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This paper explores the ethical challenges and possibilities of conducting responsible and transformative translanguaging pedagogy in adult education for second language learners with limited previous experience of schooling. We identify and explore ethical dilemmas in teachers’ interaction and multilingual teaching practices. The data was produced in a linguistic ethnography and action research project. It consists of classroom observations and interviews with teachers who teach in the programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI). The teachers express and embody ambivalence in relation to the students’ use of their whole linguistic repertoires and the students are not always treated as competent to make informed decisions about their own use of linguistic repertoires. This touches on issues of citizenship and democracy and here the framework ethics of care offers context-specific ways of understanding and responding to the ethical challenges of multilingual teaching.

This paper explores the ethical challenges and possibilities of conducting responsible and transformative translanguaging pedagogy in adult education for second language learners with limited previous experience of schooling. We identify and explore ethical dilemmas in teachers’ interaction and multilingual teaching practices. The data was produced in a linguistic ethnography and action research project. It consists of classroom observations and interviews with teachers who teach in the programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI). The teachers express and embody ambivalence in relation to the students’ use of their whole linguistic repertoires and the students are not always treated as competent to make informed decisions about their own use of linguistic repertoires. This touches on issues of citizenship and democracy and here the framework ethics of care offers context-specific ways of understanding and responding to the ethical challenges of multilingual teaching.

This study focuses on ethical dilemmas that arise in moments of inclusion and equity in mathematics teaching and how they might be tackled through teachers’ professional judgment. Skovsmose’s inclusive landscapes of investigation approach was used to design the study and to collect teachers’ joint reflections on moments of inclusion and equity in their teaching. Ethical dilemmas and professional judgment were the analytical foci for a qualitative thematic content analysis. Three explorative workshops were held with two teams of teachers from two schools in Sweden. The analysis identified three themes of ethical dilemma, and ways in which these were responded to by teachers’ professional judgment: (1) dilemmas of diversity and acting justly; (2) dilemmas of resources and allocating them fairly; (3) dilemmas of values and recognising diversity. We conclude that mathematics teachers’ professional judgments involve showing bravery, going outside of the norm, negotiating values and duties, listening to the students, and throughout this, engaging in collegial learning in the best interests of the learner.

Background Ethical dilemmas in palliative care is a common issue for nurses to handle. Nurses have the responsibility to provide care that is in the best interest for the patient and to enhance the quality of life in the end-of-life stage. Dilemmas occur when differing opinions exist about what is in the best interest for the patient. Previous research indicates that nurses play a significant and crucial role in managing ethical dilemmas in palliative care, many of them experience conflicts when their sense of what is right clashes with their perceived duties. Aim The aim of this study was to describe strategies that nurses use for dealing with ethical dilemmas in palliative care. Method A literature-based study where eleven articles have been analyzed according to Friberg's five-step model. Results The findings of this study indicates that the primary strategies nurses use for addressing ethical dilemmas in palliative care was to establishing trusting relationship with the patients and also with their relatives. Collaboration with colleagues is also crucial and fostering effective teamwork, creating an environment for collective reflection to exchange experiences and knowledge. Conclusion Effective teamwork and strong patient relationships are essential in palliative care, leadong to an increased well-being for the patient and the ability to tailor care needs individually. Nurses in palliative care require ongoing professional development to feel secure in their professional roles and to foster confident healthcare relationships., I strävan att uppnå optimal vård för patienter i palliativ vård står sjuksköterskor inte sällan inför komplexa etiska dilemman. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva de strategier sjuksköterskor använder för att hantera etiska dilemman inom palliativ vård. Resultatet visar att genom att mötas i samtal och att lyssna noggrant uppstår tillitsfulla relationer till både patienter och närstående. Hanteringen av etiska dilemman underlättas när sjuksköterskorna skapar en personcentrerad vårdmiljö utifrån patienters och närståendes önskemål. En annan strategi var samarbete i det tvärvetenskapliga vårdteamet. Ett teams olika kompetenser behövs för att tillgodose patienters vårdbehov. Etiska dilemman har ingen enkel lösning och för att skapa en gemensam förståelse och strategi krävs att teamet kan diskutera samt reflektera tillsammans och dela med sig av erfarenheter. Studien identifierade behovet av kontinuerlig kompetensutveckling inom etik för sjuksköterskor inom palliativ vård. Att vara rustad med djupare kunskap inom etiska teorier och metoder gav sjuksköterskorna större trygghet att fatta svåra beslut och att agera som patientadvokater. Slutligen framkom det att tid för reflektion var viktigt när sjuksköterskor stod inför etiska dilemman. Regelbundna reflektioner ökade medvetenheten hos sjuksköterskor, hur deras egna etiska värderingar påverkade deras beslut i vården av patienter i palliativt skede. Studiens resultat grundades på en sökning av elva vetenskapliga artiklar från databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl. Efter noggrann granskning och analys av artiklarna sammanställdes resultatet i två huvudteman och sex subteman. Dessutom diskuterades personcentrerat förhållningssätt, samtalets betydelse, sjuksköterskors ansvar att hålla sig uppdaterade, teamarbetets betydelse och normmedvetet och hållbarhet. Slutsatsen indikerar att genom tillämpning av dessa strategier kan sjuksköterskor hantera etiska dilemman och därigenom öka välbefinnandet för patienter inom palliativ vård.

This study focuses on ethical dilemmas that arise in moments of inclusion and equity in mathematics teaching and how they might be tackled through teachers’ professional judgment. Skovsmose’s inclusive landscapes of investigation approach was used to design the study and to collect teachers’ joint reflections on moments of inclusion and equity in their teaching. Ethical dilemmas and professional judgment were the analytical foci for a qualitative thematic content analysis. Three explorative workshops were held with two teams of teachers from two schools in Sweden. The analysis identified three themes of ethical dilemma, and ways in which these were responded to by teachers’ professional judgment: (1) dilemmas of diversity and acting justly; (2) dilemmas of resources and allocating them fairly; (3) dilemmas of values and recognising diversity. We conclude that mathematics teachers’ professional judgments involve showing bravery, going outside of the norm, negotiating values and duties, listening to the students, and throughout this, engaging in collegial learning in the best interests of the learner.

Background Ethical dilemmas in palliative care is a common issue for nurses to handle. Nurses have the responsibility to provide care that is in the best interest for the patient and to enhance the quality of life in the end-of-life stage. Dilemmas occur when differing opinions exist about what is in the best interest for the patient. Previous research indicates that nurses play a significant and crucial role in managing ethical dilemmas in palliative care, many of them experience conflicts when their sense of what is right clashes with their perceived duties. Aim The aim of this study was to describe strategies that nurses use for dealing with ethical dilemmas in palliative care. Method A literature-based study where eleven articles have been analyzed according to Friberg's five-step model. Results The findings of this study indicates that the primary strategies nurses use for addressing ethical dilemmas in palliative care was to establishing trusting relationship with the patients and also with their relatives. Collaboration with colleagues is also crucial and fostering effective teamwork, creating an environment for collective reflection to exchange experiences and knowledge. Conclusion Effective teamwork and strong patient relationships are essential in palliative care, leadong to an increased well-being for the patient and the ability to tailor care needs individually. Nurses in palliative care require ongoing professional development to feel secure in their professional roles and to foster confident healthcare relationships., I strävan att uppnå optimal vård för patienter i palliativ vård står sjuksköterskor inte sällan inför komplexa etiska dilemman. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva de strategier sjuksköterskor använder för att hantera etiska dilemman inom palliativ vård. Resultatet visar att genom att mötas i samtal och att lyssna noggrant uppstår tillitsfulla relationer till både patienter och närstående. Hanteringen av etiska dilemman underlättas när sjuksköterskorna skapar en personcentrerad vårdmiljö utifrån patienters och närståendes önskemål. En annan strategi var samarbete i det tvärvetenskapliga vårdteamet. Ett teams olika kompetenser behövs för att tillgodose patienters vårdbehov. Etiska dilemman har ingen enkel lösning och för att skapa en gemensam förståelse och strategi krävs att teamet kan diskutera samt reflektera tillsammans och dela med sig av erfarenheter. Studien identifierade behovet av kontinuerlig kompetensutveckling inom etik för sjuksköterskor inom palliativ vård. Att vara rustad med djupare kunskap inom etiska teorier och metoder gav sjuksköterskorna större trygghet att fatta svåra beslut och att agera som patientadvokater. Slutligen framkom det att tid för reflektion var viktigt när sjuksköterskor stod inför etiska dilemman. Regelbundna reflektioner ökade medvetenheten hos sjuksköterskor, hur deras egna etiska värderingar påverkade deras beslut i vården av patienter i palliativt skede. Studiens resultat grundades på en sökning av elva vetenskapliga artiklar från databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl. Efter noggrann granskning och analys av artiklarna sammanställdes resultatet i två huvudteman och sex subteman. Dessutom diskuterades personcentrerat förhållningssätt, samtalets betydelse, sjuksköterskors ansvar att hålla sig uppdaterade, teamarbetets betydelse och normmedvetet och hållbarhet. Slutsatsen indikerar att genom tillämpning av dessa strategier kan sjuksköterskor hantera etiska dilemman och därigenom öka välbefinnandet för patienter inom palliativ vård.

