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[Background & Aims] The response of patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) to COVID-19 vaccines remains unclear. Our aim was to assess the humoral immune response and efficacy of two-dose COVID-19 vaccines among patients with CLD of different aetiologies and disease stages., [Methods] A total of 357 patients were recruited in clinical centres from six European countries, and 132 healthy volunteers served as controls. Serum IgG (nM), IgM (nM), and neutralising antibodies (%) against the Wuhan-Hu-1, B.1.617, and B.1.1.529 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins were determined before vaccination (T0) and 14 days (T2) and 6 months (T3) after the second-dose vaccination. Patients fulfilling inclusion criteria at T2 (n = 212) were stratified into ‘low’ or ‘high’ responders according to IgG levels. Infection rates and severity were collected throughout the study., [Results] Wuhan-Hu-1 IgG, IgM, and neutralisation levels significantly increased from T0 to T2 in patients vaccinated with BNT162b2 (70.3%), mRNA-1273 (18.9%), or ChAdOx1 (10.8%). In multivariate analysis, age, cirrhosis, and type of vaccine (ChAdOx1 > BNT162b2 > mRNA-1273) predicted ‘low’ humoral response, whereas viral hepatitis and antiviral therapy predicted ‘high’ humoral response. Compared with Wuhan-Hu-1, B.1.617 and, further, B.1.1.529 IgG levels were significantly lower at both T2 and T3. Compared with healthy individuals, patients with CLD presented with lower B.1.1.529 IgGs at T2 with no additional key differences. No major clinical or immune IgG parameters associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection rates or vaccine efficacy., [Conclusions] Patients with CLD and cirrhosis exhibit lower immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination, irrespective of disease aetiology. The type of vaccine leads to different antibody responses that appear not to associate with distinct efficacy, although this needs validation in larger cohorts with a more balanced representation of all vaccines., [Impact and Implications] In patients with CLD vaccinated with two-dose vaccines, age, cirrhosis, and type of vaccine (Vaxzevria > Pfizer BioNTech > Moderna) predict a ‘lower’ humoral response, whereas viral hepatitis aetiology and prior antiviral therapy predict a ‘higher’ humoral response. This differential response appears not to associate with SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence or vaccine efficacy. However, compared with Wuhan-Hu-1, humoral immunity was lower for the Delta and Omicron variants, and all decreased after 6 months. As such, patients with CLD, particularly those older and with cirrhosis, should be prioritised for receiving booster doses and/or recently approved adapted vaccines.

Network analysis was used to analyse steady-state models of the food webs of two intertidat mudflat ecosystems: Aiguillon Cove and Brouage Mudflat, on the South-Western Atlantic Coast of France. The aim was to highlight emergent properties of food-web functioning in these two ecosystems and to compare these properties with other coastal ecosystems. Both ecosystems imported detritus in parallel to a high benthic primary production. They were characterised by a high diversity of resources. Both also exported living material, leading to a high quality production, quantified as export of Exergy. This export was mainly composed of cultivated bivalves during the cold season for Brouage Mudflat, and of the migration of grazing fish in Aiguillon Cove during the warm season. Their internal organization was characterised by short pathways, high recycling, high redundancy and low net ecosystem production, compared to the other systems selected. These characteristics, encountered in many estuaries, presented less extreme values. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network analysis was used to analyse steady-state models of the food webs of two intertidat mudflat ecosystems: Aiguillon Cove and Brouage Mudflat, on the South-Western Atlantic Coast of France. The aim was to highlight emergent properties of food-web functioning in these two ecosystems and to compare these properties with other coastal ecosystems. Both ecosystems imported detritus in parallel to a high benthic primary production. They were characterised by a high diversity of resources. Both also exported living material, leading to a high quality production, quantified as export of Exergy. This export was mainly composed of cultivated bivalves during the cold season for Brouage Mudflat, and of the migration of grazing fish in Aiguillon Cove during the warm season. Their internal organization was characterised by short pathways, high recycling, high redundancy and low net ecosystem production, compared to the other systems selected. These characteristics, encountered in many estuaries, presented less extreme values. