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The economy of Ukraine is partially destroyed and poses an energy threat to European countries. The article analyzes trends in the development of consumption in Ukraine, and assesses the prospects for development. Energy Ukraine's system depends on fossil fuels. The government sought to diversify risks and ensure sustainable development. The energy consumption market is characterized by a decline and an increase in the use of gas. The article develops cases for making decisions on the necessary investments in the energy system of Ukraine after the war. We analyze energy consumption trends and justify the need for investment in the nuclear industry, which occupies a large part of the country's energy consumption. A model for assessing and forecasting the energy consumption market has been developed. The model shows an upward trend in oil and gas consumption. Our approach allows us to quantify the net increase in energy consumption in the future.

The economy of Ukraine is partially destroyed and poses an energy threat to European countries. The article analyzes trends in the development of consumption in Ukraine, and assesses the prospects for development. Energy Ukraine's system depends on fossil fuels. The government sought to diversify risks and ensure sustainable development. The energy consumption market is characterized by a decline and an increase in the use of gas. The article develops cases for making decisions on the necessary investments in the energy system of Ukraine after the war. We analyze energy consumption trends and justify the need for investment in the nuclear industry, which occupies a large part of the country's energy consumption. A model for assessing and forecasting the energy consumption market has been developed. The model shows an upward trend in oil and gas consumption. Our approach allows us to quantify the net increase in energy consumption in the future.

This book “Pharmaceutics (Theory)” has been written with the conception of introducing pharmacy students, the fundamentals of pharmaceutics. The book contains eight chapters. The first chapter provides information about the Introduction to dosage forms, Prescription, and Posology. In the 2nd chapter explained the Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy and pharmaceutical industry in brief. In 3rd chapter given about Development of Indian Pharmacopoeia and introduction to other Pharmacopoeias such as BP, USP, European Pharmacopoeia, Extra pharmacopoeia and Indian national formulary. The 4th Chapter Weights and measures, Calculations involving percentage solutions, allegation, proof spirit, Isotonic solutions etc. Chapter five provides Powders and Granules: Classification advantages and disadvantages, Preparation of simple, compound powders, Insufflations. Dusting powders. Eutectic and Explosive powders, Tooth powder and effervescent powders and granules. In chapter 6 Monophasic Dosage forms: Theoretical aspects of formulation including adjuvant like stabilizers, colorants. flavors with examples. Study of Monophasic liquids like gargles. mouth washes, Throat paint, Ear drops, Nasal drops, Liniments and lotions, Enemas and collodions. In 7th Chapter explained Biphasic dosage forms: Suspensions and emulsions, Definition, advantages and disadvantages, classification, test for the type of emulsion. formulation. stability and evaluation. Chapter 8 described Suppositories and pessaries: Definition, advantages and disadvantages, types of bases. method of preparation, Displacement value and evaluation. Chapter 9 elaborates on Galenical’s: Definition, equipment for different extraction processes like infusion. Decoction. Maceration and Percolation, methods of preparation of spirits, tinctures and extracts. In 10th defined only calculations about Pharmaceutical. After 11 and 12 described Surgical aids: Surgical dressings, absorbable gelatin sponge, sutur

The influence of the microclimate of the physical environment on residential thermo-energetic performance is evaluated. Three nearby environments are considered in Grran Corrientes: densified urban, cleared suburban, and suburban with native forest. Temperature and Relative Humidity data are recorded by external sensors during the hottest 2022 summer period. For these three environments, the thermo-energetic performance of a house is simulated by EnergyPlus, keeping unchanged: its morphology/orientation, construction technology, use factor and air conditioning system. The results show a higher energy consumption with a higher percentage of residential hygro-thermal discomfort in a densified urban environment, followed by the cleared suburban, revealing better conditions in the presence of native vegetation. The mitigating effect of the vegetation on the microclimate of the physical environment is evident, which has a positive impact on the thermo-energetic performance of the house. The need to conserve the native forest in the design of new developments is pointed out., Avalia-se a influência do microclima do ambiente físico no comportamento termo-energético residencial. Três ambientes próximos são considerados dentro do Gran Corrientes: urbano adensado, suburbano desmatado e suburbano com floresta nativa. Os dados de Temperatura e Umidade Relativa são registrados através de sensores externos durante o período mais quente do verão de 2022. O comportamento termo-energético de uma casa é simulado para esses três ambientes usando o EnergyPlus, mantendo inalterados: a sua morfologia/orientação, tecnologia construtiva, fator de uso e sistema de ar condicionado. Os resultados demostram maior consumo de energia com maior percentual de desconforto higrotérmico residencial em ambiente urbano adensado, seguido do suburbano desmatado, revelando melhores condições no ambiente com floresta nativa. Evidencia-se o efeito atenuante da vegetação no microclima do ambiente físico, o que tem um impacto positivo no comportamento termo-energético da moradia. Aponta-se a necessidade de conservação da floresta no desenho de novas urbanizações., Se evalúa la influencia del microclima del entorno físico en el comportamiento termo-energético residencial. Se consideran tres entornos próximos dentro del Gran Corrientes: urbano densificado, suburbano desmontado y suburbano con monte nativo. Se registran, mediante sensores externos, los datos de Temperatura y Humedad Relativa durante el período estival más caluroso del 2022. Se simula, para estos tres entornos, el comportamiento termo-energético de una vivienda mediante EnergyPlus, manteniendo inalterables: su morfología/orientación, tecnología constructiva, factor de uso y sistema de climatización. Los resultados demuestran mayor consumo energético con mayor porcentaje de disconfort higro-térmico residencial en un entorno urbano densificado, seguido por el suburbano desmontado, revelando mejores condiciones en el entorno con monte nativo. Se evidencia el efecto mitigador de la vegetación sobre el microclima del entorno físico, que repercute positivamente en el comportamiento termo-energético de la vivienda. Se señala la necesidad de conservar el monte en el diseño de nuevas urbanizaciones.