This dissertation aims to contribute to knowledge on how universities of applied sciences (UAS) can equip students with an ethical compass by addressing the following central research question: What does it mean and imply to equip UAS students with an ethical compass? To address the main research question, this dissertation answers the following sub-questions: (1) How are ethical compasses defined in the academic literature and which can meaningfully assist (young) professionals and therefore become part of the aims and content of education in UAS? (2) How do students perceive their own ethical compasses and their development? (3) How do students use their ethical compasses during internships? (4) What and how do teachers think they contribute to the development of students’ ethical compasses? The research presented has transformed the ethical compass metaphor into a comprehensive concept. In line with the academic literature on what is expected from moral professionals, we defined an ethical compass as (a) the intrinsic motivation of professionals to act morally; (b) particularly in situations in which they are confronted with ethical dilemmas; (c) according to moral standards and, specifically, the moral standards of their profession. Next to general insights about students’ perception of the ethical compass, we discovered that students’ reactions to ethical dilemmas during internships were most often based on personal beliefs which reflected the ways in which they had constructed their internship contexts, on social relationships and their own (and others’) needs, rather than their ethical compass. Our research for sub-question 4 showed that the majority of the teachers use a wide range of pedagogic–didactic actions (reflecting individual learning and cooperative and group learning) to enhance the development of students’ ethical compasses. However, teachers’ strategies are mostly unstructured and unreflective and depend on the individual teacher’s ability and kn

This paper explores the ethical challenges and possibilities of conducting responsible and transformative translanguaging pedagogy in adult education for second language learners with limited previous experience of schooling. We identify and explore ethical dilemmas in teachers’ interaction and multilingual teaching practices. The data was produced in a linguistic ethnography and action research project. It consists of classroom observations and interviews with teachers who teach in the programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI). The teachers express and embody ambivalence in relation to the students’ use of their whole linguistic repertoires and the students are not always treated as competent to make informed decisions about their own use of linguistic repertoires. This touches on issues of citizenship and democracy and here the framework ethics of care offers context-specific ways of understanding and responding to the ethical challenges of multilingual teaching.

This paper explores the ethical challenges and possibilities of conducting responsible and transformative translanguaging pedagogy in adult education for second language learners with limited previous experience of schooling. We identify and explore ethical dilemmas in teachers’ interaction and multilingual teaching practices. The data was produced in a linguistic ethnography and action research project. It consists of classroom observations and interviews with teachers who teach in the programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI). The teachers express and embody ambivalence in relation to the students’ use of their whole linguistic repertoires and the students are not always treated as competent to make informed decisions about their own use of linguistic repertoires. This touches on issues of citizenship and democracy and here the framework ethics of care offers context-specific ways of understanding and responding to the ethical challenges of multilingual teaching.

This paper explores the ethical challenges and possibilities of conducting responsible and transformative translanguaging pedagogy in adult education for second language learners with limited previous experience of schooling. We identify and explore ethical dilemmas in teachers’ interaction and multilingual teaching practices. The data was produced in a linguistic ethnography and action research project. It consists of classroom observations and interviews with teachers who teach in the programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI). The teachers express and embody ambivalence in relation to the students’ use of their whole linguistic repertoires and the students are not always treated as competent to make informed decisions about their own use of linguistic repertoires. This touches on issues of citizenship and democracy and here the framework ethics of care offers context-specific ways of understanding and responding to the ethical challenges of multilingual teaching.

This paper explores the ethical challenges and possibilities of conducting responsible and transformative translanguaging pedagogy in adult education for second language learners with limited previous experience of schooling. We identify and explore ethical dilemmas in teachers’ interaction and multilingual teaching practices. The data was produced in a linguistic ethnography and action research project. It consists of classroom observations and interviews with teachers who teach in the programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI). The teachers express and embody ambivalence in relation to the students’ use of their whole linguistic repertoires and the students are not always treated as competent to make informed decisions about their own use of linguistic repertoires. This touches on issues of citizenship and democracy and here the framework ethics of care offers context-specific ways of understanding and responding to the ethical challenges of multilingual teaching.

Akademiskt lärarskap innefattar att systematiskt utforska och reflektera över den egna undervisningspraktiken i syfte att utveckla undervisningen så att studenters lärarande underlättas och förbättras. Att undersöka den egna praktiken kan innebära särskilda etiska utmaningar men det finns idag inga etiska riktlinjer som specifikt gäller pedagogisk utveckling och akademiskt lärarskap i en svensk kontext. Syftet med denna fördjupade diskussion är att belysa och diskutera etiska aspekter av akademiskt lärarskap och högskolepedagogisk utveckling. Med utgångspunkt från forskningsetik, omsorgsetik och högskolelärares yrkesetik diskuteras några centrala etiska dilemman som högskolelärare behöver förhålla sig till i samband med utforskandet av den egna undervisningspraktiken., The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) involves systematically exploring and reflecting upon one’s own teaching practices with the aim of developing teaching to facilitate and enhance student learning. Examining one’s own practices may pose particular ethical challenges, but currently, there are no ethical guidelines in a Swedish context specifically addressing pedagogical development and SoTL. The purpose of this in-depth discussion is to shed light on and discuss the ethical aspects of SoTL and educational development in higher education. Drawing on research ethics, care ethics, and the professional ethics of university teachers, some key ethical dilemmas that university educators need to consider in the exploration of their own teaching practices are discussed.

This paper explores the ethical challenges and possibilities of conducting responsible and transformative translanguaging pedagogy in adult education for second language learners with limited previous experience of schooling. We identify and explore ethical dilemmas in teachers’ interaction and multilingual teaching practices. The data was produced in a linguistic ethnography and action research project. It consists of classroom observations and interviews with teachers who teach in the programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI). The teachers express and embody ambivalence in relation to the students’ use of their whole linguistic repertoires and the students are not always treated as competent to make informed decisions about their own use of linguistic repertoires. This touches on issues of citizenship and democracy and here the framework ethics of care offers context-specific ways of understanding and responding to the ethical challenges of multilingual teaching.

This paper explores the ethical challenges and possibilities of conducting responsible and transformative translanguaging pedagogy in adult education for second language learners with limited previous experience of schooling. We identify and explore ethical dilemmas in teachers’ interaction and multilingual teaching practices. The data was produced in a linguistic ethnography and action research project. It consists of classroom observations and interviews with teachers who teach in the programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI). The teachers express and embody ambivalence in relation to the students’ use of their whole linguistic repertoires and the students are not always treated as competent to make informed decisions about their own use of linguistic repertoires. This touches on issues of citizenship and democracy and here the framework ethics of care offers context-specific ways of understanding and responding to the ethical challenges of multilingual teaching.

This paper explores the ethical challenges and possibilities of conducting responsible and transformative translanguaging pedagogy in adult education for second language learners with limited previous experience of schooling. We identify and explore ethical dilemmas in teachers’ interaction and multilingual teaching practices. The data was produced in a linguistic ethnography and action research project. It consists of classroom observations and interviews with teachers who teach in the programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI). The teachers express and embody ambivalence in relation to the students’ use of their whole linguistic repertoires and the students are not always treated as competent to make informed decisions about their own use of linguistic repertoires. This touches on issues of citizenship and democracy and here the framework ethics of care offers context-specific ways of understanding and responding to the ethical challenges of multilingual teaching.

