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This study evaluates how entrepreneurial implementation intention (EII) influences the stability of entrepreneurial goal intention (EGI). Two waves of data collection were conducted during and after entrepreneurship education (EE). The moderating role of EII on EGI after a period of approximately one year was tested. The results indicate significant variation between 412 participants of high and low EII during EE. The findings contribute to furthering the understanding of the factors that maintain EGI over time. They highlight the unconscious aspects of students’ behavioral processing that potentially cause controversial results regarding the impact of EE on EGI.

This study evaluates how entrepreneurial implementation intention (EII) influences the stability of entrepreneurial goal intention (EGI). Two waves of data collection were conducted during and after entrepreneurship education (EE). The moderating role of EII on EGI after a period of approximately one year was tested. The results indicate significant variation between 412 participants of high and low EII during EE. The findings contribute to furthering the understanding of the factors that maintain EGI over time. They highlight the unconscious aspects of students’ behavioral processing that potentially cause controversial results regarding the impact of EE on EGI.

This study evaluates how entrepreneurial implementation intention (EII) influences the stability of entrepreneurial goal intention (EGI). Two waves of data collection were conducted during and after entrepreneurship education (EE). The moderating role of EII on EGI after a period of approximately one year was tested. The results indicate significant variation between 412 participants of high and low EII during EE. The findings contribute to furthering the understanding of the factors that maintain EGI over time. They highlight the unconscious aspects of students’ behavioral processing that potentially cause controversial results regarding the impact of EE on EGI.

This study evaluates how entrepreneurial implementation intention (EII) influences the stability of entrepreneurial goal intention (EGI). Two waves of data collection were conducted during and after entrepreneurship education (EE). The moderating role of EII on EGI after a period of approximately one year was tested. The results indicate significant variation between 412 participants of high and low EII during EE. The findings contribute to furthering the understanding of the factors that maintain EGI over time. They highlight the unconscious aspects of students’ behavioral processing that potentially cause controversial results regarding the impact of EE on EGI.

This study evaluates how entrepreneurial implementation intention (EII) influences the stability of entrepreneurial goal intention (EGI). Two waves of data collection were conducted during and after entrepreneurship education (EE). The moderating role of EII on EGI after a period of approximately one year was tested. The results indicate significant variation between 412 participants of high and low EII during EE. The findings contribute to furthering the understanding of the factors that maintain EGI over time. They highlight the unconscious aspects of students’ behavioral processing that potentially cause controversial results regarding the impact of EE on EGI.

Aedes aegypti continues to spread globally and remains a challenge to control, in part due to its 'cryptic behavior' in that it often deposits eggs (oviposits) in larval habitats that are difficult to find and treat using traditional methods. Auto-dissemination strategies target these cryptic breeding sites by employing mosquitoes to deliver lethal doses of insecticide. This report describes the initial field trials of an application known as Autodissemination Augmented by Males (ADAM), utilizing A. aegypti males dusted with pyriproxyfen (PPF). Findings presented here are drawn from both caged and field trial studies. Together, these trials examined for the ability of A. aegypti males to disseminate PPF and to impact field populations. PPF-dusted males were able to effectively deliver lethal doses of PPF to oviposition sites under the conditions tested. Results from field trials in Florida and California demonstrated reduced A. aegypti populations in treated areas, compared to areas where PPF-treated males were not released. These results indicate that the release of PPF-dusted A. aegypti males can impact A. aegypti populations as measured by both reduced larval survival and lower numbers of adult female A. aegypti. We propose the ADAM approach as an addition to existing mosquito control techniques targeting A. aegypti and other mosquitoes that utilize cryptic larval habitats.

Scent-marking is a frequent behaviour of highly social ground squirrels and might play an important role in their social dynamics. Female Columbian ground squirrels exhibit considerable scent-marking during the reproductive period. We examined how gestating and lactating females responded to jugal gland scent-marks of same-sexed and opposite-sexed conspecifics with attention to genetic relatedness and the geographical location of the territory of individuals. We tested the dear-enemy, threat-level and kin-discrimination hypotheses to explain patterns of scent-marking. Females sniffed the scent of non-neighbouring males significantly longer than other types of scent categories and tended to over mark the scent of females more than the scent of males. Furthermore, females sniffed significantly longer at scents during gestation than during lactation. We concluded that scent-marking mainly functioned in the defence of female territories and for protection of pups against infanticidal females (threat-level hypothesis). Our results were also in accordance with the kin-discrimination hypothesis, because greater attention was paid to the marks of non-kin females. Kin females might not pose an infanticidal threat, perhaps explaining greater tolerance among related reproductive females. We concluded that scent-marking may be a relatively low-cost means of territorial defence, as well as a means of communication of aspects of individual identity