The influence of the microclimate of the physical environment on residential thermo-energetic performance is evaluated. Three nearby environments are considered in Grran Corrientes: densified urban, cleared suburban, and suburban with native forest. Temperature and Relative Humidity data are recorded by external sensors during the hottest 2022 summer period. For these three environments, the thermo-energetic performance of a house is simulated by EnergyPlus, keeping unchanged: its morphology/orientation, construction technology, use factor and air conditioning system. The results show a higher energy consumption with a higher percentage of residential hygro-thermal discomfort in a densified urban environment, followed by the cleared suburban, revealing better conditions in the presence of native vegetation. The mitigating effect of the vegetation on the microclimate of the physical environment is evident, which has a positive impact on the thermo-energetic performance of the house. The need to conserve the native forest in the design of new developments is pointed out., Avalia-se a influência do microclima do ambiente físico no comportamento termo-energético residencial. Três ambientes próximos são considerados dentro do Gran Corrientes: urbano adensado, suburbano desmatado e suburbano com floresta nativa. Os dados de Temperatura e Umidade Relativa são registrados através de sensores externos durante o período mais quente do verão de 2022. O comportamento termo-energético de uma casa é simulado para esses três ambientes usando o EnergyPlus, mantendo inalterados: a sua morfologia/orientação, tecnologia construtiva, fator de uso e sistema de ar condicionado. Os resultados demostram maior consumo de energia com maior percentual de desconforto higrotérmico residencial em ambiente urbano adensado, seguido do suburbano desmatado, revelando melhores condições no ambiente com floresta nativa. Evidencia-se o efeito atenuante da vegetação no microclima do ambiente físico, o que tem um impacto positivo no comportamento termo-energético da moradia. Aponta-se a necessidade de conservação da floresta no desenho de novas urbanizações., Se evalúa la influencia del microclima del entorno físico en el comportamiento termo-energético residencial. Se consideran tres entornos próximos dentro del Gran Corrientes: urbano densificado, suburbano desmontado y suburbano con monte nativo. Se registran, mediante sensores externos, los datos de Temperatura y Humedad Relativa durante el período estival más caluroso del 2022. Se simula, para estos tres entornos, el comportamiento termo-energético de una vivienda mediante EnergyPlus, manteniendo inalterables: su morfología/orientación, tecnología constructiva, factor de uso y sistema de climatización. Los resultados demuestran mayor consumo energético con mayor porcentaje de disconfort higro-térmico residencial en un entorno urbano densificado, seguido por el suburbano desmontado, revelando mejores condiciones en el entorno con monte nativo. Se evidencia el efecto mitigador de la vegetación sobre el microclima del entorno físico, que repercute positivamente en el comportamiento termo-energético de la vivienda. Se señala la necesidad de conservar el monte en el diseño de nuevas urbanizaciones.

The decarbonization of the power generation and transport sector encourage the analysis of connection of distributed energy resources (DER), such as electric vehicles (EVs), to the electrical system, as well as the evaluation of their impact on smart cities. A better understanding of the negative impacts on the power systems will lead to propose mitigation measures and eventually revolutionize the way distributed generation works. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The energy system chosen operates at 60 Hz, 34.5 kV (medium voltage) and 0.208 kV (low voltage) and it is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. To reproduce realistic user consumption profiles, dynamic load profiles based on EV owners behaviour have been simulated. The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. The results show the importance of active management in modern power systems, especially considering the increase in DER penetration expected for the coming years. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The V2G technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case.image

The decarbonization of the power generation and transport sector encourage the analysis of connection of distributed energy resources (DER), such as electric vehicles (EVs), to the electrical system, as well as the evaluation of their impact on smart cities. A better understanding of the negative impacts on the power systems will lead to propose mitigation measures and eventually revolutionize the way distributed generation works. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The energy system chosen operates at 60 Hz, 34.5 kV (medium voltage) and 0.208 kV (low voltage) and it is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. To reproduce realistic user consumption profiles, dynamic load profiles based on EV owners behaviour have been simulated. The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. The results show the importance of active management in modern power systems, especially considering the increase in DER penetration expected for the coming years. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The V2G technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case.image

The decarbonization of the power generation and transport sector encourage the analysis of connection of distributed energy resources (DER), such as electric vehicles (EVs), to the electrical system, as well as the evaluation of their impact on smart cities. A better understanding of the negative impacts on the power systems will lead to propose mitigation measures and eventually revolutionize the way distributed generation works. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The energy system chosen operates at 60 Hz, 34.5 kV (medium voltage) and 0.208 kV (low voltage) and it is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. To reproduce realistic user consumption profiles, dynamic load profiles based on EV owners behaviour have been simulated. The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. The results show the importance of active management in modern power systems, especially considering the increase in DER penetration expected for the coming years. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The V2G technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case.image

The decarbonization of the power generation and transport sector encourage the analysis of connection of distributed energy resources (DER), such as electric vehicles (EVs), to the electrical system, as well as the evaluation of their impact on smart cities. A better understanding of the negative impacts on the power systems will lead to propose mitigation measures and eventually revolutionize the way distributed generation works. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The energy system chosen operates at 60 Hz, 34.5 kV (medium voltage) and 0.208 kV (low voltage) and it is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. To reproduce realistic user consumption profiles, dynamic load profiles based on EV owners behaviour have been simulated. The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. The results show the importance of active management in modern power systems, especially considering the increase in DER penetration expected for the coming years. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The V2G technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case.image

The modern world is faced with a multitude of environmental and socio-economic issues, stemming from the way that energy is used and converted. Climate change due to anthropogenic activities (use of fossil fuel resources and its associated CO2 equivalent emissions), has greatly affected humankind and nature in general, by leading to extreme weather phenomena and reducing the quality of life especially of people belonging to vulnerable communities. The unsustainable practices of the energy sector and the increased energy and materials needs of the public, have brought the situation to a point where immediate action is required to mitigate the effects of climate change. Furthermore, as became apparent by studying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russo-Ukrainian war, the global energy market is heavily exposed to price and availability shocks that have a significant negative impact on the quality of life of people globally also in the very short term. Overall, the transition of the energy sector to a green and renewable alternative is essential and bioenergy constitutes a crucial piece of the puzzle of such a sustainable future....

In addition to introducing some "basic" international accounting standards, Financial Accounting-I and II covers the fundamentals of accounting. Additionally, this textbook is excellent for accounting modules in non-accountancy courses. The book follows a step-by-step approach and provides numerous practical examples to help explain concepts. Complete chapters on Suspense Accounts, Control Accounts, and Incomplete Records—topics that are not usually covered in other textbooks but present challenges for students—are also included.Presenting this updated version of the Financial Accounting textbook to the students and instructors of the Bachelor of Management programme, which was initiated by the University of Chennai, gives me immense pleasure.This book is written along the lines of the university's established syllabus. The book uses clear, persuasive language to convey its subject. This book offers a distinct and well-organized presentation of the subject matter. This book is suitable for students to use as a home tutor. We sincerely hope that this book will be of great assistance to the academic community and teaching staff.We are extremely grateful to Mrs Rajani Adam of Kripa Drishti Publications, Pune for their devoted and untiring personal attention accorded by them to this publication.

