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The main strawberry-producing countries are China, the United States of America and Mexico, which account for about fifty-nine percent of the world’s production. Also, the largest strawberry exporters are Spain, the United States of America and Mexico, which contribute about sixty-one percent of the exports in the world. The objective of the work is to analyze the relationship between Mexico’s strawberry exports to the United States of America and their economic determinants, among which the following stand out: Mexico’s unit export price, the gross domestic product of the United States ofAmericaand the total demand of the United States of America for strawberry imports in the world,andtocalculate the price and income elasticities of demand for strawberry exports from Mexico. The signs of the estimated regression coefficients and the price and income elasticities are consistent with the demand theory, the variable with the greatest influenceon the variations in export demand is the gross domestic product of the United States of America, theobtainedprice elasticityof the exports, less than one, reflects that the export strawberry is an inelastic product and the income elasticityof the exports, less than one, indicates that the strawberry is a normal good for the United States of America. The estimated regression model is consistent and congruent with the export demand theory, Los principales países productores de fresa son China, Estados Unidos de América y México, los cuales concentran alrededor del cincuenta y nueve por ciento de la producción mundial. Asimismo, los mayores exportadores de fresa son España, Estados Unidos de América y México, que aportan cerca del sesenta y uno por ciento de las exportaciones en el mundo. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la relación que existe entre las exportaciones de fresa de México a Estados Unidos de América y sus determinantes económicos, entre los cuales destacan el precio unitario de exportación de México, el producto interno bruto de los Estados Unidos de América y la demanda total de importación de fresa de los Estados Unidos de América en el mundo, y calcular las elasticidades precio e ingreso de la demanda de exportación de fresa de México. Los signos de los coeficientes de regresión estimados y las elasticidades precio e ingreso son consistentes con la teoría de la demanda, la variable con mayor influencia en las variaciones de la demanda de exportación es el producto interno bruto de los Estados Unidos de América, la elasticidad precio de la exportación obtenida, menor que uno, refleja que la fresa de exportación es un producto inelástico y la elasticidad ingreso de la exportación, menor que uno, indica que la fresa es un bien normal para los Estados Unidos de América. El modelo de regresión estimado es consistente y congruente con la teoría de la demanda de exportación

The main strawberry-producing countries are China, the United States of America and Mexico, which account for about fifty-nine percent of the world’s production. Also, the largest strawberry exporters are Spain, the United States of America and Mexico, which contribute about sixty-one percent of the exports in the world. The objective of the work is to analyze the relationship between Mexico’s strawberry exports to the United States of America and their economic determinants, among which the following stand out: Mexico’s unit export price, the gross domestic product of the United States ofAmericaand the total demand of the United States of America for strawberry imports in the world,andtocalculate the price and income elasticities of demand for strawberry exports from Mexico. The signs of the estimated regression coefficients and the price and income elasticities are consistent with the demand theory, the variable with the greatest influenceon the variations in export demand is the gross domestic product of the United States of America, theobtainedprice elasticityof the exports, less than one, reflects that the export strawberry is an inelastic product and the income elasticityof the exports, less than one, indicates that the strawberry is a normal good for the United States of America. The estimated regression model is consistent and congruent with the export demand theory, Los principales países productores de fresa son China, Estados Unidos de América y México, los cuales concentran alrededor del cincuenta y nueve por ciento de la producción mundial. Asimismo, los mayores exportadores de fresa son España, Estados Unidos de América y México, que aportan cerca del sesenta y uno por ciento de las exportaciones en el mundo. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la relación que existe entre las exportaciones de fresa de México a Estados Unidos de América y sus determinantes económicos, entre los cuales destacan el precio unitario de exportación de México, el producto interno bruto de los Estados Unidos de América y la demanda total de importación de fresa de los Estados Unidos de América en el mundo, y calcular las elasticidades precio e ingreso de la demanda de exportación de fresa de México. Los signos de los coeficientes de regresión estimados y las elasticidades precio e ingreso son consistentes con la teoría de la demanda, la variable con mayor influencia en las variaciones de la demanda de exportación es el producto interno bruto de los Estados Unidos de América, la elasticidad precio de la exportación obtenida, menor que uno, refleja que la fresa de exportación es un producto inelástico y la elasticidad ingreso de la exportación, menor que uno, indica que la fresa es un bien normal para los Estados Unidos de América. El modelo de regresión estimado es consistente y congruente con la teoría de la demanda de exportación

