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1. On the Role of Summary Content Units in Text Summarization Evaluation

Author

Nawrath, Marcel, Nowak, Agnieszka, Ratz, Tristan, Walenta, Danilo C., Opitz, Juri, Ribeiro, Leonardo F. R., Sedoc, João, Deutsch, Daniel, Mille, Simon, Liu, Yixin, Zhang, Lining, Gehrmann, Sebastian, Mahamood, Saad, Clinciu, Miruna, Chandu, Khyathi, Hou, Yufang, Nawrath, Marcel, Nowak, Agnieszka, Ratz, Tristan, Walenta, Danilo C., Opitz, Juri, Ribeiro, Leonardo F. R., Sedoc, João, Deutsch, Daniel, Mille, Simon, Liu, Yixin, Zhang, Lining, Gehrmann, Sebastian, Mahamood, Saad, Clinciu, Miruna, Chandu, Khyathi, and Hou, Yufang

Abstract

At the heart of the Pyramid evaluation method for text summarization lie human written summary content units (SCUs). These SCUs are concise sentences that decompose a summary into small facts. Such SCUs can be used to judge the quality of a candidate summary, possibly partially automated via natural language inference (NLI) systems. Interestingly, with the aim to fully automate the Pyramid evaluation, Zhang and Bansal (2021) show that SCUs can be approximated by automatically generated semantic role triplets (STUs). However, several questions currently lack answers, in particular: i) Are there other ways of approximating SCUs that can offer advantages? ii) Under which conditions are SCUs (or their approximations) offering the most value? In this work, we examine two novel strategies to approximate SCUs: generating SCU approximations from AMR meaning representations (SMUs) and from large language models (SGUs), respectively. We find that while STUs and SMUs are competitive, the best approximation quality is achieved by SGUs. We also show through a simple sentence-decomposition baseline (SSUs) that SCUs (and their approximations) offer the most value when ranking short summaries, but may not help as much when ranking systems or longer summaries., Comment: 10 Pages, 3 Figures, 3 Tables, camera ready version accepted at NAACL 2024

Published
2024

2. Needle in a Haystack: An Analysis of High-Agreement Workers on MTurk for Summarization

Author

Zhang, Lining, Mille, Simon, Hou, Yufang, Deutsch, Daniel, Clark, Elizabeth, Liu, Yixin, Mahamood, Saad, Gehrmann, Sebastian, Clinciu, Miruna, Chandu, Khyathi, Sedoc, João, Zhang, Lining, Mille, Simon, Hou, Yufang, Deutsch, Daniel, Clark, Elizabeth, Liu, Yixin, Mahamood, Saad, Gehrmann, Sebastian, Clinciu, Miruna, Chandu, Khyathi, and Sedoc, João

Abstract

To prevent the costly and inefficient use of resources on low-quality annotations, we want a method for creating a pool of dependable annotators who can effectively complete difficult tasks, such as evaluating automatic summarization. Thus, we investigate the recruitment of high-quality Amazon Mechanical Turk workers via a two-step pipeline. We show that we can successfully filter out subpar workers before they carry out the evaluations and obtain high-agreement annotations with similar constraints on resources. Although our workers demonstrate a strong consensus among themselves and CloudResearch workers, their alignment with expert judgments on a subset of the data is not as expected and needs further training in correctness. This paper still serves as a best practice for the recruitment of qualified annotators in other challenging annotation tasks.

