio information can improve the CMB constraints on cosmological parameters. We get that for extended cosmological models where the neutrino mass, the spatial curvature and the dark energy equation of state are allowed to vary, the constraints from $Planck$ on these parameters and on $H_0$ can be reduced by $\sim 40\%$ with the inclusion of a single lensing ratio and by $\sim 60-70\%$ adding the joint measurement of 9 lensing ratios with a Euclid-like survey. We also find that neglegcting the contribution from magnification lensing can induce a bias on the derived cosmological parameters in a combined analysis., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in PRD

En este trabajo se exponen algunas de nuestras experiencias y estrategias docentes llevadas a cabo en los últimos años en varias asignaturas de matemáticas que impartimos en distintos grados del área de ciencias en la Universidad de Alicante. El objetivo principal que se persigue en cada una de ellas es el de favorecer el dominio de los principales conceptos y resultados propios de las asignaturas objeto de estudio, y adquirir las competencias correspondientes., This paper shows some of our teaching experiences and strategies carried out in recent years in several subjects of mathematics lectured in different degrees of Sciences at the University of Alicante. The main objective pursued in each of them is to facilitate the knowledge of the main concepts and results of such subjects, and achieve the corresponding competences.

In this paper we study the solutions to nonlinear mean-value formulas on fractal sets. We focus on the mean-value problem 12maxq∈Vm,p{f(q)}+12minq∈Vm,p{f(q)}−f(p)=0 in the Sierpiński gasket with prescribed values f(p1), f(p2) and f(p3) at the three vertices of the first triangle. For this problem we show existence and uniqueness of a continuous solution and analyze some properties like the validity of a comparison principle, Lipschitz continuity of solutions (regularity) and continuous dependence of the solution with respect to the prescribed values at the three vertices of the first triangle.

According to star formation histories (SFHs), Local Group dwarf galaxies can be broadly classified in two types: those forming most of their stars before zz = 2 (fast) and those with more extended SFHs (slow). The most precise SFHs are usually derived from deep but not very spatially extended photometric data; this might alter the ratio of old to young stars when age gradients are present. Here, we correct for this effect and derive the mass formed in stars by zz = 2 for a sample of 16 Local Group dwarf galaxies. We explore early differences between fast and slow dwarfs, and evaluate the impact of internal feedback by supernovae (SNe) on the baryonic and dark matter (DM) component of the dwarfs. Fast dwarfs assembled more stellar mass at early times and have larger amounts of DM within the half-light radius than slow dwarfs. By imposing that slow dwarfs cannot have lost their gas by zz = 2, we constrain the maximum coupling efficiency of SN feedback to the gas and to the DM to be ∼10 per cent. We find that internal feedback alone appears insufficient to quench the SFH of fast dwarfs by gas deprivation, in particular for the fainter systems. Nonetheless, SN feedback can core the DM halo density profiles relatively easily, producing cores of the sizes of the half-light radius in fast dwarfs by zz = 2 with very low efficiencies. Amongst the ‘classical’ Milky Way satellites, we predict that the smallest cores should be found in Draco and Ursa Minor, while Sculptor and Fornax should host the largest ones.

En este trabajo se exponen algunas de nuestras experiencias y estrategias docentes llevadas a cabo en los últimos años en varias asignaturas de matemáticas que impartimos en distintos grados del área de ciencias en la Universidad de Alicante. El objetivo principal que se persigue en cada una de ellas es el de favorecer el dominio de los principales conceptos y resultados propios de las asignaturas objeto de estudio, y adquirir las competencias correspondientes., This paper shows some of our teaching experiences and strategies carried out in recent years in several subjects of mathematics lectured in different degrees of Sciences at the University of Alicante. The main objective pursued in each of them is to facilitate the knowledge of the main concepts and results of such subjects, and achieve the corresponding competences.

In this paper we study the solutions to nonlinear mean-value formulas on fractal sets. We focus on the mean-value problem 12maxq∈Vm,p{f(q)}+12minq∈Vm,p{f(q)}−f(p)=0 in the Sierpiński gasket with prescribed values f(p1), f(p2) and f(p3) at the three vertices of the first triangle. For this problem we show existence and uniqueness of a continuous solution and analyze some properties like the validity of a comparison principle, Lipschitz continuity of solutions (regularity) and continuous dependence of the solution with respect to the prescribed values at the three vertices of the first triangle.