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network analysis was used to analyse steady-state models of the food webs of two intertidat mudflat ecosystems: Aiguillon Cove and Brouage Mudflat, on the South-Western Atlantic Coast of France. The aim was to highlight emergent properties of food-web functioning in these two ecosystems and to compare these properties with other coastal ecosystems. Both ecosystems imported detritus in parallel to a high benthic primary production. They were characterised by a high diversity of resources. Both also exported living material, leading to a high quality production, quantified as export of Exergy. This export was mainly composed of cultivated bivalves during the cold season for Brouage Mudflat, and of the migration of grazing fish in Aiguillon Cove during the warm season. Their internal organization was characterised by short pathways, high recycling, high redundancy and low net ecosystem production, compared to the other systems selected. These characteristics, encountered in many estuaries, presented less extreme values. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Aiguillon Cove has been preserved as Natural Reserves since 1996 and 1999 for its international importance as wintering areas for waterbirds. The benthic communities of this a macrotidal bay were still little studied. In order to understand the spatial pattern and the dynamics of the main compartments of its trophic network, two cartographies were carried out at the time of the departure (March) and the arrival (October) of the waders. A monthly study was carried out too in three stations of the upper mudflat. The spatio-temporal homogeneity of the granulometry of the sediments and the strong seasonal variation of the salinity of pore water were highlighted. The molluscs' diversity is low, especially on the upper mudflat where abundance of Hydrobia ulvae and biomass of Scrobicularia plana dominate. Various facies of the "Macoma balthica ¿ community" are present according to hypsometry, the average diameter of the sediments and salinity. The total mollusc stock exceeds 11.000 tons of fresh mass with shell for the 37,45 km ² of the cove. Approximately 3% of this stock constitutes the available ash free dry mass, represented by 62 to 83% of S. plana. The ingestible and profitable ash free dry mass ash for short bill waders reached 48 tons in March and 105 tons in October. 27% of the bivalves' biomasses are accessible to short bill waders and 97% to long bill waders. The long-lived bivalves, S. plana and M. balthica have a turnover time from 1 to 5 years, while Abra tenuis renews its populations in 5 months. The recruitments spread out over the year for S. plana and over spring for M. balthica and A. tenuis. But bivalves' population undergone strong eliminations partly related to the waders predation. The waders wintering on the Aiguillon Cove reach 41.000 individuals, including 57% of Dunlins, which, with Black-tailed Godwits, Knots and Avocets, are more numerous than the international importance threshold. The phenology of their migrations is complex with successi, L'anse de l'Aiguillon, mise en Réserves Naturelles en 1996 et 1999 pour son importance internationale pour l'accueil des oiseaux d'eau, est une baie macrotidale dont les peuplements benthiques étaient jusqu'à présent peu étudiés. Afin de comprendre la structure spatiale et la dynamique des principaux compartiments de son réseau trophique, deux cartographies au moment du départ (mars) et de l'arrivée (octobre) des limicoles, ainsi qu'un suivi mensuel en trois stations de la haute slikke ont été réalisés. L'homogénéité spatiale et temporelle de la granulométrie des sédiments et la forte saisonnalité de la salinité de l'eau interstitielle ont été mises en évidence. La diversité des mollusques est faible en moyenne, mais plus élevée sur la basse slikke et le chenal de Marans. La régularité est très faible sur la haute slikke où dominent Hydrobia ulvae en abondance et Scrobicularia plana en biomasse. Différents faciès du peuplement à Macoma balthica se distinguent selon l'hypsométrie, le diamètre moyen des sédiments et la salinité. Le stock total de mollusques dépasse 11 000 tonnes de masse fraîche avec coquille pour les 37,45 km² de l'anse. La biomasse sèche sans cendres disponible atteint 367 tonnes en mars et 331 tonnes en octobre, dont 62 à 83 % de S. plana. La biomasse sèche sans cendres ingestible et profitable aux limicoles à bec court atteint 48 tonnes en mars et 105 tonnes en octobre. 