This study focuses on ethical dilemmas that arise in moments of inclusion and equity in mathematics teaching and how they might be tackled through teachers’ professional judgment. Skovsmose’s inclusive landscapes of investigation approach was used to design the study and to collect teachers’ joint reflections on moments of inclusion and equity in their teaching. Ethical dilemmas and professional judgment were the analytical foci for a qualitative thematic content analysis. Three explorative workshops were held with two teams of teachers from two schools in Sweden. The analysis identified three themes of ethical dilemma, and ways in which these were responded to by teachers’ professional judgment: (1) dilemmas of diversity and acting justly; (2) dilemmas of resources and allocating them fairly; (3) dilemmas of values and recognising diversity. We conclude that mathematics teachers’ professional judgments involve showing bravery, going outside of the norm, negotiating values and duties, listening to the students, and throughout this, engaging in collegial learning in the best interests of the learner.

Advances in technologies for vehicular communication enable new applications for Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS). Communicating vehicles share information and cooperate, which allows for improved safety, fuel economy, and traffic efficiency. Platooning – a coordinated string of vehicles with small Inter-Vehicle Distances (IVDs) – comprises one such C-ITS application. Any C-ITS application must comply with high safety requirements to pass standardization and be commercially deployed. Moreover, trusted solutions should be guaranteed even for critical scenarios or rare edge cases. This thesis presents two sets of contributions related to cooperative automated driving. Firstly, it provides conditions ensuring safe platooning or vehicle following. Secondly, it introduces an ethical framework to guide autonomous decision-making in scenarios involving imminent collisions. In the first set of contributions, we consider emergency braking scenarios for vehicles driving in a platoon or following each other. In such scenarios, the lead vehicle suddenly brakes. This requires swift responses from followers to prevent rear-end collisions. Here, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication has the potential to significantly reduce reaction times by allowing the lead vehicle to notify followers of the emergency braking. The presented safety analysis yields computationally efficient methods and algorithms for calculating minimum IVDs for rear-end collision avoidance. The IVDs are computed for closed-loop and open-loop configurations. The open-loop configuration implies followers drive with a constant velocity until the onset of braking, whereas in the closed-loop configuration, a controller is used under some restrictions. In addition, a centralized approach for optimization of IVDs in platoon formations is carried out. Such an approach allows for improved fuel consumption and road utilization. An analytical comparison shows that our proposed Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V

Advances in technologies for vehicular communication enable new applications for Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS). Communicating vehicles share information and cooperate, which allows for improved safety, fuel economy, and traffic efficiency. Platooning – a coordinated string of vehicles with small Inter-Vehicle Distances (IVDs) – comprises one such C-ITS application. Any C-ITS application must comply with high safety requirements to pass standardization and be commercially deployed. Moreover, trusted solutions should be guaranteed even for critical scenarios or rare edge cases. This thesis presents two sets of contributions related to cooperative automated driving. Firstly, it provides conditions ensuring safe platooning or vehicle following. Secondly, it introduces an ethical framework to guide autonomous decision-making in scenarios involving imminent collisions. In the first set of contributions, we consider emergency braking scenarios for vehicles driving in a platoon or following each other. In such scenarios, the lead vehicle suddenly brakes. This requires swift responses from followers to prevent rear-end collisions. Here, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication has the potential to significantly reduce reaction times by allowing the lead vehicle to notify followers of the emergency braking. The presented safety analysis yields computationally efficient methods and algorithms for calculating minimum IVDs for rear-end collision avoidance. The IVDs are computed for closed-loop and open-loop configurations. The open-loop configuration implies followers drive with a constant velocity until the onset of braking, whereas in the closed-loop configuration, a controller is used under some restrictions. In addition, a centralized approach for optimization of IVDs in platoon formations is carried out. Such an approach allows for improved fuel consumption and road utilization. An analytical comparison shows that our proposed Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V

Advances in technologies for vehicular communication enable new applications for Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS). Communicating vehicles share information and cooperate, which allows for improved safety, fuel economy, and traffic efficiency. Platooning – a coordinated string of vehicles with small Inter-Vehicle Distances (IVDs) – comprises one such C-ITS application. Any C-ITS application must comply with high safety requirements to pass standardization and be commercially deployed. Moreover, trusted solutions should be guaranteed even for critical scenarios or rare edge cases. This thesis presents two sets of contributions related to cooperative automated driving. Firstly, it provides conditions ensuring safe platooning or vehicle following. Secondly, it introduces an ethical framework to guide autonomous decision-making in scenarios involving imminent collisions. In the first set of contributions, we consider emergency braking scenarios for vehicles driving in a platoon or following each other. In such scenarios, the lead vehicle suddenly brakes. This requires swift responses from followers to prevent rear-end collisions. Here, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication has the potential to significantly reduce reaction times by allowing the lead vehicle to notify followers of the emergency braking. The presented safety analysis yields computationally efficient methods and algorithms for calculating minimum IVDs for rear-end collision avoidance. The IVDs are computed for closed-loop and open-loop configurations. The open-loop configuration implies followers drive with a constant velocity until the onset of braking, whereas in the closed-loop configuration, a controller is used under some restrictions. In addition, a centralized approach for optimization of IVDs in platoon formations is carried out. Such an approach allows for improved fuel consumption and road utilization. An analytical comparison shows that our proposed Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V

This study focuses on ethical dilemmas that arise in moments of inclusion and equity in mathematics teaching and how they might be tackled through teachers’ professional judgment. Skovsmose’s inclusive landscapes of investigation approach was used to design the study and to collect teachers’ joint reflections on moments of inclusion and equity in their teaching. Ethical dilemmas and professional judgment were the analytical foci for a qualitative thematic content analysis. Three explorative workshops were held with two teams of teachers from two schools in Sweden. The analysis identified three themes of ethical dilemma, and ways in which these were responded to by teachers’ professional judgment: (1) dilemmas of diversity and acting justly; (2) dilemmas of resources and allocating them fairly; (3) dilemmas of values and recognising diversity. We conclude that mathematics teachers’ professional judgments involve showing bravery, going outside of the norm, negotiating values and duties, listening to the students, and throughout this, engaging in collegial learning in the best interests of the learner.

In this paper, I want to analyze the meaning of the practice of training college students in ethics to prepare them for solving «ethical dilemmas». Starting from the proposal that has been made by UNESCO to integrate ethical education in the curricula of professional studies, my aim is to show the sense that acquires the concept of ethical dilemma and the significance that this concept implies, once we accept its legitimacy, for the teaching of Ethics, and from this, to invite the reader to reflect upon the type of pedagogy of Ethics that one, as a professional ethics instructor, must put into action for teaching future professionals to attend ethical dilemmas related with their lives and professional activities., En este artículo me propongo analizar el significado que tiene la idea de formar éticamente a profesionistas para resolver «dilemas éticos». Partiendo de la base de las propuestas más significativas de la UNESCO para legitimar la pertinencia de la formación ética en la educación profesional en el siglo XXI, me interesa mostrar el sentido que adquiere el concepto de dilema ético y lo que significa aceptar su legitimidad, para de aquí invitar a una reflexión sobre los fundamentos básicos formales de una pedagogía ética que todo docente que enseña ética a nivel profesional tendría que considerar para enseñar a los futuros profesionistas a enfrentar este singular problema de la razón práctica.

Conflicts among employees in the workplace are inevitable and often necessitate resolution to maintain a harmonious and productive environment. However, the process of resolving employee conflicts is not devoid of ethical challenges. This study explores the ethical dilemmas that arise during the resolution of employee conflicts, while also highlighting the possibilities and setbacks associated with ethical decision-making in this context. Drawing from qualitative research methods and interviews with employees, managers, and HR professionals across diverse organizational settings, this research delves into the ethical dimensions of employee conflict resolution. It investigates the complex interplay of values, principles, and moral considerations that guide decision-makers when addressing employee disputes. Preliminary findings reveal that ethical dilemmas frequently emerge during conflict resolution, encompassing concerns related to fairness, confidentiality, transparency, and the well-being of individuals involved. Furthermore, the study identifies the possibilities of ethical resolution, such as fostering trust, strengthening organizational culture, and promoting employee satisfaction. However, it also unveils potential setbacks, including time constraints, resource limitations, and the multifaceted nature of ethical decision-making in the workplace. By unraveling the ethical dilemmas inherent in resolving employee conflicts and exploring the possibilities and setbacks associated with ethical choices, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges organizations face. It aims to inform the development of ethical frameworks and practices that can guide more principled and equitable conflict resolution processes, ultimately fostering a more just and ethical workplace environment.

