Search

We compute the bound state properties of three-dimensional scalar $\phi^4$ theory in the broken phase. To this end, we extend the recently developed technique of spectral Dyson-Schwinger equations to solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation and determine the bound state spectrum. We employ consistent truncations for the two-, three- and four-point functions of the theory that recover the scaling properties in the infinite coupling limit. Our result for the mass of the lowest-lying bound state in this limit agrees very well with lattice determinations., Comment: 15 pages, 16 figures

We outline the physics opportunities provided by the Electron Ion Collider (EIC). These include the study of the parton structure of the nucleon and nuclei, the onset of gluon saturation, the production of jets and heavy flavor, hadron spectroscopy and tests of fundamental symmetries. We review the present status and future challenges in EIC theory that have to be addressed in order to realize this ambitious and impactful physics program, including how to engage a diverse and inclusive workforce. In order to address these many-fold challenges, we propose a coordinated effort involving theory groups with differing expertise is needed. We discuss the scientific goals and scope of such an EIC Theory Alliance., Comment: 44 pages, ReVTeX, White Paper on EIC Theory Alliance

We outline the physics opportunities provided by the Electron Ion Collider (EIC). These include the study of the parton structure of the nucleon and nuclei, the onset of gluon saturation, the production of jets and heavy flavor, hadron spectroscopy and tests of fundamental symmetries. We review the present status and future challenges in EIC theory that have to be addressed in order to realize this ambitious and impactful physics program, including how to engage a diverse and inclusive workforce. In order to address these many-fold challenges, we propose a coordinated effort involving theory groups with differing expertise is needed. We discuss the scientific goals and scope of such an EIC Theory Alliance., Comment: 44 pages, ReVTeX, White Paper on EIC Theory Alliance

In these introductory notes I give a brief overview on some theoretical aspects of light baryon spectroscopy. The first part contains a discussion of the symmetries of the baryon spectrum, the construction of flavor wave functions and some basic features of quark models. The second part examines the need for relativistic quantum field theory and focusses on spectrum calculations with functional methods., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, 1 table. Contribution to the 2021 School on the Physics of Baryons, Oct 18-22 2021, Sevilla

In covariant gauges, the gluonic mass gap in Yang-Mills theory manifests itself in the basic observation that the massless pole in the perturbative gluon propagator disappears in nonperturbative calculations, but the origin of this behavior is not yet fully understood. We summarize a recent study of the respective dynamics with Dyson-Schwinger equations in Landau-gauge Yang-Mills theory. We identify the parameter that distinguishes the massive Yang-Mills regime from the massless decoupling solutions, whose endpoint is the scaling solution. Similar to the PT-BFM scheme, we find evidence that mass generation in the transverse sector is triggered by longitudinal massless poles., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures. Proceedings contribution to the XXXIII International (Online) Workshop on High Energy Physics "Hard Problems of Hadron Physics: Non-Perturbative QCD & Related Quests", November 8-12, 2021

We explore a new method to calculate the valence light-front wave function of a system of two interacting particles, which is based on contour deformations combined with analytic continuation methods to project the Bethe-Salpeter wave function onto the light front. In this proof-of-concept study, we solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation for a scalar model and find excellent agreement between the light-front wave functions obtained with contour deformations and those obtained with the Nakanishi method frequently employed in the literature. The contour-deformation method is also able to handle extensions of the scalar model that mimic certain features of QCD such as unequal masses and complex singularities. In principle the method is suitable for computing parton distributions on the light front such as PDFs, TMDs and GPDs in the future., Comment: 20 pages, 24 figures. Coincides with the version published in Phys. Rev. D

We explore a new method to calculate the valence light-front wave function of a system of two interacting particles, which is based on contour deformations combined with analytic continuation methods to project the Bethe-Salpeter wave function onto the light front. In this proof-of-concept study, we solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation for a scalar model and find excellent agreement between the light-front wave functions obtained with contour deformations and those obtained with the Nakanishi method frequently employed in the literature. The contour-deformation method is also able to handle extensions of the scalar model that mimic certain features of QCD such as unequal masses and complex singularities. In principle the method is suitable for computing parton distributions on the light front such as PDFs, TMDs and GPDs in the future., Comment: 20 pages, 24 figures. Coincides with the version published in Phys. Rev. D

In covariant gauges, the gluonic mass gap in Yang-Mills theory manifests itself in the basic observation that the massless pole in the perturbative gluon propagator disappears in nonperturbative calculations, but the origin of this behavior is not yet fully understood. We summarize a recent study of the respective dynamics with Dyson-Schwinger equations in Landau-gauge Yang-Mills theory. We identify the parameter that distinguishes the massive Yang-Mills regime from the massless decoupling solutions, whose endpoint is the scaling solution. Similar to the PT-BFM scheme, we find evidence that mass generation in the transverse sector is triggered by longitudinal massless poles., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures. Proceedings contribution to the XXXIII International (Online) Workshop on High Energy Physics "Hard Problems of Hadron Physics: Non-Perturbative QCD & Related Quests", November 8-12, 2021