Long-term survival remains low for most patients with glioblastoma (GBM), which reveals the need for markers of disease outcome and novel therapeutic targets. We describe that ODZ1 (also known as TENM1), a type II transmembrane protein involved in fetal brain development, plays a crucial role in the invasion of GBM cells. Differentiation of glioblastoma stem-like cells drives the nuclear translocation of an intracellular fragment of ODZ1 through proteolytic cleavage by signal peptide peptidase-like 2a. The intracellular fragment of ODZ1 promotes cytoskeletal remodelling of GBM cells and invasion of the surrounding environment both in vitro and in vivo. Absence of ODZ1 by gene deletion or downregulation of ODZ1 by small interfering RNAs drastically reduces the invasive capacity of GBM cells. This activity is mediated by an ODZ1-triggered transcriptional pathway, through the E-box binding Myc protein, that promotes the expression and activation of Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) and subsequent activation of Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK). Overexpression of ODZ1 in GBM cells reduced survival of xenografted mice. Consistently, analysis of 122 GBM tumour samples revealed that the number of ODZ1-positive cells inversely correlated with overall and progression-free survival. Our findings establish a novel marker of invading GBM cells and consequently a potential marker of disease progression and a therapeutic target in GBM.

[EN] In the middle of the 20th century, the emergence of jewellery authors who assumed the avant-garde art and design trends, called into question the very definition of , conventionally limited to precious materials and to a mainly ornamental function. This encouraged a progressive trend towards integration of new materials that break convention, although many of them are new compared to traditional jewellery, and were already used in ancient times and cultures outside the Western tradition. Our own experience in the field of jewellery is part of this research for new-old materials. Regarding the material object of the practical experimentation, dehydrated skin has been well studied by historians in the form of parchment, but their traditional applications are more diverse. Craftsmen and contemporary artists have also included in their production, including some jewellers, although the examples are scarce compared to other materials. This reinforces the motivation for a personal experimentation which we describe in detail from its test phase to the final application in a series of thirteen jewels entitled Skin job (2014-2015). The overall objective of this research is to contribute to the provision of a new old material inventory of contemporary jewellery. To achieve this goal, four specific objectives must be met: identify and analyze the specific context of contemporary jewellery which includes this thesis; determine the way in which our past production is related to that context; study aspects that characterize dehydrated skin, dominating the technical and expressive possibilities; creatively integrate it in the preparation of the final objects. The theoretical and practical methodological procedures are divided according to these objectives. First, the development of an analytical taxonomy of new-old materials in contemporary jewellery, gathering information from accredited bibliographic sources and direct information, and through interviews with represe, [ES] A mediados del s. XX irrumpe una generación de joyeros que asumen las corrientes vanguardistas del arte y del diseño, lo que hizo cuestionarse la definición del concepto , tradicionalmente limitado a materiales preciosos y una función sobre todo ornamental. Esto alentó una tendencia rupturista a la integración de nuevos materiales, aunque muchos de ellos, si bien son nuevos para la joyería tradicional, ya fueron empleados en la antigüedad y en otras culturas. Nuestra propia trayectoria dentro de la joyería se enmarca en el empleo de estos materiales. Respecto al material objeto de la experimentación práctica, la piel deshidratada ha sido bien estudiada por los historiadores en su modalidad de pergamino, pero sus aplicaciones tradicionales son más diversas. Artesanos y artistas actuales lo han incorporado en su producción, incluidos joyeros, pero los ejemplos son escasos en comparación con otros materiales. Esto refuerza la motivación para realizar una experimentación personal que describimos detalladamente desde su fase de ensayos a la de aplicación definitiva en una serie de trece joyas, titulada Skin job (2014-2015). El objetivo general de esta tesis es contribuir en la aportación de un nuevo-viejo material al inventario de la joyería contemporánea. Para ello deben cumplirse cuatro objetivos específicos: delimitar y analizar el marco concreto de la joyería contemporánea en que se incluye esta tesis; determinar el modo en que nuestra producción anterior se relaciona con ese contexto; estudiar los aspectos que caracterizan a la piel deshidratada, dominando sus posibilidades técnico-expresivas; incluirlo creativamente en la confección de los objetos definitivos. Los procedimientos metodológicos teórico prácticos se dividen en función de estos objetivos. Primero, la elaboración de una taxonomía analítica de los nuevos-viejos materiales en joyería contemporánea, reuniendo información de fuentes bibliográficas acreditadas e información directa, y a través de, [CA] A mitjan s. XX, irromp una generació de joiers que assumeixen els corrents avantguardistes de l'art i del disseny, el que va fer qüestionar-se la definició del concepte , tradicionalment limitat a materials preciosos i una funció sobretot ornamental. Això va encoratjar una tendència rupturista progressiva a la integració de nous materials, encara que molts d'ells, si bé són nous a la joieria tradicional, ja van ser emprats en l'antiguitat i en altres cultures. La nostra pròpia trajectòria dins de la joieria s'emmarca en l'ús d'aquests materials. Pel que fa al material objecte de l'experimentació pràctica, la pell deshidratada ha estat ben estudiada pels historiadors en la modalitat de pergamí, però les seues aplicacions tradicionals són més diverses. Artesans i artistes actuals ho han incorporat en la seua producció, inclosos joiers, però els exemples són escassos en comparació amb altres materials. Açò reforça la motivació per realitzar una experimentació personal que descrivim detalladament des de la fase d'assajos a la d'aplicació definitiva en una sèrie de tretze joies, titulada Skin job (2014-2015). L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a l'aportació d'un nou-vell material a l'inventari de la joieria contemporània. Per a això s'han de complir quatre objectius específics: delimitar i analitzar el marc concret de la joieria contemporània en què s'inclou aquesta tesi; determinar la manera en que la nostra producció anterior es relaciona amb aquest context; estudiar els aspectes que caracteritzen la pell deshidratada, dominant les seues possibilitats tècnic-expressives; incloure-ho creativament en la confecció dels objectes definitius. Els procediments metodològics teòrics i pràctics es divideixen en funció d'aquests objectius. Primer, l'elaboració d'una taxonomia analítica dels nous-vells materials en joieria contemporània, reunint informació de fonts bibliogràfiques acreditades i informació directa, i a través d'entrevistes a joiers contempor