The study intends to investigate the determinants of employment in the platinum mining industry in South Africa. Employment levels decreased dramatically in the platinum mining industry in South Africa. This is due to decrease in export demand for platinum, high operating cost, labour unrest, low levels of production and other determinants of employment. The specific objective of the study is to determine the nexus between employment, output, domestic demand and export demand. Annual time series data covering the period between 1992-2013 was used. The study employed the Vector Error Correction Model approach. Johansen Cointegration test results confirmed the existence of a long run relationship amongst variables under investigation. Export demand and output are found to be positively related with employment. The speed of adjustment to equilibrium is -0.283202. Impulse response functions and variance decomposition are also generated to explain the response to shock amongst variables. The results of the study vindicate that the platinum mining industry should implement policies and strategies to increase output which will lead to higher levels of employment as well as economic growth. In addition, government should also create a conducive environment to enable the industry to expand and the industry should also intensify its export drive, these findings are envisaged to contribute significantly to the existing but limited literature on the subject under investigation., National Research Foundation

After the outbreak of the financial crisis in Europe in 2008, the strategies to antagonize its con-sequences, involved the implementation of internal devaluation policies such as nominal wage suppressions. The effectiveness of these policies has undergone various studies with rather negative criticism and evaluation. To produce further research and perform an empirical analy-sis in this field, this paper investigates the effect of unit labour costs on export demand of seven European countries on a specific industry basis between 2005 and 2014. Exports of twenty-one manufacturing industries, characterised by the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities revision 4 (ISIC, rev. 4), have been analysed in a gravity model. Also the relationship has been investigated, excluding data for a representative crisis period (2008 - 2010) and for a reduced country group to depict the effects of GIIPS countries relative to Euro-pean core countries. The research finds a statistically significant effect between exports and unit labour costs as well as the anticipated negative sign. The effects increase in the reduced time frame and decrease in the restricted country group, indicating that the crisis had major effect on the performance of unit labour cost cuts and that the GIIPS countries show rather small improvements relative to the European centrum.

After the outbreak of the financial crisis in Europe in 2008, the strategies to antagonize its con-sequences, involved the implementation of internal devaluation policies such as nominal wage suppressions. The effectiveness of these policies has undergone various studies with rather negative criticism and evaluation. To produce further research and perform an empirical analy-sis in this field, this paper investigates the effect of unit labour costs on export demand of seven European countries on a specific industry basis between 2005 and 2014. Exports of twenty-one manufacturing industries, characterised by the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities revision 4 (ISIC, rev. 4), have been analysed in a gravity model. Also the relationship has been investigated, excluding data for a representative crisis period (2008 - 2010) and for a reduced country group to depict the effects of GIIPS countries relative to Euro-pean core countries. The research finds a statistically significant effect between exports and unit labour costs as well as the anticipated negative sign. The effects increase in the reduced time frame and decrease in the restricted country group, indicating that the crisis had major effect on the performance of unit labour cost cuts and that the GIIPS countries show rather small improvements relative to the European centrum.

Denna uppsats undersöker hur efterfrågan av Chilenskt vin påverkas av importländernas inkomst, relativpriset på Chilenskt vin i förhållande till genomsnittspriset på den totala importen av vin, avståndet mellan handelsparterna och inhemsk vinproduktion i importlandet. Studien innefattar 15 OECD länder mellan åren 1998 och 2002. En utökad exportefterfrågefunktion ligger till grund för den empiriska undersökningen och resultaten visar signifikanta variabler med förväntade tecken. Vidare utvidgas ekvationen för att beakta tidseffekter, nämligen genom att inkludera genomsnittsvärdet på den beroende variabeln och dummy variabler för treårsperioder. Genom detta stiger förklaringsgraden i regressionen från 27,8 till 58,1 procent. De estimerade långsiktiga effekterna i efterfrågan för Chilenskt vin visar att en ökning med en procent av importörernas inkomst också ökar efterfrågan på Chilenskt vin med ungefär 0,8 procent. En lika stor ökning i relativpriset minskar efterfrågan med ungefär 0,3 procent. Ökat avstånd mellan handelsparterna med 1000 kilometer minskar efterfrågan med 16,6 procent. Om importören är ett vinproducerande land är efterfrågan 85 procent lägre än om landet inte producerar vin. Resultaten stämmer överens med teorierna om exportefterfrågan men skillnader mellan vinproducerande länder är i vissa fall stora. En anledning för detta kan vara skillnader i produktionsvolym av vin mellan länder, en annan att det finns starka kulturella associationer till inhemska produkter som gör att konsumenter föredrar inhemska produkter framför utländska., This thesis examines how the export demand for Chilean wine is affected by importers income, relative prices, distance between trading partners and do-mestic wine production between 1988 and 2002 in 15 OECD countries. The empirical test is based on an extended export demand function, and the results show significant estimates with expected signs. Adjusting for time pe-riod specific effects by including dummy variables for three year periods and running the regression on the average values of Chilean export of wine in-creased the coefficient of determination from 27.8 to 58.1 percent. The long run effect on demand for Chilean wine indicates that a one percent increase in importers’ income raises demand for Chilean wine with about 0.8 percent. A similar increase in the relative price of Chilean wine to the world price of wine decreases demand with about 0.3 percent. Increasing distance with 1000 kilo-metres decreases demand for exports with approximately 16.6 percent. If the country is a wine producer demand is about 85 percent lower compared to non producing countries. The results are in line with the theories on export demand, however among the wine producing countries there are large differences among countries in their demand for Chilean wine. One reason could be different volume of own pro-duction, another cultural associations to domestic products making preferences biased towards the domestic variety.