Published
2022

3. BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

Author

Workshop, BigScience, Scao, Teven Le, Fan, Angela, Akiki, Christopher, Pavlick, Ellie, Ilić, Suzana, Hesslow, Daniel, Castagné, Roman, Luccioni, Alexandra Sasha, Yvon, François, Gallé, Matthias, Tow, Jonathan, Rush, Alexander M., Biderman, Stella, Webson, Albert, Ammanamanchi, Pawan Sasanka, Wang, Thomas, Sagot, Benoît, Muennighoff, Niklas, del Moral, Albert Villanova, Ruwase, Olatunji, Bawden, Rachel, Bekman, Stas, McMillan-Major, Angelina, Beltagy, Iz, Nguyen, Huu, Saulnier, Lucile, Tan, Samson, Suarez, Pedro Ortiz, Sanh, Victor, Laurençon, Hugo, Jernite, Yacine, Launay, Julien, Mitchell, Margaret, Raffel, Colin, Gokaslan, Aaron, Simhi, Adi, Soroa, Aitor, Aji, Alham Fikri, Alfassy, Amit, Rogers, Anna, Nitzav, Ariel Kreisberg, Xu, Canwen, Mou, Chenghao, Emezue, Chris, Klamm, Christopher, Leong, Colin, van Strien, Daniel, Adelani, David Ifeoluwa, Radev, Dragomir, Ponferrada, Eduardo González, Levkovizh, Efrat, Kim, Ethan, Natan, Eyal Bar, De Toni, Francesco, Dupont, Gérard, Kruszewski, Germán, Pistilli, Giada, Elsahar, Hady, Benyamina, Hamza, Tran, Hieu, Yu, Ian, Abdulmumin, Idris, Johnson, Isaac, Gonzalez-Dios, Itziar, de la Rosa, Javier, Chim, Jenny, Dodge, Jesse, Zhu, Jian, Chang, Jonathan, Frohberg, Jörg, Tobing, Joseph, Bhattacharjee, Joydeep, Almubarak, Khalid, Chen, Kimbo, Lo, Kyle, Von Werra, Leandro, Weber, Leon, Phan, Long, allal, Loubna Ben, Tanguy, Ludovic, Dey, Manan, Muñoz, Manuel Romero, Masoud, Maraim, Grandury, María, Šaško, Mario, Huang, Max, Coavoux, Maximin, Singh, Mayank, Jiang, Mike Tian-Jian, Vu, Minh Chien, Jauhar, Mohammad A., Ghaleb, Mustafa, Subramani, Nishant, Kassner, Nora, Khamis, Nurulaqilla, Nguyen, Olivier, Espejel, Omar, de Gibert, Ona, Villegas, Paulo, Henderson, Peter, Colombo, Pierre, Amuok, Priscilla, Lhoest, Quentin, Harliman, Rheza, Bommasani, Rishi, López, Roberto Luis, Ribeiro, Rui, Osei, Salomey, Pyysalo, Sampo, Nagel, Sebastian, Bose, Shamik, Muhammad, Shamsuddeen Hassan, Sharma, Shanya, Longpre, Shayne, Nikpoor, Somaieh, Silberberg, Stanislav, Pai, Suhas, Zink, Sydney, Torrent, Tiago Timponi, Schick, Timo, Thrush, Tristan, Danchev, Valentin, Nikoulina, Vassilina, Laippala, Veronika, Lepercq, Violette, Prabhu, Vrinda, Alyafeai, Zaid, Talat, Zeerak, Raja, Arun, Heinzerling, Benjamin, Si, Chenglei, Taşar, Davut Emre, Salesky, Elizabeth, Mielke, Sabrina J., Lee, Wilson Y., Sharma, Abheesht, Santilli, Andrea, Chaffin, Antoine, Stiegler, Arnaud, Datta, Debajyoti, Szczechla, Eliza, Chhablani, Gunjan, Wang, Han, Pandey, Harshit, Strobelt, Hendrik, Fries, Jason Alan, Rozen, Jos, Gao, Leo, Sutawika, Lintang, Bari, M Saiful, Al-shaibani, Maged S., Manica, Matteo, Nayak, Nihal, Teehan, Ryan, Albanie, Samuel, Shen, Sheng, Ben-David, Srulik, Bach, Stephen H., Kim, Taewoon, Bers, Tali, Fevry, Thibault, Neeraj, Trishala, Thakker, Urmish, Raunak, Vikas, Tang, Xiangru, Yong, Zheng-Xin, Sun, Zhiqing, Brody, Shaked, Uri, Yallow, Tojarieh, Hadar, Roberts, Adam, Chung, Hyung Won, Tae, Jaesung, Phang, Jason, Press, Ofir, Li, Conglong, Narayanan, Deepak, Bourfoune, Hatim, Casper, Jared, Rasley, Jeff, Ryabinin, Max, Mishra, Mayank, Zhang, Minjia, Shoeybi, Mohammad, Peyrounette, Myriam, Patry, Nicolas, Tazi, Nouamane, Sanseviero, Omar, von Platen, Patrick, Cornette, Pierre, Lavallée, Pierre