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This thesis tackles the impact of cyber-attacks on the International Relations of the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It argues that the impact can be understood from the realist perspective by analyzing two case studies in each one of the above-mentioned countries that reveal how cyber-attacks reflect power and threaten state security. It analyzes the effect of data breaches in both the private and public sectors of the UAE and KSA by showing how they culminate in economic repercussions and risks to the international relations of states. Finally, this thesis advances some recommendations that can contribute to a de-escalation of disputes and tensions among states.

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., (1.) Journalist DAVID SANGER, chief Washington correspondent for The New York Times. He'll discuss what the Wikileaks cables reveal about President Obama's approach to diplomacy with countries such as Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Russia, China and North Korea. SANGER wrote about it in the Week in Review section of the Sunday, December 5th New York Times. (THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES THRU THE END OF THE SHOW).

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., INT. 1:JOSEPH SHABALALA (shah-bah-lah-lah), leader of the South African vocal group Ladysmith Black Mambazo. His group came to American attention following their performances on Paul Simon's album, "Graceland." Ladysmith Black Mambazo's new album is called "Two Worlds, One Heart." REV. 1: ***PRE-EMPTED FOR EXTENDED INTERVIEW 2*** INT. 2:JAMES ADAMS, the defense correspondent for The Sunday Times of London, He's been covering the war from the Pentagon, and he'll tell us the mood there concerning the Soviet peace offerings. INT. 3:Terry talks with ALEX MOLNAR. He's the founder of the "Military Families Support Network," a support group that's very critical of the Gulf war and the government's handling of the war.

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., INT. 1:Jazz vocalist BETTY CARTER. After a four decade career and three Grammy nominations, Carter has a new album out called "Droppin Things." It's on the Polygram label. REV. 1:Classical Music critic Lloyd Schwartz reviews a new compact disc series called "Broadway Gold." It features reissues of original cast recordings for shows like "Oklahoma," "The King and I," and "Carousel." (It's on MCA records). INT. 2:Roger Fisher, director of the Harvard Negotiation Project and Professor of Law at Harvard. He's the co-author "Getting to YES: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving in." He's proposed a series of negotiations to avoid war in the Persian Gulf. REV. 2:Linguist Geoff Nunberg explores the place factoids have in our lives. They're those bits of information that pass off for facts but aren't actually verifiable. (an example he gives is how much Americans spend a day on tortilla chips).

Episode of Public Affairs Roundtable discussion program hosted by Larry Lough and produced by John Rouse for WIPB-TV. Episode includes a discussion of violence in Gaza and the West Bank and the role of the United States in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict., This archival material has been provided for educational purposes. Ball State University Libraries recognizes that some historic items may include offensive content. Our statement regarding objectionable content is available at: https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/about

Spencer Eddy believes there is still a chance to negotiate with the "brigands."

Emperor Meiji was touched by President Roosevelt's concern for Jutaro Komura and thanks Roosevelt for his role in negotiating peace between Russia and Japan.

President Roosevelt is opposed to arbitration in the Alaska boundary dispute but is willing to appoint three commissioners to meet with commissioners from Canada and Great Britain. However, Roosevelt believes that the Canadian claim is "wholly false" and he does not want to yield on American claims. Secretary of War Elihu Root has been secretly strengthening the garrisons near the disputed territory.

Charles Denby advises Secretary of State Root that a matter involving the Chinese Minister and the members of the Chinese Commission should be given no further attention in order to avoid possible offense by the Peking government.

Russia and Japan have settled their disagreement over indemnities, splitting Sakhalin and removing demand of payment. Each country believed itself in the more favorable position for negotiations. George von Lengerke Meyer congratulates President Roosevelt for negotiating the peace settlement.

Ambassador Meyer warns that reformers in Russia want to postpone peace, which may have an effect on Japan's terms for peace.

Emperor Nicholas II has appointed N. V. Murav'ev as first plenipotentiary in place of Alexander Ivanovitch Nelidov and Roman Romanovich Rosen as second plenipotentiary. The Imperial Government reserves the right to appoint special delegates for the examination of special questions that occur during the course of negotiations.

President Roosevelt compliments Silas McBee's editorial and was himself hesitant to mention the government's activities related to the Panamanian revolution. There have been rumors that Philippe Bunau-Varilla advised the Panamanian revolutionaries of American intentions. However, Bunau-Varilla received no encouragement from Roosevelt or William H. Taft. Bunau-Varilla simply forecasted American interference based on previous actions.