27 % des biomasses en bivalves sont accessibles aux limicoles à bec court et 97 % à ceux à bec long. Les bivalves longévifs, S. plana et M. balthica ont un temps de renouvellement de 1 à 5 ans, tandis qu'Abra tenuis renouvelle ses populations en 5 mois. Les recrutements, étalés sur l'année pour S. plana et sur le printemps pour M. balthica et A. tenuis, sont marqués par de fortes éliminations en partie liées à la prédation par les limicoles. Ceux-ci atteignent 41 000 individus en hivernage sur l'anse de l'Aiguillon, dont 57 % de Bécasseaux variables, qui, avec les Barges à queue no

The Aiguillon Cove has been preserved as Natural Reserves since 1996 and 1999 for its international importance as wintering areas for waterbirds. The benthic communities of this a macrotidal bay were still little studied. In order to understand the spatial pattern and the dynamics of the main compartments of its trophic network, two cartographies were carried out at the time of the departure (March) and the arrival (October) of the waders. A monthly study was carried out too in three stations of the upper mudflat. The spatio-temporal homogeneity of the granulometry of the sediments and the strong seasonal variation of the salinity of pore water were highlighted. The molluscs' diversity is low, especially on the upper mudflat where abundance of Hydrobia ulvae and biomass of Scrobicularia plana dominate. Various facies of the "Macoma balthica ¿ community" are present according to hypsometry, the average diameter of the sediments and salinity. The total mollusc stock exceeds 11.000 tons of fresh mass with shell for the 37,45 km ² of the cove. Approximately 3% of this stock constitutes the available ash free dry mass, represented by 62 to 83% of S. plana. The ingestible and profitable ash free dry mass ash for short bill waders reached 48 tons in March and 105 tons in October. 27% of the bivalves' biomasses are accessible to short bill waders and 97% to long bill waders. The long-lived bivalves, S. plana and M. balthica have a turnover time from 1 to 5 years, while Abra tenuis renews its populations in 5 months. The recruitments spread out over the year for S. plana and over spring for M. balthica and A. tenuis. But bivalves' population undergone strong eliminations partly related to the waders predation. The waders wintering on the Aiguillon Cove reach 41.000 individuals, including 57% of Dunlins, which, with Black-tailed Godwits, Knots and Avocets, are more numerous than the international importance threshold. The phenology of their migrations is complex with successi, L'anse de l'Aiguillon, mise en Réserves Naturelles en 1996 et 1999 pour son importance internationale pour l'accueil des oiseaux d'eau, est une baie macrotidale dont les peuplements benthiques étaient jusqu'à présent peu étudiés. Afin de comprendre la structure spatiale et la dynamique des principaux compartiments de son réseau trophique, deux cartographies au moment du départ (mars) et de l'arrivée (octobre) des limicoles, ainsi qu'un suivi mensuel en trois stations de la haute slikke ont été réalisés. L'homogénéité spatiale et temporelle de la granulométrie des sédiments et la forte saisonnalité de la salinité de l'eau interstitielle ont été mises en évidence. La diversité des mollusques est faible en moyenne, mais plus élevée sur la basse slikke et le chenal de Marans. La régularité est très faible sur la haute slikke où dominent Hydrobia ulvae en abondance et Scrobicularia plana en biomasse. Différents faciès du peuplement à Macoma balthica se distinguent selon l'hypsométrie, le diamètre moyen des sédiments et la salinité. Le stock total de mollusques dépasse 11 000 tonnes de masse fraîche avec coquille pour les 37,45 km² de l'anse. La biomasse sèche sans cendres disponible atteint 367 tonnes en mars et 331 tonnes en octobre, dont 62 à 83 % de S. plana. La biomasse sèche sans cendres ingestible et profitable aux limicoles à bec court atteint 48 tonnes en mars et 105 tonnes en octobre. 27 % des biomasses en bivalves sont accessibles aux limicoles à bec court et 97 % à ceux à bec long. Les bivalves longévifs, S. plana et M. balthica ont un temps de renouvellement de 1 à 5 ans, tandis qu'Abra tenuis renouvelle ses populations en 5 mois. Les recrutements, étalés sur l'année pour S. plana et sur le printemps pour M. balthica et A. tenuis, sont marqués par de fortes éliminations en partie liées à la prédation par les limicoles. Ceux-ci atteignent 41 000 individus en hivernage sur l'anse de l'Aiguillon, dont 57 % de Bécasseaux variables, qui, avec les Barges à queue no

