1. Guest Ion‐Dependent Reaction Mechanisms of New Pseudocapacitive Mg₃V₄(PO₄)₆/Carbon Composite as Negative Electrode for Monovalent‐Ion Batteries
- Author
-
Fu, Qiang, Schwarz, Björn, Ding, Ziming, Sarapulova, Angelina, Weidler, Peter G., Missyul, Alexander, Etter, Martin, Welter, Edmund, Hua, Weibo, Knapp, Michael, Dsoke, Sonia, Ehrenberg, Helmut, Fu, Qiang, Schwarz, Björn, Ding, Ziming, Sarapulova, Angelina, Weidler, Peter G., Missyul, Alexander, Etter, Martin, Welter, Edmund, Hua, Weibo, Knapp, Michael, Dsoke, Sonia, and Ehrenberg, Helmut
- Abstract
Polyanion‐type phosphate materials, such as M₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (M = Li/Na/K), are promising as insertion‐type negative electrodes for monovalent‐ion batteries including Li/Na/K‐ion batteries (lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), and potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs)) with fast charging/discharging and distinct redox peaks. However, it remains a great challenge to understand the reaction mechanism of materials upon monovalent‐ion insertion. Here, triclinic Mg₃V₄(PO₄)₆/carbon composite (MgVP/C) with high thermal stability is synthesized via ball‐milling and carbon‐thermal reduction method and applied as a pseudocapacitive negative electrode in LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs. In operando and ex situ studies demonstrate the guest ion‐dependent reaction mechanisms of MgVP/C upon monovalent‐ion storage due to different sizes. MgVP/C undergoes an indirect conversion reaction to form Mg⁰, V⁰, and Li₃PO₄ in LIBs, while in SIBs/PIBs the material only experiences a solid solution with the reduction of V³⁺ to V²⁺. Moreover, in LIBs, MgVP/C delivers initial lithiation/delithiation capacities of 961/607 mAh g⁻¹ (30/19 Li⁺ ions) for the first cycle, despite its low initial Coulombic efficiency, fast capacity decay for the first 200 cycles, and limited reversible insertion/deinsertion of 2 Na⁺/K⁺ ions in SIBs/PIBs. This work reveals a new pseudocapacitive material and provides an advanced understanding of polyanion phosphate negative material for monovalent‐ion batteries with guest ion‐dependent energy storage mechanisms.
- Published
- 2023