The decarbonization of the power generation and transport sector encourage the analysis of connection of distributed energy resources (DER), such as electric vehicles (EVs), to the electrical system, as well as the evaluation of their impact on smart cities. A better understanding of the negative impacts on the power systems will lead to propose mitigation measures and eventually revolutionize the way distributed generation works. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The energy system chosen operates at 60 Hz, 34.5 kV (medium voltage) and 0.208 kV (low voltage) and it is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. To reproduce realistic user consumption profiles, dynamic load profiles based on EV owners behaviour have been simulated. The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. The results show the importance of active management in modern power systems, especially considering the increase in DER penetration expected for the coming years. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The V2G technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case.image

The department of Puno located in the South East of Peru, is made up of 13 provinces, of which 6 of them are located on the shores of Lake Titicaca. Due to climate change, this lake is threatened by the decrease in its water level, which in recent years has dropped by nearly 4 meters, a fact that worries its riverside populations that are being affected by droughts, global warming and the consequent global upheaval that places them in a very critical situation, as the ecosystem, commerce, economy, tourism, agriculture, livestock, etc. are affected. The Uros, one of their ancestral populations that live on floating islands, date back to pre-Inca times and are the inhabitants who currently suffer the most from these drastic climate changes, a situation that, despite the warnings of various organizations responsible for the conservation of the environment that announced in advance that the hand of man itself would be the cause of the serious damage that our planet is suffering. The inhabitants of the riverside provinces of Chucuito, Collao, Huancané, Moho, Puno, and Yunguyo, as well as San Román and Azángaro, very close to the shores of the lake, have a great challenge for the present and the future, which allows them to leave future generations, a region hand in hand with sustainable development to coexist while maintaining the balance of its own ecosystem, as well as that of the Titicaca basin, an important source of life for its populations., El departamento de Puno ubicado al Sur Este de Perú, se compone de 13 provincias, de las cuales 6 de ellas se encuentran a orillas del lago Titicaca. Debido al cambio climático, este lago se ve amenazado ante la disminución del nivel de sus aguas y que en los últimos cuatro años ha descendido cerca de 4 metros, hecho que preocupa especialmente a sus poblaciones ribereñas que se están viendo afectadas ante las sequías, el calentamiento global y la consecuente ebullición global que los coloca en una situación muy crítica, al verse afectado el ecosistema, el comercio, la economía, el turismo, la agricultura, la ganadería, etc. Los Uros, una de sus poblaciones ancestrales que viven en islas flotantes de totora y que data de tiempos pre incas, son los habitantes que en la actualidad sufren más por estos drásticos cambios climáticos, situación que, pese a las advertencias de diversos organismos responsables de la conservación del medio ambiente, anunciaron anticipadamente que la mano del hombre es causante del grave daño que está sufriendo nuestro planeta. Los habitantes de las provincias ribereñas de Chucuito, el Collao, Huancané, Moho, Puno, y Yunguyo, así como San Román y Azángaro muy cercanas a las costas del lago, tienen un gran desafío para el presente y el futuro, que permita dejar a las generaciones venideras, una región de la mano con un desarrollo sostenible para convivir manteniendo el equilibrio del ecosistema propio, así como el de la cuenca del Titicaca, importante fuente de vida para sus poblaciones.

Energy insecurity—the inability to secure one’s energy needs—impacts millions of Americans each year. A particularly severe instance of energy insecurity is when a utility disconnects a household from service, affecting its ability to refrigerate perishable food, purchase medicine, or maintain adequate temperatures. Governments can protect vulnerable populations from disconnections through policies, such as shutoff moratoria or seasonal protections that limit disconnections during extreme weather months. We take advantage of the temporary disconnection moratoria that states implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess the efficacy of state protections on rates of disconnection, spending across other essential needs, and uptake of bill payment assistance. We find that protections reduce disconnections and the need for households to forgo other expenses. We further find that protections are most beneficial to people of color and households with young children. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications for energy-insecure populations.

Many research is being undertaken to meet the growing demand for energy by creating new and more efficient technologies using available raw materials such as natural gas, coal and biomass instead of petroleum. These potential energy sources help generate synthesis gas, a versatile intermediate for chemical production and fuels. It is also considered a realistic way of using vast available sources because directly converting the sources mentioned above into fuels and valuable chemicals is practically not feasible. Dimethyl ether is known for its environmental friendliness as a fuel. It is a suitable replacement for diesel fuel due to its high cetane number range greater than diesel fuel. DME is an environmentally friendly alternative fuel because of its good burning characteristics, low SOx, NOx emissions. Another concern when considering alternative fuel is using existing infrastructure, including transport, handling, storage and distribution. This study indicated that the dual-phase configuration of a fluidised bed was most efficient for DME production. The modified dual-phase fluidised bed reactor model generally gave improved results compared to the other methods. This study also proved that the second bed is susceptible to the composition of the catalyst bed, which was mainly observed in the CSTR at temperature increase.

Climate change is one of the most urgent problems faced by humanity, and rising sea levels, extreme weather events and desertification pose a severe threat to human life as we know it. Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from human activities have caused long-term global warming, and are primarily caused by the burning of fossil fuels to generate energy, e.g., for electricity, heat or transport. It is essential that we move to cleaner sources of energy across the board to prevent further greenhouse gas emissions, and this move is driven by three main trends. First, the rise of distributed energy resources through rooftop solar, backup batteries and electric vehicles has led to the creation of a new class of consumers which have electricity production capability. These resources tend to be variable, and are owned and operated independently. Second, the move to variable clean energy production will lead to power system operators having an increased need for demand side flexibility in order to accommodate the supply-side variability. Flexible consumers can bid in their flexibility into markets for profit, or use it to reduce their emissions impact. Third, the increasing share of electric vehicles will led to an intersection of the transportation and power networks, where electric vehicles will be able to use their batteries as `mobile' storage in the power network. This dissertation addresses some key challenges associated with each of these trends, and proposes solutions for them.

Desalination using renewable energy offers a route to transform our incumbent linear consumption model to a circular one. This transition will also shift desalination from large-scale centralized coastal facilities toward modular distributed inland plants. This new scale of desalination can be satisfied using solar energy to decarbonize water production, but additional considerations, such as storage and inland brine management, become important. Here, we evaluate the levelized cost of water for 16 solar desalination system configurations at 2 different salinities. For fossil fuel-driven plants, we find that zero-liquid discharge is economically favorable to inland brine disposal. For renewable desalination, we discover that solar-thermal energy is superior to photovoltaics due to low thermal storage cost and that energy storage, despite being expensive, outperforms water storage as the latter has a low utilization factor. The analysis also yields a promising outlook for solar desalination by 2030 as solar generation and storage costs decrease.