Inverse analysis was used to model the food webs of two intertidal mudflat ecosystems: Aiguillon Cove (AC) and Brouage Mudflat (BM) (south-western Atlantic coast, France). The aim of the present study is to describe and compare the functioning of these two ecosystems. The method of inverse analysis has been adapted in order to take into account, in a single calculation, two seasons: spring/summer (mid-March to mid-October) and autumn/winter (the rest of the year). Gathering all available data on the two sites, the most important gaps in knowledge were identified with the help of sensitivity analyses: they concerned mainly the exports of material by grazing fish (such as mullet Liza ramada), resuspension of microphytobenthos, and fluxes linked to microfauna which is poorly known for the two systems. The two sites presented the same overall type of functioning (net import of detritus, export of living organic material and higher faunal activity during spring/summer). In both ecosystems, primary production was dominated by the microphytobenthic production, of which a great part was exported via water-column advection and biotic vectors (grazing fish), while many secondary producers also used detritus as a food resource. Each system also had its own characteristics, one BM being much more seasonally driven than the other AC. It appeared essential to take the seasons into account, as variations in microphytobenthos production and in meiofauna, macrofauna and biotic vectors led to great differences in the food-web organisation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Aiguillon Cove has been preserved as Natural Reserves since 1996 and 1999 for its international importance as wintering areas for waterbirds. The benthic communities of this a macrotidal bay were still little studied. In order to understand the spatial pattern and the dynamics of the main compartments of its trophic network, two cartographies were carried out at the time of the departure (March) and the arrival (October) of the waders. A monthly study was carried out too in three stations of the upper mudflat. The spatio-temporal homogeneity of the granulometry of the sediments and the strong seasonal variation of the salinity of pore water were highlighted. The molluscs' diversity is low, especially on the upper mudflat where abundance of Hydrobia ulvae and biomass of Scrobicularia plana dominate. Various facies of the "Macoma balthica ¿ community" are present according to hypsometry, the average diameter of the sediments and salinity. The total mollusc stock exceeds 11.000 tons of fresh mass with shell for the 37,45 km ² of the cove. Approximately 3% of this stock constitutes the available ash free dry mass, represented by 62 to 83% of S. plana. The ingestible and profitable ash free dry mass ash for short bill waders reached 48 tons in March and 105 tons in October. 27% of the bivalves' biomasses are accessible to short bill waders and 97% to long bill waders. The long-lived bivalves, S. plana and M. balthica have a turnover time from 1 to 5 years, while Abra tenuis renews its populations in 5 months. The recruitments spread out over the year for S. plana and over spring for M. balthica and A. tenuis. But bivalves' population undergone strong eliminations partly related to the waders predation. The waders wintering on the Aiguillon Cove reach 41.000 individuals, including 57% of Dunlins, which, with Black-tailed Godwits, Knots and Avocets, are more numerous than the international importance threshold. The phenology of their migrations is complex with successi, L'anse de l'Aiguillon, mise en Réserves Naturelles en 1996 et 1999 pour son importance internationale pour l'accueil des oiseaux d'eau, est une baie macrotidale dont les peuplements benthiques étaient jusqu'à présent peu étudiés. Afin