[EN] In the middle of the 20th century, the emergence of jewellery authors who assumed the avant-garde art and design trends, called into question the very definition of , conventionally limited to precious materials and to a mainly ornamental function. This encouraged a progressive trend towards integration of new materials that break convention, although many of them are new compared to traditional jewellery, and were already used in ancient times and cultures outside the Western tradition. Our own experience in the field of jewellery is part of this research for new-old materials. Regarding the material object of the practical experimentation, dehydrated skin has been well studied by historians in the form of parchment, but their traditional applications are more diverse. Craftsmen and contemporary artists have also included in their production, including some jewellers, although the examples are scarce compared to other materials. This reinforces the motivation for a personal experimentation which we describe in detail from its test phase to the final application in a series of thirteen jewels entitled Skin job (2014-2015). The overall objective of this research is to contribute to the provision of a new old material inventory of contemporary jewellery. To achieve this goal, four specific objectives must be met: identify and analyze the specific context of contemporary jewellery which includes this thesis; determine the way in which our past production is related to that context; study aspects that characterize dehydrated skin, dominating the technical and expressive possibilities; creatively integrate it in the preparation of the final objects. The theoretical and practical methodological procedures are divided according to these objectives. First, the development of an analytical taxonomy of new-old materials in contemporary jewellery, gathering information from accredited bibliographic sources and direct information, and through interviews with represe, [ES] A mediados del s. XX irrumpe una generación de joyeros que asumen las corrientes vanguardistas del arte y del diseño, lo que hizo cuestionarse la definición del concepto , tradicionalmente limitado a materiales preciosos y una función sobre todo ornamental. Esto alentó una tendencia rupturista a la integración de nuevos materiales, aunque muchos de ellos, si bien son nuevos para la joyería tradicional, ya fueron empleados en la antigüedad y en otras culturas. Nuestra propia trayectoria dentro de la joyería se enmarca en el empleo de estos materiales. Respecto al material objeto de la experimentación práctica, la piel deshidratada ha sido bien estudiada por los historiadores en su modalidad de pergamino, pero sus aplicaciones tradicionales son más diversas. Artesanos y artistas actuales lo han incorporado en su producción, incluidos joyeros, pero los ejemplos son escasos en comparación con otros materiales. Esto refuerza la motivación para realizar una experimentación personal que describimos detalladamente desde su fase de ensayos a la de aplicación definitiva en una serie de trece joyas, titulada Skin job (2014-2015). El objetivo general de esta tesis es contribuir en la aportación de un nuevo-viejo material al inventario de la joyería contemporánea. Para ello deben cumplirse cuatro objetivos específicos: delimitar y analizar el marco concreto de la joyería contemporánea en que se incluye esta tesis; determinar el modo en que nuestra producción anterior se relaciona con ese contexto; estudiar los aspectos que caracterizan a la piel deshidratada, dominando sus posibilidades técnico-expresivas; incluirlo creativamente en la confección de los objetos definitivos. Los procedimientos metodológicos teórico prácticos se dividen en función de estos objetivos. Primero, la elaboración de una taxonomía analítica de los nuevos-viejos materiales en joyería contemporánea, reuniendo información de fuentes bibliográficas acreditadas e información directa, y a través de, [CA] A mitjan s. XX, irromp una generació de joiers que assumeixen els corrents avantguardistes de l'art i del disseny, el que va fer qüestionar-se la definició del concepte , tradicionalment limitat a materials preciosos i una funció sobretot ornamental. Això va encoratjar una tendència rupturista progressiva a la integració de nous materials, encara que molts d'ells, si bé són nous a la joieria tradicional, ja van ser emprats en l'antiguitat i en altres cultures. La nostra pròpia trajectòria dins de la joieria s'emmarca en l'ús d'aquests materials. Pel que fa al material objecte de l'experimentació pràctica, la pell deshidratada ha estat ben estudiada pels historiadors en la modalitat de pergamí, però les seues aplicacions tradicionals són més diverses. Artesans i artistes actuals ho han incorporat en la seua producció, inclosos joiers, però els exemples són escassos en comparació amb altres materials. Açò reforça la motivació per realitzar una experimentació personal que descrivim detalladament des de la fase d'assajos a la d'aplicació definitiva en una sèrie de tretze joies, titulada Skin job (2014-2015). L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a l'aportació d'un nou-vell material a l'inventari de la joieria contemporània. Per a això s'han de complir quatre objectius específics: delimitar i analitzar el marc concret de la joieria contemporània en què s'inclou aquesta tesi; determinar la manera en que la nostra producció anterior es relaciona amb aquest context; estudiar els aspectes que caracteritzen la pell deshidratada, dominant les seues possibilitats tècnic-expressives; incloure-ho creativament en la confecció dels objectes definitius. Els procediments metodològics teòrics i pràctics es divideixen en funció d'aquests objectius. Primer, l'elaboració d'una taxonomia analítica dels nous-vells materials en joieria contemporània, reunint informació de fonts bibliogràfiques acreditades i informació directa, i a través d'entrevistes a joiers contempor