François, Lacroix, Rémi, Rajbhandari, Samyam, Gandhi, Sanchit, Smith, Shaden, Requena, Stéphane, Patil, Suraj, Dettmers, Tim, Baruwa, Ahmed, Singh, Amanpreet, Cheveleva, Anastasia, Ligozat, Anne-Laure, Subramonian, Arjun, Névéol, Aurélie, Lovering, Charles, Garrette, Dan, Tunuguntla, Deepak, Reiter, Ehud, Taktasheva, Ekaterina, Voloshina, Ekaterina, Bogdanov, Eli, Winata, Genta Indra, Schoelkopf, Hailey, Kalo, Jan-Christoph, Novikova, Jekaterina, Forde, Jessica Zosa, Clive, Jordan, Kasai, Jungo, Kawamura, Ken, Hazan, Liam, Carpuat, Marine, Clinciu, Miruna, Kim, Najoung, Cheng, Newton, Serikov, Oleg, Antverg, Omer, van der Wal, Oskar, Zhang, Rui, Zhang, Ruochen, Gehrmann, Sebastian, Mirkin, Shachar, Pais, Shani, Shavrina, Tatiana, Scialom, Thomas, Yun, Tian, Limisiewicz, Tomasz, Rieser, Verena, Protasov, Vitaly, Mikhailov, Vladislav, Pruksachatkun, Yada, Belinkov, Yonatan, Bamberger, Zachary, Kasner, Zdeněk, Rueda, Alice, Pestana, Amanda, Feizpour, Amir, Khan, Ammar, Faranak, Amy, Santos, Ana, Hevia, Anthony, Unldreaj, Antigona, Aghagol, Arash, Abdollahi, Arezoo, Tammour, Aycha, HajiHosseini, Azadeh, Behroozi, Bahareh, Ajibade, Benjamin, Saxena, Bharat, Ferrandis, Carlos Muñoz, McDuff, Daniel, Contractor, Danish, Lansky, David, David, Davis, Kiela, Douwe, Nguyen, Duong A., Tan, Edward, Baylor, Emi, Ozoani, Ezinwanne, Mirza, Fatima, Ononiwu, Frankline, Rezanejad, Habib, Jones, Hessie, Bhattacharya, Indrani, Solaiman, Irene, Sedenko, Irina, Nejadgholi, Isar, Passmore, Jesse, Seltzer, Josh, Sanz, Julio Bonis, Dutra, Livia, Samagaio, Mairon, Elbadri, Maraim, Mieskes, Margot, Gerchick, Marissa, Akinlolu, Martha, McKenna, Michael, Qiu, Mike, Ghauri, Muhammed, Burynok, Mykola, Abrar, Nafis, Rajani, Nazneen, Elkott, Nour, Fahmy, Nour, Samuel, Olanrewaju, An, Ran, Kromann, Rasmus, Hao, Ryan, Alizadeh, Samira, Shubber, Sarmad, Wang, Silas, Roy, Sourav, Viguier, Sylvain, Le, Thanh, Oyebade, Tobi, Le, Trieu, Yang, Yoyo, Nguyen, Zach, Kashyap, Abhinav Ramesh, Palasciano, Alfredo, Callahan, Alison, Shukla, Anima, Miranda-Escalada, Antonio, Singh, Ayush, Beilharz, Benjamin, Wang, Bo, Brito, Caio, Zhou, Chenxi, Jain, Chirag, Xu, Chuxin, Fourrier, Clémentine, Periñán, Daniel León, Molano, Daniel, Yu, Dian, Manjavacas, Enrique, Barth, Fabio, Fuhrimann, Florian, Altay, Gabriel, Bayrak, Giyaseddin, Burns, Gully, Vrabec, Helena U., Bello, Imane, Dash, Ishani, Kang, Jihyun, Giorgi, John, Golde, Jonas, Posada, Jose David, Sivaraman, Karthik Rangasai, Bulchandani, Lokesh, Liu, Lu, Shinzato, Luisa, de Bykhovetz, Madeleine Hahn, Takeuchi, Maiko, Pàmies, Marc, Castillo, Maria A, Nezhurina, Marianna, Sänger, Mario, Samwald, Matthias, Cullan, Michael, Weinberg, Michael, De Wolf, Michiel, Mihaljcic, Mina, Liu, Minna, Freidank, Moritz, Kang, Myungsun, Seelam, Natasha, Dahlberg, Nathan, Broad, Nicholas Michio, Muellner, Nikolaus, Fung, Pascale, Haller, Patrick, Chandrasekhar, Ramya, Eisenberg, Renata, Martin, Robert, Canalli, Rodrigo, Su, Rosaline, Su, Ruisi, Cahyawijaya, Samuel, Garda, Samuele, Deshmukh, Shlok S, Mishra, Shubhanshu, Kiblawi, Sid, Ott, Simon, Sang-aroonsiri, Sinee, Kumar, Srishti, Schweter, Stefan, Bharati, Sushil, Laud, Tanmay, Gigant, Théo, Kainuma, Tomoya, Kusa, Wojciech, Labrak, Yanis, Bajaj, Yash Shailesh, Venkatraman, Yash, Xu, Yifan, Xu, Yingxin, Xu, Yu, Tan, Zhe, Xie, Zhongli, Ye, Zifan, Bras, Mathilde, Belkada, Younes, Wolf, Thomas, Workshop, BigScience, Scao, Teven