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Misiones es una de las provincias turísticas de excelencia en Argentina. Allí, empresas convencionales (hoteles y operadores turísticos orientados al mercado) han provistos los servicios turísticos tradicionalmente. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha observado un aumento considerable de personas que ven beneficioso compartir temporalmente sus propias casas y habitaciones con turistas de todo el mundo. La llegada de Airbnb ha permitido el encuentro entre pares en un ambiente de intercambio y colaboración bajo una plataforma virtual. Sin embargo, la forma en como está organizada, la cantidad de alojamientos disponibles, precios, sistema de evaluaciones, etc. son desconocidos por los hacedores de políticas (turísticas y fiscales) en la provincia, constituyéndolo en un fenómeno oculto. Por ello, este trabajo expone descriptivamente la composición de Airbnb en la provincia turística de Misiones, evalúa (mediante técnicas cuantitativas) la existencia de algún grado de cooperación y reciprocidad en el vínculo huésped-anfitrión para finalmente exteriorizar algunos puntos debatibles de la plataforma. Se encontró que la evaluación otorgada por el huésped respecto a la ubicación, la cantidad de habitaciones, el tipo de alojamiento, la política de cancelación y la evaluación global del anfitrión, afectan al precio del alojamiento. Preocuparse por la respuesta a consultas de los huéspedes junto a menores restricciones, afectan positivamente la calificación del anfitrión. La falta de transparencia en la dinámica financiera del dinero que recibe la plataforma por parte de los huéspedes, la tasa de ganancia de esta y su relación con la ganancia del propietario son puntos que se deben estudiar más en profundidad. En Argentina, el análisis de la plataforma Airbnb es exiguo y por ello, este trabajo es uno de los primeros en realizar un estudio bajo este esquema y temática., Misiones is one of the best tourist provinces in Argentina. Conventional companies (hotels and tour operators oriented to the market) have traditionally provided tourist services. In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in people who find beneficial to share their own houses and rooms with tourists from around the world. The arrival of Airbnb has allowed people to matchunder a virtual platform with a collaboration and exchange feeling. The way in which Airbnb is organized, theamount of available accommodation, prices, the evaluation system, are unknown by policymakers in the province. Hence, itis considered a hidden phenomenon. This paper explainsAirbnb's composition in the tourist province of Misiones. By quantitative techniques,we estimate the presence of some cooperation and reciprocity degree in the guest-host link. Finally, we expose some debatable points of this phenomenon.Some results suggest that the evaluation made by the guest about the location, the number of rooms, the type of accommodation, the cancellation policy and the overall evaluation of the host, affect accommodation ́s price. Host ́s strive and concern about to guest inquiries, together with fewer restrictions affect positively the host ́s rating. The lackof transparency in the financial dynamics of the money between the platform and guests, the profit rate and its relation to the owner's profit,are points that must be researched more in depth. In Argentina, Airbnb ́s studies are limited, so this paper is one of the first to conduct aresearchunder this scheme and theme., Escuela de Estudios Cooperativos, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Nº 112 - Extraordinario en Homenaje al Profesor Alfonso Carlos MORALES GUTIÉRREZ, La innovación social orientada al desarrollo personal y comunitario constituye una nueva materia objeto de análisis multidisciplinares. De su utilidad da muestras la Unión Europea que la ha incluido en sus objetivos de crecimiento económico y de empleo (Estrategia Europea 2020). La investigación analiza dos instrumentos, interrelacionados, ubicados en los temas de la innovación social y de la economía social. Primero, el principal agente de la nueva economía social: las empresas de inserción sociolaboral y sus entidades no lucrativas promotoras, que cuentan en España con una legislación específica o ad hoc. Aportamos elementos para la categorización jurídica y económica de estos nuevos empresarios, cuya alma es un fin social y de interés general (la inserción sociolaboral de personas excluidas). En segundo lugar, justificamos la demanda de mercados sociales para nuestras empresas de inserción. Los razonamientos económicos y jurídicos coinciden en la conveniencia (por su eficiencia económica), la legitimidad (por su conformidad con los valores que presiden el Derecho comunitario y el de sus Estados miembros) y la legalidad de las cláusulas o los criterios sociales en la contratación del sector público. Avanzamos la interpretación de estos criterios sociales más conforme con el Derecho comunitario y español, que no siempre ha tenido como aliado a la Comisión Europea y sus propuestas neoliberales., Social innovation oriented towards personal and community development is a new topic that is the object of multidisciplinary analysis. The European Union shows how useful it is by including social innovation in its objectives for economic and employment growth (European Strategy 2020). Our research analyses two interrelated instruments within the framework of social innovation and social economy. First, the main agent in the new social economy: insertion enterprises and their non-profit entities, which have specific legislation in Spain. We contribute elements for the legal and economic classification of these new entrepreneurs, whose guiding spirit is a social objective and of general interest (the social and labor integration of those excluded). Secondly, we justify the demand for social markets for our insertion enterprises. Economic and legal reasons coincide in their suitability (due to their economic efficiency), legitimacy (as they comply with the values that prevail in the European Union law and in the law of member States) and legality in terms of the social criteria used in hiring in the public sector. We present the interpretation of these social criteria more in line with European Union and Spanish law, which has not always counted on the European Commission and its neoliberal proposals as allies., Escuela de Estudios Cooperativos, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

En Portugal, como en otros países, las cooperativas agrícolas tienen un papel económico importante en el sistema alimentario. Similar a otras organizaciones económicas, las cooperativas agrícolas han sido testigos de cambios estructurales en las últimas décadas en términos de modelos de gobernación y gestión. Las cooperativas agrícolas portuguesas se han visto constreñidas por su contexto a adoptar un modelo tradicional de propiedad y control. El objetivo principal de este estudio era analizar cuestiones relacionadas con la estructura de gestión y desempeño financiero de las cooperativas, basada en los datos recogidos de cooperativas de aceite de oliva situadas en la región interior norte de Portugal. La combinación de un análisis cualitativo de la estructura y toma de decisiones, una evaluación financiera y la aplicación de un enfoque en varios criterios (PROMETHEE II), los resultados están en línea con expectativas (por ejemplo, bajos niveles de participación de los miembros, gestión no profesional, ratios de rentabilidad bajos, bajo apalancamiento y una capacidad para cumplir compromisos financieros), excepto la relación entre la gestión profesional y el desempeño financiero. La existencia de gestión profesional no conduce a mejores resultados financieros. Este resultado refuerza la creencia de que las cooperativas que están estructuradas de diferente manera tienen intereses diferentes y contradictorios a las partes interesadas., In Portugal, as in other countries, agricultural cooperatives have an important economic role in the food system. Similar to other economic organisations, agricultural cooperatives have witnessed structural changes in recent decades in terms of governance and/or management models. Portuguese agricultural cooperatives have been compelled by their context to adopt a traditional model of ownership and control. The main goal of this study was to analyse issues related to the management structure and financial performance of cooperatives, based on data collected for olive oil cooperatives located in the northern interior region of Portugal. Combining a qualitative analysis of structure and decision-making, a financial assessment and the application of a multi-criteria approach (PROMETHEE II), the overall results are in line with expectations (e.g. low levels of member participation, nonprofessional management, low profitability ratios, low leverage and an ability to fulfil financial commitments), except for the relationship between professional management and financial performance. The existence of professional management does not lead to better financial performance. This result reinforces the belief that cooperatives that are structured differently have different and conflicting stakeholder interests., Escuela de Estudios Cooperativos, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