En este trabajo mostramos la forma planteada por los miembros de la red para llevar a cabo la evaluación continua de una asignatura de matemáticas impartida en los grados de Química y Geología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Alicante. La idea principal es cambiar las tradicionales clases prácticas de pizarra por parte del profesor por otras estrategias más participativas por parte del alumno. Así además de las clásicas hojas de problemas que el profesor prepara para la resolución por parte del alumno, éstas se combinan con unas prácticas se preparan por parte de los componentes de la red y que son realizadas en clase por parte de los alumnos trabajando en grupos reducidos. Tras su elaboración los profesores puntúan y devuelven dichas prácticas a los alumnos para que puedan notar y examinar sus errores. La idea es acercar e interactuar de manera constante entre el alumno y el profesor así como realizar una evaluación continua basada en una gran cantidad de información.

Objetivo: Profundizar en las relaciones entre Atención Primaria (AP) y Salud Mental (SM). Saber cómo se deriva de AP a SM y cómo mejorar este aspecto. Diseño: Revisión sistemática en forma de estudio bibliométrico sobre la relación entre AP y SM y sobre las derivaciones de AP a SM. Fuentes de datos: Bases bibliográficas Pubmed y Cochrane. Se acotó la búsqueda a 5 ó 10 años. Se añadieron artículos más antiguos referenciados en la primera búsqueda si eran relevantes. Se empleó una combinación de términos Mesh y termas en texto libre con operador “booleanos”. Se priorizaron los estudios de nuestro entorno, los de gran tamaño muestral, aportaciones más novedosas o los que describían intervenciones. Resultados: Se encontraron 6979 artículos. Después de la selección se estudiaron 61 artículos. Conclusiones: La variabilidad y carencias metodológicas constatadas en gran parte de los estudios sobre la relación entre AP y SM son notables, destacando la evaluación de resultados a largo plazo. El médico de AP es capaz de gestionar la patología psiquiátrica no grave.