A longstanding question in QCD is the origin of the mass gap in the Yang-Mills sector of QCD, i.e., QCD without quarks. In Landau gauge QCD this mass gap, and hence confinement, is encoded in a mass gap of the gluon propagator, which is found both in lattice simulations and with functional approaches. While functional methods are well suited to unravel the mechanism behind the generation of the mass gap, a fully satisfactory answer has not yet been found. In this work we solve the coupled Dyson-Schwinger equations for the ghost propagator, gluon propagator and three-gluon vertex. We corroborate the findings of earlier works, namely that the mass gap generation is tied to the longitudinal projection of the gluon self-energy, which acts as an effective mass term in the equations. Because an explicit mass term is in conflict with gauge invariance, this leaves two possible scenarios: If it is viewed as an artifact, only the scaling solution survives; if it is dynamical, gauge invariance can only be preserved if there are longitudinal massless poles in either of the vertices. We find that there is indeed a massless pole in the ghost-gluon vertex, however in our approximation with the assumption of complete infrared dominance of the ghost this pole is only present for the scaling solution. We also put forward a possible mechanism that may reconcile the scaling solution, with an infrared dominance of the ghost, with the decoupling solutions based on longitudinal poles in the three-gluon vertex as seen in the PT-BFM scheme., Comment: 33 pages, 24 figures. Identical to the version published in Phys. Rev. D

A longstanding question in QCD is the origin of the mass gap in the Yang-Mills sector of QCD, i.e., QCD without quarks. In Landau gauge QCD this mass gap, and hence confinement, is encoded in a mass gap of the gluon propagator, which is found both in lattice simulations and with functional approaches. While functional methods are well suited to unravel the mechanism behind the generation of the mass gap, a fully satisfactory answer has not yet been found. In this work we solve the coupled Dyson-Schwinger equations for the ghost propagator, gluon propagator and three-gluon vertex. We corroborate the findings of earlier works, namely that the mass gap generation is tied to the longitudinal projection of the gluon self-energy, which acts as an effective mass term in the equations. Because an explicit mass term is in conflict with gauge invariance, this leaves two possible scenarios: If it is viewed as an artifact, only the scaling solution survives; if it is dynamical, gauge invariance can only be preserved if there are longitudinal massless poles in either of the vertices. We find that there is indeed a massless pole in the ghost-gluon vertex, however in our approximation with the assumption of complete infrared dominance of the ghost this pole is only present for the scaling solution. We also put forward a possible mechanism that may reconcile the scaling solution, with an infrared dominance of the ghost, with the decoupling solutions based on longitudinal poles in the three-gluon vertex as seen in the PT-BFM scheme., Comment: 33 pages, 24 figures. Identical to the version published in Phys. Rev. D

In covariant gauges, the gluonic mass gap in Yang-Mills theory manifests itself in the basic observation that the massless pole in the perturbative gluon propagator disappears in nonperturbative calculations, but the origin of this behavior is not yet fully understood. We summarize a recent study of the respective dynamics with Dyson-Schwinger equations in Landau-gauge Yang-Mills theory. We identify the parameter that distinguishes the massive Yang-Mills regime from the massless decoupling solutions, whose endpoint is the scaling solution. Similar to the PT-BFM scheme, we find evidence that mass generation in the transverse sector is triggered by longitudinal massless poles., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures. Proceedings contribution to the XXXIII International (Online) Workshop on High Energy Physics "Hard Problems of Hadron Physics: Non-Perturbative QCD & Related Quests", November 8-12, 2021

We explore a new method to calculate the valence light-front wave function of a system of two interacting particles, which is based on contour deformations combined with analytic continuation methods to project the Bethe-Salpeter wave function onto the light front. In this proof-of-concept study, we solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation for a scalar model and find excellent agreement between the light-front wave functions obtained with contour deformations and those obtained with the Nakanishi method frequently employed in the literature. The contour-deformation method is also able to handle extensions of the scalar model that mimic certain features of QCD such as unequal masses and complex singularities. In principle the method is suitable for computing parton distributions on the light front such as PDFs, TMDs and GPDs in the future., Comment: 20 pages, 24 figures. Coincides with the version published in Phys. Rev. D

We explore a new method to calculate the valence light-front wave function of a system of two interacting particles, which is based on contour deformations combined with analytic continuation methods to project the Bethe-Salpeter wave function onto the light front. In this proof-of-concept study, we solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation for a scalar model and find excellent agreement between the light-front wave functions obtained with contour deformations and those obtained with the Nakanishi method frequently employed in the literature. The contour-deformation method is also able to handle extensions of the scalar model that mimic certain features of QCD such as unequal masses and complex singularities. In principle the method is suitable for computing parton distributions on the light front such as PDFs, TMDs and GPDs in the future., Comment: 20 pages, 24 figures. Coincides with the version published in Phys. Rev. D

In covariant gauges, the gluonic mass gap in Yang-Mills theory manifests itself in the basic observation that the massless pole in the perturbative gluon propagator disappears in nonperturbative calculations, but the origin of this behavior is not yet fully understood. We summarize a recent study of the respective dynamics with Dyson-Schwinger equations in Landau-gauge Yang-Mills theory. We identify the parameter that distinguishes the massive Yang-Mills regime from the massless decoupling solutions, whose endpoint is the scaling solution. Similar to the PT-BFM scheme, we find evidence that mass generation in the transverse sector is triggered by longitudinal massless poles., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures. Proceedings contribution to the XXXIII International (Online) Workshop on High Energy Physics "Hard Problems of Hadron Physics: Non-Perturbative QCD & Related Quests", November 8-12, 2021