La naturaleza social de las cooperativas no significa que sus procesos deban ser ineficientes; por el contrario, en ellas han de existir políticas que permitan el establecimiento de ventajas competitivas. Por otro lado, en la economía post industrial el conocimiento se ha transformado en un activo relevante. En consecuencia, la investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre la gestión del conocimiento y la competitividad en las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito de Barranquilla. Para ello, se fundamenta en un enfoque racionalista crítico, paradigma cuantitativo, alcance correlacional y diseño no experimental transversal. Para la técnica, se realizó una encuesta a través de un cuestionario aplicado a los gerentes de 30 cooperativas de ahorro y crédito, las cuales fueron seleccionadas de acuerdo a un muestreo aleatorio simple y los datos fueron analizados mediante herramientas estadísticas. Los resultados demarcan la presencia de alineamientos que propenden por la creación, identificación, adquisición, clasificación, almacenamiento, aplicación, actualización y transferencia del conocimiento; sin embargo, no se presentan relaciones considerables entre estos procesos y el desarrollo de estrategias para la determinación de los factores clave de éxito; por este motivo, se concluye que en el contexto de las instituciones estudiadas, no existe evidencia empírica que soporte los fundamentos teóricos relacionados con la influencia de la administración de los activos intangibles, con respecto al desarrollo de competencias distintivas. Finalmente, se construyen las bases para la realización de estudios que busquen el fortalecimiento de las organizaciones solidarias a partir de la visualización de procesos sistemáticos que, asentados en las capacidades de aprendizaje organizacional, coadyuven a la obtención de una posición competitiva en el mercado., The social nature of cooperatives does not mean that their processes should be inefficient; on the contrary, they should have policies that allow the establishment of competitive advantages. On the other hand, in the post-industrial economy, knowledge has become a relevant asset. Consequently, research aims to analyse the relationship between knowledge management and competitiveness in credit unions in Barranquilla. For this purpose, it is based on a critical rationalist approach, quantitative paradigm, correlational scope and non-experimental transversal design. For the technique, a survey was conducted through a questionnaire applied to managers of 30 credit unions, which were selected according to a simple random sampling and the data were analyzed using statistical tools. The results indicate the presence of alignments aimed at creating, identifying, acquiring, classifying, storing, applying, updating and transferring knowledge; however, there are no significant relationships between these processes and the development of strategies for determining the key success factors; for this reason, it is concluded that in the context of the institutions studied, there is no empirical evidence that supports the theoretical foundations related to the influence of intangible asset management. Finally, the foundations are built for carrying out studies that seek to strengthen solidarity organizations based on the visualization of systematic processes that, based on organizational learning skills, contribute to obtaining a competitive position in the market., Escuela de Estudios Cooperativos, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

We use survey data on Italian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) collected during the COVID-19 pandemic to explore the relationship between the adoption of work from home (WFH) practices and organizational performance. In so doing, we investigate the possible underlying mechanisms, including measures of labor productivity and workers’ concentration and motivation, the level of absenteeism, the organization of work through management by objectives (MBO), and the presence of coordination and communication costs. We obtain several results. First, we find a significantly enhanced capability of firms that adopted WFH during the pandemic to sustain the overall organizational performance, particularly when such work practice is used intensively. Second, increased labor productivity and workers’ concentration and motivation, decreased absenteeism, and a substantial rise in the adoption of MBO seem to be the main drivers behind the detected benefits related to WFH. Third, when WFH is used at medium levels of intensity, it is associated with augmented coordination and communication costs, which nonetheless do not appear to overcome the benefits associated with WFH., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In this paper, we study the firm’s boundaries in times of COVID-19. Ownership and location decisions govern sourcing and shape firms’ boundaries. Adopting incomplete contracts theory/international economics perspective, we investigate the determinants of ownership and location decisions and explore COVID-19–induced changes in firms’ boundaries. Drawing on survey data from a sample of Italian firms, our estimates suggest that input specificity drives the ownership decision, whereas the location decision depends on productivity. Few firms re-consider sourcing because of the pandemic, suggesting a great deal of inertia in firm’s boundaries.

This randomized experiment implemented with school children in India directly tests an input incentive designed to increase effort on learning activities against both an output incentive that rewards test performance and a control. Students in the input incentive treatment perform .58σ better than those in the control, and .34σ better than students in the output incentive treatment. Thus, the input incentive is approximately twice as cost-effective as the output incentive. The input incentive increases the intensive margin of student effort on the learning activity, and it is particularly effective for students that are present-biased as measured at baseline.&nbsp

Artículo de revista, El crecimiento neto del número de sociedades activas se estancó a raíz de la recesión de 2008, y desde el inicio de la recuperación en 2014 el aumento está siendo muy débil. En 2019, el número de sociedades activas creció un 0,9 %, frente al 7 % que se registró de promedio en la anterior fase de expansión. Los mayores descensos se han concentrado en las empresas de la construcción y, en menor medida, en la industria, mientras que los servicios siguieron aumentando, incluso durante los años de recesión, aunque a un ritmo claramente inferior. Durante los últimos años está aumentando el número de empresas con 20 trabajadores o más, pero representan una proporción muy baja del total, un 4,9 % en 2019, por debajo del 6,4 % que prevaleció en 2007, antes de iniciarse la recesión. Las actuales tasas de entrada y de salida de empresas mantienen unos niveles más similares a los que prevalecieron durante la recesión que a los que existían en el período previo de expansión. España es el país europeo en el que, a raíz de la recesión, se ha producido una mayor caída en la tasa de nacimiento de empresas y un mayor aumento en la tasa de muerte de empresas, tendencia que se ha generalizado por ramas de actividad y por tamaños de empresa. Según el censo de empresas del Directorio Central de Empresas, el total de sociedades anónimas y limitadas en 2019 (1.221.835) ha superado el nivel de 2008, siendo las sociedades sin asalariados las que han experimentado un crecimiento en la última década, frente a la caída en el número de sociedades con asalariados.

Backward and forward vertical integrations both shape the organization of Global Value Chains (GVCs). Yet, many studies make the unrealistic assumption that integration decisions are binary and one-directional, i.e., companies make the integration decision only once and they can go either backward or forward but not in both directions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the firm-level organization of GVCs when both vertical integration decisions are taken into account. Exploiting a global sample of more than 1.4 million firms, we first document how midstream parents actually integrate on both directions along the chain, and they are at least as common as downstream and upstream parents. Then, we find that parent companies prefer to integrate production stages with a relatively low elasticity of substitution and with a technological proximity on the supply chain. Finally, we provide evidence that more than one subsidiary in a given location can perform the same production stage.