Multi-energy industrial parks, composed of the district energy supply system and terminal industrial loads, are dominant energy consumers with over 50% occupation of total energy consumption. Considering the energy conversion in the district energy supply system and adjustment of production subtasks in terminal industrial loads, the industrial parks could provide considerable flexibility for utility multi-energy systems to deal with contingencies. However, industrial parks may have multiple uncertainties originating from the production subtasks' variability, distributed renewable energy's fluctuation, and random failures of equipment. These uncertainties could make the flexibility assessment of industrial parks unreliable, which may further exacerbate utility system risks. To address the problem, this paper innovatively proposes the concept of probabilistic integrated flexible regions and corresponding characterization approaches, which can effectively describe the credible multi-energy adjustment ability of industrial parks. First, the energy-material flows in the industrial park are modeled considering multiple uncertainties while subject to constraints such as operating limits of equipment, energy and material balancing, and production targets. Then, the modeling and calculation methods of probabilistic integrated flexible regions are given. These regions are labeled with certain probability requirements and visualized in the input multi-energy space. Using a real-world test system that produces air conditioning equipment in China, the results show that the proposed model can effectively reflect the probability characteristics of the integrated flexibility under multiple uncertainties. For this test system, the area of a highly credible integrated flexibility, represented by the probabilistic integrated flexible region with 99% probability, is about half of that obtained by the deterministic model. That is, half of the integrated flexibility evaluated by the dete

Solar energy is considered to be an effective measure to alleviate the shortage of power supply in the Maldives. In this paper, a roof photovoltaic (PV) system integrated into water villas in the Maldives was investigated. Three islands—Ayada Maldives, Angaga Island Resort, and JA Manafaru, located in the southern, central, and northern parts of Maldives—were selected for a case study. The potential of PV installations in Ayada Maldives, Angaga Island Resort, and JA Manafaru reaches 1,410, 445, and 742 kW, with corresponding annual power generation of 2.04, 0.64, and 1.12 GWh, respectively. The profits over the life cycle of 25 years of the above three studied islands are 4.86, 1.52, and 2.90 million USD, respectively, with payback periods in the range of 6–7 years.

Energy poverty is a far-reaching concept that intrinsically bridges numerous fields of study, ranging from engineering to anthropology and medical science to social psychology. The profound implications of energy poverty on the quality of life globally have also led to a wide range of metrics and policies aimed at measuring it and alleviating it, albeit with limited success. Using a mixed methods approach, our network has conducted research to advance knowledge and interpretations of energy poverty and boost scientific outputs' capacity to shape knowledge-based policies. In this article, we critically review this extensive research endeavor, as well as its results. We build on the conceptual, methodological, and policy dimensions of energy poverty research to set up pathways toward a new, interdisciplinary research and policy agenda on energy poverty mitigation better equipped to provide meaningful answers to the challenges posed by the current ongoing energy crisis., Economics of Technology and Innovation, Ethics & Philosophy of Technology

De entre las actividades antrópicas la producción energética es una de las que ha generado mayor impacto espacial y transformación del paisaje. La comunidad de geógrafos, si bien se interesó de forma temprana por los recursos energéticos o su aprovechamiento y consumo, no ha abordado hasta el nuevo siglo la dimensión paisajística de la energía. El artículo analiza a partir de un trabajo de revisión bibliográfica el estado de la cuestión de los estudios geográficos sobre la energía. Los resultados identifican las orientaciones con las que ha sido abordada la “geografía de la energía” y las líneas de investigación presentes., Among the anthropic activities, both mining and energy development are uppermost in terms of spatial impact and their capacity for landscape transformation. While geographers took an early interest over energy resources, it was not until the turn of the new century that they approached the landscape dimension of energy. The present paper engages in a literature review in order to assess the current state of geographical studies on the issue of energy. Our results point at both the main past approaches to the study of the so-called “geography of energy” and the current lines of research in this field.

Decarbonizing the building sector depends on choices made at the household level, which are heterogeneous. Agent-based models are tools used to describe heterogeneous choices but require data-intensive calibration. This study analyzes a novel, cross-country European household-level survey, including sociodemographic characteristics, energy-saving habits, energy-saving investments, and metered household electricity consumption, to enhance the empirical grounding of an agent-based residential energy choice model. Applying cluster analysis to the data shows that energy consumption is not straightforwardly explained by sociodemographic classes, preferences, or attitudes, but some patterns emerge. Income consistently has the largest effect on demand, dwelling efficiency, and energy-saving investments, and the potential to improve a dwellings' energy use affects the efficiency investments made. Including the various sources of heterogeneity found to characterize the model agents affects the timing and speed of the transition. The results reinforce the need for grounding agent-based models in empirical data, to better understand energy transition dynamics.

[SPA] Este proyecto tiene como finalidad presentar y desarrollar los conceptos del campo de la construcción de edificios energéticamente eficientes. El proyecto está dividido en 4 bloques. En el primer bloque se definen los principales conceptos de la edificación NZEB (nearly Zero-Energy Building) y se presentan algunos de los estándares de NZEB más conocidos. En el segundo bloque se exponen medidas activas y pasivas útiles en el ámbito de la construcción energéticamente eficiente. En el tercer bloque se desarrolla un caso práctico consistente en la certificación de una nave industrial y posterior mejora de esta a través de la aplicación de medidas pasivas y/o activas. En el cuarto y último bloque se hace un análisis económico de las medidas y se concluye comprobando cuales de los estándares desarrollados anteriormente podrían serle otorgados a la nave una vez modificada. [ENG] This project aims to present and develop the concepts in the field of energy-efficient building construction. The project is divided into 4 blocks. In the first block, the main concepts of NZEB building are defined and some of the most popular NZEB standards are presented. In the second block active and passive measures useful in the field of energy efficient construction are developed. In the third block, a case study is developed consisting of the certification of an industrial building and its subsequent improvement through the application of passive and/or active measures. In the fourth and last block, an economic analysis of the measures is made and it is concluded by checking which of the previously developed standards could be granted to the building once it has been modified

La energía eléctrica es un componente imprescindible en nuestro día a día, Europa ha creado a lo largo de los años las suficientes infraestructuras eléctricas para que la energía sea parte de nuestra cotidianidad y nos brinde prosperidad industrial y bienestar social en diversas formas, ayudando a la movilidad de mercancías y personas o permitiendo avances en materias tecnológicas, pero hay que tener presente que el uso de la electricidad de manera industrial es algo relativamente nuevo perteneciente al siglo XX, y por ello nos hemos enfrentado y nos enfrentaremos a diferentes contextos que pueden provocar inestabilidad e incertidumbre. En este trabajo intentaremos entender la situación de crisis energética por la que está pasando Europa y especialmente España, focalizando principalmente en como las tensiones internacionales pueden afectar al contexto energético de diversas formas. Actualmente los hidrocarburos como el gas natural y el petróleo son la principal fuente de energía mundial, aunque bien es cierto que se requiere de una transición energética hacia las energías renovables con el fin de parar el cambio climático, aún estamos muy lejos de producir energía sin contaminar el planeta y tendremos que seguir usando hidrocarburos hasta solucionar ciertos retos en lo que a energías renovables se refiere, por ejemplo el estado de las centrales energéticas renovables actuales, las cuales no tienen la capacidad de suministrar toda la energía que se demanda, ya que son tecnologías relativamente nuevas, por otro lado la dificultad para crear nuevas centrales eléctricas, las cuales requieren de una fuerte inversión inicial, la cual no se podrá recuperar hasta que la central lleve varios años en funcionamiento (décadas en muchos casos), también hay impedimentos científicos y tecnológicos, ya que la manera de recoger energía renovable a través del viento o de los rayos solares es menos densa que la energía capturada a través de hidrocarburos o de compuestos nucleares, est