El objetivo de este estudio es comprobar si existe alguna asociación entre la utilización de las urgencias e ingresos hospitalarios psiquiátricos, con la adhesión a recursos sanitarios ambulatorios, el tratamiento y el funcionamiento familiar, tal como apunta la literatura.

En este trabajo mostramos la forma planteada por los miembros de la red para llevar a cabo la evaluación continua de una asignatura de matemáticas impartida en los grados de Química y Geología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Alicante. La idea principal es cambiar las tradicionales clases prácticas de pizarra por parte del profesor por otras estrategias más participativas por parte del alumno. Así además de las clásicas hojas de problemas que el profesor prepara para la resolución por parte del alumno, éstas se combinan con unas prácticas se preparan por parte de los componentes de la red y que son realizadas en clase por parte de los alumnos trabajando en grupos reducidos. Tras su elaboración los profesores puntúan y devuelven dichas prácticas a los alumnos para que puedan notar y examinar sus errores. La idea es acercar e interactuar de manera constante entre el alumno y el profesor así como realizar una evaluación continua basada en una gran cantidad de información.

Aim of study. Fire regimes are frequently dynamic and change as a function of the interactions between the three main fire drivers: fuels, ignitions and climatic conditions. We characterized the recent period (1974-2005) and performed estimates for the future fire regimeArea of study. We have considered five pine and another four woodland types by means of the analyses of 100 reference areas in peninsular Spain.Material and methods. The estimates of the expected alterations in fire frequency and the fire rotation period were based on models previously developed for the climatic scenarios SRES A2 and B2.Main results. The results point to the large variability in fire frequency and rotation periods between the woodland types as defined, and also among the reference areas delimited for each of them. Fire frequencies will increase for all woodland types while very relevant shortenings of the fire rotation periods are expected. For the 32 yr period analysed, rotation periods longer than 500 yr were obtained in 54% of the reference areas while this percentage would decrease to 31% in the B2 and to 29% in the A2 climatic scenario. In the most affected woodland type, P. pinaster, from a median rotation period of 83 yr it would decrease to 26 yr in the B2 and to 20 yr in the A2 climatic scenario.Research highlights. We conclude that the predicted increases in fire activity will have adverse effects on some of the main Spanish woodland types due to the expected future disruptions in the fire regime. Keywords: Forest fires; fire regime; fire frequency; fire rotation period; climatic change.Abbreviations used: SRES: Special Report on Emissions Scenarios; IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; RA: Reference Areas., Depto. de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, TRUE, pub

En esta experiencia docente se pone en práctica una forma diferente de llevar a cabo las clases prácticas de algunas asignaturas de matemáticas de primer curso de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Alicante. El objetivo es sustituir las habituales clases prácticas, donde el profesor realiza los ejercicios en la pizarra, por la resolución de problemas por parte de los alumnos incorporando además otras estrategias docentes; es decir, además de las hojas de ejercicios que el profesor prepara para los alumnos, los docentes preparan unas actividades prácticas para que sean realizadas en clase por los estudiantes, en grupos reducidos y guiados por el profesor. Estas actividades son puntuadas por el tutor y, tras ser devueltas a los alumnos, éstos deberán observar y analizar sus errores con la ayuda extra de las tutorías presenciales y virtuales. Con este método se consigue una mayor interacción entre alumno y profesor, un estudio continuo de la asignatura y una constante evaluación del profesor al alumno y del alumno a la asignatura.

Aim of study. Fire regimes are frequently dynamic and change as a function of the interactions between the three main fire drivers: fuels, ignitions and climatic conditions. We characterized the recent period (1974-2005) and performed estimates for the future fire regimeArea of study. We have considered five pine and another four woodland types by means of the analyses of 100 reference areas in peninsular Spain.Material and methods. The estimates of the expected alterations in fire frequency and the fire rotation period were based on models previously developed for the climatic scenarios SRES A2 and B2.Main results. The results point to the large variability in fire frequency and rotation periods between the woodland types as defined, and also among the reference areas delimited for each of them. Fire frequencies will increase for all woodland types while very relevant shortenings of the fire rotation periods are expected. For the 32 yr period analysed, rotation periods longer than 500 yr were obtained in 54% of the reference areas while this percentage would decrease to 31% in the B2 and to 29% in the A2 climatic scenario. In the most affected woodland type, P. pinaster, from a median rotation period of 83 yr it would decrease to 26 yr in the B2 and to 20 yr in the A2 climatic scenario.Research highlights. We conclude that the predicted increases in fire activity will have adverse effects on some of the main Spanish woodland types due to the expected future disruptions in the fire regime. Keywords: Forest fires; fire regime; fire frequency; fire rotation period; climatic change.Abbreviations used: SRES: Special Report on Emissions Scenarios; IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; RA: Reference Areas.