Backward and forward vertical integrations both shape the organization of Global Value Chains (GVCs). Yet, many studies make the unrealistic assumption that integration decisions are binary and one-directional, i.e., companies make the integration decision only once and they can go either backward or forward but not in both directions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the firm-level organization of GVCs when both vertical integration decisions are taken into account. Exploiting a global sample of more than 1.4 million firms, we first document how midstream parents actually integrate on both directions along the chain, and they are at least as common as downstream and upstream parents. Then, we find that parent companies prefer to integrate production stages with a relatively low elasticity of substitution and with a technological proximity on the supply chain. Finally, we provide evidence that more than one subsidiary in a given location can perform the same production stage.

Backward and forward vertical integrations both shape the organization of Global Value Chains (GVCs). Yet, many studies make the unrealistic assumption that integration decisions are binary and one-directional, i.e., companies make the integration decision only once and they can go either backward or forward but not in both directions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the firm-level organization of GVCs when both vertical integration decisions are taken into account. Exploiting a global sample of more than 1.4 million firms, we first document how midstream parents actually integrate on both directions along the chain, and they are at least as common as downstream and upstream parents. Then, we find that parent companies prefer to integrate production stages with a relatively low elasticity of substitution and with a technological proximity on the supply chain. Finally, we provide evidence that more than one subsidiary in a given location can perform the same production stage.

We study how provincial-level enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) affects Chinese firms’ decisions regarding exit, export, and the channels through which to receive technology transfer. Our findings provide insights into how variations in IPRs enforcement alter productivity. Our model combines the standard theory of heterogeneous firms with the endogenous choices of those firms concerning how they absorb international technologies through imitation or licensing. We show that, in this setting, the exit and export cutoff productivities differ from those in the standard environment, leading to a different sorting mechanism. We also predict that stronger IPRs change the decisions firms make concerning their mode of technology transfer, further altering their productivity and export possibilities. Empirical tests based on a comprehensive dataset of Chinese firms from 2000 to 2006 support the model predictions.

We study how provincial-level enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) affects Chinese firms’ decisions regarding exit, export, and the channels through which to receive technology transfer. Our findings provide insights into how variations in IPRs enforcement alter productivity. Our model combines the standard theory of heterogeneous firms with the endogenous choices of those firms concerning how they absorb international technologies through imitation or licensing. We show that, in this setting, the exit and export cutoff productivities differ from those in the standard environment, leading to a different sorting mechanism. We also predict that stronger IPRs change the decisions firms make concerning their mode of technology transfer, further altering their productivity and export possibilities. Empirical tests based on a comprehensive dataset of Chinese firms from 2000 to 2006 support the model predictions.

We study how provincial-level enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) affects Chinese firms’ decisions regarding exit, export, and the channels through which to receive technology transfer. Our findings provide insights into how variations in IPRs enforcement alter productivity. Our model combines the standard theory of heterogeneous firms with the endogenous choices of those firms concerning how they absorb international technologies through imitation or licensing. We show that, in this setting, the exit and export cutoff productivities differ from those in the standard environment, leading to a different sorting mechanism. We also predict that stronger IPRs change the decisions firms make concerning their mode of technology transfer, further altering their productivity and export possibilities. Empirical tests based on a comprehensive dataset of Chinese firms from 2000 to 2006 support the model predictions.

Many interaction coding systems have been developed in the last 70 years to highlight individual behaviours and get a better understanding of small group dynamics. Despite the juxtaposition of an increasing number of interaction coding systems responding to different aims and demands, literature on this subject does not provide a complete overview of all available coding systems. This article, therefore, offers a comprehensive literature review of the interaction coding systems dedicated to small groups and details their structure, purposes and specifications. Such an analysis may help shed light on the most appropriate existing coding system according to the requirements of a research study in group dynamics. It also points out a number of major limitations of such models. Implications for necessary prerequisites for the development of future coding systems are consequently included., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

