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This descriptive study aimed to find out the differential influence of selected socio-demographic factors like gender, type of family, birth order, socio-economic status and the type of school management on academic stress of higher secondary school students of Kerala. The normative survey method was adopted to collect data from a stratified random sample of 1232 higher secondary school students (Male = 583; Female = 649) by administering the Academic Stress Scale for Secondary School Students and a Personal Data Sheet, both developed by the investigators. The data were analysed by employing independent sample t-test, one way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test to test five null hypotheses formulated for the study. The result showed that while socio-demographic factors like gender, type of family, birth order, and type of school management has significant differential influence on academic stress of higher secondary school students, the effect of socio-economic status is not significant. Being female student and member of nuclear family are contributory to academic stress among higher secondary school students. The ‘only-child’ experience greater academic stress than the ‘last-born’. The government schools exert lowest academic stress on learners compared to schools in aided and unaided sector.

This descriptive study aimed to find out the differential influence of selected socio-demographic factors like gender, type of family, birth order, socio-economic status and the type of school management on academic stress of higher secondary school students of Kerala. The normative survey method was adopted to collect data from a stratified random sample of 1232 higher secondary school students (Male = 583; Female = 649) by administering the Academic Stress Scale for Secondary School Students and a Personal Data Sheet, both developed by the investigators. The data were analysed by employing independent sample t-test, one way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test to test five null hypotheses formulated for the study. The result showed that while socio-demographic factors like gender, type of family, birth order, and type of school management has significant differential influence on academic stress of higher secondary school students, the effect of socio-economic status is not significant. Being female student and member of nuclear family are contributory to academic stress among higher secondary school students. The ‘only-child’ experience greater academic stress than the ‘last-born’. The government schools exert lowest academic stress on learners compared to schools in aided and unaided sector.

Little is known about the labor market consequences of becoming a grandparent. We estimate grandparenthood effects on labor supply and earnings using detailed multigenerational data from Danish population registers. Results show that the consequences of grandparenthood are unequally distributed and starkly patterned. Becoming a grandparent reduces hours worked and income, especially for grandmothers, more so when the grandchild is born to a daughter, and most when the grandmother's daughter gives birth as a teenager. Grandfathers also experience a reduction in hours worked (but not income) from their daughter's teen birth, but the reduction is much smaller than among grandmothers. The effects of a daughter's teen birth are further amplified for low-income grandmothers. Our results imply that childbearing has multigenerational consequences that are structured by gendered caregiving, the caregiving needs of the parent generation, and the delegating capacity of the grandparent generation. © 2024 The Author(s)., Funding: The Independent Research Fund Denmark, Social Sciences (#0602-02227B); Helse Foundation (Helsefonden); the Danish School of Education at Aarhus University; the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development through the Center for Demography and Ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (#T1 R01HD102125 and #T32 HD007014-42) and the Berkeley Population Center at the University of California, Berkeley (#P2CHD073964); and the National Institute on Aging through the Center for Demography of Health and Aging at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (#P30AG017266) and the Berkeley Center on the Economics and Demography of Aging (#5P30AG012839) and the Berkeley Population Center (#R01AG058940) at the University of California, Berkeley as well as a Romnes Fellowship from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Little is known about the labor market consequences of becoming a grandparent. We estimate grandparenthood effects on labor supply and earnings using detailed multigenerational data from Danish population registers. Results show that the consequences of grandparenthood are unequally distributed and starkly patterned. Becoming a grandparent reduces hours worked and income, especially for grandmothers, more so when the grandchild is born to a daughter, and most when the grandmother's daughter gives birth as a teenager. Grandfathers also experience a reduction in hours worked (but not income) from their daughter's teen birth, but the reduction is much smaller than among grandmothers. The effects of a daughter's teen birth are further amplified for low-income grandmothers. Our results imply that childbearing has multigenerational consequences that are structured by gendered caregiving, the caregiving needs of the parent generation, and the delegating capacity of the grandparent generation.