de comprendre la structure spatiale et la dynamique des principaux compartiments de son réseau trophique, deux cartographies au moment du départ (mars) et de l'arrivée (octobre) des limicoles, ainsi qu'un suivi mensuel en trois stations de la haute slikke ont été réalisés. L'homogénéité spatiale et temporelle de la granulométrie des sédiments et la forte saisonnalité de la salinité de l'eau interstitielle ont été mises en évidence. La diversité des mollusques est faible en moyenne, mais plus élevée sur la basse slikke et le chenal de Marans. La régularité est très faible sur la haute slikke où dominent Hydrobia ulvae en abondance et Scrobicularia plana en biomasse. Différents faciès du peuplement à Macoma balthica se distinguent selon l'hypsométrie, le diamètre moyen des sédiments et la salinité. Le stock total de mollusques dépasse 11 000 tonnes de masse fraîche avec coquille pour les 37,45 km² de l'anse. La biomasse sèche sans cendres disponible atteint 367 tonnes en mars et 331 tonnes en octobre, dont 62 à 83 % de S. plana. La biomasse sèche sans cendres ingestible et profitable aux limicoles à bec court atteint 48 tonnes en mars et 105 tonnes en octobre. 27 % des biomasses en bivalves sont accessibles aux limicoles à bec court et 97 % à ceux à bec long. Les bivalves longévifs, S. plana et M. balthica ont un temps de renouvellement de 1 à 5 ans, tandis qu'Abra tenuis renouvelle ses populations en 5 mois. Les recrutements, étalés sur l'année pour S. plana et sur le printemps pour M. balthica et A. tenuis, sont marqués par de fortes éliminations en partie liées à la prédation par les limicoles. Ceux-ci atteignent 41 000 individus en hivernage sur l'anse de l'Aiguillon, dont 57 % de Bécasseaux variables, qui, avec les Barges à queue no

Inverse analysis was used to model the food webs of two intertidal mudflat ecosystems: Aiguillon Cove (AC) and Brouage Mudflat (BM) (south-western Atlantic coast, France). The aim of the present study is to describe and compare the functioning of these two ecosystems. The method of inverse analysis has been adapted in order to take into account, in a single calculation, two seasons: spring/summer (mid-March to mid-October) and autumn/winter (the rest of the year). Gathering all available data on the two sites, the most important gaps in knowledge were identified with the help of sensitivity analyses: they concerned mainly the exports of material by grazing fish (such as mullet Liza ramada), resuspension of microphytobenthos, and fluxes linked to microfauna which is poorly known for the two systems. The two sites presented the same overall type of functioning (net import of detritus, export of living organic material and higher faunal activity during spring/summer). In both ecosystems, primary production was dominated by the microphytobenthic production, of which a great part was exported via water-column advection and biotic vectors (grazing fish), while many secondary producers also used detritus as a food resource. Each system also had its own characteristics, one BM being much more seasonally driven than the other AC. It appeared essential to take the seasons into account, as variations in microphytobenthos production and in meiofauna, macrofauna and biotic vectors led to great differences in the food-web organisation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Inverse analysis was used to model the food webs of two intertidal mudflat ecosystems: Aiguillon Cove (AC) and Brouage Mudflat (BM) (south-western Atlantic coast, France). The aim of the present study is to describe and compare the functioning of these two ecosystems. The method of inverse analysis has been adapted in order to take into account, in a single calculation, two seasons: spring/summer (mid-March to mid-October) and autumn/winter (the rest of the year). Gathering all available data on the two sites, the most important gaps in knowledge were identified with the help of sensitivity analyses: they concerned mainly the exports of material by grazing fish (such as mullet Liza ramada), resuspension of microphytobenthos, and fluxes linked to microfauna which is poorly known for the two systems. The two sites presented the same overall type of functioning (net import of detritus, export of living organic material and higher faunal activity during spring/summer). In both ecosystems, primary production was dominated by the microphytobenthic production, of which a great part was exported via water-column