People may or not know the impression they convey to others (meta-accuracy). However, little research has addressed to what extent meta-accuracy affects social outcomes such as hireability (recruiter’s intention to hire). Three studies were conducted to test whether people who knew the impression they conveyed are the ones who are more likely to get hired. Results of polynomial regression and responses surface analyses showed that meta-accuracy was related to hireability, whether meta-accuracy concerns skills during an interview (Study 1, N = 49, and Study 2, N = 127) or traits and skills on a résumé (Study 3, N = 135). The pattern of results takes three forms. First, the lack of meta-accuracy, as the simple gap between metaperception and other’s perception, reduces hireability. Second, hireability is higher when meta- and other’s perception are favorable rather than unfavorable, while staying in agreement. Third, hireability is higher for applicants underestimating the extent to which a recruiter would perceive favorably their traits and/or skills than for overestimators. These results suggest that the best chance to get hired does not rely only on good impressions but also on knowing, or at least on underestimating, the impressions made upon others., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Why do employees help more or less their colleagues? Why do they feel misunderstood and not supported by their superiors or peers? Why is employees’ professional development not necessarily improved after multisource feedback? Could all of these organizational outcomes be influenced by people’s metaperception, a phenomenon largely ignored in the field of organizational behavior? The literature about Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), Workplace Relationship (WR), Perceived Organizational Support (POS) and Multisource Feedback (MSF) seems to carry a black box. It may concern the motivational aspects of OCB, the conceptualization of POS or even the mechanisms behind MSF’s shortfalls. This paper highlights several gaps in the field of Organizational Behavior and then, addresses this gap through the lens of metaperception. This paper aims to provide convincing evidence that metaperception is the missing link to improve our understanding of OCB, WR, POS and MSF. We conclude on clear directions for future research investigating how metaperception could intervene in these three outcomes., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This paper investigates the impact of Facebook on cultural audience, putting the emphasis on the transmission of cultural capital in elitist circles. Our purpose is to provide important evidence concerning the digital opportunities and challenges for the use of social networks in cultural management. Based on an exploratory study, we look closely at the attitudes and reactions of cultural audience to the use of Facebook by theaters. We focus hereby on the democratization (acceptance) or the vulgarization (rejection) effects of the use of Facebook. We conclude that demographics and psychographics such as the generational effect and the personalities of the influence “the acceptance”, while environmental factors such as peer and media influence “the rejection” of the use of Facebook. The present findings help cultural institutions to have a better understanding of the profile of the actual theater audience, their needs, desires and fears., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This paper aims at understanding how interactions are connected with instrumental and social satisfaction, and perceived task and relationship conflict. Participants were 264 students divided into 41 teams and involved in a design and building group experiment which was videotaped and integrally coded with the IT3D coding system. We highlight the significant positive relationship between socialization interactions and satisfaction. We notice that when interactions carrying task conflict (content) are increasing, instrumental and social satisfactions are lower. In contrast, process conflict and relationship conflict show no relationship with team member satisfaction. We also investigate the relationship between observed conflictual interactions in groups and the perception of conflict by their members. Only the perception of task conflict is related to the proportion of observed interactions opposing ideas in the group, whereas interactions showing signs of weak relationship conflict are not globally perceived as such. Finally, the study of team member satisfaction and perception of conflict confirms that perceived task conflict is harmful to instrumental and social satisfaction, whereas perceived relationship conflict also impacts negatively social satisfaction., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Are some types of interactions beneficial or harmful to team performance? Should conflict among members be promoted or avoided in teams to achieve better results? Many questions arise when trying to understand how group dynamics impact its performance. The present study intends to highlight the kinds of verbal interactions which influence the performance of a team during a meeting. A two-phase (design and building) videotaped decision-making experiment was organised with 41 teams. All interactions were then coded with the INSIDE TEAMS3D (IT3D) coding system. Three dimensions of interactions were considered: their functional meaning, the convergence among interactions (including content or process conflict) and their interpersonal emotional meaning (including indications of relational conflict). Performance was measured for each group as an assignment result. It was positively associated with the total number of interactions shared. The results support that some functional meaning categories are positively associated with performance: thus, groups which shared more interactions aiming at offering an opinion or a suggestion on the content, get on average better outcomes. Socialization categories (making jokes, fostering the conversation) were also positively correlated with performance. The study of interactions convergence within groups also provides significant results, showing that disagreements on the content have positive relations with team performance. Negative interpersonal emotional meaning is also showing positive relations with performance, which are discussed in the paper. On top of these considerations on interaction types, the research reveals that the groups with balanced contributions between members during the exercise got higher performance than those facing great heterogeneity. More generally, this paper provides methodological insights about a way to study group dynamics and gather data on interactions and performance., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The analysis of group dynamics has become a major challenge to capture parameters of collective work such as conflict, performance or team member satisfaction. To date, many interaction coding systems have been developed to help identify types of interactions among group members, but some shortcomings involving their structure, complexity and reliability remain. In this paper, we present the INSIDE TEAMS3D (IT3D), a new coding system dedicated to the study of verbal interactions in small groups and developed iteratively from varied group experiences. Its creation focuses on some significant requirements such as the user-friendliness of the system, the exhaustiveness of its categories, and the multidimensional essence of interactions. Thus, the IT3D takes account of three dimensions of individual behaviours which are the functional meaning of interactions, the convergence among interactions and the interpersonal emotional meaning of interactions. It hence provides a bigger picture on different aspects of group dynamics. Intercoder reliability and validity are also ascertained. Such a tool contributes to opening up new research and practical opportunities to a greater understanding of intragroup phenomena., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Research and development is largely done by multinationals (MNEs) that transfer technology to their foreign subsidiaries. Trustmight be an important determinant of the governance of technology transfers because trust can reduce the dependence of the subsidiary on the head quarters. We empirically investigate how widely held perceptions of the trustworthiness of the host economy influence international technology transfers that subsidiaries receive from their business group or from other international providers. We use firm-level data on R&D imports from foreign subsidiaries operating in Spain for the period 2005–2012, and a Eurobarometer measure oftrust between citizens of European countries. We find that subsidiaries that belong to MNEs from countries with higher trust in Spaniards have fewer technology transfers within the business group and more from international market channels than subsidiaries from countries with lower trust in Spaniards. Our results support predictions of transaction cost economics about how technology transfers are organized., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Comunidad de Madrid, Depto. de Análisis Económico y Economía Cuantitativa, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Yoichiro Nambu left great footprints in nuclear physics in the era of its fundamental developments, including his pioneering insight into the essential ingredients of the repulsive core of the nuclear force and its relation to the saturation of nuclear matter. The present review article focuses on recent developments of the interaction models between colliding nuclei in terms of Brueckner’s G-matrix theory, starting from realistic nuclear forces and the saturation property of symmetric nuclear matter as well as neutron star matter. A recently proposed unique scenario of extracting the saturation property of nuclear matter and stiffness of neutron stars through the analysis of nucleus–nucleus elastic scattering in laboratories is presented in some detail.

Este trabajo aborda la causa del conflicto entre principal y agente, buscando respuestas en las disciplinas de la biología, particularmente en las ciencias de la antropología criminal. Se ha realizado un ensamble entre los hallazgos de la teoría de agencia y la teoría de los delitos de cuello blanco, reinterpretando las actuaciones del agente desde su configuración entre instinto, herencia y personalidad. Los resultados en las ciencias biológicas podrían aportar nuevas interpretaciones y explicaciones en las ciencias de la administración, avanzando hacia mejores conceptualizaciones del conflicto, mediante teorías con mayor contenido empírico. En general, pese al conflicto permanente entre las partes, su dinámica potencia los resultados perseguidos por el principal.

Este trabajo aborda la causa del conflicto entre principal y agente, buscando respuestas en las disciplinas de la biología, particularmente en las ciencias de la antropología criminal. Se ha realizado un ensamble entre los hallazgos de la teoría de agencia y la teoría de los delitos de cuello blanco, reinterpretando las actuaciones del agente desde su configuración entre instinto, herencia y personalidad. Los resultados en las ciencias biológicas podrían aportar nuevas interpretaciones y explicaciones en las ciencias de la administración, avanzando hacia mejores conceptualizaciones del conflicto, mediante teorías con mayor contenido empírico. En general, pese al conflicto permanente entre las partes, su dinámica potencia los resultados perseguidos por el principal.

This paper examines agency costs incurred by microfinance organisations. We argue that differences in agency costs not only stem from differences in ownership form but are also influenced by the amount of power wielded by the chief executive officer (CEO). We proxy for agency costs using operating expenses, asset utilisation, liquidity and tangible asset intensity. Using a sample of 374 microfinance organisations located in 76 countries, we find evidence that agency costs are higher in microfinance organisations set up as non-profits, but only if the CEO is powerful. Our empirical evidence illustrates the importance of installing proper governance mechanisms to minimise agency costs, in particular in the non-profit sector., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