A longstanding question in QCD is the origin of the mass gap in the Yang-Mills sector of QCD, i.e., QCD without quarks. In Landau gauge QCD this mass gap, and hence confinement, is encoded in a mass gap of the gluon propagator, which is found both in lattice simulations and with functional approaches. While functional methods are well suited to unravel the mechanism behind the generation of the mass gap, a fully satisfactory answer has not yet been found. In this work we solve the coupled Dyson-Schwinger equations for the ghost propagator, gluon propagator and three-gluon vertex. We corroborate the findings of earlier works, namely that the mass gap generation is tied to the longitudinal projection of the gluon self-energy, which acts as an effective mass term in the equations. Because an explicit mass term is in conflict with gauge invariance, this leaves two possible scenarios: If it is viewed as an artifact, only the scaling solution survives; if it is dynamical, gauge invariance can only be preserved if there are longitudinal massless poles in either of the vertices. We find that there is indeed a massless pole in the ghost-gluon vertex, however in our approximation with the assumption of complete infrared dominance of the ghost this pole is only present for the scaling solution. We also put forward a possible mechanism that may reconcile the scaling solution, with an infrared dominance of the ghost, with the decoupling solutions based on longitudinal poles in the three-gluon vertex as seen in the PT-BFM scheme., Comment: 33 pages, 24 figures. Identical to the version published in Phys. Rev. D

In a recent comment [1] Blankleider and Kvinikhidze claim that our work [2] is based on a set of inconsistent Bethe-Salpeter equations for the coupling of four-quark to two-quark states. Here we demonstrate that their argument is insubstantial., Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure

We explore a new method to calculate the valence light-front wave function of a system of two interacting particles, which is based on contour deformations combined with analytic continuation methods to project the Bethe-Salpeter wave function onto the light front. In this proof-of-concept study, we solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation for a scalar model and find excellent agreement between the light-front wave functions obtained with contour deformations and those obtained with the Nakanishi method frequently employed in the literature. The contour-deformation method is also able to handle extensions of the scalar model that mimic certain features of QCD such as unequal masses and complex singularities. In principle the method is suitable for computing parton distributions on the light front such as PDFs, TMDs and GPDs in the future., Comment: 20 pages, 24 figures. Coincides with the version published in Phys. Rev. D

A longstanding question in QCD is the origin of the mass gap in the Yang-Mills sector of QCD, i.e., QCD without quarks. In Landau gauge QCD this mass gap, and hence confinement, is encoded in a mass gap of the gluon propagator, which is found both in lattice simulations and with functional approaches. While functional methods are well suited to unravel the mechanism behind the generation of the mass gap, a fully satisfactory answer has not yet been found. In this work we solve the coupled Dyson-Schwinger equations for the ghost propagator, gluon propagator and three-gluon vertex. We corroborate the findings of earlier works, namely that the mass gap generation is tied to the longitudinal projection of the gluon self-energy, which acts as an effective mass term in the equations. Because an explicit mass term is in conflict with gauge invariance, this leaves two possible scenarios: If it is viewed as an artifact, only the scaling solution survives; if it is dynamical, gauge invariance can only be preserved if there are longitudinal massless poles in either of the vertices. We find that there is indeed a massless pole in the ghost-gluon vertex, however in our approximation with the assumption of complete infrared dominance of the ghost this pole is only present for the scaling solution. We also put forward a possible mechanism that may reconcile the scaling solution, with an infrared dominance of the ghost, with the decoupling solutions based on longitudinal poles in the three-gluon vertex as seen in the PT-BFM scheme., Comment: 33 pages, 24 figures. Identical to the version published in Phys. Rev. D

In covariant gauges, the gluonic mass gap in Yang-Mills theory manifests itself in the basic observation that the massless pole in the perturbative gluon propagator disappears in nonperturbative calculations, but the origin of this behavior is not yet fully understood. We summarize a recent study of the respective dynamics with Dyson-Schwinger equations in Landau-gauge Yang-Mills theory. We identify the parameter that distinguishes the massive Yang-Mills regime from the massless decoupling solutions, whose endpoint is the scaling solution. Similar to the PT-BFM scheme, we find evidence that mass generation in the transverse sector is triggered by longitudinal massless poles., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures. Proceedings contribution to the XXXIII International (Online) Workshop on High Energy Physics "Hard Problems of Hadron Physics: Non-Perturbative QCD & Related Quests", November 8-12, 2021