Denna uppsats undersöker hur efterfrågan av Chilenskt vin påverkas av importländernas inkomst, relativpriset på Chilenskt vin i förhållande till genomsnittspriset på den totala importen av vin, avståndet mellan handelsparterna och inhemsk vinproduktion i importlandet. Studien innefattar 15 OECD länder mellan åren 1998 och 2002. En utökad exportefterfrågefunktion ligger till grund för den empiriska undersökningen och resultaten visar signifikanta variabler med förväntade tecken. Vidare utvidgas ekvationen för att beakta tidseffekter, nämligen genom att inkludera genomsnittsvärdet på den beroende variabeln och dummy variabler för treårsperioder. Genom detta stiger förklaringsgraden i regressionen från 27,8 till 58,1 procent. De estimerade långsiktiga effekterna i efterfrågan för Chilenskt vin visar att en ökning med en procent av importörernas inkomst också ökar efterfrågan på Chilenskt vin med ungefär 0,8 procent. En lika stor ökning i relativpriset minskar efterfrågan med ungefär 0,3 procent. Ökat avstånd mellan handelsparterna med 1000 kilometer minskar efterfrågan med 16,6 procent. Om importören är ett vinproducerande land är efterfrågan 85 procent lägre än om landet inte producerar vin. Resultaten stämmer överens med teorierna om exportefterfrågan men skillnader mellan vinproducerande länder är i vissa fall stora. En anledning för detta kan vara skillnader i produktionsvolym av vin mellan länder, en annan att det finns starka kulturella associationer till inhemska produkter som gör att konsumenter föredrar inhemska produkter framför utländska., This thesis examines how the export demand for Chilean wine is affected by importers income, relative prices, distance between trading partners and do-mestic wine production between 1988 and 2002 in 15 OECD countries. The empirical test is based on an extended export demand function, and the results show significant estimates with expected signs. Adjusting for time pe-riod specific effects by including dummy variables for three year periods and running the regression on the average values of Chilean export of wine in-creased the coefficient of determination from 27.8 to 58.1 percent. The long run effect on demand for Chilean wine indicates that a one percent increase in importers’ income raises demand for Chilean wine with about 0.8 percent. A similar increase in the relative price of Chilean wine to the world price of wine decreases demand with about 0.3 percent. Increasing distance with 1000 kilo-metres decreases demand for exports with approximately 16.6 percent. If the country is a wine producer demand is about 85 percent lower compared to non producing countries. The results are in line with the theories on export demand, however among the wine producing countries there are large differences among countries in their demand for Chilean wine. One reason could be different volume of own pro-duction, another cultural associations to domestic products making preferences biased towards the domestic variety.

Discussions of the economic costs and benefits of EMU usually take as their basis the optimum currency area (OCA) approach. This approach starts from the premise that when an external shock hits the economy, it is easier to adjust the exchange rate than domestic prices or wages. Most economists accept the general idea behind this approach, namely that nominal wages are usually sticky in the shortrun and that it is therefore easier to adjust to external shocks and obtain changes in the real exchange rate or the terms of trade through a movement in the exchange rate. But there is little agreement on how important these "external" shocks are in reality. We try to measure the importance of external shocks for (un)employment. We find that external shocks have little impact on unemployment, but are more important in the evolution of employment in manufacturing. The results differ, however, strongly from country to country and for about half of EU member countries we did not find any significant relationship. Taking into account various potential shock absorbers (exchange rate movements, fiscal and monetary policy) does not affect the results. We conclude that the loss of the exchange rate instrument will not lead to massive unemployment problems.

Grain marketing may be defined as "the performance of all business activities that coordinate the flow of goods and services from grain producers to consumers and users." This analysis examines the transportation component of the grain marketing system within Arkansas. The optimal intermodal flow of Arkansas soybeans in 1993 is estimated using both survey data and a linear programming model. Results indicate that both approaches are consistent with each other, suggesting that the linear programming model adequately captures real world behavior and that Arkansas elevators and sub-terminals are marketing soybeans in an optimal manner. The optimal mode of transporting soybeans from elevators and sub-terminals to in-state processors is by truck. Rail is found to be the optimal mode of transporting soybeans to Galveston, while barge is optimal for transporting soybeans to New Orleans. The Arkansas soybean marketing and transportation infrastructure as of 1993 is deemed to be adequate to meet any possible increased export demand for soybeans resulting from NAFTA. References, 5 tables, 1 figure. 21p.