Refugee research and debate have focused on international agreements, border controls and the legal status of asylum seekers. The lived, daily life of refugees in different phases of their flight has thus been unduly neglected. How have refugees experienced policies of reception and resettlement, and how have they individually and collectively built up their own cultures of exile? To answer these questions the author of this study has undertaken long-term fieldwork as a community worker in a Norwegian municipality. Refugees from Chile, Iran, Somalia, Bosnia and Vietnam were on occasions subjected to exclusionary and discriminatory practices. Nevertheless, restistance was seen in the form of a Somali women’s sewing circle, the organisation of a multi-cultural youth club, running refugee associations and printing their own language newspapers. Moreover, in activities such as these, refugees addressed and came to terms with a limited number of shared existential concerns: morality, violence, sexuality, family reunion, belonging and not belonging to a second generation. Drawing upon these experiences a general theory of refugeeness is proposed. It states that the cultures refugees create in exile are the necessary prerequisite for self-recognition and survival.

Refugee research and debate have focused on international agreements, border controls and the legal status of asylum seekers. The lived, daily life of refugees in different phases of their flight has thus been unduly neglected. How have refugees experienced policies of reception and resettlement, and how have they individually and collectively built up their own cultures of exile? To answer these questions the author of this study has undertaken long-term fieldwork as a community worker in a Norwegian municipality. Refugees from Chile, Iran, Somalia, Bosnia and Vietnam were on occasions subjected to exclusionary and discriminatory practices. Nevertheless, restistance was seen in the form of a Somali women’s sewing circle, the organisation of a multi-cultural youth club, running refugee associations and printing their own language newspapers. Moreover, in activities such as these, refugees addressed and came to terms with a limited number of shared existential concerns: morality, violence, sexuality, family reunion, belonging and not belonging to a second generation. Drawing upon these experiences a general theory of refugeeness is proposed. It states that the cultures refugees create in exile are the necessary prerequisite for self-recognition and survival.

Refugee research and debate have focused on international agreements, border controls and the legal status of asylum seekers. The lived, daily life of refugees in different phases of their flight has thus been unduly neglected. How have refugees experienced policies of reception and resettlement, and how have they individually and collectively built up their own cultures of exile? To answer these questions the author of this study has undertaken long-term fieldwork as a community worker in a Norwegian municipality. Refugees from Chile, Iran, Somalia, Bosnia and Vietnam were on occasions subjected to exclusionary and discriminatory practices. Nevertheless, restistance was seen in the form of a Somali women’s sewing circle, the organisation of a multi-cultural youth club, running refugee associations and printing their own language newspapers. Moreover, in activities such as these, refugees addressed and came to terms with a limited number of shared existential concerns: morality, violence, sexuality, family reunion, belonging and not belonging to a second generation. Drawing upon these experiences a general theory of refugeeness is proposed. It states that the cultures refugees create in exile are the necessary prerequisite for self-recognition and survival.

Refugee research and debate have focused on international agreements, border controls and the legal status of asylum seekers. The lived, daily life of refugees in different phases of their flight has thus been unduly neglected. How have refugees experienced policies of reception and resettlement, and how have they individually and collectively built up their own cultures of exile? To answer these questions the author of this study has undertaken long-term fieldwork as a community worker in a Norwegian municipality. Refugees from Chile, Iran, Somalia, Bosnia and Vietnam were on occasions subjected to exclusionary and discriminatory practices. Nevertheless, restistance was seen in the form of a Somali women’s sewing circle, the organisation of a multi-cultural youth club, running refugee associations and printing their own language newspapers. Moreover, in activities such as these, refugees addressed and came to terms with a limited number of shared existential concerns: morality, violence, sexuality, family reunion, belonging and not belonging to a second generation. Drawing upon these experiences a general theory of refugeeness is proposed. It states that the cultures refugees create in exile are the necessary prerequisite for self-recognition and survival.