In this feature article we summarise and highlight aspects of the treatment of four-quark states with functional methods. Model approaches to those exotic mesons almost inevitably have to assume certain internal structures, e.g. by grouping quarks and antiquarks into (anti-)diquark clusters or heavy-light $q\bar{q}$ pairs. Functional methods using Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations can be formulated without such prejudice and therefore have the potential to put these assumptions to test and discriminate between such models. So far, functional methods have been used to study the light scalar-meson sector and the heavy-light sector with a pair of charmed and a pair of light quarks in different quantum number channels. For all these states, the dominant components in terms of internal two-body clustering have been identified. It turns out that chiral symmetry breaking plays an important role for the dominant clusters in the light meson sector (in particular for the scalar mesons) and that this property is carried over to the heavy-light sector. Diquark-antidiquark components, on the other hand, turn out to be almost negligible for most states with the exception of open-charm heavy-light exotics., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, v2: typos corrected, version accepted by Few Body Syst

Models proposed to explain recently discovered heavy-light four-quark states already assume certain internal structures, i.e. the (anti)quark constituents are grouped into diquark/antidiquark clusters, heavy-meson/light-meson clusters (hadrocharmonium) or heavy-light meson molecules. We propose and use an approach to four-quark states based on Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations that has the potential to discriminate between these models. We study the masses of heavy-light $cq\bar{q}\bar{c}$ and $cc\bar{q}\bar{q}$ four-quark states with $q=u,d,s$ and quantum numbers $I(J^{PC})=0(1^{++}),1(1^{+-}),0(0^{++})$ and $1(0^+),0(1^+),1(1^+)$. We identify the dominant components of the ground states with these quantum numbers and suggest candidates for corresponding experimental states. Most notably, we find strong heavy-light meson-meson and negligible diquark-antidiquark components in all $cq\bar{q}\bar{c}$ states, whereas for $cc\bar{q}\bar{q}$ states diquarks are present. A potential caveat in the $I=0$ channels is the necessary but costly inclusion of $c\bar{c}$ components which is relegated to future work., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, v2: minor corrections, version published in PRD rapid communications

Models proposed to explain recently discovered heavy-light four-quark states already assume certain internal structures, i.e. the (anti)quark constituents are grouped into diquark/antidiquark clusters, heavy-meson/light-meson clusters (hadrocharmonium) or heavy-light meson molecules. We propose and use an approach to four-quark states based on Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations that has the potential to discriminate between these models. We study the masses of heavy-light $cq\bar{q}\bar{c}$ and $cc\bar{q}\bar{q}$ four-quark states with $q=u,d,s$ and quantum numbers $I(J^{PC})=0(1^{++}),1(1^{+-}),0(0^{++})$ and $1(0^+),0(1^+),1(1^+)$. We identify the dominant components of the ground states with these quantum numbers and suggest candidates for corresponding experimental states. Most notably, we find strong heavy-light meson-meson and negligible diquark-antidiquark components in all $cq\bar{q}\bar{c}$ states, whereas for $cc\bar{q}\bar{q}$ states diquarks are present. A potential caveat in the $I=0$ channels is the necessary but costly inclusion of $c\bar{c}$ components which is relegated to future work., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, v2: minor corrections, version published in PRD rapid communications

In this feature article we summarise and highlight aspects of the treatment of four-quark states with functional methods. Model approaches to those exotic mesons almost inevitably have to assume certain internal structures, e.g. by grouping quarks and antiquarks into (anti-)diquark clusters or heavy-light $q\bar{q}$ pairs. Functional methods using Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations can be formulated without such prejudice and therefore have the potential to put these assumptions to test and discriminate between such models. So far, functional methods have been used to study the light scalar-meson sector and the heavy-light sector with a pair of charmed and a pair of light quarks in different quantum number channels. For all these states, the dominant components in terms of internal two-body clustering have been identified. It turns out that chiral symmetry breaking plays an important role for the dominant clusters in the light meson sector (in particular for the scalar mesons) and that this property is carried over to the heavy-light sector. Diquark-antidiquark components, on the other hand, turn out to be almost negligible for most states with the exception of open-charm heavy-light exotics., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, v2: typos corrected, version accepted by Few Body Syst

We study the dynamical generation of resonances in isospin singlet channels with mixing between two- and four-quark states. To this end we generalise a Bethe-Salpeter approach to four-quark states employed previously \cite{Heupel:2012ua} to accommodate for mixing diagrams. The $q\bar{q}q\bar{q}$ and $q\bar{q}$ components of the Bethe-Salpeter wave function (with light quarks $q\in\{u,d\}$) are determined consistently in a symmetry-preserving truncation of the underlying Dyson-Schwinger equations. As a prominent example we deal with the isospin-singlet $0^{++}$ meson with light quark content. We find that the $\pi\pi$ contribution of the four-quark component is mainly responsible for the low (real part of the) mass of the resulting state. We also study the analytic structure in the complex momentum plane and find a branch cut at the two-pion threshold and a singularity in the second Riemann sheet indicating a considerable decay width. Our findings are in excellent qualitative agreement with the general picture for the $\sigma/f_0(500)$ that emerged in the past two decades from dispersive approaches \cite{Pelaez:2015qba}., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, v2: minor changes, version accepted by PRD