Le, Fan, Angela, Akiki, Christopher, Pavlick, Ellie, Ilić, Suzana, Hesslow, Daniel, Castagné, Roman, Luccioni, Alexandra Sasha, Yvon, François, Gallé, Matthias, Tow, Jonathan, Rush, Alexander M., Biderman, Stella, Webson, Albert, Ammanamanchi, Pawan Sasanka, Wang, Thomas, Sagot, Benoît, Muennighoff, Niklas, del Moral, Albert Villanova, Ruwase, Olatunji, Bawden, Rachel, Bekman, Stas, McMillan-Major, Angelina, Beltagy, Iz, Nguyen, Huu, Saulnier, Lucile, Tan, Samson, Suarez, Pedro Ortiz, Sanh, Victor, Laurençon, Hugo, Jernite, Yacine, Launay, Julien, Mitchell, Margaret, Raffel, Colin, Gokaslan, Aaron, Simhi, Adi, Soroa, Aitor, Aji, Alham Fikri, Alfassy, Amit, Rogers, Anna, Nitzav, Ariel Kreisberg, Xu, Canwen, Mou, Chenghao, Emezue, Chris, Klamm, Christopher, Leong, Colin, van Strien, Daniel, Adelani, David Ifeoluwa, Radev, Dragomir, Ponferrada, Eduardo González, Levkovizh, Efrat, Kim, Ethan, Natan, Eyal Bar, De Toni, Francesco, Dupont, Gérard, Kruszewski, Germán, Pistilli, Giada, Elsahar, Hady, Benyamina, Hamza, Tran, Hieu, Yu, Ian, Abdulmumin, Idris, Johnson, Isaac, Gonzalez-Dios, Itziar, de la Rosa, Javier, Chim, Jenny, Dodge, Jesse, Zhu, Jian, Chang, Jonathan, Frohberg, Jörg, Tobing, Joseph, Bhattacharjee, Joydeep, Almubarak, Khalid, Chen, Kimbo, Lo, Kyle, Von Werra, Leandro, Weber, Leon, Phan, Long, allal, Loubna Ben, Tanguy, Ludovic, Dey, Manan, Muñoz, Manuel Romero, Masoud, Maraim, Grandury, María, Šaško, Mario, Huang, Max, Coavoux, Maximin, Singh, Mayank, Jiang, Mike Tian-Jian, Vu, Minh Chien, Jauhar, Mohammad A., Ghaleb, Mustafa, Subramani, Nishant, Kassner, Nora, Khamis, Nurulaqilla, Nguyen, Olivier, Espejel, Omar, de Gibert, Ona, Villegas, Paulo, Henderson, Peter, Colombo, Pierre, Amuok, Priscilla, Lhoest, Quentin, Harliman, Rheza, Bommasani, Rishi, López, Roberto Luis, Ribeiro, Rui, Osei, Salomey, Pyysalo, Sampo, Nagel, Sebastian, Bose, Shamik, Muhammad, Shamsuddeen Hassan, Sharma, Shanya, Longpre, Shayne, Nikpoor, Somaieh, Silberberg, Stanislav, Pai, Suhas, Zink, Sydney, Torrent, Tiago Timponi, Schick, Timo, Thrush, Tristan, Danchev, Valentin, Nikoulina, Vassilina, Laippala, Veronika, Lepercq, Violette, Prabhu, Vrinda, Alyafeai, Zaid, Talat, Zeerak, Raja, Arun, Heinzerling, Benjamin, Si, Chenglei, Taşar, Davut Emre, Salesky, Elizabeth, Mielke, Sabrina J., Lee, Wilson Y., Sharma, Abheesht, Santilli, Andrea, Chaffin, Antoine, Stiegler, Arnaud, Datta, Debajyoti, Szczechla, Eliza, Chhablani, Gunjan, Wang, Han, Pandey, Harshit, Strobelt, Hendrik, Fries, Jason Alan, Rozen, Jos, Gao, Leo, Sutawika, Lintang, Bari, M Saiful, Al-shaibani, Maged S., Manica, Matteo, Nayak, Nihal, Teehan, Ryan, Albanie, Samuel, Shen, Sheng, Ben-David, Srulik, Bach, Stephen H., Kim, Taewoon, Bers, Tali, Fevry, Thibault, Neeraj, Trishala, Thakker, Urmish, Raunak, Vikas, Tang, Xiangru, Yong, Zheng-Xin, Sun, Zhiqing, Brody, Shaked, Uri, Yallow, Tojarieh, Hadar, Roberts, Adam, Chung, Hyung Won, Tae, Jaesung, Phang, Jason, Press, Ofir, Li, Conglong, Narayanan, Deepak, Bourfoune, Hatim, Casper, Jared, Rasley, Jeff, Ryabinin, Max, Mishra, Mayank, Zhang, Minjia, Shoeybi, Mohammad, Peyrounette, Myriam, Patry, Nicolas, Tazi, Nouamane, Sanseviero, Omar, von Platen, Patrick, Cornette, Pierre, Lavallée, Pierre