Refugee research and debate have focused on international agreements, border controls and the legal status of asylum seekers. The lived, daily life of refugees in different phases of their flight has thus been unduly neglected. How have refugees experienced policies of reception and resettlement, and how have they individually and collectively built up their own cultures of exile? To answer these questions the author of this study has undertaken long-term fieldwork as a community worker in a Norwegian municipality. Refugees from Chile, Iran, Somalia, Bosnia and Vietnam were on occasions subjected to exclusionary and discriminatory practices. Nevertheless, restistance was seen in the form of a Somali women’s sewing circle, the organisation of a multi-cultural youth club, running refugee associations and printing their own language newspapers. Moreover, in activities such as these, refugees addressed and came to terms with a limited number of shared existential concerns: morality, violence, sexuality, family reunion, belonging and not belonging to a second generation. Drawing upon these experiences a general theory of refugeeness is proposed. It states that the cultures refugees create in exile are the necessary prerequisite for self-recognition and survival.

Refugee research and debate have focused on international agreements, border controls and the legal status of asylum seekers. The lived, daily life of refugees in different phases of their flight has thus been unduly neglected. How have refugees experienced policies of reception and resettlement, and how have they individually and collectively built up their own cultures of exile? To answer these questions the author of this study has undertaken long-term fieldwork as a community worker in a Norwegian municipality. Refugees from Chile, Iran, Somalia, Bosnia and Vietnam were on occasions subjected to exclusionary and discriminatory practices. Nevertheless, restistance was seen in the form of a Somali women’s sewing circle, the organisation of a multi-cultural youth club, running refugee associations and printing their own language newspapers. Moreover, in activities such as these, refugees addressed and came to terms with a limited number of shared existential concerns: morality, violence, sexuality, family reunion, belonging and not belonging to a second generation. Drawing upon these experiences a general theory of refugeeness is proposed. It states that the cultures refugees create in exile are the necessary prerequisite for self-recognition and survival.

This paper explores experiential learning theory (ELT) from a case study describing the Transformational Incubation Programme for Coventry University Alumni in Ghana. The incubator represents a collaboration between Coventry University and British Council Ghana. The aim of the programme is to embed a blended, experiential learning approach to practice-based entrepreneurship education via an incubator designed to support scalable business start-up and growth. world venture creation, business development and acceleration. The paper offers a generic framework for Transformational entrepreneurship experiential learning in this context. The incubator offers an opportunity to engage with practice-oriented and experience based learning applied to real.

Slowmation is a twenty-first century digital literacy educational tool. This teaching and learning tool has been incorporated as an assessment strategy in the curriculum area of science and mathematics with pre-service teachers (PSTs). This paper explores two themes: developing twenty-first century digital literacy skills and modelling best practice assessment tools. In the growing debate about the impact of multi-model representations, researchers such as Hoban and Nielsen, and Brown, Murcia and Hackling emphasise the development of conceptual understandings and semiotics. This paper focuses on PSTs’ experiences of and reflections on Slowmation as an educational tool. Data was collected from a cohort of final year PSTs who created, presented and reflected on their Slowmation process.

Slowmation is a twenty-first century digital literacy educational tool. This teaching and learning tool has been incorporated as an assessment strategy in the curriculum area of science and mathematics with pre-service teachers (PSTs). This paper explores two themes: developing twenty-first century digital literacy skills and modelling best practice assessment tools. In the growing debate about the impact of multi-model representations, researchers such as Hoban and Nielsen, and Brown, Murcia and Hackling emphasise the development of conceptual understandings and semiotics. This paper focuses on PSTs’ experiences of and reflections on Slowmation as an educational tool. Data was collected from a cohort of final year PSTs who created, presented and reflected on their Slowmation process.

The most commonly reported ecological effects of climate change are shifts in phenologies, in particular of warmer spring temperatures leading to earlier timing of key events. Among animals, however, these reports have been heavily biased towards avian phenologies, whereas we still know comparatively little about other seasonal adaptations, such as mammalian hibernation. Here we show a significant delay (0.47 days per year, over a 20-year period) in the hibernation emergence date of adult females in a wild population of Columbian ground squirrels in Alberta, Canada. This finding was related to the climatic conditions at our study location: owing to within-individual phenotypic plasticity, females emerged later during years of lower spring temperature and delayed snowmelt. Although there has not been a significant annual trend in spring temperature, the date of snowmelt has become progressively later owing to an increasing prevalence of late-season snowstorms. Importantly, years of later emergence were also associated with decreased individual fitness. There has consequently been a decline in mean fitness (that is, population growth rate) across the past two decades. Our results show that plastic responses to climate change may be driven by climatic trends other than increasing temperature, and may be associated with declines in individual fitness and, hence, population viability.