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have gained global acceptance in terms of green, replenishable energy resources to meet energy demand with no emissions. However, PV systems are susceptible to operational and environmental stresses. Moreover, PV panels monitoring is necessary to keep their performance and efficiency intact due to their lack of supervisory control. Therefore, this study monitors PV panels based on health into three sub-classes: healthy, hotspot, and faulty through infrared thermography. First, Thermographs key points are selected using an 8× 8 uniform pixel grid, and speed-up robust features (SURF) are extracted from grid intersection points. Afterward, due to its simplicity, the k-mean clustering algorithm creates single-level clusters based on actual observations similarities and similar observations closeness within-cluster and dissimilarity to other clusters observations are used to transform features into visual words. Finally, shallow classifiers are utilized because of low training time and high prediction speed. After extensive testing and compressive analysis, the proposed approach was found economical, fast, and showed high testing accuracy of 97% through a multi-class shallow classifier (support vector machine) with low computational complexity and less storage size. Thus, this approach can monitor megawatt PV systems with high accuracy and keep performance and emissions mitigation potential high while lowering payback time.

Condensate reservoirs are the most challenging hydrocarbon reservoirs in the world. The behavior of condensate gas reservoirs regarding pressure and temperature variation is unique. Adjusting fluid flow rate through wellhead chokes of condensate gas wells is critical and challenging for reservoir management. Predicting this vital parameter is a big step for the development of condensate gas fields. In this study, a novel machine learning approach is developed to predict gas flow rate (Qg) from six input variables: temperature (T); upstream pressure (Pu); downstream pressure (Pd); gas gravity (γg); choke diameter (D64) and gas–liquid ratio (GLR). Due to the absence of accurate recombination methods for determining Qg, machine learning methods offer a functional alternative approach. Four hybrid machine learning (HML) algorithms are developed by integrating multiple extreme learning machine (MELM) and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) with two optimization algorithms, the genetic algorithm (GA) and the particle swarm optimizer (PSO). The evaluation conducted on prediction performance and accuracy of the four HML models developed indicates that the MELM-PSO model has the highest Qg prediction accuracy achieving a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.8639 Mscf/d and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9778 for a dataset of 1009 data records compiled from gas-condensate fields around Iran. Comparison of the prediction performance of the HML models developed with those of the previous empirical equations and artificial intelligence models reveals that the novel MELM-PSO model presents superior prediction efficiency and higher computational accuracy. Moreover, the Spearman correlation coefficient analysis performed demonstrates that D64 and GLR are the most influential variables in the gas flow rate for the large dataset evaluated in this study.

Condensate reservoirs are the most challenging hydrocarbon reservoirs in the world. The behavior of condensate gas reservoirs regarding pressure and temperature variation is unique. Adjusting fluid flow rate through wellhead chokes of condensate gas wells is critical and challenging for reservoir management. Predicting this vital parameter is a big step for the development of condensate gas fields. In this study, a novel machine learning approach is developed to predict gas flow rate (Qg) from six input variables: temperature (T); upstream pressure (Pu); downstream pressure (Pd); gas gravity (γg); choke diameter (D64) and gas–liquid ratio (GLR). Due to the absence of accurate recombination methods for determining Qg, machine learning methods offer a functional alternative approach. Four hybrid machine learning (HML) algorithms are developed by integrating multiple extreme learning machine (MELM) and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) with two optimization algorithms, the genetic algorithm (GA) and the particle swarm optimizer (PSO). The evaluation conducted on prediction performance and accuracy of the four HML models developed indicates that the MELM-PSO model has the highest Qg prediction accuracy achieving a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.8639 Mscf/d and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9778 for a dataset of 1009 data records compiled from gas-condensate fields around Iran. Comparison of the prediction performance of the HML models developed with those of the previous empirical equations and artificial intelligence models reveals that the novel MELM-PSO model presents superior prediction efficiency and higher computational accuracy. Moreover, the Spearman correlation coefficient analysis performed demonstrates that D64 and GLR are the most influential variables in the gas flow rate for the large dataset evaluated in this study.

Compensation structures for residential solar are evolving toward a model that incentivizes using battery storage to maximize solar self-consumption. Using metered data from 1,800 residential customers across six U.S. utilities, we show that batteries operated solely in this manner provide customer bill savings up to $20-30 per kWh of storage capacity annually, but virtually no grid value. Relative to market-based dispatch, this value gap remains across customers and will become more severe over time, insofar as increased renewable energy penetration leads to more volatile wholesale prices. This inefficiency primarily stems from residential batteries largely sitting idle on peak days. We show that incentivizing storage customers to respond to market prices, particularly on peak days, would enhance both private and public value. Unconstrained grid discharging increases exports to distribution networks, but 50-70% of the potential market value could be achieved without materially degrading solar self-consumption levels or increasing local grid stress.

Regional multipolarity has increased the complexity of geopolitical interests along with the worsening of international relations. Geopolitics is a means of not only interpreting the state of the political environment, but also in projecting the desired geo-economic end state for an actor. A much more pragmatic approach to securing perceived national interests is observed among newly emerging non-Western international actors in the Mediterranean region. This article analyses the energy factor which influences military-political situation in Eastern Mediterranean region with an emphasis upon Turkey and Russia’s sometimes cooperation and sometimes competition. The decision by Greece, Republic of Cyprus and Israel on commencement of construction of EastMed gas pipeline has been analysed. This decision was considered to be one of the key causes of the escalation in Libya. The conclusion is that Turkey strives to complicate the laying of any gas pipelines stretching from south-eastern direction to Europe bypassing its territory. The Russian escalation factor was also analysed. Finally, strategic risks for Turkey relating to its build-up of a military presence in Libya have been identified. These factors form the basis for consequences of possible escalation of conflict for the entire region.