François, Lacroix, Rémi, Rajbhandari, Samyam, Gandhi, Sanchit, Smith, Shaden, Requena, Stéphane, Patil, Suraj, Dettmers, Tim, Baruwa, Ahmed, Singh, Amanpreet, Cheveleva, Anastasia, Ligozat, Anne-Laure, Subramonian, Arjun, Névéol, Aurélie, Lovering, Charles, Garrette, Dan, Tunuguntla, Deepak, Reiter, Ehud, Taktasheva, Ekaterina, Voloshina, Ekaterina, Bogdanov, Eli, Winata, Genta Indra, Schoelkopf, Hailey, Kalo, Jan-Christoph, Novikova, Jekaterina, Forde, Jessica Zosa, Clive, Jordan, Kasai, Jungo, Kawamura, Ken, Hazan, Liam, Carpuat, Marine, Clinciu, Miruna, Kim, Najoung, Cheng, Newton, Serikov, Oleg, Antverg, Omer, van der Wal, Oskar, Zhang, Rui, Zhang, Ruochen, Gehrmann, Sebastian, Mirkin, Shachar, Pais, Shani, Shavrina, Tatiana, Scialom, Thomas, Yun, Tian, Limisiewicz, Tomasz, Rieser, Verena, Protasov, Vitaly, Mikhailov, Vladislav, Pruksachatkun, Yada, Belinkov, Yonatan, Bamberger, Zachary, Kasner, Zdeněk, Rueda, Alice, Pestana, Amanda, Feizpour, Amir, Khan, Ammar, Faranak, Amy, Santos, Ana, Hevia, Anthony, Unldreaj, Antigona, Aghagol, Arash, Abdollahi, Arezoo, Tammour, Aycha, HajiHosseini, Azadeh, Behroozi, Bahareh, Ajibade, Benjamin, Saxena, Bharat, Ferrandis, Carlos Muñoz, McDuff, Daniel, Contractor, Danish, Lansky, David, David, Davis, Kiela, Douwe, Nguyen, Duong A., Tan, Edward, Baylor, Emi, Ozoani, Ezinwanne, Mirza, Fatima, Ononiwu, Frankline, Rezanejad, Habib, Jones, Hessie, Bhattacharya, Indrani, Solaiman, Irene, Sedenko, Irina, Nejadgholi, Isar, Passmore, Jesse, Seltzer, Josh, Sanz, Julio Bonis, Dutra, Livia, Samagaio, Mairon, Elbadri, Maraim, Mieskes, Margot, Gerchick, Marissa, Akinlolu, Martha, McKenna, Michael, Qiu, Mike, Ghauri, Muhammed, Burynok, Mykola, Abrar, Nafis, Rajani, Nazneen, Elkott, Nour, Fahmy, Nour, Samuel, Olanrewaju, An, Ran, Kromann, Rasmus, Hao, Ryan, Alizadeh, Samira, Shubber, Sarmad, Wang, Silas, Roy, Sourav, Viguier, Sylvain, Le, Thanh, Oyebade, Tobi, Le, Trieu, Yang, Yoyo, Nguyen, Zach, Kashyap, Abhinav Ramesh, Palasciano, Alfredo, Callahan, Alison, Shukla, Anima, Miranda-Escalada, Antonio, Singh, Ayush, Beilharz, Benjamin, Wang, Bo, Brito, Caio, Zhou, Chenxi, Jain, Chirag, Xu, Chuxin, Fourrier, Clémentine, Periñán, Daniel León, Molano, Daniel, Yu, Dian, Manjavacas, Enrique, Barth, Fabio, Fuhrimann, Florian, Altay, Gabriel, Bayrak, Giyaseddin, Burns, Gully, Vrabec, Helena U., Bello, Imane, Dash, Ishani, Kang, Jihyun, Giorgi, John, Golde, Jonas, Posada, Jose David, Sivaraman, Karthik Rangasai, Bulchandani, Lokesh, Liu, Lu, Shinzato, Luisa, de Bykhovetz, Madeleine Hahn, Takeuchi, Maiko, Pàmies, Marc, Castillo, Maria A, Nezhurina, Marianna, Sänger, Mario, Samwald, Matthias, Cullan, Michael, Weinberg, Michael, De Wolf, Michiel, Mihaljcic, Mina, Liu, Minna, Freidank, Moritz, Kang, Myungsun, Seelam, Natasha, Dahlberg, Nathan, Broad, Nicholas Michio, Muellner, Nikolaus, Fung, Pascale, Haller, Patrick, Chandrasekhar, Ramya, Eisenberg, Renata, Martin, Robert, Canalli, Rodrigo, Su, Rosaline, Su, Ruisi, Cahyawijaya, Samuel, Garda, Samuele, Deshmukh, Shlok S, Mishra, Shubhanshu, Kiblawi, Sid, Ott, Simon, Sang-aroonsiri, Sinee, Kumar, Srishti, Schweter, Stefan, Bharati, Sushil, Laud, Tanmay, Gigant, Théo, Kainuma, Tomoya, Kusa, Wojciech, Labrak, Yanis, Bajaj, Yash Shailesh, Venkatraman, Yash, Xu, Yifan, Xu, Yingxin, Xu, Yu, Tan, Zhe, Xie, Zhongli, Ye, Zifan, Bras, Mathilde, Belkada, Younes, and Wolf, Thomas