During the last decades the need for a better definition of the central concepts of management control has been claimed repeatedly by several authors, since the lack of clarity in this matter is an essential problem for the development and maturity of a sound theory of management control. The diversity of theories and approaches has contributed to the understanding of this complex phenomenon, although these contributions could have been more fruitful if they had shared the conceptual framework. The aim of this paper is to identify the central concepts in need of a higher degree of consensus and find out whether recent contributions have brought some insight on them. In addition, it is also expected to explore and find opportunities for future research in the same line of reasoning. After making a review of seminal and recent contributions, it is inferred that the conceptualization on the field of management control has achieved some degree of success at sharing the understanding of specific aspects, while at the same time has blurred the understanding of others. Then it is concluded that researchers on management control still need to improve their degree of agreement on three central concepts: the management control problem, the definition and description of management control mechanisms, and the scope and boundaries of management control systems. Several research paths are identified and proposed., Durante las últimas décadas varios autores de la literatura en gestión empresarial han llamado la atención sobre la recurrente necesidad de precisar los conceptos elementales del proceso de control de gestión, pues la actual falta de claridad en su definición es un problema fundamental para el desarrollo y la madurez de una teoría sólida sobre su naturaleza. A pesar de que las teorías y los enfoques que lo abordan han contribuido a la comprensión de este complejo fenómeno, estos carecen de un marco conceptual común que permita una aproximación más objetiva y detallada. El objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar los conceptos básicos que requieren de un mayor grado de consenso, así como investigar si los aportes recientes a la investigación en control de gestión han brindado mayor claridad sobre dichos conceptos. Adicionalmente, se espera explorar y encontrar nuevas oportunidades para investigaciones futuras. Mediante una revisión de la literatura clásica y contribuciones recientes, se infiere que la conceptualización en control de gestión alcanzó cierto grado de entendimiento compartido en cuanto a sus aspectos más específicos; no obstante, durante su articulación estableció ciertas nociones aún incomprendidas. A partir de este análisis, se concluyó que investigadores y estudiosos en el área de control de gestión deben coincidir en tres conceptos elementales en torno a esta práctica: el problema del control en gestión, la definición y descripción de sus mecanismos, y el conocimiento de sus alcances y límites. Como aporte final, se identifican y proponen varias líneas de investigación para el estudio del control de gestión., Durante as últimas décadas, a necessidade de uma melhor definição dos conceitos centrais de controle de gestão tem sido proclamada repetidamente por vários autores em seus trabalhos. A falta de clareza em relação a esse assunto é um problema essencial para o desenvolvimento e maturidade de uma boa teoria do controle de gestão. A diversidade de teorias e abordagens tem contribuído para a compreensão desse fenômeno complexo, embora essas contribuições pudessem ter dado um melhor fruto, se elas tivessem compartilhado uma estrutura conceitual. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar os conceitos centrais na necessidade de um maior grau de consenso e de saber se contribuições recentes têm trazido algumas ideias sobre eles. Além disso, espera-se também explorar e encontrar oportunidades para futuras pesquisas no mesmo campo de estudo. Depois de fazer uma análise seminal e contribuições recentes, pode-se inferir que a conceituação sobre o campo de controle de gestão tem alcançado um certo grau de sucesso, compartilhando o entendimento dos aspectos específicos e, ao mesmo tempo, tem obscurecido a compreensão dos outros. Então, conclui-se que os pesquisadores sobre controle de gestão ainda precisam melhorar seu grau de acordo com três conceitos centrais: o controle de gestão, a definição e a descrição dos mecanismos de controle e gestão do âmbito e limites dos sistemas de controle de gestão. várias linhas de pesquisa são identificadas e propostas.

In recent decades, technological progress in information and communication technology andfalling trade barriers have led firms to retain within their boundaries and in their domesticeconomies only a subset of their production stages. A key decision facing firms worldwide is theextent of control to exert over the di↵erent segments of their production processes. Building onAntr`as and Chor (2013), we describe a property-rights model of firm boundary choices alongthe value chain. To assess the evidence, we construct firm-level measures of the upstreamness ofintegrated and non-integrated inputs by combining information on the production activities offirms operating in more than 100 countries with Input-Output tables. In line with the model’spredictions, we find that whether a firm integrates upstream or downstream suppliers dependscrucially on the elasticity of demand for its final product. Moreover, a firm’s propensity tointegrate a given stage of the value chain is shaped by the relative contractibility of the stageslocated upstream versus downstream from that stage. Our results suggests that contractualfrictions play an important role in shaping the integration choices of firms around the world., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The following study is focused on analyzing the importance of higher education and, specifically, teaching and learning methods, in the behavior of graduates at workplace in regards to three dimensions of leadership orientation: tasks, relationships, and change. For testing this hypothesis, we used structural equation modeling (sEM) with a sample of approximately 3,500 young graduates from spanish universities, who were selected using the Reflex database. Results indicate that the behavior of young professionals as leaders in the three sectors depends crucially on the competency level of individuals in certain key skills. They also point that skills related to leadership capacity are developed during undergraduate studies and, subsequently, extended through experience and work training. Additionally, this analysis identifies methods for teaching and learning with a greater influence on the development of leadership skills. The main implication of the study states that an appropriate educational environment during university can lead to acquiring the necessary skills for the exercise of leadership, which in turn, promotes further development of the same abilities in early work experiences, and increases the propensity of graduates to function effectively as leaders in the organizations they work for., El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la importancia de la educación superior, concretamente de los métodos de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en el comportamiento posterior de los graduados en el puesto de trabajo en relación a tres dimensiones del liderazgo: liderazgo orientado a las tareas, a las relaciones y al cambio. Las competencias profesionales desarrolladas por los graduados durante sus estudios son el canal de transmisión desde la educación al futuro desempeño como lideres. Para ello se estimaron modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) con una muestra de aproximadamente 3.500 jóvenes graduados por universidades españolas provenientes de la base de datos REFLEX. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el comportamiento como lideres en las tres dimensiones analizadas depende crucialmente del nivel competencial de los individuos en determinadas competencias clave. Las competencias relacionadas con la capacidad de liderazgo son desarrolladas durante los estudios universitarios y posteriormente ampliadas a través de la experiencia y formación en el puesto. El análisis también identifica los métodos de enseñanza-aprendizaje que presentan una mayor influencia en el desarrollo de las competencias para el liderazgo. La principal implicación del análisis consiste en que un entorno educativo adecuado puede favorecer la adquisición durante los estudios de las competencias necesarias para el ejercicio de la capacidad de liderazgo, lo que a su vez favorece el desarrollo posterior de estas mismas competencias en las primeras experiencias laborales, incrementando asi la propensión de los graduados a actuar efectivamente como lideres en las organizaciones para las que trabajan en las tres dimensiones del liderazgo analizadas., O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a importância da educação superior, concretamente dos métodos de ensino-aprendizagem, no comportamento posterior dos graduados no mercado de trabalho em relação a três dimensões da liderança: liderança orientada às tarefas, às relações e à mudança. As competências profissionais desenvolvidas pelos graduados durante seus estudos são o canal de transmissão desde a educação ao futuro desempenho como líderes. Para isso, estimaram-se modelos de equações estruturais (sEM) com uma amostra de aproximadamente 3500 jovens graduados por universidades espanholas provenientes da base de dados REFLEX. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o comportamento como líderes nas três dimensões analisadas depende fundamentalmente do nível de competência dos indivíduos em determinadas competências-chave. As competências relacionadas com a capacidade de liderança são desenvolvidas durante os estudos universitários e posteriormente ampliadas através da experiência e da formação no mercado de trabalho. A análise também identifica os métodos de ensino-aprendizagem que apresentam uma maior influência no desenvolvimento das competências para a liderança. A principal implicação da análise consiste em que um ambiente educativo adequado pode favorecer a aquisição durante os estudos das competências necessárias para o exercício da capacidade de liderança, o que por sua vez favorece o desenvolvimento posterior dessas mesmas competências nas primeiras experiências de trabalho, aumentando assim a propensão dos graduados a agirem efetivamente como líderes nas organizações para as quais trabalham nas três dimensões da liderança analisadas.