Models proposed to explain recently discovered heavy-light four-quark states already assume certain internal structures, i.e. the (anti)quark constituents are grouped into diquark/antidiquark clusters, heavy-meson/light-meson clusters (hadrocharmonium) or heavy-light meson molecules. We propose and use an approach to four-quark states based on Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations that has the potential to discriminate between these models. We study the masses of heavy-light $cq\bar{q}\bar{c}$ and $cc\bar{q}\bar{q}$ four-quark states with $q=u,d,s$ and quantum numbers $I(J^{PC})=0(1^{++}),1(1^{+-}),0(0^{++})$ and $1(0^+),0(1^+),1(1^+)$. We identify the dominant components of the ground states with these quantum numbers and suggest candidates for corresponding experimental states. Most notably, we find strong heavy-light meson-meson and negligible diquark-antidiquark components in all $cq\bar{q}\bar{c}$ states, whereas for $cc\bar{q}\bar{q}$ states diquarks are present. A potential caveat in the $I=0$ channels is the necessary but costly inclusion of $c\bar{c}$ components which is relegated to future work., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, v2: minor corrections, version published in PRD rapid communications

In this feature article we summarise and highlight aspects of the treatment of four-quark states with functional methods. Model approaches to those exotic mesons almost inevitably have to assume certain internal structures, e.g. by grouping quarks and antiquarks into (anti-)diquark clusters or heavy-light $q\bar{q}$ pairs. Functional methods using Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations can be formulated without such prejudice and therefore have the potential to put these assumptions to test and discriminate between such models. So far, functional methods have been used to study the light scalar-meson sector and the heavy-light sector with a pair of charmed and a pair of light quarks in different quantum number channels. For all these states, the dominant components in terms of internal two-body clustering have been identified. It turns out that chiral symmetry breaking plays an important role for the dominant clusters in the light meson sector (in particular for the scalar mesons) and that this property is carried over to the heavy-light sector. Diquark-antidiquark components, on the other hand, turn out to be almost negligible for most states with the exception of open-charm heavy-light exotics., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, v2: typos corrected, version accepted by Few Body Syst

We employ a scalar model to exemplify the use of contour deformations when solving Lorentz-invariant integral equations for scattering amplitudes. In particular, we calculate the onshell 2 -> 2 scattering amplitude for the scalar system. The integrals produce branch cuts in the complex plane of the integrand which prohibit a naive Euclidean integration path. By employing contour deformations, we can also access the kinematical regions associated with the scattering amplitude in Minkowski space. We show that in principle a homogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation, together with analytic continuation methods such as the Resonances-via-Pad\'e method, is sufficient to determine the resonance pole locations on the second Riemann sheet. However, the scalar model investigated here does not produce resonance poles above threshold but instead virtual states on the real axis of the second sheet, which pose difficulties for analytic continuation methods. To address this, we calculate the scattering amplitude on the second sheet directly using the two-body unitarity relation which follows from the scattering equation., Comment: 21 pages, 25 figures

We generalise the framework of Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations for four-quark states to accommodate the case of unequal quark masses. As a first application, we consider the quantum numbers $I(J^{PC})=0(1^{++})$ of the $X(3872)$ and study the four-quark states with quark contents $cq\bar{q}\bar{c}$ and $cs\bar{s}\bar{c}$. Their Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes are represented by a basis of heavy-light meson-meson, hadro-charmonium and diquark-antidiquark operators, which allows for a dynamical distinction between different internal configurations. In both cases we find the heavy-light meson-meson component to be dominant. For the putative $X(3872)$ we obtain a mass of $3916(74)$ MeV; the corresponding $cs\bar{s}\bar{c}$ state is predicted at $4068(61)$ MeV., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures; v2: minor typos corrected

We present preliminary lattice results for the nonperturbative tensor structure of the vector and axial-vector quark-antiquark vertices in QCD. Our lattice calculations are for $N_f=2$ mass-degenerate Wilson fermion flavors whose quark mass values include an almost physical one. We compare our lattice results with the corresponding continuum solutions of the inhomogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equations in a rainbow-ladder truncation. We find similarities in the momentum dependencies of the form factors but also clear deviations at low momentum., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings of the 36th Annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2018), 22-28 July 2018, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan USA

We present results for the charged kaon-box contributions to the hadronic light-by-light (HLBL) correction of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment. To this end we determine the kaon electromagnetic form factor within the functional approach to QCD using Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations and evaluate the kaon-box contribution as defined in the dispersive approach to HLBL. As an update to previous work we also re-evaluate the charged pion-box contribution taking effects due to isospin breaking into account. Our results are $a_\mu^{\pi^\pm-\text{box}} = -15.7 \,(2)(3) \times 10^{-11}$ and $a_\mu^{K^\pm-\text{box}} = -0.48 \,(2)(4) \times 10^{-11}$ thus confirming the large suppression of box contributions beyond the leading pion box., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; v3: improved numerics, updated number for kaon-box, conclusions unchanged. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1903.10844