advection and biotic vectors (grazing fish), while many secondary producers also used detritus as a food resource. Each system also had its own characteristics, one BM being much more seasonally driven than the other AC. It appeared essential to take the seasons into account, as variations in microphytobenthos production and in meiofauna, macrofauna and biotic vectors led to great differences in the food-web organisation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Aiguillon Cove has been preserved as Natural Reserves since 1996 and 1999 for its international importance as wintering areas for waterbirds. The benthic communities of this a macrotidal bay were still little studied. In order to understand the spatial pattern and the dynamics of the main compartments of its trophic network, two cartographies were carried out at the time of the departure (March) and the arrival (October) of the waders. A monthly study was carried out too in three stations of the upper mudflat. The spatio-temporal homogeneity of the granulometry of the sediments and the strong seasonal variation of the salinity of pore water were highlighted. The molluscs' diversity is low, especially on the upper mudflat where abundance of Hydrobia ulvae and biomass of Scrobicularia plana dominate. Various facies of the "Macoma balthica ¿ community" are present according to hypsometry, the average diameter of the sediments and salinity. The total mollusc stock exceeds 11.000 tons of fresh mass with shell for the 37,45 km ² of the cove. Approximately 3% of this stock constitutes the available ash free dry mass, represented by 62 to 83% of S. plana. The ingestible and profitable ash free dry mass ash for short bill waders reached 48 tons in March and 105 tons in October. 27% of the bivalves' biomasses are accessible to short bill waders and 97% to long bill waders. The long-lived bivalves, S. plana and M. balthica have a turnover time from 1 to 5 years, while Abra tenuis renews its populations in 5 months. The recruitments spread out over the year for S. plana and over spring for M. balthica and A. tenuis. But bivalves' population undergone strong eliminations partly related to the waders predation. The waders wintering on the Aiguillon Cove reach 41.000 individuals, including 57% of Dunlins, which, with Black-tailed Godwits, Knots and Avocets, are more numerous than the international importance threshold. The phenology of their migrations is complex with successi, L'anse de l'Aiguillon, mise en Réserves Naturelles en 1996 et 1999 pour son importance internationale pour l'accueil des oiseaux d'eau, est une baie macrotidale dont les peuplements benthiques étaient jusqu'à présent peu étudiés. Afin de comprendre la structure spatiale et la dynamique des principaux compartiments de son réseau trophique, deux cartographies au moment du départ (mars) et de l'arrivée (octobre) des limicoles, ainsi qu'un suivi mensuel en trois stations de la haute slikke ont été réalisés. L'homogénéité spatiale et temporelle de la granulométrie des sédiments et la forte saisonnalité de la salinité de l'eau interstitielle ont été mises en évidence. La diversité des mollusques est faible en moyenne, mais plus élevée sur la basse slikke et le chenal de Marans. La régularité est très faible sur la haute slikke où dominent Hydrobia ulvae en abondance et Scrobicularia plana en biomasse. Différents faciès du peuplement à Macoma balthica se distinguent selon l'hypsométrie, le diamètre moyen des sédiments et la salinité. Le stock total de mollusques dépasse 11 000 tonnes de masse fraîche avec coquille pour les 37,45 km² de l'anse. La biomasse sèche sans cendres disponible atteint 367 tonnes en mars et 331 tonnes en octobre, dont 62 à 83 % de S. plana. La biomasse sèche sans cendres ingestible et profitable aux limicoles à bec court atteint 48 tonnes en mars et 105 tonnes en octobre. 27 % des biomasses en bivalves sont accessibles aux limicoles à bec court et 97 % à ceux à bec long. Les bivalves longévifs, S. plana et M. balthica ont un temps de renouvellement de 1 à 5 ans, tandis qu'Abra tenuis renouvelle ses populations en 5 mois. Les recrutements, étalés sur l'année pour S. plana et sur le printemps pour M. balthica et A. tenuis, sont marqués par de fortes éliminations en partie liées à la prédation par les limicoles. Ceux-ci atteignent 41 000 individus en hivernage sur l'anse de l'Aiguillon, dont 57 % de Bécasseaux variables, qui, avec les Barges à queue no