BACKGROUND: It is important to understand the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in close-contact settings such as households. We hypothesized that children would most often acquire SARS-CoV-2 from a symptomatic adult caregiver. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted from April 2020 to July 2022 in a low-resource, urban settlement in Brazil. We recruited families who brought their children to a public clinic. We collected nasopharyngeal and oral swabs from household members and tracked symptoms and vaccination. RESULTS: In total, 1256 participants in 298 households were tested for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 4073 RT-PCR tests were run with 893 SARS-CoV-2 positive results (21.9%). SARS-CoV-2 cases were defined as isolated cases (N = 158) or well-defined transmission events (N = 175). The risk of household transmission was lower if the index case was a child (OR: 0.3 [95% CI: 0.16-0.55], P < .001) or was vaccinated (OR: 0.29 [95% CI: 0.1-0.85], P = .024), and higher if the index was symptomatic (OR: 2.53 [95% CI: 1.51-4.26], P < .001). The secondary attack rate for child index cases to child contacts was 0.29, whereas the secondary attack rate for adult index cases to child contacts was 0.47 (P = .08). CONCLUSIONS: In this community, children were significantly less infectious to their household contacts than adolescents or adults. Most children were infected by a symptomatic adult, usually their mother. There was a double benefit of vaccination as it protected the vaccine from severe illness and prevented onward transmission to household contacts. Our findings may also be valid for similar populations throughout Latin America.

We provide evidence that most Mexican children exposed to the international migration of their fathers experience further variations in their living arrangements or the dissolution of the marital union of their parents. Children left behind typically join the household of their maternal grandparents. These changes have relevant implications for the analysis of the effects of migration and remittances: they interfere with the identification of instances of paternal migration in standard cross-sectional or longitudinal surveys, and they can give rise to heterogeneity in the effects of interest making some key household-level variables endogenous with respect to the treatment.

Bakgrund: Kronisk sjukdom är ett permanent sjukdomstillstånd. Hälsa ur holistiskt perspektiv ses som en helhet, därav bör vården utformasutifrån den enskilda individens behov. Idag vårdas många personer hemifrån av en närstående. Den informella vårdaren har enbetydande roll i den hälsofrämjande processen. Sjuksköterskans ansvar innefattar att bidra till hälsa, minska lidande och förebygga skador, och att kunna inkludera närstående vid personcentrerad vård. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa närståendes upplevelser av att vårda en anhörig med kronisk sjukdom. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt utfördes i enlighet med Fribergs metodbeskrivning. Databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed användes vid sökning av sökorden extended family, family, caregivers, chronic disease och middle aged. Resultatet bygger på nio kvalitativa artiklar samt två artiklar med mixad metod. Resultat: Deltagarnas upplevelser kunde skilja sig åt. Vardagen blev påverkad, vården för anhöriga innebar känslomässiga implikationer vilket påverkade familjedynamiken. Resultatet tydde också på att deltagarnas behov av interaktioner med sjukvården ansågs vara en viktig del av upplevelsen. Sammanfattning: Deltagarna upplevde den vårdande rollen som begränsade samt att den försvårade anpassningen till vardagen. Detta kunde vara komplicerat för relationen mellan vårdaren och den anhörige. Upplevelserna var främst negativa men kunde även uppvisa positiva inverkan., Background: Chronic disease is a permanent state of illness. Health from a holistic perspective is perceived as a entirety and therefore caregiving should be designed in relation to each individual's needs. Many people get homecare from a relative today. The informal caregivers have a meaningful role in the promotion of health. Nurses are responsible for contributingto good health, reduced suffering, and injury prevention and to also include relatives with person centered care. Aim: The aim of this study was to shed light on experiences of caregiving for a relative with a chronic illness. Method: A literature review was made according to Friberg’s method description. The databases Cinahl Complete and PubMed were used for the search with the keywords extended family, family, caregivers, chronic disease and middle aged. The result of the study was based on nine qualitative articles, and two using mixed methods. Results: The participants' experiences could differ from one another. These described how caring for a relative impacts everyday life, impeared health, impact upon relations and significance of interaction with healthcare. Summary: Participants experienced the caring role as limiting, and complicated to combine with everyday life. This could complicate the relationship between the caregiver and the relative. The experiences of caring for their relatives were mostly negative but the result could also show some positive outcomes.