We present results for single pseudoscalar meson pole contributions and pion box contributions to the hadronic light-by-light (LBL) correction of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment. We follow the recently developed dispersive approach to LBL, where these contributions are evaluated with intermediate mesons on-shell. However, the space-like electromagnetic and transition form factors are not determined from analytic continuation of time-like data, but directly calculated within the functional approach to QCD using Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations. This strategy allows for a systematic comparison with a strictly dispersive treatment and also with recent results from lattice QCD. Within error bars, we obtain excellent agreement for the pion electromagnetic and transition form factor and the resulting contributions to LBL. In addition, we present results for the $\eta$ and $\eta'$ pole contributions and discuss the dynamical effects in the $\eta-\eta'$ mixing due to the strange quarks. Our result for the total pseudoscalar pole contributions is $a_\mu^{\text{PS-pole}} = 91.6 \,(1.9) \times 10^{-11}$ and for the pion-box contribution we obtain $a_\mu^{\pi-\text{box}} = -16.3 \,(2)(4) \times 10^{-11}$., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures; v2: minor changes, diagram added, improved value for pion-box; version published in PLB

We give a brief summary of the Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter approach to hadron spectroscopy and report on recent progress in determining resonance properties in this framework. We exemplify the extraction of resonances using a scalar model, where we solve the scattering equation for the four-point scattering amplitude and extract the pole locations on the second Riemann sheet as well as the phase shifts., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures. Proceedings for Light Cone 2019, September 16-20, 2019, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France

We present results for the charged kaon-box contributions to the hadronic light-by-light (HLBL) correction of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment. To this end we determine the kaon electromagnetic form factor within the functional approach to QCD using Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations and evaluate the kaon-box contribution as defined in the dispersive approach to HLBL. As an update to previous work we also re-evaluate the charged pion-box contribution taking effects due to isospin breaking into account. Our results are $a_\mu^{\pi^\pm-\text{box}} = -15.7 \,(2)(3) \times 10^{-11}$ and $a_\mu^{K^\pm-\text{box}} = -0.48 \,(2)(4) \times 10^{-11}$ thus confirming the large suppression of box contributions beyond the leading pion box., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; v3: improved numerics, updated number for kaon-box, conclusions unchanged. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1903.10844

We employ a scalar model to exemplify the use of contour deformations when solving Lorentz-invariant integral equations for scattering amplitudes. In particular, we calculate the onshell 2 -> 2 scattering amplitude for the scalar system. The integrals produce branch cuts in the complex plane of the integrand which prohibit a naive Euclidean integration path. By employing contour deformations, we can also access the kinematical regions associated with the scattering amplitude in Minkowski space. We show that in principle a homogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation, together with analytic continuation methods such as the Resonances-via-Pad\'e method, is sufficient to determine the resonance pole locations on the second Riemann sheet. However, the scalar model investigated here does not produce resonance poles above threshold but instead virtual states on the real axis of the second sheet, which pose difficulties for analytic continuation methods. To address this, we calculate the scattering amplitude on the second sheet directly using the two-body unitarity relation which follows from the scattering equation., Comment: 21 pages, 25 figures

We generalise the framework of Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations for four-quark states to accommodate the case of unequal quark masses. As a first application, we consider the quantum numbers $I(J^{PC})=0(1^{++})$ of the $X(3872)$ and study the four-quark states with quark contents $cq\bar{q}\bar{c}$ and $cs\bar{s}\bar{c}$. Their Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes are represented by a basis of heavy-light meson-meson, hadro-charmonium and diquark-antidiquark operators, which allows for a dynamical distinction between different internal configurations. In both cases we find the heavy-light meson-meson component to be dominant. For the putative $X(3872)$ we obtain a mass of $3916(74)$ MeV; the corresponding $cs\bar{s}\bar{c}$ state is predicted at $4068(61)$ MeV., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures; v2: minor typos corrected

We present preliminary lattice results for the nonperturbative tensor structure of the vector and axial-vector quark-antiquark vertices in QCD. Our lattice calculations are for $N_f=2$ mass-degenerate Wilson fermion flavors whose quark mass values include an almost physical one. We compare our lattice results with the corresponding continuum solutions of the inhomogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equations in a rainbow-ladder truncation. We find similarities in the momentum dependencies of the form factors but also clear deviations at low momentum., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings of the 36th Annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2018), 22-28 July 2018, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan USA

We present results for single pseudoscalar meson pole contributions and pion box contributions to the hadronic light-by-light (LBL) correction of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment. We follow the recently developed dispersive approach to LBL, where these contributions are evaluated with intermediate mesons on-shell. However, the space-like electromagnetic and transition form factors are not determined from analytic continuation of time-like data, but directly calculated within the functional approach to QCD using Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations. This strategy allows for a systematic comparison with a strictly dispersive treatment and also with recent results from lattice QCD. Within error bars, we obtain excellent agreement for the pion electromagnetic and transition form factor and the resulting contributions to LBL. In addition, we present results for the $\eta$ and $\eta'$ pole contributions and discuss the dynamical effects in the $\eta-\eta'$ mixing due to the strange quarks. Our result for the total pseudoscalar pole contributions is $a_\mu^{\text{PS-pole}} = 91.6 \,(1.9) \times 10^{-11}$ and for the pion-box contribution we obtain $a_\mu^{\pi-\text{box}} = -16.3 \,(2)(4) \times 10^{-11}$., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures; v2: minor changes, diagram added, improved value for pion-box; version published in PLB