James Stillman compliments President Roosevelt on his good reputation in Europe and commends Roosevelt's success in encouraging the peace talks resolving the Russo-Japanese War.

Ambassador Reid encloses two resolutions from English organizations congratulating President Roosevelt on his services in regard to the conference of Portsmouth.

President Roosevelt authorizes a message to Czar Nicholas II encouraging Russia to make peace with Japan.

Albert J. Beveridge congratulates President Roosevelt on the peace negotiated between Russia and Japan, a "wonderful triumph in world statesmanship." Beveridge will be visiting with the Pinchots and then will hopes to visit Roosevelt in New York.

Cecil Spring Rice relays a speech the Marquess of Lansdowne gave before the English government. Lansdowne urged the English government to use its influence to help bring peace to the conflict between Russia and Japan. Rice discusses the issues influencing the actions of Russia and Japan, including the history and balance of power in Europe.

Alvey A. Adee sends to Benjamin F. Barnes a note from the Chinese Minister for President Roosevelt to review. The Chinese government will not recognize as valid any provision affecting China, without previous approval, that may be contained in a peace treaty between Japan and Russia.

John Callan O'Laughlin had a conversation with Sergei Vitte, and Vitte says that Russia will not pay an indemnity or $750,000,000. Russia will not ask for an armistice and if Japanese terms are reasonable, he will accept them in one day.

Baron Jutarō Komura has been appointed one of the plenipotentiaries by Japan. Komura is a respected man and his appointment as a plenipotentiary may demonstrate Japan's sincere desire to come to terms of peace.

Minister Takahira is requesting confirmation of news reports that the Russians have replaced their current plenipotentiary and clarification as to whether Baron Rosen, Minister Pokotilov, or some other appointment should be considered the senior member of the Russian Commission.

Secretary of State Hay sends President Roosevelt a dispatch, which shows the desire of German Emperor William II to be on good terms with both combatants of the Russo-Japanese War. Hay writes that Baron Kogoro Takahira attributes this to Roosevelt's recent actions.

A series of events has brought the Panama Canal within reach and William Nelson Cromwell believes there are only two things that halt the canal; failing to hold the Panama purchase and failure to hold Colombia to its obligations. It is clear that Colombia has been acting in bad faith thus justifying any "consequent action" by the United States. Cromwell is confident that President Roosevelt can handle the situation.

Herbert H. D. Peirce forwards a message from Baron Komura to President Roosevelt. Komura states that Japan has removed all demands for reimbursement, Russia and Japan have agreed on a division of Sakhalin, and diplomats are now discussing details of the arrangement.

Secretary of State Hay describes the German-American understanding that the Monroe Doctrine prevents European powers from acquiring territory in the Americas and that Germany will not seize any territory due to the ongoing dispute with Venezuela.

Governor McLane writes to Assistant Secretary of State Peirce regarding an article about the Japan-Russia peace envoys in New Hampshire.

President Roosevelt sends Cecil Spring Rice the text of two letters that he sent to Kentarō Kaneko, a member of the Japanese delegation in the peace talks to end the Russo-Japanese War. He urged Kaneko and Japan to accept a peace agreement, rather than simply continuing the war in hopes of getting a large sum of money from Russia in the form of an indemnity. Roosevelt believes that without his intervention, Russia and Japan could not have made peace.

Minister to China Conger reports to Secretary of State Hay that China strongly wishes the United States to take an active role in brokering peace between Japan and Russia. In particular, Conger believes it would be beneficial for the United States to guarantee transfer of the railway in Manchuria to China, rather than Japan.

President Roosevelt thanks Paul Morton for both the telegram congratulating him for his role in the peace negotiations between Japan and Russia, and for a letter in which Morton made "most admirable suggestions." Roosevelt is pleased that although he is no longer the Secretary of the Navy, Morton is still helping him.

President Roosevelt is against breaking off negotiations with the British over the Alaskan boundary, even if the British request extra time for the presentation of arguments.

President Roosevelt provides updates on the Post Office investigation and the Alaska boundary dispute. Roosevelt would prefer that the Alaska negotiations end before the presidential campaign.

Due to poor negotiations with the British and Canadians, President Roosevelt intends to announce that the United States will claim and occupy all disputed territory. However, Roosevelt will speak mildly and make no threats. Roosevelt is pleased with the improving conditions in the business world and will be reviewing the naval squadron tomorrow.