Bakgrund: Kronisk sjukdom är ett permanent sjukdomstillstånd. Hälsa ur holistiskt perspektiv ses som en helhet, därav bör vården utformasutifrån den enskilda individens behov. Idag vårdas många personer hemifrån av en närstående. Den informella vårdaren har enbetydande roll i den hälsofrämjande processen. Sjuksköterskans ansvar innefattar att bidra till hälsa, minska lidande och förebygga skador, och att kunna inkludera närstående vid personcentrerad vård. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa närståendes upplevelser av att vårda en anhörig med kronisk sjukdom. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt utfördes i enlighet med Fribergs metodbeskrivning. Databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed användes vid sökning av sökorden extended family, family, caregivers, chronic disease och middle aged. Resultatet bygger på nio kvalitativa artiklar samt två artiklar med mixad metod. Resultat: Deltagarnas upplevelser kunde skilja sig åt. Vardagen blev påverkad, vården för anhöriga innebar känslomässiga implikationer vilket påverkade familjedynamiken. Resultatet tydde också på att deltagarnas behov av interaktioner med sjukvården ansågs vara en viktig del av upplevelsen. Sammanfattning: Deltagarna upplevde den vårdande rollen som begränsade samt att den försvårade anpassningen till vardagen. Detta kunde vara komplicerat för relationen mellan vårdaren och den anhörige. Upplevelserna var främst negativa men kunde även uppvisa positiva inverkan., Background: Chronic disease is a permanent state of illness. Health from a holistic perspective is perceived as a entirety and therefore caregiving should be designed in relation to each individual's needs. Many people get homecare from a relative today. The informal caregivers have a meaningful role in the promotion of health. Nurses are responsible for contributingto good health, reduced suffering, and injury prevention and to also include relatives with person centered care. Aim: The aim of this study was to shed light on experiences of caregiving for a relative with a chronic illness. Method: A literature review was made according to Friberg’s method description. The databases Cinahl Complete and PubMed were used for the search with the keywords extended family, family, caregivers, chronic disease and middle aged. The result of the study was based on nine qualitative articles, and two using mixed methods. Results: The participants' experiences could differ from one another. These described how caring for a relative impacts everyday life, impeared health, impact upon relations and significance of interaction with healthcare. Summary: Participants experienced the caring role as limiting, and complicated to combine with everyday life. This could complicate the relationship between the caregiver and the relative. The experiences of caring for their relatives were mostly negative but the result could also show some positive outcomes.

A setting is examined where private citizens and public officials interact in pairs for a public service with the option to engage in bribery. Both sides may face a personal moral cost in the event of bribery, while officials also have to deal with redistributive pressures from their kinship network. Over time, the distributions of moral costs among citizens and officials may adjust in response to the incidence of corruption, and this also impacts sharing obligations. Two types of stable long-run equilibria with persistent corruption can arise: one type can be associated with an individualistic society, the other with a collectivist society.