We present preliminary lattice results for the nonperturbative tensor structure of the vector and axial-vector quark-antiquark vertices in QCD. Our lattice calculations are for $N_f=2$ mass-degenerate Wilson fermion flavors whose quark mass values include an almost physical one. We compare our lattice results with the corresponding continuum solutions of the inhomogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equations in a rainbow-ladder truncation. We find similarities in the momentum dependencies of the form factors but also clear deviations at low momentum., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings of the 36th Annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2018), 22-28 July 2018, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan USA

We present results for single pseudoscalar meson pole contributions and pion box contributions to the hadronic light-by-light (LBL) correction of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment. We follow the recently developed dispersive approach to LBL, where these contributions are evaluated with intermediate mesons on-shell. However, the space-like electromagnetic and transition form factors are not determined from analytic continuation of time-like data, but directly calculated within the functional approach to QCD using Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations. This strategy allows for a systematic comparison with a strictly dispersive treatment and also with recent results from lattice QCD. Within error bars, we obtain excellent agreement for the pion electromagnetic and transition form factor and the resulting contributions to LBL. In addition, we present results for the $\eta$ and $\eta'$ pole contributions and discuss the dynamical effects in the $\eta-\eta'$ mixing due to the strange quarks. Our result for the total pseudoscalar pole contributions is $a_\mu^{\text{PS-pole}} = 91.6 \,(1.9) \times 10^{-11}$ and for the pion-box contribution we obtain $a_\mu^{\pi-\text{box}} = -16.3 \,(2)(4) \times 10^{-11}$., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures; v2: minor changes, diagram added, improved value for pion-box; version published in PLB

We generalise the framework of Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations for four-quark states to accommodate the case of unequal quark masses. As a first application, we consider the quantum numbers $I(J^{PC})=0(1^{++})$ of the $X(3872)$ and study the four-quark states with quark contents $cq\bar{q}\bar{c}$ and $cs\bar{s}\bar{c}$. Their Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes are represented by a basis of heavy-light meson-meson, hadro-charmonium and diquark-antidiquark operators, which allows for a dynamical distinction between different internal configurations. In both cases we find the heavy-light meson-meson component to be dominant. For the putative $X(3872)$ we obtain a mass of $3916(74)$ MeV; the corresponding $cs\bar{s}\bar{c}$ state is predicted at $4068(61)$ MeV., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures; v2: minor typos corrected

We present results for the charged kaon-box contributions to the hadronic light-by-light (HLBL) correction of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment. To this end we determine the kaon electromagnetic form factor within the functional approach to QCD using Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations and evaluate the kaon-box contribution as defined in the dispersive approach to HLBL. As an update to previous work we also re-evaluate the charged pion-box contribution taking effects due to isospin breaking into account. Our results are $a_\mu^{\pi^\pm-\text{box}} = -15.7 \,(2)(3) \times 10^{-11}$ and $a_\mu^{K^\pm-\text{box}} = -0.48 \,(2)(4) \times 10^{-11}$ thus confirming the large suppression of box contributions beyond the leading pion box., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; v3: improved numerics, updated number for kaon-box, conclusions unchanged. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1903.10844

We calculate the nucleon resonance contributions to nucleon Compton scattering, including all states with J^P = 1/2^{+-} and J^P = 3/2^{+-} where experimental data for their electromagnetic transition form factors exist. To this end, we construct a tensor basis for the Compton scattering amplitude based on electromagnetic gauge invariance, crossing symmetry and analyticity. The corresponding Compton form factors provide a Lorentz-invariant description of the process in general kinematics, which reduces to the static and generalized polarizabilities in the appropriate kinematic limits. We derive the general forms of the offshell nucleon-to-resonance transition vertices that implement electromagnetic and spin-3/2 gauge invariance, which automatically also defines onshell transition form factors that are free of kinematic constraints. We provide simple fits for those form factors, which we use to analyze the resulting Compton form factors and extract their contributions to the nucleon's polarizabilities. Apart from the Delta(1232), the resonance contributions to the scalar and spin polarizabilites are very small, although the N(1520) could play a role for the proton's magnetic polarizability., Comment: 43 pages, 20 figures, 21 tables

We calculate the nucleon resonance contributions to nucleon Compton scattering, including all states with J^P = 1/2^{+-} and J^P = 3/2^{+-} where experimental data for their electromagnetic transition form factors exist. To this end, we construct a tensor basis for the Compton scattering amplitude based on electromagnetic gauge invariance, crossing symmetry and analyticity. The corresponding Compton form factors provide a Lorentz-invariant description of the process in general kinematics, which reduces to the static and generalized polarizabilities in the appropriate kinematic limits. We derive the general forms of the offshell nucleon-to-resonance transition vertices that implement electromagnetic and spin-3/2 gauge invariance, which automatically also defines onshell transition form factors that are free of kinematic constraints. We provide simple fits for those form factors, which we use to analyze the resulting Compton form factors and extract their contributions to the nucleon's polarizabilities. Apart from the Delta(1232), the resonance contributions to the scalar and spin polarizabilites are very small, although the N(1520) could play a role for the proton's magnetic polarizability., Comment: 43 pages, 20 figures, 21 tables