Antecedentes: Existe una creciente preocupación por los aspectos éticos de la psicoterapia y el rol que pueden desempeñar los valores personales en este contexto. Objetivo: Explorar el rol de los valores personales de los terapeutas en psicoterapia, considerando las perspectivas de terapeutas expertos y antiguos pacientes en Chile. Método: Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas con 15 terapeutas expertos y 13 antiguos pacientes. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de acuerdo con la Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados: A pesar del consenso entre terapeutas y clientes con respecto a ciertos valores fundamentales, como la autonomía, la confidencialidad y la tolerancia, existe una divergencia de opiniones sobre el rol que desempeñan los valores de los terapeutas en el proceso terapéutico. Hemos identificado cuatro perspectivas respecto a la gestión de los valores de los terapeutas en psicoterapia. Además, nuestros resultados subrayan un dilema ético recurrente que enfrentan los terapeutas: el delicado equilibrio entre respetar la autonomía de los pacientes y evitar posibles paternalismos como profesionales clínicos. En este contexto, la conceptualización de la autonomía por parte de los terapeutas abarca varias dimensiones, que incluyen la autonomía responsable, la autonomía relacional, la autonomía informada y la autonomía guiada. Discutimos estos hallazgos en relación con el pluralismo ético y mencionamos algunas recomendaciones para terapeutas y supervisores. Conclusión: La formación de terapeutas es inseparable del desarrollo de una sensibilidad ética basada en el pluralismo ético., Background: There has been a growing concern about the ethical aspects of psychotherapy and the role that personal values can play in this context. Objective: To explore the role of therapists’ personal values in psychotherapy, considering the perspectives of expert therapists and former clients in Chile. Method: Individual semi-structured interviews with 15 expert therapists and 13 former clients were carried out. A content analysis was conducted according to Grounded Theory. Results: Despite the consensus among therapists and clients regarding certain core values, such as autonomy, confidentiality, and tolerance, there exists a divergence of opinion concerning the role therapists’ values play in the therapeutic process. We have identified four perspectives regarding the management of therapists’ values in psychotherapy. Furthermore, our findings underscore a recurring ethical dilemma faced by therapists – the delicate balancing between respecting patients’ autonomy and avoiding potential paternalism as clinicians. Within this context, therapists’ conceptualization of autonomy encompasses several progressive dimensions, including responsible autonomy, relational autonomy, informed autonomy, and guided autonomy. We discuss these findings in relation to the ethical pluralism and we mention some practical recommendations for therapists and supervisors. Conclusion: The training of therapists is inseparable from the development of an ethical sensitivity based on ethical pluralism.

Abstrakt Introduktion: Intensivvårdssjuksköterskor möter i sin yrkesroll många individer och en vård som bedrivs i enlighet med vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet skall erbjudas till såväl patienter som anhöriga. Upplevelsen av vården bygger på intensivvårdssjuksköterskans förmåga att utveckla en trygg och pålitlig relation. Studier visar att när intensivvårdssjuksköterskor konfronteras med etiska dilemman, leder de inre konflikterna till osäkerhet i hur situationen ska hanteras vilket i sin tur påverkar vården och upplevelsen av mötet med patienter och anhöriga. Syfte: Att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda eller möta patienter eller anhöriga som de har en relation till. Metod: Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod. Ändamålsenligt urval användes där inklusionskriterierna var sjuksköterskor med en specialistutbildning inom intensivvård, att de i sin roll som intensivvårdssjuksköterskor mött eller vårdat en patient eller anhörig som de hade en relation till samt att de hade en nuvarande anställning på en intensivvårdsavdelning. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med ostrukturerade intervjuer, dessa transkriberades och analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras med fem huvudkategorier och elva subkategorier. Resultatet visar att intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna vill undvika att vårda någon de har en relation till, men under vissa omständigheter kan de känna sig tvungna att vårda även fast de inte vill. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna poängterar vikten av att värna om patientens integritet i vården och mötet. Att möta eller vårda någon de har en relation till skapar starka känslor oavsett hur nära relationen är, ett bra stöd på arbetsplatsen underlättar i dessa situationer. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna beskriver att de upplever press för att vården ska bli bra och anstränger sig därför mer i situationer som involverar någon de har en relation till. Det kan vara en positiv upplevelse för anhörig

The objective of this study is to examine the perspectives and preferred actions by managers at elderly care home facilities regarding ethical dilemmas that may emerge when elderly people fall in love. Previous research is mainly focused on ageism and the sex-life of elderly people at care homes. Less attention is paid to their love-life and the view of the managers is often overlooked. Researchers tend to interview and observe the staff, such as nurses and assistant nurses, rather than the managers. In order to provide information to reduce this knowledge gap, this study is based on interviews with managers at elderly care homes in Sweden using the vignette-method.The analysis of this study is based on ethical theory, which is divided into two main orientations called duty-based ethics and consequentialist ethics. Ethical theory is used as a tool for analyzing the data in order to discover which ethical orientation the managers prefer to base their arguments on. The conclusion of this study shows that neither duty-based ethics, nor consequentialist ethics is more often used than the other. The managers motivate their arguments and actions on both ethical orientations without being solely reliant on neither one. Furthermore, the conclusions of this study state that the managers value autonomy and the well-being of the elderly as well as their spouses. However, they all pointed out that ethical dilemmas derived from love in elderly care homes are complex to deal with and more knowledge is needed.

Abstrakt Introduktion: Intensivvårdssjuksköterskor möter i sin yrkesroll många individer och en vård som bedrivs i enlighet med vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet skall erbjudas till såväl patienter som anhöriga. Upplevelsen av vården bygger på intensivvårdssjuksköterskans förmåga att utveckla en trygg och pålitlig relation. Studier visar att när intensivvårdssjuksköterskor konfronteras med etiska dilemman, leder de inre konflikterna till osäkerhet i hur situationen ska hanteras vilket i sin tur påverkar vården och upplevelsen av mötet med patienter och anhöriga. Syfte: Att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda eller möta patienter eller anhöriga som de har en relation till. Metod: Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod. Ändamålsenligt urval användes där inklusionskriterierna var sjuksköterskor med en specialistutbildning inom intensivvård, att de i sin roll som intensivvårdssjuksköterskor mött eller vårdat en patient eller anhörig som de hade en relation till samt att de hade en nuvarande anställning på en intensivvårdsavdelning. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med ostrukturerade intervjuer, dessa transkriberades och analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras med fem huvudkategorier och elva subkategorier. Resultatet visar att intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna vill undvika att vårda någon de har en relation till, men under vissa omständigheter kan de känna sig tvungna att vårda även fast de inte vill. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna poängterar vikten av att värna om patientens integritet i vården och mötet. Att möta eller vårda någon de har en relation till skapar starka känslor oavsett hur nära relationen är, ett bra stöd på arbetsplatsen underlättar i dessa situationer. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna beskriver att de upplever press för att vården ska bli bra och anstränger sig därför mer i situationer som involverar någon de har en relation till. Det kan vara en positiv upplevelse för anhörig

The Covid-19 pandemic has generated new experiences of intensive care. It has entailed new working methods, treatment strategies,and ethical dilemmas. The aim of this study was to describe intensive care nurses’ experiences of Covid-19 care and itsethical challenges. Data collection consisted of 11 individual semi-structured interviews and a qualitative content analysis wasused. The COREQ checklist was followed. Three main themes emerged: to meet Covid-19 patients’ needs for specifically tailoredintensive care; to have a changed approach to the excluded relatives is unethical, but defensible; and to strive to protectethical values needs to be considered as good enough. In conclusion, ICU nurses shouldered a heavy burden in taking responsibilityfor the safety of these patients, continuously learning about new treatment strategies. Caring for Covid-19 patients was tostrive to make the best of the situation.