Regional multipolarity has increased the complexity of geopolitical interests along with the worsening of international relations. Geopolitics is a means of not only interpreting the state of the political environment, but also in projecting the desired geo-economic end state for an actor. A much more pragmatic approach to securing perceived national interests is observed among newly emerging non-Western international actors in the Mediterranean region. This article analyses the energy factor which influences military-political situation in Eastern Mediterranean region with an emphasis upon Turkey and Russia’s sometimes cooperation and sometimes competition. The decision by Greece, Republic of Cyprus and Israel on commencement of construction of EastMed gas pipeline has been analysed. This decision was considered to be one of the key causes of the escalation in Libya. The conclusion is that Turkey strives to complicate the laying of any gas pipelines stretching from south-eastern direction to Europe bypassing its territory. The Russian escalation factor was also analysed. Finally, strategic risks for Turkey relating to its build-up of a military presence in Libya have been identified. These factors form the basis for consequences of possible escalation of conflict for the entire region.

Regional multipolarity has increased the complexity of geopolitical interests along with the worsening of international relations. Geopolitics is a means of not only interpreting the state of the political environment, but also in projecting the desired geo-economic end state for an actor. A much more pragmatic approach to securing perceived national interests is observed among newly emerging non-Western international actors in the Mediterranean region. This article analyses the energy factor which influences military-political situation in Eastern Mediterranean region with an emphasis upon Turkey and Russia’s sometimes cooperation and sometimes competition. The decision by Greece, Republic of Cyprus and Israel on commencement of construction of EastMed gas pipeline has been analysed. This decision was considered to be one of the key causes of the escalation in Libya. The conclusion is that Turkey strives to complicate the laying of any gas pipelines stretching from south-eastern direction to Europe bypassing its territory. The Russian escalation factor was also analysed. Finally, strategic risks for Turkey relating to its build-up of a military presence in Libya have been identified. These factors form the basis for consequences of possible escalation of conflict for the entire region.

Compensation structures for residential solar are evolving toward a model that incentivizes using battery storage to maximize solar self-consumption. Using metered data from 1,800 residential customers across six U.S. utilities, we show that batteries operated solely in this manner provide customer bill savings up to $20-30 per kWh of storage capacity annually, but virtually no grid value. Relative to market-based dispatch, this value gap remains across customers and will become more severe over time, insofar as increased renewable energy penetration leads to more volatile wholesale prices. This inefficiency primarily stems from residential batteries largely sitting idle on peak days. We show that incentivizing storage customers to respond to market prices, particularly on peak days, would enhance both private and public value. Unconstrained grid discharging increases exports to distribution networks, but 50-70% of the potential market value could be achieved without materially degrading solar self-consumption levels or increasing local grid stress.

Dramatic reductions in solar, wind, and battery storage costs create new opportunities to reduce emissions and costs in China's electricity sector, beyond current policy goals. This study examines the cost, reliability, emissions, public health, and employment implications of increasing the share of non-fossil fuel ("carbon free") electricity generation in China to 80% by 2035. The analysis uses state-of-the-art modeling with high resolution load, wind, and solar inputs. The study finds that achieving an 80% carbon-free electricity system in China by 2035 could reduce wholesale electricity costs, relative to a current policy baseline, while maintaining high levels of reliability, reducing deaths from air pollution, and increasing employment. In our 80% scenario, wind and solar generation capacity reach 3 TW and battery storage capacity reaches 0.4 TW by 2035, implying a rapid scale up in these resources that will require changes in policy targets, markets and regulation, and land use policies.

This research aims to analyze the relationship between monthly energy consumption and age of users of Barrio San Agustin in Machachi Canton in the province of Pichincha in the EEQ by its Spanish acronym, Empresa Electrica de Quito, before and after the curfew measures issued by the national COE (by its Spanish acronym) in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic. It is carried out taking into account a stratum distributed by the level of energy consumption, conducting age surveys of users in the area, determining its variation in relation to the years 2018, 2019 2020 and 2021, applying the curvilinear regression method to estimate the average monthly demand in relation to the average age of users, and as a result thereof, the group that reaches the peaks of power consumption in the period from March to November 2020, corresponds to an average age ranging from 27 to 33 years old and the average age groups that present the lowest average consumption are those ranging from 20 to 25 and from 40 to 45 years old., Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre el consumo energético mensual y la edad de los usuarios pertenecientes al Barrio San Agustín en el Cantón Machachi provincia de Pichincha en la EEQ (Empresa Eléctrica Quito) antes y después de las medidas de toque de queda dictadas por el COE nacional en respuesta a la pandemia mundial por COVID-19. Se lleva a cabo tomando en cuenta un estrato distribuido por el nivel de consumo energético, levantando encuestas de edad de usuarios de la zona determinando su variación en relación al año 2018, 2019 2020 y 2021 aplicando el método de regresión curvilineal para estimar la demanda promedio mensual en relación a la edad promedio de los usuarios, resultando que el grupo que alcanza los picos de consumo de energía eléctrica en este periodo de marzo a noviembre del año 2020 pertenecen a una edad promedio de 27 a 33 años y el grupo de edades promedio que presenta el menor consumo promedio es de 20 a 25 años y de 40 a 45 años.

With the rise of distributed energy resources and the increasing activation of flexibility resources by Distribution Systems Operators (DSOs), the Transmission System Operators (TSOs) need to co-ordinate their actions with those of the DSOs. This research uses a look-ahead multi-interval (LA-MI) framework for analyzing this coordination and explores two formulations. Firstly in the exogenous DSO model, a mixed-integer linear program is developed to reflect the pragmatic approach in many real situations whereby the TSO can only anticipate statistically the actions of the DSO. In the embedded DSO model, as a comparator, we propose a new organizational setup for the TSO-DSO operational coordination mechanism. In the resulting bilevel decomposition, a new method to calculate Benders cuts is developed and tested on a modified IEEE 118-bus test system as a transmission network and two modified IEEE 33-bus test systems as distribution networks. The benefits of the LA-MI coordination framework are substantial in comparison with the current Look-Ahead Single-Interval (LA-SI) coordination framework widely used in Europe., QC 20230614

Currently, the most difficult time of year for California to supply the demanded electricity is around sunset on very hot summer days. As California uses more renewable electricity, that challenge may shift to any time of the year depending on the supply of electricity more than on the demand. We study various scenarios for applying a 100% renewable energy grid using six years (2015-2020) of historical demand and scaled-up solar and wind generation to investigate the main function of the storage in affording adequate electricity supply at all times of the year. We identify the times of year that may be most challenging. We detect that, for a solar dominant generation profile, the ultimate challenge shifts from summer to winter. Furthermore, the critical time of the year may be shifted by one or two months depending on the amount and the mix of the renewable generation that will be built.