This article aims to identify the relationship between the Intellectual Capital (IC) and the Intellectual property (IP) and the way in which both can manage to create value in the organizations. The study was developed considering the following aspects: first a contextualization and analysis of the academic production indexed about the matter in Scopus, a bibliography index, followed by the revision of the available documents in the indexation service and finished with Scopus, Science Direct, Scielo (SSRN) and Emerald summary. A very tight relationship between CI and PI was found, and it was observed that both are intangible elements which in accordance with their proper management could create a meaningful value for the organizations., Este artículo tiene como propósito identificar el vínculo existente entre Capital Intelectual (CI) y Propiedad Intelectual (PI) y la forma mediante la cual se pueden gestionar para crear valor en las organizaciones. Lo anterior, partiendo de una contextualización y análisis de la producción académica indexada sobre el tema en el índice bibliográfico Scopus, y de la revisión de los documentos disponibles en los servicios de indexación y resumen Scopus, ScienceDirect, Scielo, SSRN y Emerald. Con la investigación realizada se concluye que existe una estrecha relación entre CI y PI, y que ambos son elementos intangibles que, dependiendo de su manejo adecuado, podrían crear un valor significativo para las organizaciones.

In recent decades, technological progress in information and communication technology andfalling trade barriers have led firms to retain within their boundaries and in their domesticeconomies only a subset of their production stages. A key decision facing firms worldwide is theextent of control to exert over the di↵erent segments of their production processes. Building onAntr`as and Chor (2013), we describe a property-rights model of firm boundary choices alongthe value chain. To assess the evidence, we construct firm-level measures of the upstreamness ofintegrated and non-integrated inputs by combining information on the production activities offirms operating in more than 100 countries with Input-Output tables. In line with the model’spredictions, we find that whether a firm integrates upstream or downstream suppliers dependscrucially on the elasticity of demand for its final product. Moreover, a firm’s propensity tointegrate a given stage of the value chain is shaped by the relative contractibility of the stageslocated upstream versus downstream from that stage. Our results suggests that contractualfrictions play an important role in shaping the integration choices of firms around the world., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This article aims to identify the relationship between the Intellectual Capital (IC) and the Intellectual property (IP) and the way in which both can manage to create value in the organizations. The study was developed considering the following aspects: first a contextualization and analysis of the academic production indexed about the matter in Scopus, a bibliography index, followed by the revision of the available documents in the indexation service and finished with Scopus, Science Direct, Scielo (SSRN) and Emerald summary. A very tight relationship between CI and PI was found, and it was observed that both are intangible elements which in accordance with their proper management could create a meaningful value for the organizations., Este artículo tiene como propósito identificar el vínculo existente entre Capital Intelectual (CI) y Propiedad Intelectual (PI) y la forma mediante la cual se pueden gestionar para crear valor en las organizaciones. Lo anterior, partiendo de una contextualización y análisis de la producción académica indexada sobre el tema en el índice bibliográfico Scopus, y de la revisión de los documentos disponibles en los servicios de indexación y resumen Scopus, ScienceDirect, Scielo, SSRN y Emerald. Con la investigación realizada se concluye que existe una estrecha relación entre CI y PI, y que ambos son elementos intangibles que, dependiendo de su manejo adecuado, podrían crear un valor significativo para las organizaciones.

We argue that in the presence of transaction costs, observed productivity measures may in many cases understate the true productivity, as production data seldom distinguish between resources entering the production process and resources of a similar type that are sacrificed for transaction costs. Hence, both the absolute productivity measures and, more importantly, the productivity ranking will be distorted. A major driver of transaction costs is poor access to information and contract enforcement assistance. Social networks often catalyse information exchange as well as generate trust and support. Hence, we use measures of a firm’s access to social networks as a proxy for the transaction costs the firm faces. We develop a microeconomic production model that takes into account transaction costs and networks. Using a data set of 384 Polish farms, we empirically estimate this model and compare different parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric model specifications. Our results generally support our hypothesis. Especially, large trading networks and dense household networks have a positive influence on a farm’s productivity. Furthermore, our results indicate that transaction costs have a measurable impact on the productivity ranking of the farms.

This paper analyzes the relationship between intermunicipal cooperation and efficiency of public service provision. The organizational arrangements, including self-provision, joint pro-vision or contracting, affect politicians' and bureaucrats' incentives as well as internal transaction costs. Hence, cooperation gains from scale effects have to be weighed against technical inefficiencies. We analyze wastewater disposal for a unique dataset of small and medium-sized Hessian municipalities. We employ a two-stage DEA (DEA = Data Envelopment Analysis) bootstrap approach to calculate relative efficiency measures controlling for organizational arrangements and further environmental variables. Jointly providing municipalities and contractor municipalities score lower in terms of technical efficiency than self-providing and contracting municipalities. The scope for increasing scale efficiency turns out to be limited and hence, only small municipalities may benefit from scale economies from cooperation. The findings suggest that small municipalities should rely on contracting or on joint provision with a high degree of vertical integration., In diesem Papier wird der Zusammenhang zwischen interkommunaler Zusammenarbeit und Effizienz der öffentlichen Leistungserstellung analysiert. Diejenigen Organisationsformen, die Eigenerstellung, gemeinsame Bereitstellung oder vertragliche Vergabe umfassen, beeinflussen sowohl die Anreizstrukturen für Politiker und Verwaltung als auch die internen Transaktionskosten. Folglich müssen Größenvorteile gegen technische Ineffizienzen abgewogen werden. Dazu wird die Abwasserentsorgung anhand eines singulären Datensatzes für kleine und mittlere hessische Kommunen analysiert. Hierbei kommt ein zweistufiges DEA-Bootstrap-Verfahren (DEA = Data Envelopment Analysis) zum Einsatz, um die relativen Effizienzmaße zu berechnen, wobei für die Organisationsformen und weitere Umweltvariablen kontrolliert wird. Es zeigt sich, dass gemeinsam bereitstellende Gemeinden und Auftragnehmergemeinden (d. h. Gemeinden, die das Abwasser anderer Gemeinden in eigenen Anlagen klären) hinsichtlich ihrer technischen Effizienz schlechter abschneiden als eigenerstellende Gemeinden oder auslagernde Gemeinden. Es stellt sich heraus, dass der Spielraum für eine Steigerung der Skaleneffizienz begrenzt ist, und daher möglicherweise nur kleine Gemeinden von Kooperationslösungen profitieren. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass kleine Gemeinden die vertragliche Vergabe von Leistungen oder eine in hohem Maße vertikal integrierte gemeinsame Bereitstellung bevorzugen sollten.