This piece has the purpose of making visible social- affectiveness as a source of filiation ties in its community aspect, by analyzing closely the relationships that children develop inside Deportivo Alberdi Football Club and Comechingona Community, both part of the emblematic Neighborhood called Juan Bautista Alberdi, sited in Córdoba City. The above, in order to propose opening the paradigm that the legal regulation of the extended family concept settled, by including repercussions on the child` and their goods` care obligations that the social-affective referents in many ocations carry out on the facts. It would be conducive to provide this situation with legal certainty, while enforces the principles that the Convention of Children`s Rights institutes., El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo visibilizar a la socioafectividad como fuente de vínculos en su aspecto comunitario, analizando de cerca las relaciones que entablan las infancias dentro del Club de fútbol Deportivo Alberdi y de la Comunidad Comechingona del Pueblo de la Toma, ambos pertenecientes al emblemático Barrio Juan Bautista Alberdi de la Ciudad de Córdoba. Lo expresado, con el propósito de plantear una apertura del paradigma marcado por la regulación del concepto de familia comunitaria, que incluya además repercusiones en los deberes de cuidado sobre la persona y los bienes del niño que los referentes socioafectivos dentro de la comunidad muchas veces de hecho asumen, permitiendo dotar de seguridad jurídica este suceso, y operativizando, a su vez, las directrices que establece la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the development of relationships in Hanif Kureishi's novel The Buddha of Suburbia. Each chapter consists of a theoretical and practical part, where the individual topics are introduced, and the knowledge then applied to the characters in the novel. The first chapter focuses on the historical background of Great Britain, India and Pakistan, the mass migration that followed, and the subsequent settlement of the immigrants. The second chapter analyses identity, the position of individual within society, and the collectivist and individualistic patterns of behaviour. Lastly, the third chapter describes the different values in relationships, specifically values of marriage and family., Účelem této práce je analyzovat vývoj vztahů v románu Buddha z předměstí Hanifa Kureishiho. Každá kapitola je složena z teoretické a praktické části, ve kterých jsou přiblíženy jednotlivá témata, ze kterých se poté aplikují poznatky na postavy románu. První kapitola se zaměřuje na historický kontext Velké Británie, Indie a Pákistánu, masovou vlnu migrace, která následovala, a následné usazování migrantů. Druhá kapitola analyzuje identitu, pozici jednotlivce vůči společnosti, a kolektivistické a individualistické vzorce chování. Poslední, třetí kapitola líčí různé hodnoty vztahů, a to zejména manželské a rodinné hodnoty., Fakulta filozofická, Studentka stručně představila téma své BP, vyjádřila se ke komentářům v obou posudcích, reagovala na dotazy komise. Obhajoba byla na výborné úrovni., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Under the pressure of work's devaluation and the state's retrenchment, men and women in Spain manage their extended family resources in a struggle to provide for their dependents. These resources have become the main axis of inequality in Spain's financialized economy. Drawing on fieldwork in Madrid, I show that men and women understand themselves in terms of this responsibility, internalizing capitalist pressures on social reproduction as a family matter. This self-identification cuts through the solidarities that exploited waged work and gendered domestic work might generate, and it makes family one's ultimate reference point. Instead of the refusal of a responsibility that used to be socialized being a principled and political stance, then, it is dismissed as selfish., Peer Reviewed

In this study, I am going to present a fragment of the research concerning large families in Poland. I analyse the relation between shaping the educational failures and successes of the students having their origin in the large families and the support they get from their parents in the numerous families. The analysis shall be made based on the comparison of the character of the relationships inside the families in the study case of the students in the lower secondary school who come from different backgrounds. This article shall constitute the description of the results of the survey research conducted in two schools (lower secondary schools) in the group of over 150 students. The family relationships, communication character between parents - children are going to be analysed according to the place of living (village, city) and number of children in a family (large and small families).

In this article, the objective is to reflect on the existence of changes that have occurred in cities, health systems, and the extended family from the effects caused by COVID - 19. The article is developed considering the contributions of Acosta (2020); Cru z (2016); Porreca and Rocchio (2016); Valadez (2020); Vélez (2014); bibliography and hemerography produced in recent years and days. Among the main elements of analysis, the situational context was considered: cities, health institutions and nursing person nel, their relationship with households and the extended family. The hypothesis is that, as COVID - 19 advances or remains, health workers have requested the support of the extended family, and regardless of age or risk factors, support is granted, which has an increasing impact from work, a situation that has changed their daily life. Methodologically, it is a qualitative exploratory research, the method used was the application of seven semi - structured interviews, the selection of participants met the inten tional sampling criterion considering working in the health sector and having experienced the death of a family member from COVID - 19. In the operationalization matrix, 4 dimensions were created: 1) Cities and COVID - 19; 2) health and work sector, 3) home an d family, 4) actors in the process. The article concludes that the daily life of the cities, the health sector workers and the extended family has been transformed, and now for all the actors the working time has increased, and the social relations that ch aracterize the traditional family have been strengthened, a cultural change is foreseen in the health sector whose manifestations can be observed in the future., En este artículo, el objetivo es reflexionar sobre la existencia cambios ocurridos en las ciudades, los sistemas sanitarios y la familia extensa a partir de las afectaciones provocadas por el COVID - 19. El artículo se desarrolla considerando las aportacione s de Acosta (2020); Cruz (2016); Porreca y Rocchio (2016); Valadez (2020); Vélez (2014); bibliografía y hemerografía producida en los últimos años y días. Entre los principales elementos de análisis se consideró el contexto situacional: las ciudades, las i nstituciones de salud y el personal de enfermería, su relación con los hogares y la familia extensa. La hipótesis es que, a medida que el COVID - 19 avanza o permanece los trabajadores de la salud han solicitado el apoyo de la familia extensa, y sin importar la edad o los factores de riesgo, se otorga el apoyo, lo que impacta en incremento del trabajo, situación que ha modificado su vida cotidiana. Metodológicamente es una investigación exploratoria de corte cualitativo, el método utilizado fue la aplicación de siete entrevistas semiestructuradas, la selección de participantes atendió al criterio de muestreo intencional considerando trabajar en el sector salud y haber experimentado la muerte de un familiar por COVID - 19. En la matriz de operacionalización se cr earon 4 dimensiones: 1) Ciudades y COVID - 19; 2) sector salud y trabajo, 3) hogar, y familia, 4) actores del proceso. El artículo concluye que la vida cotidiana de las ciudades, de los trabajadores del sector salud y de la familia extensa se transformó, y a hora para todos los actores el tiempo de trabajo aumentó, y las relaciones sociales que caracterizan a la familia tradicional se han fortalecido, se prevé un cambio cultural en el sector sanitario cuyas manifestaciones se podrán observar a futuro.