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

Published
2022

4. Underreporting of errors in NLG output, and what to do about it

Author

van Miltenburg, Emiel, Clinciu, Miruna-Adriana, Dušek, Ondřej, Gkatzia, Dimitra, Inglis, Stephanie, Leppänen, Leo, Mahamood, Saad, Manning, Emma, Schoch, Stephanie, Thomson, Craig, Wen, Luou, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Clinciu, Miruna-Adriana, Dušek, Ondřej, Gkatzia, Dimitra, Inglis, Stephanie, Leppänen, Leo, Mahamood, Saad, Manning, Emma, Schoch, Stephanie, Thomson, Craig, and Wen, Luou

Abstract

We observe a severe under-reporting of the different kinds of errors that Natural Language Generation systems make. This is a problem, because mistakes are an important indicator of where systems should still be improved. If authors only report overall performance metrics, the research community is left in the dark about the specific weaknesses that are exhibited by `state-of-the-art' research. Next to quantifying the extent of error under-reporting, this position paper provides recommendations for error identification, analysis and reporting., Comment: Prefinal version, accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Generation (INLG 2021, Aberdeen). Comments welcome

Published
2021

5. A Study of Automatic Metrics for the Evaluation of Natural Language Explanations

Author

Clinciu, Miruna, Eshghi, Arash, Hastie, Helen, Clinciu, Miruna, Eshghi, Arash, and Hastie, Helen

Abstract

As transparency becomes key for robotics and AI, it will be necessary to evaluate the methods through which transparency is provided, including automatically generated natural language (NL) explanations. Here, we explore parallels between the generation of such explanations and the much-studied field of evaluation of Natural Language Generation (NLG). Specifically, we investigate which of the NLG evaluation measures map well to explanations. We present the ExBAN corpus: a crowd-sourced corpus of NL explanations for Bayesian Networks. We run correlations comparing human subjective ratings with NLG automatic measures. We find that embedding-based automatic NLG evaluation methods, such as BERTScore and BLEURT, have a higher correlation with human ratings, compared to word-overlap metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE. This work has implications for Explainable AI and transparent robotic and autonomous systems., Comment: Accepted at EACL 2021