From the point of view of Durkheim, institutions are ways of acting, feeling and thinking, expressing any social act. Institutions have stringent action on the individual, have its own existence, independent of individual manifestations, which are distinctive for a given group, being accepted by all members. Types of social institutions are economic institutions, educational, political, cultural and family. Within institutions, communication is an inherent phenomenon.For Katz and Kahn "communication is a social process of great relevance to the functioning of each group, organization or society," the very essence of the social system or organization. The organizational structure provides stability for human communication and facilitates administrative tasks. (Rogers Everett M. and Agarwala-Rogers Rekha, 1976, p. 6). Therefore, an effective institutional communication adds value to any institution.

Depuis 1989 et la régionalisation des transports en Belgique, la Société des transports intercommunaux de Bruxelles (STIB), l’opérateur public de transport en commun à Bruxelles, a subi de nombreux changements, tant structurels qu’organisationnels. Parallèlement, l’entreprise est parvenue à améliorer sa santé financière, conformément aux objectifs fixés par l’autorité organisatrice des transports, la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. L’analyse du système d’acteurs montre que, dans une relation principal-agent caractérisée par une forte asymétrie d’information, la convergence des intérêts entre l’organe de tutelle et l’entreprise publique n'est ni naturelle, ni automatique :elle est construite. Cette construction se déroule à plusieurs niveaux et se matérialise de manière incrémentale, notamment à travers le contrat de gestion. Dans ce système de régulation, c’est le processus organisant le dialogue entre l’entreprise et sa tutelle qui produit les effets bénéfiques désirés, davantage que la valeur légale du contrat. L’interdépendance entre les actions de la Région et celles de la STIB implique des pratiques que l’on peut par ailleurs qualifier de partenariales. Enfin, l’analyse montre que la contractualisation n’est pas incompatible avec une évolution des rôles de chaque acteur.Since 1989 and the regionalization of public transports in Belgium, the Société des transports intercommunaux de Bruxelles (STIB), i.e. the public operator of urban transport in Brussels, has undergone many changes, both structural and organizational. Meanwhile, the company has managed to improve its financial health in accordance with the objectives set by the regulatory transport authority, the Region of Brussels-Capital. The analysis of the system of actors shows that, in a principal-agent relationship characterized by high information asymmetry, the convergence of interests between the supervisory authority and the public company is neither natural nor automatic: it is built. This construction, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Depuis 1989 et la régionalisation des transports en Belgique, la Société des transports intercommunaux de Bruxelles (STIB), l’opérateur public de transport en commun à Bruxelles, a subi de nombreux changements, tant structurels qu’organisationnels. Parallèlement, l’entreprise est parvenue à améliorer sa santé financière, conformément aux objectifs fixés par l’autorité organisatrice des transports, la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. L’analyse du système d’acteurs montre que, dans une relation principal-agent caractérisée par une forte asymétrie d’information, la convergence des intérêts entre l’organe de tutelle et l’entreprise publique n'est ni naturelle, ni automatique :elle est construite. Cette construction se déroule à plusieurs niveaux et se matérialise de manière incrémentale, notamment à travers le contrat de gestion. Dans ce système de régulation, c’est le processus organisant le dialogue entre l’entreprise et sa tutelle qui produit les effets bénéfiques désirés, davantage que la valeur légale du contrat. L’interdépendance entre les actions de la Région et celles de la STIB implique des pratiques que l’on peut par ailleurs qualifier de partenariales. Enfin, l’analyse montre que la contractualisation n’est pas incompatible avec une évolution des rôles de chaque acteur.Since 1989 and the regionalization of public transports in Belgium, the Société des transports intercommunaux de Bruxelles (STIB), i.e. the public operator of urban transport in Brussels, has undergone many changes, both structural and organizational. Meanwhile, the company has managed to improve its financial health in accordance with the objectives set by the regulatory transport authority, the Region of Brussels-Capital. The analysis of the system of actors shows that, in a principal-agent relationship characterized by high information asymmetry, the convergence of interests between the supervisory authority and the public company is neither natural nor automatic: it is built. This construction, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

From the point of view of Durkheim, institutions are ways of acting, feeling and thinking, expressing any social act. Institutions have stringent action on the individual, have its own existence, independent of individual manifestations, which are distinctive for a given group, being accepted by all members. Types of social institutions are economic institutions, educational, political, cultural and family. Within institutions, communication is an inherent phenomenon.For Katz and Kahn "communication is a social process of great relevance to the functioning of each group, organization or society," the very essence of the social system or organization. The organizational structure provides stability for human communication and facilitates administrative tasks. (Rogers Everett M. and Agarwala-Rogers Rekha, 1976, p. 6). Therefore, an effective institutional communication adds value to any institution.

Recent field evidence suggests a positive link between overconfidence and innovative activities. In this paper we argue that the connection between overconfidence and innovation is more complex than the previous literature suggests. In particular, we show theoretically and experimentally that different forms of overconfidence may have opposing effects on innovative activity. While overoptimism leads to an innovation enhancing effect, judgmental overconfidence inhibits innovation. Our results indicate that future research is well advised to take into account that the relationship between innovation and overconfidence may crucially depend on what type of overconfidence is most prevalent in a particular context.

Because of the central importance of higher education and its long-turn positive extern effects on the whole society, the government often might wish to enforce its will on the universities through the subsidy it provides to them. Thus the question arises: what are the welfare consequences of state subsidies offered to universities? I try to answer this question with the recently developed tools of the so-called reference point theory, established by Oliver Hart and his coauthors. In my model the two participants are the government and the university. The university is controlled exclusively by a rector and the representative of the government is the administrator. The objective of the administrator is to maximize public welfare, whereas the rector maximizes her own payoff. The administrator offers a subsidy that comes together with the obligation to fulfill the state's instructions. Since these ‘handcuffs’ are usually against the rector's own interest, but subsidy is valuable to the rector, there is a tradeoff. I investigate the optimal behavior of the rector in two cases: a private university and a state owned public university. In spite of the simplified assumptions, this setup undoubtedly shows the ambiguous nature of subsidies.

Because of the central importance of higher education and its long-turn positive extern effects on the whole society, the government often might wish to enforce its will on the universities through the subsidy it provides to them. Thus the question arises: what are the welfare consequences of state subsidies offered to universities? I try to answer this question with the recently developed tools of the so-called reference point theory, established by Oliver Hart and his coauthors. In my model the two participants are the government and the university. The university is controlled exclusively by a rector and the representative of the government is the administrator. The objective of the administrator is to maximize public welfare, whereas the rector maximizes her own payoff. The administrator offers a subsidy that comes together with the obligation to fulfill the state's instructions. Since these ‘handcuffs’ are usually against the rector's own interest, but subsidy is valuable to the rector, there is a tradeoff. I investigate the optimal behavior of the rector in two cases: a private university and a state owned public university. In spite of the simplified assumptions, this setup undoubtedly shows the ambiguous nature of subsidies.