The Covid-19 pandemic has generated new experiences of intensive care. It has entailed new working methods, treatment strategies,and ethical dilemmas. The aim of this study was to describe intensive care nurses’ experiences of Covid-19 care and itsethical challenges. Data collection consisted of 11 individual semi-structured interviews and a qualitative content analysis wasused. The COREQ checklist was followed. Three main themes emerged: to meet Covid-19 patients’ needs for specifically tailoredintensive care; to have a changed approach to the excluded relatives is unethical, but defensible; and to strive to protectethical values needs to be considered as good enough. In conclusion, ICU nurses shouldered a heavy burden in taking responsibilityfor the safety of these patients, continuously learning about new treatment strategies. Caring for Covid-19 patients was tostrive to make the best of the situation.

Bakgrund: Enhetschefen har inte bara ett komplext uppdrag för egen del, utan är också en viktig del för sina medarbetares och brukares välmående och miljö, samt hur verksamheten speglas och speglar sociala regler utåt. Detta sätter stora krav på förmågan att balansera många olika arbetsuppgifter i relation till människors livsvillkor och kan därmed försätta enhetschefen i etiska situationer som skapar stress. Därav finns en relevans i att undersöka etisk stress hos enhetschefer. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur arbetsvillkor kan medföra etisk stress hos enhetschefer inom kommunal äldreomsorg. Metod: Med studiens kvalitativa ansats har sex individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med informanter från två olika kommuner. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades för analys med tematisk ansats. Till studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter antog forskarna en sensitiv ansats till Karasek och Theorells krav- kontroll- och stödmodell samt delar av socialpedagogisk handlingsdimension där fokus lades på delaktighet, lärande och erkännande. Dessa fick fungera som analysverktyg i relation till befintlig forskning på området. Resultat: Studien uppmärksammar en okunskap om etisk stress hos informanterna. Det framkommer hög arbetsbelastning samt begränsningar till ett närvarande ledarskap, vilket skapar stress för samtliga informanter. Informanterna har utvecklat en viss acceptans för att bibehålla och hantera sitt uppdrag. Studien resulterar i att informanterna kommer till insikt att de inte bara utmanas i etiska dilemman som skapar stress, utan också dagligen utsätts för etisk stress.

La ética pública está inmersa en la actividad cotidiana de la vida política, en la operación de los gobiernos así como en el día a día de las diversas operaciones que se realizan en el conjunto de instituciones que integran la administración pública. Sin embargo, es un área de conocimiento poco conocida, incluso entre los mismos servidores públicos. De ahí la necesidad de contar con un trabajo que introduzca en la comprensión de la ética pública no sin antes partir de algunos elementos básicos que acompañan a la ética: su definición, su objeto de estudio, la tipología de vicios y virtudes, sus diferencias o similitudes con la moral, los géneros de vida, los niveles de desarrollo moral, así como dilemas éticos de la vida cotidiana. Una vez revisados dichos elementos se da paso a la demostración de la estrecha vinculación que mantiene la ética con la vida pública, es decir, con la política. Una vez revisados dichos elementos se podrá comprender con mayor claridad la importancia de contar con individuos que interioricen valores, que posean ética. En la antigüedad greco-latina se les denominaba ciudadanos virtuosos cuya participación se vinculaba estrechamente con la política. Actualmente es necesario retomar la idea de formar ciudadanos virtuosos ya que de la ciudadanía emergen los cuadros para ocupar los cargos públicos. En la medida en que contemos con individuos con un perfil idóneo acompañado de valores, será posible mejorar el rumbo de las sociedades corruptas. [ABSTRACT] Public ethics is immersed in the daily activity of political life, the operation of Governments as well as the day of various operations carried out in the set of institutions that make up the public administration. However, it is a little known area of knowledge, even among the same public servants. The article concerns the understanding of public ethics and part of some basic elements that accompany to the ethics: its definition, its object of study, the typology of vices and virtues, their dif, Instituto de Administración Pública del Estado de México, Depto. de Ciencia Política y de la Administración, Fac. de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, TRUE, pub

We argue that an information exchange between vehicles via the vehicular communications is the foundation for ethical driving. In other words - autonomous vehicles must be cooperative to be able to resolve ethical dilemmas in a multi-vehicle scenario. We show this by exploring the minimal setting of a longitudinal driving in a formation of three vehicles. © 2023 IEEE., Fuding: The Knowledge Foundation Project ”SafeSmart”, ELLIIT Strategic Research Net- work and Helmholtz Program “Engineering Digital Futures”, SafeSmart

Social robots—such as autonomous vehicles, service robots, or healthcare robots—are designed to support tasks in a broad range of human activities. However, these robots face moral dilemmas because they must make decisions that may do good for one human but potentially inflict harm on another. We argue that Kant's categorical imperative provides a framework for algorithm-based moral decision-making. By systematically addressing ethical concerns from the outset in the development of the algorithms that steer social robots, their designers can help ensure that such robots promote the well-being of individuals, communities, and society. We conclude that those involved in the development of social robots need to embed ethics into their design and functioning. The solutions to the ethical dilemmas we advance in this paper can help improve the adoption and impact of social robots. The presented insights contribute to research, practice, and policy., Delft Centre for Entrepreneurship

Bakgrund: Enhetschefen har inte bara ett komplext uppdrag för egen del, utan är också en viktig del för sina medarbetares och brukares välmående och miljö, samt hur verksamheten speglas och speglar sociala regler utåt. Detta sätter stora krav på förmågan att balansera många olika arbetsuppgifter i relation till människors livsvillkor och kan därmed försätta enhetschefen i etiska situationer som skapar stress. Därav finns en relevans i att undersöka etisk stress hos enhetschefer. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur arbetsvillkor kan medföra etisk stress hos enhetschefer inom kommunal äldreomsorg. Metod: Med studiens kvalitativa ansats har sex individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med informanter från två olika kommuner. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades för analys med tematisk ansats. Till studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter antog forskarna en sensitiv ansats till Karasek och Theorells krav- kontroll- och stödmodell samt delar av socialpedagogisk handlingsdimension där fokus lades på delaktighet, lärande och erkännande. Dessa fick fungera som analysverktyg i relation till befintlig forskning på området. Resultat: Studien uppmärksammar en okunskap om etisk stress hos informanterna. Det framkommer hög arbetsbelastning samt begränsningar till ett närvarande ledarskap, vilket skapar stress för samtliga informanter. Informanterna har utvecklat en viss acceptans för att bibehålla och hantera sitt uppdrag. Studien resulterar i att informanterna kommer till insikt att de inte bara utmanas i etiska dilemman som skapar stress, utan också dagligen utsätts för etisk stress.

Describing sexual-wellbeing from a holistic, salutogenic and emic perspective is introduced in this thesis. PART 1 focusses on requested genital alterations. Chapter 2 gives a comprehensive overview about labiaplasty and its’ definitions, natural variations, motivations (of both women as surgeons’), surgical techniques, outcomes, ethical aspects and recommendations. Chapter 3 focusses on penile augmentation, experienced penile size and motivations to request penile augmentation, counselling and treatment. Non-surgical treatments are preferred over surgical procedures. Foreskin reconstruction has been sought throughout history. Chapter 4 provides an overview of possible interventions for these men seeking. Although rarely studied, results of non-surgical methods of foreskin reconstruction suggest good results with minimal adverse-effects. Chapter 5 shows motivations of men seeking foreskin reconstruction, their treatment trajectory and their experiences. Their experience of impairment of body integrity, feeling mutilated, aiming to increase penile glans sensitivity, having issues with cultural/religious identity and going to great lengths to reconstruct their foreskin. PART 2: INNOVATIONS IN GENITAL GENDER AFFIRMING SURGERY (gGAS) In Chapter 6 shows that the BPES-flap may be used for neovaginal depth creation during vaginoplasty and may be quicker to perform than skin grafting. Chapter 7 illustrates, the surgical refinements, after exploring the needs and desires of men for their metoidoioplasty. This extended metoidioplasty without urethral lengthening with autoaugmentation scrotoplasty with a suprapubic adipocutaneous flap is an option for those desiring retained phallic sensibility (video article). PART 3 DECISION AID FOR MASCULINIZING GENITAL GAS To facilitate shared decision-making a decision-aid (DA) for gGAS in transmen (DA-GST) is developed, together with transmen during a qualitative focus group study (Chapter 8). After implementation, it was evaluated, by a

The development of CRISPR epigenetic editing technology was initially impactful due to its potential for disease treatment. However, despite the potential benefits of epigenetic technology, there exist ethical dilemmas surrounding its use in utero. The review of the ethical dilemmas of epigenetic editing in utero from a Christian perspective showed that research in epigenetic editing is promising, yet fraught with peril. The basic ethical issues of epigenetic editing in utero stem from its inaccuracy, lack of research concerning its effects on offspring, an incomplete understanding of gene interactions, and its connection to eugenics. The ethical concerns particularly relevant to Christians are its use of aborted embryos, basis in human judgment, conflict with imago Dei, and possibility for religious hardships.