[ES] El presente proyecto ha sido realizado por el alumno Jose Solá Climent bajo la dirección académica de Jose Luis Lerma García. El trabajo ha consistido en el escaneo del altar mayor de la parroquia con el equipo disponible en el departamento de fotogrametría en un día de campo. Posteriormente y con los programas Cyclone de Leica y 3d Reshaper se han obtenido los siguientes resultados: -Filtrado y pre-procesado de la nube de puntos. -Generación de la malla 3d. -Aplicación del texturizado a la bóveda principal situada encima del altar mayor. -Inspección con cámara termográfica. -Obtención de geometría de la cúpula mediante comparación con modelo teórico. -Aplicación de texturizado de las imágenes termográficas. -Obtención de ortofotos a partir de la nube de puntos. -Obtención de diferentes alzados y secciones de la Iglesia y el altar mayor a partir de las ortofotos. En definitiva se han utilizado las principales aplicaciones que los programas anteriormente nombrados ofrecen obteniendo los siguientes resultados: 1. Han surgido problemas en la generación del modelo 3D debido al ruido elevado del propio equipo, lo que ha producido mayor trabajo en gabinete obteniendo un resultado peor de lo esperado. 2. Se han detectado diferentes formas estructurales con las imágenes térmicas, tanto en la bóveda principal como en los laterales superiores de la nave principal. 3. Se han generado con bastante rapidez y de forma precisa diferentes secciones y planos a partir de las ortofotos generadas con la propia nube de puntos.

[ES] El presente proyecto ha sido realizado por el alumno Jose Solá Climent bajo la dirección académica de Jose Luis Lerma García. El trabajo ha consistido en el escaneo del altar mayor de la parroquia con el equipo disponible en el departamento de fotogrametría en un día de campo. Posteriormente y con los programas Cyclone de Leica y 3d Reshaper se han obtenido los siguientes resultados: -Filtrado y pre-procesado de la nube de puntos. -Generación de la malla 3d. -Aplicación del texturizado a la bóveda principal situada encima del altar mayor. -Inspección con cámara termográfica. -Obtención de geometría de la cúpula mediante comparación con modelo teórico. -Aplicación de texturizado de las imágenes termográficas. -Obtención de ortofotos a partir de la nube de puntos. -Obtención de diferentes alzados y secciones de la Iglesia y el altar mayor a partir de las ortofotos. En definitiva se han utilizado las principales aplicaciones que los programas anteriormente nombrados ofrecen obteniendo los siguientes resultados: 1. Han surgido problemas en la generación del modelo 3D debido al ruido elevado del propio equipo, lo que ha producido mayor trabajo en gabinete obteniendo un resultado peor de lo esperado. 2. Se han detectado diferentes formas estructurales con las imágenes térmicas, tanto en la bóveda principal como en los laterales superiores de la nave principal. 3. Se han generado con bastante rapidez y de forma precisa diferentes secciones y planos a partir de las ortofotos generadas con la propia nube de puntos.

Aim of study. Fire regimes are frequently dynamic and change as a function of the interactions between the three main fire drivers: fuels, ignitions and climatic conditions. We characterized the recent period (1974-2005) and performed estimates for the future fire regimeArea of study. We have considered five pine and another four woodland types by means of the analyses of 100 reference areas in peninsular Spain.Material and methods. The estimates of the expected alterations in fire frequency and the fire rotation period were based on models previously developed for the climatic scenarios SRES A2 and B2.Main results. The results point to the large variability in fire frequency and rotation periods between the woodland types as defined, and also among the reference areas delimited for each of them. Fire frequencies will increase for all woodland types while very relevant shortenings of the fire rotation periods are expected. For the 32 yr period analysed, rotation periods longer than 500 yr were obtained in 54% of the reference areas while this percentage would decrease to 31% in the B2 and to 29% in the A2 climatic scenario. In the most affected woodland type, P. pinaster, from a median rotation period of 83 yr it would decrease to 26 yr in the B2 and to 20 yr in the A2 climatic scenario.Research highlights. We conclude that the predicted increases in fire activity will have adverse effects on some of the main Spanish woodland types due to the expected future disruptions in the fire regime. Keywords: Forest fires; fire regime; fire frequency; fire rotation period; climatic change.Abbreviations used: SRES: Special Report on Emissions Scenarios; IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; RA: Reference Areas.