Regional multipolarity has increased the complexity of geopolitical interests along with the worsening of international relations. Geopolitics is a means of not only interpreting the state of the political environment, but also in projecting the desired geo-economic end state for an actor. A much more pragmatic approach to securing perceived national interests is observed among newly emerging non-Western international actors in the Mediterranean region. This article analyses the energy factor which influences military-political situation in Eastern Mediterranean region with an emphasis upon Turkey and Russia’s sometimes cooperation and sometimes competition. The decision by Greece, Republic of Cyprus and Israel on commencement of construction of EastMed gas pipeline has been analysed. This decision was considered to be one of the key causes of the escalation in Libya. The conclusion is that Turkey strives to complicate the laying of any gas pipelines stretching from south-eastern direction to Europe bypassing its territory. The Russian escalation factor was also analysed. Finally, strategic risks for Turkey relating to its build-up of a military presence in Libya have been identified. These factors form the basis for consequences of possible escalation of conflict for the entire region.

This research aims to analyze the relationship between monthly energy consumption and age of users of Barrio San Agustin in Machachi Canton in the province of Pichincha in the EEQ by its Spanish acronym, Empresa Electrica de Quito, before and after the curfew measures issued by the national COE (by its Spanish acronym) in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic. It is carried out taking into account a stratum distributed by the level of energy consumption, conducting age surveys of users in the area, determining its variation in relation to the years 2018, 2019 2020 and 2021, applying the curvilinear regression method to estimate the average monthly demand in relation to the average age of users, and as a result thereof, the group that reaches the peaks of power consumption in the period from March to November 2020, corresponds to an average age ranging from 27 to 33 years old and the average age groups that present the lowest average consumption are those ranging from 20 to 25 and from 40 to 45 years old., Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre el consumo energético mensual y la edad de los usuarios pertenecientes al Barrio San Agustín en el Cantón Machachi provincia de Pichincha en la EEQ (Empresa Eléctrica Quito) antes y después de las medidas de toque de queda dictadas por el COE nacional en respuesta a la pandemia mundial por COVID-19. Se lleva a cabo tomando en cuenta un estrato distribuido por el nivel de consumo energético, levantando encuestas de edad de usuarios de la zona determinando su variación en relación al año 2018, 2019 2020 y 2021 aplicando el método de regresión curvilineal para estimar la demanda promedio mensual en relación a la edad promedio de los usuarios, resultando que el grupo que alcanza los picos de consumo de energía eléctrica en este periodo de marzo a noviembre del año 2020 pertenecen a una edad promedio de 27 a 33 años y el grupo de edades promedio que presenta el menor consumo promedio es de 20 a 25 años y de 40 a 45 años.

The current focus of offshore wind industry and academia lies on regions with strong winds, neglecting areas with mild resources. Photovoltaics' cost reductions have shown that even mild resources can be harnessed economically, especially where electricity prices are high. Here, we study the technical and economic potential of offshore wind power in Indonesia as an example of mild-resource areas, using bias-corrected ERA5 data, turbine-specific power curves, and a detailed cost model. We show that low-wind-speed turbines could produce up to 6,816 TWh/year, which is 25 times Indonesia's electricity generation in 2018 and 3 times the projected 2050 generation, and up to 166 PWh/year globally. Although not yet competitive against current offshore turbines, low-wind turbines could become a crucial piece of the global climate mitigation effort in regions with vast marine areas and high electricity prices. As low-wind-speed turbines are not yet on the market, we recommend prioritizing their development., Energie and Industrie, Offshore and Dredging Engineering, Offshore Engineering, Transport Engineering and Logistics

Regional multipolarity has increased the complexity of geopolitical interests along with the worsening of international relations. Geopolitics is a means of not only interpreting the state of the political environment, but also in projecting the desired geo-economic end state for an actor. A much more pragmatic approach to securing perceived national interests is observed among newly emerging non-Western international actors in the Mediterranean region. This article analyses the energy factor which influences military-political situation in Eastern Mediterranean region with an emphasis upon Turkey and Russia’s sometimes cooperation and sometimes competition. The decision by Greece, Republic of Cyprus and Israel on commencement of construction of EastMed gas pipeline has been analysed. This decision was considered to be one of the key causes of the escalation in Libya. The conclusion is that Turkey strives to complicate the laying of any gas pipelines stretching from south-eastern direction to Europe bypassing its territory. The Russian escalation factor was also analysed. Finally, strategic risks for Turkey relating to its build-up of a military presence in Libya have been identified. These factors form the basis for consequences of possible escalation of conflict for the entire region.

Reliability evaluation is essential for the planning, operation, and analysis of community integrated energy systems (CIESs). However, it is still challenging to quantify the reliability of CIESs accurately and efficiently because of the diverse energy characteristics and energy conversion relationships. In this paper, a reliability evaluation method for CIESs based on fault incidence matrix (FIM) is proposed to analytically demonstrate the impact of equipment failures on system energy supply. The energy-bus-based unified reliability evaluation model of CIESs is presented to describe the energy flows of the system in a unified matrix form. Three types of FIMs are constructed to reveal the different consequences of device failures on energy supply. The reliability indices of a CIES can be directly calculated through simple algebraic and Boolean operations based on the FIMs, improving the calculation efficiency significantly. The FIMs make it easy to identify the vulnerability segments of the system, which is desirable in the practice of device maintenance or upgrade to improve the reliability of the CIES. Case studies are conducted on a typical CIES to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

De raad voor de leefomgeving en infrastructuur (Rli) heeft vorig jaar het advies Waterstof, de ontbrekende schakel aangeboden aan kabinet en parlement. Het advies gaat in de breedte in op de mogelijke rol van waterstof in een klimaatneutraal energie- en grondstoffensysteem. Het behandelt veel verschillende aspecten van waterstof, en is met het coalitieakkoord en huidige ontwikkelingen in de gasmarkt onverminderd actueel. In dit artikel focussen wij op twee hoofdboodschappen die de raad heeft en plaatsen we dat in het kader van de recente ontwikkelingen.

In this paper, we propose a low-cost method to capture and purify CO2 from ocean water indirectly from the atmosphere. Atmospheric CO2 dissolves in seawater following Henry's law. In open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OC-OTEC), being a heat engine, large quantities of water are used to generate electricity from temperature differences in the ocean. CO2 and other gases dissolved in seawater are extracted from seawater by a vacuum compressor, being essential for heat transfer in OC-OTEC. Non-condensable gases containing CO2 from OC-OTEC are currently considered a waste gas stream. Based on literature, we calculate cold water non-condensables containing up to 14% CO2. These non-condensables can be refined further to 80–90% purity with a water absorption process, inspired by those as used in the biogas industry. Levelized CO2 capture and purification costs were estimated to be 15–35 euro per ton, as only refinement costs are allocated of a waste gas stream of OC-OTEC.