Published
2021

6. The GEM Benchmark: Natural Language Generation, its Evaluation and Metrics

Author

Gehrmann, Sebastian, Adewumi, Tosin, Aggarwal, Karmanya, Ammanamanchi, Pawan Sasanka, Anuoluwapo, Aremu, Bosselut, Antoine, Chandu, Khyathi Raghavi, Clinciu, Miruna, Das, Dipanjan, Dhole, Kaustubh D., Du, Wanyu, Durmus, Esin, Dušek, Ondřej, Emezue, Chris, Gangal, Varun, Garbacea, Cristina, Hashimoto, Tatsunori, Hou, Yufang, Jernite, Yacine, Jhamtani, Harsh, Ji, Yangfeng, Jolly, Shailza, Kale, Mihir, Kumar, Dhruv, Ladhak, Faisal, Madaan, Aman, Maddela, Mounica, Mahajan, Khyati, Mahamood, Saad, Majumder, Bodhisattwa Prasad, Martins, Pedro Henrique, McMillan-Major, Angelina, Mille, Simon, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Nadeem, Moin, Narayan, Shashi, Nikolaev, Vitaly, Niyongabo, Rubungo Andre, Osei, Salomey, Parikh, Ankur, Perez-Beltrachini, Laura, Rao, Niranjan Ramesh, Raunak, Vikas, Rodriguez, Juan Diego, Santhanam, Sashank, Sedoc, João, Sellam, Thibault, Shaikh, Samira, Shimorina, Anastasia, Cabezudo, Marco Antonio Sobrevilla, Strobelt, Hendrik, Subramani, Nishant, Xu, Wei, Yang, Diyi, Yerukola, Akhila, Zhou, Jiawei, Gehrmann, Sebastian, Adewumi, Tosin, Aggarwal, Karmanya, Ammanamanchi, Pawan Sasanka, Anuoluwapo, Aremu, Bosselut, Antoine, Chandu, Khyathi Raghavi, Clinciu, Miruna, Das, Dipanjan, Dhole, Kaustubh D., Du, Wanyu, Durmus, Esin, Dušek, Ondřej, Emezue, Chris, Gangal, Varun, Garbacea, Cristina, Hashimoto, Tatsunori, Hou, Yufang, Jernite, Yacine, Jhamtani, Harsh, Ji, Yangfeng, Jolly, Shailza, Kale, Mihir, Kumar, Dhruv, Ladhak, Faisal, Madaan, Aman, Maddela, Mounica, Mahajan, Khyati, Mahamood, Saad, Majumder, Bodhisattwa Prasad, Martins, Pedro Henrique, McMillan-Major, Angelina, Mille, Simon, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Nadeem, Moin, Narayan, Shashi, Nikolaev, Vitaly, Niyongabo, Rubungo Andre, Osei, Salomey, Parikh, Ankur, Perez-Beltrachini, Laura, Rao, Niranjan Ramesh, Raunak, Vikas, Rodriguez, Juan Diego, Santhanam, Sashank, Sedoc, João, Sellam, Thibault, Shaikh, Samira, Shimorina, Anastasia, Cabezudo, Marco Antonio Sobrevilla, Strobelt, Hendrik, Subramani, Nishant, Xu, Wei, Yang, Diyi, Yerukola, Akhila, and Zhou, Jiawei

Abstract

We introduce GEM, a living benchmark for natural language Generation (NLG), its Evaluation, and Metrics. Measuring progress in NLG relies on a constantly evolving ecosystem of automated metrics, datasets, and human evaluation standards. Due to this moving target, new models often still evaluate on divergent anglo-centric corpora with well-established, but flawed, metrics. This disconnect makes it challenging to identify the limitations of current models and opportunities for progress. Addressing this limitation, GEM provides an environment in which models can easily be applied to a wide set of tasks and in which evaluation strategies can be tested. Regular updates to the benchmark will help NLG research become more multilingual and evolve the challenge alongside models. This paper serves as the description of the data for which we are organizing a shared task at our ACL 2021 Workshop and to which we invite the entire NLG community to participate.

Published
2021

7. Twenty years of confusion in human evaluation: NLG needs evaluation sheets and standardised definitions

Author

Davis, Brian, Graham, Yvette, Kelleher, John D., Sripada, Yaji, Howcroft, David, Belz, Anya, Gkatzia, Dimitra, Clinciu, Miruna, Hasan, Sadid, Mahamood, Saad, Mille, Simon, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Santhanam, Sashank, Rieser, Verena, Davis, Brian, Graham, Yvette, Kelleher, John D., Sripada, Yaji, Howcroft, David, Belz, Anya, Gkatzia, Dimitra, Clinciu, Miruna, Hasan, Sadid, Mahamood, Saad, Mille, Simon, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Santhanam, Sashank, and Rieser, Verena

Abstract

Human assessment remains the most trusted form of evaluation in NLG, but highly diverse approaches and a proliferation of different quality criteria used by researchers make it difficult to compare results and draw conclusions across papers, with adverse implications for meta-evaluation and reproducibility. In this paper, we present (i) our dataset of 165 NLG papers with human evaluations, (ii) the annotation scheme we developed to label the papers for different aspects of evaluations, (iii) quantitative analyses of the annotations, and (iv) a set of recommendations for improving standards in evaluation reporting. We use the annotations as a basis for examining information included in evaluation reports, and levels of consistency in approaches, experimental design and terminology, focusing in particular on the 200+ different terms that have been used for evaluated aspects of quality. We conclude that due to a pervasive lack of clarity in reports and extreme diversity in approaches, human evaluation in NLG presents as extremely confused in 2020, and that the field is in urgent need of standard methods and terminology.