We study the transition of non-perturbative to perturbative QCD in situations with possible violations of scaling limits. To this end we consider the singly- and doubly-virtual pion transition form factor $\pi^0\to\gamma\gamma$ at all momentum scales of symmetric and asymmetric photon momenta within the Dyson-Schwinger/Bethe-Salpeter approach. For the doubly virtual form factor we find good agreement with perturbative asymptotic scaling laws. For the singly-virtual form factor our results agree with the Belle data. At very large off-shell photon momenta we identify a mechanism that introduces quantitative modifications to Efremov-Radyushkin-Brodsky-Lepage scaling., Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, v3:contents revised, version published in PLB

We complement studies of the neutral pion transition form factor pi^0 --> gamma^(*) gamma^(*) with calculations for the electromagnetic decay widths of the processes pi^0 --> e^+ e^-, pi^0 --> e^+ e^- gamma and pi^0 --> e^+ e^- e^+ e^-. Their common feature is that the singly- or doubly-virtual transition form factor serves as a vital input that is tested in the non-perturbative low-momentum region of QCD. We determine this form factor from a well-established and symmetry-preserving truncation of the Dyson-Schwinger equations. Our results for the three- and four-body decays match results of previous theoretical calculations and experimental measurements. For the rare decay we employ a numerical method to calculate the process directly by deforming integration contours, which in principle can be generalized to arbitrary integrals as long as the analytic structure of the integrands are known. Our result for the rare decay is in agreement with dispersive calculations but still leaves a 2 sigma discrepancy between theory and experiment., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, v2: typos corrected, Refs. added

We complement studies of the neutral pion transition form factor pi^0 --> gamma^(*) gamma^(*) with calculations for the electromagnetic decay widths of the processes pi^0 --> e^+ e^-, pi^0 --> e^+ e^- gamma and pi^0 --> e^+ e^- e^+ e^-. Their common feature is that the singly- or doubly-virtual transition form factor serves as a vital input that is tested in the non-perturbative low-momentum region of QCD. We determine this form factor from a well-established and symmetry-preserving truncation of the Dyson-Schwinger equations. Our results for the three- and four-body decays match results of previous theoretical calculations and experimental measurements. For the rare decay we employ a numerical method to calculate the process directly by deforming integration contours, which in principle can be generalized to arbitrary integrals as long as the analytic structure of the integrands are known. Our result for the rare decay is in agreement with dispersive calculations but still leaves a 2 sigma discrepancy between theory and experiment., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, v2: typos corrected, Refs. added

We summarize recent work in determining the transition form factor (TFF) of the neutral pion ($\pi^0 \to \gamma^*\gamma^*$), by solving the non-perturbative Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations. We first study the transition form factor, followed by the rare decay $\pi^0 \to e^+ e^- $, which requires the TFF as input. In addition to the aspects of truncation required to compute the solution, we discuss unexpected behavior in the large $Q^2$ regime (with $Q^2$ the photon virtuality), and also touch on a path deformation in the complex plane to access the total decay rate for the rare decay., Comment: Contribution to the Proceedings of the Workshop FAIRNESS 2017. 5 pages, 3 figures

We study the transition of non-perturbative to perturbative QCD in situations with possible violations of scaling limits. To this end we consider the singly- and doubly-virtual pion transition form factor $\pi^0\to\gamma\gamma$ at all momentum scales of symmetric and asymmetric photon momenta within the Dyson-Schwinger/Bethe-Salpeter approach. For the doubly virtual form factor we find good agreement with perturbative asymptotic scaling laws. For the singly-virtual form factor our results agree with the Belle data. At very large off-shell photon momenta we identify a mechanism that introduces quantitative modifications to Efremov-Radyushkin-Brodsky-Lepage scaling., Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, v3:contents revised, version published in PLB

We study the transition of non-perturbative to perturbative QCD in situations with possible violations of scaling limits. To this end we consider the singly- and doubly-virtual pion transition form factor $\pi^0\to\gamma\gamma$ at all momentum scales of symmetric and asymmetric photon momenta within the Dyson-Schwinger/Bethe-Salpeter approach. For the doubly virtual form factor we find good agreement with perturbative asymptotic scaling laws. For the singly-virtual form factor our results agree with the Belle data. At very large off-shell photon momenta we identify a mechanism that introduces quantitative modifications to Efremov-Radyushkin-Brodsky-Lepage scaling., Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, v3:contents revised, version published in PLB

We complement studies of the neutral pion transition form factor pi^0 --> gamma^(*) gamma^(*) with calculations for the electromagnetic decay widths of the processes pi^0 --> e^+ e^-, pi^0 --> e^+ e^- gamma and pi^0 --> e^+ e^- e^+ e^-. Their common feature is that the singly- or doubly-virtual transition form factor serves as a vital input that is tested in the non-perturbative low-momentum region of QCD. We determine this form factor from a well-established and symmetry-preserving truncation of the Dyson-Schwinger equations. Our results for the three- and four-body decays match results of previous theoretical calculations and experimental measurements. For the rare decay we employ a numerical method to calculate the process directly by deforming integration contours, which in principle can be generalized to arbitrary integrals as long as the analytic structure of the integrands are known. Our result for the rare decay is in agreement with dispersive calculations but still leaves a 2 sigma discrepancy between theory and experiment., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, v2: typos corrected, Refs. added