En esta experiencia docente se pone en práctica una forma diferente de llevar a cabo las clases prácticas de algunas asignaturas de matemáticas de primer curso de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Alicante. El objetivo es sustituir las habituales clases prácticas, donde el profesor realiza los ejercicios en la pizarra, por la resolución de problemas por parte de los alumnos incorporando además otras estrategias docentes; es decir, además de las hojas de ejercicios que el profesor prepara para los alumnos, los docentes preparan unas actividades prácticas para que sean realizadas en clase por los estudiantes, en grupos reducidos y guiados por el profesor. Estas actividades son puntuadas por el tutor y, tras ser devueltas a los alumnos, éstos deberán observar y analizar sus errores con la ayuda extra de las tutorías presenciales y virtuales. Con este método se consigue una mayor interacción entre alumno y profesor, un estudio continuo de la asignatura y una constante evaluación del profesor al alumno y del alumno a la asignatura.

[ES] El presente proyecto ha sido realizado por el alumno Jose Solá Climent bajo la dirección académica de Jose Luis Lerma García. El trabajo ha consistido en el escaneo del altar mayor de la parroquia con el equipo disponible en el departamento de fotogrametría en un día de campo. Posteriormente y con los programas Cyclone de Leica y 3d Reshaper se han obtenido los siguientes resultados: -Filtrado y pre-procesado de la nube de puntos. -Generación de la malla 3d. -Aplicación del texturizado a la bóveda principal situada encima del altar mayor. -Inspección con cámara termográfica. -Obtención de geometría de la cúpula mediante comparación con modelo teórico. -Aplicación de texturizado de las imágenes termográficas. -Obtención de ortofotos a partir de la nube de puntos. -Obtención de diferentes alzados y secciones de la Iglesia y el altar mayor a partir de las ortofotos. En definitiva se han utilizado las principales aplicaciones que los programas anteriormente nombrados ofrecen obteniendo los siguientes resultados: 1. Han surgido problemas en la generación del modelo 3D debido al ruido elevado del propio equipo, lo que ha producido mayor trabajo en gabinete obteniendo un resultado peor de lo esperado. 2. Se han detectado diferentes formas estructurales con las imágenes térmicas, tanto en la bóveda principal como en los laterales superiores de la nave principal. 3. Se han generado con bastante rapidez y de forma precisa diferentes secciones y planos a partir de las ortofotos generadas con la propia nube de puntos.

As any other living entity, forest trees must optimize resource investment to growth, reproduction and maintenance, but investment in one function may occur at the expense of other functions, resulting in trade-offs that limit maximization of all processes. Global change is imposing new challenges to Mediterranean forests, in particular combined abiotic and biotic stressors such as drought and epidemic outbreaks of pests and pathogens that may require increased defensive investment. Mediterranean pines are expected to harbour a valuable adaptive genetic diversity, already shaping the populations since long ago, for facing these challenges. Little is known, however, about how populations will respond to multiple challenges, and also about the correlated responses to a single stressor in other life history traits. Here we used as a model a Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) population historically exploited by tapping for oleoresin extraction and artificially selected for increased turpentine and rosin production. In a common garden with 60 open-pollinated half-sib families (selected for resin production plus a control seedlot) we evaluated the constitutive and induced resin flux as a proxy of defensive investment and concentration of major groups of chemical defences in phloem-cortex and needles. We also measured a wide set of traits related to growth and maintenance (height, diameter and bark thickness), reproduction (cone counts and serotiny level) and drought-resistance (13C-based water-use efficiency). Our objectives were to determine the intrapopulation genetic variation in these key phenotypic traits and to explore the existence of tradeoffs among adaptive life history traits. Preliminary results showed the existence of significant genetic variation among families for most assessed variables, and distinct trade-offs between growth and maintenance, reproduction and defense. We will discuss to what extent variations in the carbonwater balance at the intra-specif