Scent-marking is a frequent behaviour of highly social ground squirrels and might play an important role in their social dynamics. Female Columbian ground squirrels exhibit considerable scent-marking during the reproductive period. We examined how gestating and lactating females responded to jugal gland scent-marks of same-sexed and opposite-sexed conspecifics with attention to genetic relatedness and the geographical location of the territory of individuals. We tested the dear-enemy, threat-level and kin-discrimination hypotheses to explain patterns of scent-marking. Females sniffed the scent of non-neighbouring males significantly longer than other types of scent categories and tended to over mark the scent of females more than the scent of males. Furthermore, females sniffed significantly longer at scents during gestation than during lactation. We concluded that scent-marking mainly functioned in the defence of female territories and for protection of pups against infanticidal females (threat-level hypothesis). Our results were also in accordance with the kin-discrimination hypothesis, because greater attention was paid to the marks of non-kin females. Kin females might not pose an infanticidal threat, perhaps explaining greater tolerance among related reproductive females. We concluded that scent-marking may be a relatively low-cost means of territorial defence, as well as a means of communication of aspects of individual identity.

This chapter examines emerging theoretical approaches and thematic aspects of creative and cultural entrepreneurship and the significant societal and economic contributions of creative firms. It reviews the concepts and definitions essential to examining creative industry entrepreneurship. The authors then provide framing for this exceptional collection of chapters in Volume 1 (of 2) and discuss existing research approaches from surveys and small-scale qualitative studies. Then, the chapter’s overview showcases the range of international research included in three sections: conceptual reflections on creative and cultural entrepreneurship, resilience and adaptation of creative and cultural enterprises, and insights into creative subsectors. Finally, the chapter proposes a research agenda for developing the field further, addressing methodological gaps (longitudinal tudies and cluster research), emerging thematics (rural creative industries and creative placemaking) and sector studies (game and film industries).

Creative and cultural industries are growing in almost every nation around the world and over the last two decades have contributed to global, national, and local economies significantly. More recently, policy makers and those who start these creative businesses have demonstrated a greater interest in how creative entrepreneurs create, sustain and market their services and products. And how contexts influence their ‘doing business’ is of increasing importance. Both volumes of Creative (and Cultural) Industry Entrepreneurship in the 21st Century map and elucidate the adaptations and challenges faced by the creative professionals and the entrepreneurial solutions they have co-developed. Illuminating how contexts and recent socio-economic disruptive challenges influence how value is created and maintained from start-up to growth and exit, the chapter authors take a fresh look at creative micro-businesses and SMEs, the processes leading to their formation, developments and their founders. Contemporary Issues in Entrepreneurship Research is an official book series of the Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE). Each volume is designed around a specific theme of importance to the entrepreneurship and small business community with articles collectively exploring and developing theory and practice in the field.

Scent-marking is a frequent behaviour of highly social ground squirrels and might play an important role in their social dynamics. Female Columbian ground squirrels exhibit considerable scent-marking during the reproductive period. We examined how gestating and lactating females responded to jugal gland scent-marks of same-sexed and opposite-sexed conspecifics with attention to genetic relatedness and the geographical location of the territory of individuals. We tested the dear-enemy, threat-level and kin-discrimination hypotheses to explain patterns of scent-marking. Females sniffed the scent of non-neighbouring males significantly longer than other types of scent categories and tended to over mark the scent of females more than the scent of males. Furthermore, females sniffed significantly longer at scents during gestation than during lactation. We concluded that scent-marking mainly functioned in the defence of female territories and for protection of pups against infanticidal females (threat-level hypothesis). Our results were also in accordance with the kin-discrimination hypothesis, because greater attention was paid to the marks of non-kin females. Kin females might not pose an infanticidal threat, perhaps explaining greater tolerance among related reproductive females. We concluded that scent-marking may be a relatively low-cost means of territorial defence, as well as a means of communication of aspects of individual identity