The objective of this study is to examine the perspectives and preferred actions by managers at elderly care home facilities regarding ethical dilemmas that may emerge when elderly people fall in love. Previous research is mainly focused on ageism and the sex-life of elderly people at care homes. Less attention is paid to their love-life and the view of the managers is often overlooked. Researchers tend to interview and observe the staff, such as nurses and assistant nurses, rather than the managers. In order to provide information to reduce this knowledge gap, this study is based on interviews with managers at elderly care homes in Sweden using the vignette-method.The analysis of this study is based on ethical theory, which is divided into two main orientations called duty-based ethics and consequentialist ethics. Ethical theory is used as a tool for analyzing the data in order to discover which ethical orientation the managers prefer to base their arguments on. The conclusion of this study shows that neither duty-based ethics, nor consequentialist ethics is more often used than the other. The managers motivate their arguments and actions on both ethical orientations without being solely reliant on neither one. Furthermore, the conclusions of this study state that the managers value autonomy and the well-being of the elderly as well as their spouses. However, they all pointed out that ethical dilemmas derived from love in elderly care homes are complex to deal with and more knowledge is needed.

The Covid-19 pandemic has generated new experiences of intensive care. It has entailed new working methods, treatment strategies, and ethical dilemmas. The aim of this study was to describe intensive care nurses' experiences of Covid-19 care and its ethical challenges. Data collection consisted of 11 individual semi-structured interviews and a qualitative content analysis was used. The COREQ checklist was followed. Three main themes emerged: to meet Covid-19 patients' needs for specifically tailored intensive care; to have a changed approach to the excluded relatives is unethical, but defensible; and to strive to protect ethical values needs to be considered as good enough. In conclusion, ICU nurses shouldered a heavy burden in taking responsibility for the safety of these patients, continuously learning about new treatment strategies. Caring for Covid-19 patients was to strive to make the best of the situation., First published online December 28, 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has generated new experiences of intensive care. It has entailed new working methods, treatment strategies, and ethical dilemmas. The aim of this study was to describe intensive care nurses' experiences of Covid-19 care and its ethical challenges. Data collection consisted of 11 individual semi-structured interviews and a qualitative content analysis was used. The COREQ checklist was followed. Three main themes emerged: to meet Covid-19 patients' needs for specifically tailored intensive care; to have a changed approach to the excluded relatives is unethical, but defensible; and to strive to protect ethical values needs to be considered as good enough. In conclusion, ICU nurses shouldered a heavy burden in taking responsibility for the safety of these patients, continuously learning about new treatment strategies. Caring for Covid-19 patients was to strive to make the best of the situation., First published online December 28, 2021

Anthropology, as a profession, has been analyzed in recent years to understand a wide variety of issues that surround it in terms of its work profile. One of the points at which these studies find convergence is that related to field work, because it is at the moment of being there where a large number of ethical dilemmas emerge. The objective of this article is to analyze the mechanisms and ways in which anthropologists resolve these dilemmas. The narratives presented here come from a set of in-depth interviews conducted with a dozen people of Mexican nationality dedicated to the professional practice of anthropology. The analysis of the interviews shows us the imperative need to continue opening more spaces for collegiate debate on professional ethics, as well as training from the university environment where skills and abilities focused on resolving ethical dilemmas linked to field work are promoted. and knowledge management. Such learning can have great benefits in working life for people who find a job in anthropology., A antropologia, como profissão, tem sido analisada nos últimos anos para compreender os mais diversos temas que a cercam em termos de seu perfil de trabalho.Um dos pontos em que esses estudos encontram convergência é aquele relacionado ao trabalho de campo, pois está em É no momento de estar lá que surge um grande número de dilemas éticos. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os mecanismos e formas pelas quais os antropólogos resolvem esses dilemas. As narrativas aqui apresentadas provêm de um conjunto de entrevistas em profundidade realizadas com uma dezena de pessoas de nacionalidade mexicana que se dedicam ao exercício profissional da antropologia. A análise das entrevistas nos mostra a necessidade imperiosa de continuar abrindo mais espaços para o debate colegiado da ética profissional, bem como a formação no ambiente universitário onde competências e habilidades voltadas para a resolução promovem-se dilemas éticos ligados ao trabalho de campo e à gestão do conhecimento.Tal aprendizagem pode trazer grandes benefícios na vida profissional para quem encontra emprego na antropologia., La antropología, como profesión, ha sido analizada en los últimos años para conocer una gran variedad de temas que la rodean en cuanto a su perfil laboral. Uno de los puntos en los cuales los estudios encuentran convergencia es el relacionado con el trabajo de campo, debido a que es en el momento del estar ahí donde emergen una gran cantidad de dilemas éticos. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los mecanismos y las formas en que las antropólogas y los antropólogos resuelven dichos dilemas. Las narrativas que aquí se presentan provienen de un conjunto de entrevistas a profundidad realizadas a una docena de personas de nacionalidad mexicana dedicadas al ejercicio profesional de la antropología. El análisis de las entrevistas nos muestra la necesidad imperiosa de seguir abriendo más espacios para el debate colegiado de la ética profesional, así como la formación desde el ámbito universitario donde se fomenten habilidades y capacidades centradas en resolver los dilemas éticos vinculados con el trabajo de campo y la gestión del conocimiento. Dichos aprendizajes pueden tener grandes beneficios en la vida laboral para las personas que encuentran un empleo en la antropología.

Föreliggande studies syfte var att undersöka yrkesverksamma psykologers erfarenheter och hantering av yrkesetiska dilemman kopplat till sociala medier. Studien utgjordes av en kvalitativ ansats och baserades på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Datamaterialet analyserades genom induktiv tematisk analys, som mynnade ut i tre huvudteman: Psykologen på sociala medier- föreställningar och förväntningar, Gränser samt Vägledning. Två huvudteman bestod i sin tur av två underteman vardera. Resultatet visade att psykologers erfarenheter av yrkesetiska dilemman bestod av både konkreta erfarenheter och en generell medvetenhet inför potentiella dilemman på sociala medier. De yrkesetiska dilemman som framkom i relation till sociala medier berörde i huvudsak interaktion med patienter, hantering av information om patienter samt självutlämnande information om psykologen. En central aspekt av yrkesetiska dilemman berörde samspelet och gränsdragningen mellan rollen som privatperson och rollen som psykolog på sociala medier. Hanteringen av yrkesetiska dilemman bestod av förebyggande åtgärder och strategier som syftade till att tydliggöra och dra gränser mellan de olika rollerna, där yrkesetiska principer och stöd från arbetsplatsen fungerade vägledande. Studiens resultat kan bidra till att skapa en dialog på arbetsplatser och utbildningar kring etiska dilemman. Därtill belyser studien värdet av en medveten reflektion kring ämnet, vilket kan vara till nytta för den enskilde psykologen i arbetet med patienter. Den kunskap som studien bidrar med kan även vara relevant vid en eventuell uppdatering av Psykologförbundets yrkesetiska principer., The aim of the present study was to explore psychologists' experiences of ethical dilemmas related to social media, and how these ethical dilemmas are managed. This was explored using a qualitative approach and was based on six semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed through inductive thematic analysis, which resulted in three main themes: The psychologist on social media - perceptions and expectations, Boundaries and Guidance. Two of the main themes consisted of two sub-themes each. The results showed that psychologists' experiences of ethical dilemmas consisted of concrete experiences and a general awareness of potential dilemmas on social media. The ethical dilemmas that emerged in relation to social media concerned interaction with patients, managing information about patients and self-disclosing information about the psychologist. A central aspect of ethical dilemmas concerned the interplay and demarcation between the private role and the role as a psychologist on social media. The management of ethical dilemmas consisted of preventive measures and strategies aimed at clarifying and establishing boundaries between the various roles, where ethical principles and support from the workplace acted as a guide. The results of the study can contribute to creating a dialogue in workplaces and educational systems about ethical dilemmas. In addition, the study highlights the value of awareness about the subject, which can be useful for the individual psychologist in working with patients. The study may also act as a basis in an eventual update of the Swedish Psychological Association's professional ethical principles.