[Background] As a consequence of the increase of cerebro-vascular accidents, the number of people suffering from motor disabilities is raising. Exoskeletons, Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) devices and Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) could be combined for rehabilitation purposes in order to improve therapy outcomes., [Methods] In this work, a system based on a hybrid upper limb exoskeleton is used for neurological rehabilitation. Reaching movements are supported by the passive exoskeleton ArmeoSpring and FES. The movement execution is triggered by an EEG-based BMI. The BMI uses two different methods to interact with the exoskeleton from the user’s brain activity. The first method relies on motor imagery tasks classification, whilst the second one is based on movement intention detection., [Results] Three healthy users and five patients with neurological conditions participated in the experiments to verify the usability of the system. Using the BMI based on motor imagery, healthy volunteers obtained an average accuracy of 82.9 ± 14.5 %, and patients obtained an accuracy of 65.3 ± 9.0 %, with a low False Positives rate (FP) (19.2 ± 10.4 % and 15.0 ± 8.4 %, respectively). On the other hand, by using the BMI based on detecting the arm movement intention, the average accuracy was 76.7 ± 13.2 % for healthy users and 71.6 ± 15.8 % for patients, with 28.7 ± 19.9 % and 21.2 ± 13.3 % of FP rate (healthy users and patients, respectively)., [Conclusions] The accuracy of the results shows that the combined use of a hybrid upper limb exoskeleton and a BMI could be used for rehabilitation therapies. The advantage of this system is that the user is an active part of the rehabilitation procedure. The next step will be to verify what are the clinical benefits for the patients using this new rehabilitation procedure.

Compared to natural selection, domestication implies a dramatic change in traits linked to fitness. A number of traits conferring fitness in the wild might be detrimental under domestication, and domesticated species typically differ from their ancestors in a set of traits known as the domestication syndrome. Specifically, trade-offs between growth and reproduction are well established across the tree of life. According to allocation theory, selection for growth rate is expected to indirectly alter life-history reproductive traits, diverting resources from reproduction to growth. Here we tested this hypothesis by examining the genetic change and correlated responses of reproductive traits as a result of selection for timber yield in the tree Pinus pinaster. Phenotypic selection was carried out in a natural population, and progenies from selected trees were compared with those of control trees in a common garden experiment. According to expectations, we detected a genetic change in important life-history traits due to selection. Specifically, threshold sizes for reproduction were much higher and reproductive investment relative to size significantly lower in the selected progenies just after a single artificial selection event. Our study helps to define the domestication syndrome in exploited forest trees and shows that changes affecting developmental pathways are relevant in domestication processes of long-lived plants.

We find the behavior of the solution of the optimal transport problem for the Euclidean distance (and its approximation by p-Laplacian problems) when the involved measures are supported in a domain that is contracted in one direction.

This Project is going to talk about the local waste management that we can do in a part of the solid urban waste of the town Daimús. In short the aim is, having separate collection infraestructures around this town, the managment of the organic matter using natural and biological mechanisms that the compost. In this manner it go from have a residue to have a natural fertilizer for the ground, and furthermore the enormous expense of money that involves the transfer of waste to hundreds of kilometers is reduced. For it the study of the numbers of habitants that have this town as a function of the time of year, waste generated per capita amount, social behavior, residue characteristics, factors to control during the composting is necessary for the design of the composting plant., Este proyecto final de grado trata sobre la gestión local que se le puede dar a una parte de los residuos sólidos urbanos del municipio de Daimús (cuyas características se analizarán posteriormente). Más concretamente lo que se pretende es, teniendo unas infraestructuras de recogida selectiva ya instaladas en el municipio, gestionar la fracción orgánica a nivel local (dado que supone alrededor de un 40-50% de la cantidad total de residuos) utilizando el tratamiento biológico del compostaje para así lograr pasar, de tener unos residuos a gestionarlos localmente y valorizarlos económicamente para, de este modo, reducir en gran medida el coste que supone la recogida y el transporte de tales residuos. Por ello aspectos como el estudio, tanto del pueblo (habitantes totales y potenciales, condiciones climatológicas, distribución de puntos de recogida selectiva de residuos…) y de los residuos (t/año), como de los factores que se deben tener en cuenta para la creación y mantenimiento de una planta de compostaje sostenible y acorde con las necesidades reales del municipio son fundamentales.

We find the behavior of the solution of the optimal transport problem for the Euclidean distance (and its approximation by p-Laplacian problems) when the involved measures are supported in a domain that is contracted in one direction.