Published
2020

8. Twenty years of confusion in human evaluation: NLG needs evaluation sheets and standardised definitions

Author

Davis, Brian, Graham, Yvette, Kelleher, John D., Sripada, Yaji, Howcroft, David, Belz, Anya, Gkatzia, Dimitra, Clinciu, Miruna, Hasan, Sadid, Mahamood, Saad, Mille, Simon, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Santhanam, Sashank, Rieser, Verena, Davis, Brian, Graham, Yvette, Kelleher, John D., Sripada, Yaji, Howcroft, David, Belz, Anya, Gkatzia, Dimitra, Clinciu, Miruna, Hasan, Sadid, Mahamood, Saad, Mille, Simon, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Santhanam, Sashank, and Rieser, Verena

Abstract

Human assessment remains the most trusted form of evaluation in NLG, but highly diverse approaches and a proliferation of different quality criteria used by researchers make it difficult to compare results and draw conclusions across papers, with adverse implications for meta-evaluation and reproducibility. In this paper, we present (i) our dataset of 165 NLG papers with human evaluations, (ii) the annotation scheme we developed to label the papers for different aspects of evaluations, (iii) quantitative analyses of the annotations, and (iv) a set of recommendations for improving standards in evaluation reporting. We use the annotations as a basis for examining information included in evaluation reports, and levels of consistency in approaches, experimental design and terminology, focusing in particular on the 200+ different terms that have been used for evaluated aspects of quality. We conclude that due to a pervasive lack of clarity in reports and extreme diversity in approaches, human evaluation in NLG presents as extremely confused in 2020, and that the field is in urgent need of standard methods and terminology.

Published
2020

9. Twenty years of confusion in human evaluation: NLG needs evaluation sheets and standardised definitions

Author

Davis, Brian, Graham, Yvette, Kelleher, John D., Sripada, Yaji, Howcroft, David, Belz, Anya, Gkatzia, Dimitra, Clinciu, Miruna, Hasan, Sadid, Mahamood, Saad, Mille, Simon, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Santhanam, Sashank, Rieser, Verena, Davis, Brian, Graham, Yvette, Kelleher, John D., Sripada, Yaji, Howcroft, David, Belz, Anya, Gkatzia, Dimitra, Clinciu, Miruna, Hasan, Sadid, Mahamood, Saad, Mille, Simon, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Santhanam, Sashank, and Rieser, Verena

Abstract

Human assessment remains the most trusted form of evaluation in NLG, but highly diverse approaches and a proliferation of different quality criteria used by researchers make it difficult to compare results and draw conclusions across papers, with adverse implications for meta-evaluation and reproducibility. In this paper, we present (i) our dataset of 165 NLG papers with human evaluations, (ii) the annotation scheme we developed to label the papers for different aspects of evaluations, (iii) quantitative analyses of the annotations, and (iv) a set of recommendations for improving standards in evaluation reporting. We use the annotations as a basis for examining information included in evaluation reports, and levels of consistency in approaches, experimental design and terminology, focusing in particular on the 200+ different terms that have been used for evaluated aspects of quality. We conclude that due to a pervasive lack of clarity in reports and extreme diversity in approaches, human evaluation in NLG presents as extremely confused in 2020, and that the field is in urgent need of standard methods and terminology.

Published
2020

10. Twenty years of confusion in human evaluation: NLG needs evaluation sheets and standardised definitions

Author

Davis, Brian, Graham, Yvette, Kelleher, John D., Sripada, Yaji, Howcroft, David, Belz, Anya, Gkatzia, Dimitra, Clinciu, Miruna, Hasan, Sadid, Mahamood, Saad, Mille, Simon, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Santhanam, Sashank, Rieser, Verena, Davis, Brian, Graham, Yvette, Kelleher, John D., Sripada, Yaji, Howcroft, David, Belz, Anya, Gkatzia, Dimitra, Clinciu, Miruna, Hasan, Sadid, Mahamood, Saad, Mille, Simon, van Miltenburg, Emiel, Santhanam, Sashank, and Rieser, Verena

Abstract

Human assessment remains the most trusted form of evaluation in NLG, but highly diverse approaches and a proliferation of different quality criteria used by researchers make it difficult to compare results and draw conclusions across papers, with adverse implications for meta-evaluation and reproducibility. In this paper, we present (i) our dataset of 165 NLG papers with human evaluations, (ii) the annotation scheme we developed to label the papers for different aspects of evaluations, (iii) quantitative analyses of the annotations, and (iv) a set of recommendations for improving standards in evaluation reporting. We use the annotations as a basis for examining information included in evaluation reports, and levels of consistency in approaches, experimental design and terminology, focusing in particular on the 200+ different terms that have been used for evaluated aspects of quality. We conclude that due to a pervasive lack of clarity in reports and extreme diversity in approaches, human evaluation in NLG presents as extremely confused in 2020, and that the field is in urgent need of standard methods and terminology.

Published
2020

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