President Roosevelt is pleased with the arbitration of the Alaska boundary dispute. The Canadians are complaining that they should have had treaty making powers but Roosevelt believes that if they did then Canada would have received even less.

Theodore Roosevelt thanks John Campbell Greenway for the telegram. He is distressed at the events on the Mexican-American border that resulted in the death of Americans. Roosevelt would have handled the incident much more aggressively.

Using his access to Theodore Roosevelt's correspondence, Joseph Bucklin Bishop examines the events, decisions, and actions that brought about the Treaty of Portsmouth and ended the Russo-Japanese War on September 5, 1905. Bishop primarily focuses on Roosevelt's work to bring about peace; work that earned Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize.

Gifford Pinchot offers his opinions on the 1918 midterm elections, which are happening at the same time as negotiations to end World War I. President Wilson described the elections as a referendum on his leadership, and hopes that the American public will return a Democratic majority in both houses. Pinchot believes that Americans are calling for Germany's unconditional surrender, not the "peace without victory" being pursued by Wilson, so he hopes that a Republican Congress will be elected and that the country will "stop talking peace and get on with war."

Gifford Pinchot drafts notes on President Wilson's appeal for the return of a Democratic Congress in the 1918 midterm elections. Pinchot believes that Wilson's interference is threatening the core principles of democratic government. He also notes that the Republicans have been leading, not following the administration's war efforts, and that by returning a Republican Congress the American people would be showing their determination to fight through to "complete victory."

Expressing concern about the trouble that maintaining loyalty to ancestral homelands brings, Theodore Roosevelt responds to Bernard H. Ridder agreeing with his stance that American citizens with German origins should not be held responsible for matters of the German state, like the Rohrbach matter. Roosevelt is also open to accepting and adopting Ritter's position that the United States failed to do its duty and become the peacemaker in matters with Germany.

Second Assistant Secretary of State Adee reports that he has had a visit from the Japanese minister who left him copies of two telegrams from the Japanese foreign office concerning Russia's violation of China's neutrality and Japan's threat to take matters into its own hands. Adee encloses these two telegrams along with a copy of the memorandum of the interview that took place between himself and the Japanese minister.

Commissioner Roosevelt appreciates Captain Cowles's letter to Ted Roosevelt and has been enjoying the Hakluyt volumes. He is interested in the Venezuelan crisis and does not want the government to back down. If there is a war with Great Britain, Roosevelt intends to take part.

President Roosevelt provides Ambassador Meyer with a statement for the Russian government encouraging them to accept a meeting to discuss terms of peace with Japan.

President Roosevelt encourages Minister William Woodville Rockhill to influence his contacts in the Chinese administration to address their handling of the boycott and the Canton-Hankow Railroad concession if they want to gain favor with the U.S. Congress.

Ambassador Herbert Wolcott Bowen is working with Hermann Speck von Sternburg to limit Germany's monetary demands against Venezuela. Ambassador Bowen, who is ill with influenza, has requested a meeting with Secretary of State Hay.

Secretary of State Hay reports that the State Department is waiting on a report from the United States Ambassador in Brazil to discover why Brazil is opposing the Conway-Whitridge concession. Hay is waiting on the Ambassador's reply before taking further action.

Alvey A. Adee writes to William Loeb concerning Ambassador Robert Sanderson McCormick's instruction that protested the decision of the Russian court about the USS Arabia . Instructions were sent to embassies in Europe and Japan.

Whitelaw Reid writes to President Roosevelt to discuss Roosevelt's correspondence with the Japanese, Russian, and British governments during the peace negotiations. Reid commends Roosevelt and asks permission to share the correspondence with Lord Lansdowne and King Edward.

Walter Wellman offers suggestions for a Russo-Japanese peace agreement. Japan should pay Russia for Sakhalin, and Russia should pay Japan a lesser amount to establish railroads in Manchuria and Korea, as well as contributing to the international commission fund for the Chinese International Railway connecting to the transcontinental lines. A note indicates that Wellman sent his proposal to the plenipotentiaries for both countries.

Ambassador Meyer met with Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, who refuses to pay war indemnities to Japan. The Emperor would prefer to lose part of Sakhalin rather than pay any money to Japan. William II, German Emperor, is encouraging the Emperor to make peace.

President Roosevelt writes to his son Kermit about the difficulties of negotiating peace between Russia and Japan. They wish to conduct the talks in Washington but Roosevelt feels it would be better at the Hague. Roosevelt relates the text of a letter Archie sent him and instructs Kermit to meet him at Bishop Lawrence's on the 27th.