Compulsory care of a child is one of the most intrusive interventions that can be made in a child's life, but a protective task that social services have been obliged to carry out. In the case of compulsory care of a child, the social secretary is faced with a number of different difficulties and dilemmas that can be linked to coercion in LVU legislation and consideration of the child's best interests. The aim of this qualitative study is to investigate social workers, in social services' child and family investigation, experience of how the child's best interests are taken into account in LVU processes och what thoughts and ethical dilemmas arise for social workers in connection to the LVU process in the meetings with children and parents, and also how can this be understood in relation to their professional role. By using an interview based qualitative method, this study strives to reach a deeper understanding of social workers' experience of the subject matter. The results of this study shows that the experience of the child's best interests is a concept that social workers must constantly define and describe as situational, based on the child's situation. A common description of the child's best interests is that it is a concept that needs a definition and frame of reference, as the lack of a definition makes it more difficult for social workers to consider what is in the child's best interests. This study reaches the conclusion that social workers experience the LVU process to be harmful to the relationship between both children and parents, and parents and social services. Based on this, the social workers felt that it was a huge ethical dilemma to use LVU, as the implementation of the LVU law was both emotionally stressful and comes with its limitations. This despite knowing that LVU should function as a protection for the child and its best interests.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka socialarbetares position genom deras upplevelser av hur lagstiftning, kommunala riktlinjer samt egna värderingar harmonierar i arbetet med missbruksärenden. I studien besvaras frågor gällande hur socialarbetare upplever att deras värderingar och kompetens harmonierar med lagstiftning och kommunala riktlinjer men även hur socialarbetare hanterar eventuella spänningsförhållanden mellan lagstiftning, kommunala riktlinjer, egna värderingar samt klienters förväntningar. Uppsatsen bygger på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialarbetare som i sitt dagliga arbete handlägger missbruksärenden och det insamlade materialet analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studiens resultat ger inte en lika negativ bild av socialarbetarnas upplevelser som tidigare forskning pekar på. Studien visar att socialarbetare upplever olika situationer där deras värderingar inte överensstämmer med kommunala riktlinjer eller lagstiftning. Exempel på situationer där socialarbetare upplever konflikter är hög arbetsbelastning, begränsat handlingsutrymme samt den rådande tvångslagstiftningen gällande missbruk. Beroende på vilken motstridighet som upplevs varierar hanteringen av denna. Hanteringen av motstridigheterna handlar i denna studie om hur socialarbetaren i situationen väljer att agera genom att exempelvis vara lojal och anpassa sig, protestera i någon form eller det sista alternativet, göra en sorti, vilket innebär att man lämnar organisationen., The purpose of the study is to examine the position of social workers through their experiences of how legislation, municipal guidelines and their own values ​​harmonize in the work with substance abuse cases. The study answers questions not only regarding how social workers feel about their values ​​and skills harmonizing with legislation and municipal guidelines, but also how social workers handle any tensions between legislation, municipal guidelines, their own values ​​and clients' expectations. The essay is based on six semi-structured interviews with social workers who in their daily work handle substance abuse cases and the collected material was analyzed with the help of a qualitative content analysis. The results of the study do not give us a negative picture of the social workers' experiences as previous research points out. The study shows that social workers experience different situations where their values ​​do not comply with municipal guidelines or legislation. Examples of situations where social workers experience conflicts are a high workload, limited room for maneuver and the current coercive legislation regarding abuse. Depending on the contradiction experienced, the handling of this varies. The management of the contradictions in this study is about how the social worker in the situation chooses to act by, for example, being loyal and adapting, protesting in some form or the last alternative, making a sortie, which means leaving the organization.

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård innebär den vård som ges i livets slutskede för att stödjaoch lindra patientens lidande. Alla yrkesverksamma sjuksköterskor kommer stötapå palliativ vård i sitt omvårdnadsarbete. Personcentrerad vård är en avsjuksköterskans kärnkompetenser och är central i palliativ vård. Teamarbetemellan professioner, patienten och dess anhöriga är en viktigt grund för palliativvård. Kommunikation är grunden för att både teamarbete och personcentreradvård ska fungera. Sjuksköterskans uppgift i palliativ vård är förutom att stödjapatienten även att stödja anhöriga. I palliativ vård kan det liksom i all annan vårduppstå etiska dilemman. Däremot kan etiska dilemman i palliativ vård gestaltasannorlunda än de dilemman som uppstår i kurativ vård.Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av etiska dilemman i palliativ vård.Metod: Examensarbetet genomfördes i form av en litteraturstudie baserat på tolvkvalitativa vetenskapliga studier.Resultat: I litteraturstudiens resultat framkom tre teman kopplade till etiskadilemman i palliativ vård: “Etiska dilemman i vårdteamet”, “Vårdmiljön som enorsak till etiska dilemman i palliativ vård” samt “Vårdens organisation som enorsak till etiska dilemman i palliativ vård”.Konklusion: Sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av etiska dilemman i palliativ vård berorpå flera bakomliggande orsaker. Enligt sjuksköterskors erfarenhet uppkom oftaetiska dilemman inom palliativ vård på grund av vårdteamets olika synsätt påpatientens fortsatta palliativa vård. Etiska dilemman i palliativ vård kunde ocksåorsakas på grund av vårdmiljön och organisationens utformning. Behov av stödoch handledning kring etiska dilemman i palliativ vård föreligger., Background: Palliative care is the care given to patients towards the end of theirlives to ease their suffering. All nurses will encounter palliative care in practicalnursing. Individual-focused care is one of the core competencies a nurse mustpossess and is key when working with palliative care. Teamwork between hospitalpersonnel, the patient, and those close to the patients, such as family members, isanother central aspect of ensuring good palliative care. Communication is key toensuring well-functioning teamwork as well as individual care for the patient. Inaddition to supporting the patient, nurses are required to support those close to thepatient. When giving palliative care, ethical dilemmas different from those presentin curative care may arise.Aim: To describe nurses´ experiences of ethical dilemmas present duringpalliative care.Method: The results presented in this research paper are based on the resultsfound after a literature study of twelve qualitative scientific studies.Results: The literature study resulted in three central themes: “Ethical dilemmaswithin the medical team,” “The environment of the Health Facility as a cause ofethical dilemmas within palliative care,” and “the organizational elements of theHealth Facility as a cause of ethical dilemmas.”Conclusion: The nurses´ experiences of ethical dilemmas within palliative careare caused by numerous underlying causes. According to nurses, ethical dilemmasoften arise due to varying views within the medical team regarding the continuingpalliative care of the patient. Moreover, ethical dilemmas may appear as a resultof the Health Facility´s environment and the structure of the health organization.There is a need for further support and guidance for nurses to manage ethicaldilemmas connected to palliative care.