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

the new institutionalism is a new theory of The economic science over there have been modificated some parameters of the neoclassic school: collectivization agents, complete rationality and static economic; originate in this way a new current in that multidisciplinary character with others social sciences is the principal methodology aspect. Concepts just as institutions, property right, transition costs and contracts shape a school that have world academy recognition and one of his applications more practice and objective as the camp of the policy is highly correct for the present and future of Colombian.The principal objective of this document is to sketch an approximation a the Colombian reality to using the theories and methodologies budgets about new institutionalism; starting of a basic conceptualization to trace as this theory might to be utilized in the Colombian case, for a preliminary outline of public policies aplicatables an our country., El Neoinstitucionalismo es una nueva teoría de la ciencia económica donde se han modificado algunos parámetros de la escuela neoclásica: colectivización de los agentes, racionalidad completa y economía estática, originándose así una nueva corriente en la que el carácter multidisciplinar con otras ciencias sociales es el principal aspecto metodológico. Conceptos como instituciones, derechos de propiedad, costos de transacción y contratos configuran una escuela que ha tenido reconocimiento académico mundial y una de sus aplicaciones más prácticas y objetivas, como es el campo de la política, es altamente acertada para el presente y futuro de Colombia.El objetivo principal de este escrito es bosquejar una aproximación a la realidad colombiana utilizando los presupuestos teóricos y metodológicos del neo institucionalismo empezando desde una conceptualización básica a trazar cómo esta teoría podría ser utilizada en el caso colombiano, para un delineamiento preliminar de políticas públicas aplicables a nuestro país.

the new institutionalism is a new theory of The economic science over there have been modificated some parameters of the neoclassic school: collectivization agents, complete rationality and static economic; originate in this way a new current in that multidisciplinary character with others social sciences is the principal methodology aspect. Concepts just as institutions, property right, transition costs and contracts shape a school that have world academy recognition and one of his applications more practice and objective as the camp of the policy is highly correct for the present and future of Colombian.The principal objective of this document is to sketch an approximation a the Colombian reality to using the theories and methodologies budgets about new institutionalism; starting of a basic conceptualization to trace as this theory might to be utilized in the Colombian case, for a preliminary outline of public policies aplicatables an our country., El Neoinstitucionalismo es una nueva teoría de la ciencia económica donde se han modificado algunos parámetros de la escuela neoclásica: colectivización de los agentes, racionalidad completa y economía estática, originándose así una nueva corriente en la que el carácter multidisciplinar con otras ciencias sociales es el principal aspecto metodológico. Conceptos como instituciones, derechos de propiedad, costos de transacción y contratos configuran una escuela que ha tenido reconocimiento académico mundial y una de sus aplicaciones más prácticas y objetivas, como es el campo de la política, es altamente acertada para el presente y futuro de Colombia.El objetivo principal de este escrito es bosquejar una aproximación a la realidad colombiana utilizando los presupuestos teóricos y metodológicos del neo institucionalismo empezando desde una conceptualización básica a trazar cómo esta teoría podría ser utilizada en el caso colombiano, para un delineamiento preliminar de políticas públicas aplicables a nuestro país.

Because of the central importance of higher education and its long-turn positive extern effects on the whole society, the government often might wish to enforce its will on the universities through the subsidy it provides to them. Thus the question arises: what are the welfare consequences of state subsidies offered to universities? I try to answer this question with the recently developed tools of the so-called reference point theory, established by Oliver Hart and his coauthors. In my model the two participants are the government and the university. The university is controlled exclusively by a rector and the representative of the government is the administrator. The objective of the administrator is to maximize public welfare, whereas the rector maximizes her own payoff. The administrator offers a subsidy that comes together with the obligation to fulfill the state's instructions. Since these ‘handcuffs’ are usually against the rector's own interest, but subsidy is valuable to the rector, there is a tradeoff. I investigate the optimal behavior of the rector in two cases: a private university and a state owned public university. In spite of the simplified assumptions, this setup undoubtedly shows the ambiguous nature of subsidies.

Because of the central importance of higher education and its long-turn positive extern effects on the whole society, the government often might wish to enforce its will on the universities through the subsidy it provides to them. Thus the question arises: what are the welfare consequences of state subsidies offered to universities? I try to answer this question with the recently developed tools of the so-called reference point theory, established by Oliver Hart and his coauthors. In my model the two participants are the government and the university. The university is controlled exclusively by a rector and the representative of the government is the administrator. The objective of the administrator is to maximize public welfare, whereas the rector maximizes her own payoff. The administrator offers a subsidy that comes together with the obligation to fulfill the state's instructions. Since these ‘handcuffs’ are usually against the rector's own interest, but subsidy is valuable to the rector, there is a tradeoff. I investigate the optimal behavior of the rector in two cases: a private university and a state owned public university. In spite of the simplified assumptions, this setup undoubtedly shows the ambiguous nature of subsidies.

Because of the central importance of higher education and its long-turn positive extern effects on the whole society, the government often might wish to enforce its will on the universities through the subsidy it provides to them. Thus the question arises: what are the welfare consequences of state subsidies offered to universities? I try to answer this question with the recently developed tools of the so-called reference point theory, established by Oliver Hart and his coauthors. In my model the two participants are the government and the university. The university is controlled exclusively by a rector and the representative of the government is the administrator. The objective of the administrator is to maximize public welfare, whereas the rector maximizes her own payoff. The administrator offers a subsidy that comes together with the obligation to fulfill the state's instructions. Since these ‘handcuffs’ are usually against the rector's own interest, but subsidy is valuable to the rector, there is a tradeoff. I investigate the optimal behavior of the rector in two cases: a private university and a state owned public university. In spite of the simplified assumptions, this setup undoubtedly shows the ambiguous nature of subsidies.

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Because of the central importance of higher education and its long-turn positive extern effects on the whole society, the government often might wish to enforce its will on the universities through the subsidy it provides to them. Thus the question arises: what are the welfare consequences of state subsidies offered to universities? I try to answer this question with the recently developed tools of the so-called reference point theory, established by Oliver Hart and his coauthors. In my model the two participants are the government and the university. The university is controlled exclusively by a rector and the representative of the government is the administrator. The objective of the administrator is to maximize public welfare, whereas the rector maximizes her own payoff. The administrator offers a subsidy that comes together with the obligation to fulfill the state's instructions. Since these ‘handcuffs’ are usually against the rector's own interest, but subsidy is valuable to the rector, there is a tradeoff. I investigate the optimal behavior of the rector in two cases: a private university and a state owned public university. In spite of the simplified assumptions, this setup undoubtedly shows the ambiguous nature of subsidies.

In the present context marked by ever increasing global climate changes, the use of irrigations in agriculture represents not only an option but more and more a necessity for ensuring a higher yield of agricultural products whose demand increases every year based on population growth. The present paper focuses on the specific elements of the irrigation systems from Brăila County, the way the farmers have access to and the different implications derived by using these systems. The paper turns to quantitative analysis of available statistical data and qualitative analysis of the interviews with local farmers focused on economic efficiency of the water used for irrigations.