En un contexto cada vez más enfocado hacia una construcción respetuosa con el medio ambiente, la mejora de la eficiencia energética de las edificaciones y el consumo responsable de los recursos naturales, se presentan como dos de las principales estrategias a seguir para lograr tal objetivo. Gracias al uso de aplicaciones informáticas, es posible lograr un conocimiento cada vez más exacto del comportamiento de las edificaciones desde el punto de vista energético, así como la determinación de la huella de carbono asociada a los materiales de construcción empleados. Por tal motivo se considera necesario realizar un análisis detallado de dichos aspectos. Asimismo, son numerosas las intervenciones que hacen posible un menor consumo de energía, siendo también necesario conocer de todas ellas cuáles resultan más eficaces teniendo en cuenta no sólo su incidencia de mejora energética sino también su impacto medioambiental, además de otros aspectos como el coste económico o la facilidad constructiva.

Significant penetration levels of distributed energy resources increase the likelihood of continued operation of a power system island after an islanding event. It is important to employ adequate islanding detection methods to mitigate the adverse effects of unintentional islanding and possibly transition to a safe islanded mode of operation. This paper focuses on the computational aspects of a class of methods that utilizes a change in the sensitivity parameters as an indicator of islanding events. It is shown that the inherent properties of the measurement signals cause numerical issues for the computation of the sensitivity parameters. The paper also analyses three algorithms for estimation of the coefficients that overcome the numerical issues. The performance of the algorithms has been demonstrated using synthetically generated measurements. In addition, the data from field experiments has been used to further illustrate the practical viability of the algorithms., QC 20201202

Low- and moderate-income (LMI) households remain less likely to adopt rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV) than higher-income households. A transient period of inequitable adoption is common among emerging technologies but stakeholders are calling for an accelerated transition to equitable rooftop PV adoption. To date, researchers have focused on demand-side drivers of PV adoption inequity, but supply-side factors could also play a role. Here, we use quote data to explore whether PV installers implement income-targeted marketing and the extent to which such strategies drive adoption inequity. We find that installers submit fewer quotes to households in low-income areas and those households that receive fewer quotes are less likely to adopt. The data suggest that income-targeted marketing explains about one-quarter of the difference in PV adoption rates between LMI and higher-income households. Policymakers could explore a broader suite of interventions to address demand- and supply-side drivers of PV adoption inequity.

[ES] El proyecto insigne del gobierno ecuatoriano es el conjunto de vivienda social realizado por la Empresa Pública ¿Casa Para Todos¿ en las tres regiones del Ecuador; en la costa específicamente se va a realizar el estudio en la Provincia de el Oro, en la sierra se va analizar en la provincia de Pichincha y por último en la región amazónica se la va a realizar el estudio en la la provincia de Sucumbios. El proyecto macro posee varias tipologías arquitectónicas de viviendas, las cuales se analizarán según la implantación realizada. La tipología de vivienda corresponde a: vivienda unifamiliar de 50 m2, dúplex las cuales es una duplica de la unifamiliar adosadas, las de 4 departamentos(4D), y de 8 departamentos (8D), esto corresponde al proyecto arquitectónico que se utilizará para ubicar las viviendas en los terrenos de las tres regiones del país. La investigación contempla propuestas de mejora de las viviendas, analizando materialidad adecuada, costo de la implementación, cuadro demanda costo, además el uso del programa CE3X para verificación de datos, esto para llegar a una calificación alta buscando un estándar de confort. Posteriormente de la recopilación de estos datos se establece la ubicación geográfica de cada proyecto, a partir de estos datos, se realizará un comparativo con las zonas climáticas españolas para poder aplicar el programa de cálculo CE3X. Una vez obtenido los resultados de las tres regiones, se propondrá la mejora constructiva, que nos permitirá la recalificación del proyecto. Esta mejora se la aplicará con la materialidad adecuada adaptándose a las tres regiones ecuatorianas, se acompañará con un presupuesto que justifique aclarando los materiales y beneficios que representan a corto y largo plazo a partir de una tabla de costo y demanda energética. Las medidas de mejora deberán estar de acuerdo con la ubicación geográfica del edificio, además de proponer los materiales adecuados para el confort de la vivienda, esto abre más caminos a la inve, [EN] The distinguished project of the Ecuadorian government is the set of social housing carried out by the Public Company "Casa Para Todos" in the three regions of Ecuador; in the coast specifically the study will be carried out in the Province of El Oro, in the sierra it will be analyzed in the province of Pichincha and finally in the Amazon region the study will be carried out in the province of Sucumbios. The macro project has several architectural types of homes, which will be analyzed according to the implementation made. The type of housing corresponds to: single-family house of 50 m2, duplex which is a duplicate of the single-family attached, those of 4 departments (4D), and 8 departments (8D), this corresponds to the architectural project that will be used to locate the houses in the lands of the three regions of the country. The research contemplates proposals for improvement of housing, analyzing adequate materiality, cost of implementation, cost demand table, in addition to the use of the CE3X program for data verification, this to reach a high qualification looking for a comfort standard. After the compilation of these data, the geographical location of each project is established, based on these data, a comparison will be made with the Spanish climatic zones to be able to apply the CE3X calculation program. Once the results of the three regions have been obtained, the constructive improvement will be proposed, which will allow us to requalify the project. This improvement will be applied with adequate materiality adapting to the three Ecuadorian regions, will be accompanied by a budget that justifies clarifying the materials and benefits that represent short and long term from a table of cost and energy demand. The measures of improvement must be in accordance with the geographical location of the building, in addition to proposing the appropriate materials for the comfort of the home, this opens more roads to research such as the materiality to be use

The article discusses the use of alternative energy source in order to reduce energy consumption and save resources in buildings under construction and reconstruction. In particular, examples of the application of technologies using solar collectors and heat pumps are given.

Capacities of residential photovoltaics (PV) and battery storage are rapidly growing, while their lifecycle cost and carbon implications are not well understood. Here, we integrate PV generation and load data for households in California to assess the current and future lifecycle cost and carbon emissions of solar-plus-storage systems. Our results show that installing PV reduces $180-$730 and 110-570 kgCO2 per year per household in 2020. However, compared to solar-only system, adding battery storage increases lifecycle costs by 39%-67%, while impact on emissions is mixed (-20% to 24%) depending on tariff structure and marginal emission factors. In 2040, under current decarbonization and cost trajectories, solar-plus-storage leads to up to 31% higher lifecycle costs and up to 32% higher emissions than solar-only systems. Designing a tariff structure with wider rate spreads aligned with marginal carbon emissions, and reducing the costs and embodied emissions of batteries are crucial for broader adoption of low-carbon residential solar-plus-storage.