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård innebär den vård som ges i livets slutskede för att stödjaoch lindra patientens lidande. Alla yrkesverksamma sjuksköterskor kommer stötapå palliativ vård i sitt omvårdnadsarbete. Personcentrerad vård är en avsjuksköterskans kärnkompetenser och är central i palliativ vård. Teamarbetemellan professioner, patienten och dess anhöriga är en viktigt grund för palliativvård. Kommunikation är grunden för att både teamarbete och personcentreradvård ska fungera. Sjuksköterskans uppgift i palliativ vård är förutom att stödjapatienten även att stödja anhöriga. I palliativ vård kan det liksom i all annan vårduppstå etiska dilemman. Däremot kan etiska dilemman i palliativ vård gestaltasannorlunda än de dilemman som uppstår i kurativ vård.Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av etiska dilemman i palliativ vård.Metod: Examensarbetet genomfördes i form av en litteraturstudie baserat på tolvkvalitativa vetenskapliga studier.Resultat: I litteraturstudiens resultat framkom tre teman kopplade till etiskadilemman i palliativ vård: “Etiska dilemman i vårdteamet”, “Vårdmiljön som enorsak till etiska dilemman i palliativ vård” samt “Vårdens organisation som enorsak till etiska dilemman i palliativ vård”.Konklusion: Sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av etiska dilemman i palliativ vård berorpå flera bakomliggande orsaker. Enligt sjuksköterskors erfarenhet uppkom oftaetiska dilemman inom palliativ vård på grund av vårdteamets olika synsätt påpatientens fortsatta palliativa vård. Etiska dilemman i palliativ vård kunde ocksåorsakas på grund av vårdmiljön och organisationens utformning. Behov av stödoch handledning kring etiska dilemman i palliativ vård föreligger., Background: Palliative care is the care given to patients towards the end of theirlives to ease their suffering. All nurses will encounter palliative care in practicalnursing. Individual-focused care is one of the core competencies a nurse mustpossess and is key when working with palliative care. Teamwork between hospitalpersonnel, the patient, and those close to the patients, such as family members, isanother central aspect of ensuring good palliative care. Communication is key toensuring well-functioning teamwork as well as individual care for the patient. Inaddition to supporting the patient, nurses are required to support those close to thepatient. When giving palliative care, ethical dilemmas different from those presentin curative care may arise.Aim: To describe nurses´ experiences of ethical dilemmas present duringpalliative care.Method: The results presented in this research paper are based on the resultsfound after a literature study of twelve qualitative scientific studies.Results: The literature study resulted in three central themes: “Ethical dilemmaswithin the medical team,” “The environment of the Health Facility as a cause ofethical dilemmas within palliative care,” and “the organizational elements of theHealth Facility as a cause of ethical dilemmas.”Conclusion: The nurses´ experiences of ethical dilemmas within palliative careare caused by numerous underlying causes. According to nurses, ethical dilemmasoften arise due to varying views within the medical team regarding the continuingpalliative care of the patient. Moreover, ethical dilemmas may appear as a resultof the Health Facility´s environment and the structure of the health organization.There is a need for further support and guidance for nurses to manage ethicaldilemmas connected to palliative care.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Covid-19 innebar en stor påfrestning på sjukvården globalt och påverkade sjuksköterskor genom en föränderlig arbetssituation vilket orsakade fysisk och psykisk ansträngning. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att arbeta på sjukhus i Europa under Covid-19. Metod:Sammanställningen utgjordes av 12 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats identifierade genom databassökning i PubMed. Huvudresultat: I resultatet framkom upplevelser av en turbulent arbetssituation med frekventa arbetsmiljöförändringar, otillräckligt chefsstöd och förberedelse inför situationen. Detta resulterade i osäkerhet relaterat till den okända situationen, rädsla över risken att ingå i smittkedjan och stigmatisering från omgivningen. Omvårdnadsutmaningar, i samband med egen rädsla, ledde till etiska dilemman för sjuksköterskorna som upplevde sig ge otillräcklig vård. Resultatet påvisar också hur sjuksköterskorna vuxit i sin yrkesroll, antagit större ansvar och vidgat sitt självständiga arbete samt tillsammans med team, erfarenhet och individuella strategier hittat sätt att hantera situationen. Slutsats: Att vara sjuksköterska på sjukhus i Europa under Covid-19 upplevdes vara en turbulent arbetssituation med psykisk och fysisk påfrestning och etiska dilemman gällande omvårdnaden. Sjuksköterskor upplevde otillräcklig förberedelse och kunskap inför situationen, vilket orsakade osäkerhet och rädsla. Trots det föranleddes en positiv utveckling av sjuksköterskerollen. Huvudresultatet antyder att behov av tydlig beredskap och utbildning inför extraordinära situationer, utvecklat psykosocialt stöd för sjuksköterskor och distinkta omvårdnadsriktlinjer för att minska etiska dilemman finns., Background: Covid-19 placed a great strain on global healthcare and affected nurses through a changing work situation, which caused physical and mental strain. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to describe nurses' experiences of working in European hospitals during Covid-19. Method: The compilation consisted of 12 scientific articles with a qualitative approach identified through database search in PubMed. Main results: The results revealed experiences of a turbulent work situation with frequent changes in the work environment, insufficient managerial support and insufficient preparation for the situation. This prompted uncertainty related to the unknown situation, fear over the risk of being part of the infection chain and stigmatizing reactions from the surrounding. Nursing challenges, in conjunction with their own fear, led to ethical dilemmas for the nurses who felt they provided inadequate care. The results also demonstrate how the nurses growed in their professional role, assumed greater responsibility and expanded their independent work and together with team, experience and individual strategies found ways to master the situation. Conclusion: Being a nurse in a European hospital during the Covid-19 was experienced as a turbulent work situation with mental and physical stress and ethical dilemmas regarding nursing. Nurses experienced insufficient preparation and knowledge for the situation, which caused uncertainty and fear. Despite this, a positive development of the nursing role was induced. The main result suggests that there is a need for clear preparedness and training for extraordinary situations, developed psychosocial support for nurses and distinct nursing guidelines to reduce ethical dilemmas.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Covid-19 innebar en stor påfrestning på sjukvården globalt och påverkade sjuksköterskor genom en föränderlig arbetssituation vilket orsakade fysisk och psykisk ansträngning. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att arbeta på sjukhus i Europa under Covid-19. Metod:Sammanställningen utgjordes av 12 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats identifierade genom databassökning i PubMed. Huvudresultat: I resultatet framkom upplevelser av en turbulent arbetssituation med frekventa arbetsmiljöförändringar, otillräckligt chefsstöd och förberedelse inför situationen. Detta resulterade i osäkerhet relaterat till den okända situationen, rädsla över risken att ingå i smittkedjan och stigmatisering från omgivningen. Omvårdnadsutmaningar, i samband med egen rädsla, ledde till etiska dilemman för sjuksköterskorna som upplevde sig ge otillräcklig vård. Resultatet påvisar också hur sjuksköterskorna vuxit i sin yrkesroll, antagit större ansvar och vidgat sitt självständiga arbete samt tillsammans med team, erfarenhet och individuella strategier hittat sätt att hantera situationen. Slutsats: Att vara sjuksköterska på sjukhus i Europa under Covid-19 upplevdes vara en turbulent arbetssituation med psykisk och fysisk påfrestning och etiska dilemman gällande omvårdnaden. Sjuksköterskor upplevde otillräcklig förberedelse och kunskap inför situationen, vilket orsakade osäkerhet och rädsla. Trots det föranleddes en positiv utveckling av sjuksköterskerollen. Huvudresultatet antyder att behov av tydlig beredskap och utbildning inför extraordinära situationer, utvecklat psykosocialt stöd för sjuksköterskor och distinkta omvårdnadsriktlinjer för att minska etiska dilemman finns., Background: Covid-19 placed a great strain on global healthcare and affected nurses through a changing work situation, which caused physical and mental strain. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to describe nurses' experiences of working in European hospitals during Covid-19. Method: The compilation consisted of 12 scientific articles with a qualitative approach identified through database search in PubMed. Main results: The results revealed experiences of a turbulent work situation with frequent changes in the work environment, insufficient managerial support and insufficient preparation for the situation. This prompted uncertainty related to the unknown situation, fear over the risk of being part of the infection chain and stigmatizing reactions from the surrounding. Nursing challenges, in conjunction with their own fear, led to ethical dilemmas for the nurses who felt they provided inadequate care. The results also demonstrate how the nurses growed in their professional role, assumed greater responsibility and expanded their independent work and together with team, experience and individual strategies found ways to master the situation. Conclusion: Being a nurse in a European hospital during the Covid-19 was experienced as a turbulent work situation with mental and physical stress and ethical dilemmas regarding nursing. Nurses experienced insufficient preparation and knowledge for the situation, which caused uncertainty and fear. Despite this, a positive development of the nursing role was induced. The main result suggests that there is a need for clear preparedness and training for extraordinary situations, developed psychosocial support for nurses and distinct nursing guidelines to reduce ethical dilemmas.