Unlike domestic violence often is perpetrated by persons within the nuclear family, Honour Based Violence often involves multiple persons within the nuclear and extended family and may very well involve persons from the close community. It may be condoned and is at times even encouraged within the family and in close social circles. These aspects require attention within all the decision-making processes and policies that address Honour Based Violence. In light hereof, an exploratory research was carried out to explore the extent to which the extended family is involved in addressing Honour Based Violence in three European countries: Belgium, Germany and Sweden. The Report offers a succinct overview of the answers to the research questions and the observed measures and interventions in these countries. The study followed a top-down as well as a bottom-up approach in exploring the existing measures. A top-down approach refers to exploring the laws and policy measures developed on national or regional levels that are implemented on both national and local levels. The bottom-up approach refers to the initiatives and measures that have been taken and are being used at the local levels by projects and NGOs that actively address Honour Based Violence.

Bakgrund Som sjuksköterska är det i princip oundvikligt att inte komma i kontakt med döende patienter någon gång under sitt yrkesliv. Flertalet patienter önskar i dagsläget att få spendera sin sista tid i livet i sitt eget hem. Kunskap om den palliativa vården är därför viktigt, inte minst för patientens närstående som ofta har en stor roll vid palliativ hemsjukvård. Palliativ vård skall bedrivas i samråd med patient och om möjligt även dess närstående. Att vara vårdande närstående kan vara mycket påfrestande och det är därför viktigt att hälso- och sjukvård erbjuder gott stöd till de närstående. Rehnsfeldts omvårdnadsbegrepp ömsesidighet är ett viktigt begrepp inom den palliativa vården och sjuksköterskan har en stor roll i främjandet av ömsesidighet i relationen med de närstående samt patienten. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av palliativ vård i hemmet. Metod Designen var en litteraturöversikt där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa originalartiklar inkluderades. Artikelsökningarna skedde i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed i september 2020. Totalt inkluderades sexton vetenskapliga artiklar i litteraturöversiktens resultat, tio kvalitativa respektive sex kvantitativa, som var publicerade mellan år 2010–2020. De sexton inkluderade artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån Sophiahemmet högskolas bedömningsunderlag för vetenskapliga artiklar och analyserades utifrån integrerad analysmetod. Resultat Litteraturöversiktens huvudfynd presenterades utifrån tre kategorier med utgångspunkt i Närståendes upplevelser av att leva i närhet till sjukdom och död, Närståendes upplevelser av stöd och Närståendes upplevelser av den sena palliativa fasen. Majoriteten av studierna visade på att närstående upplevde en stor känsla av ansvar och att de var i behov av stöd från personer i sin närhet, antingen sjukvårdspersonal eller andra närstående. Studierna i resultatet belyste även vikten av god information under hela palliativa vårdtiden. Slutsats Gemensamt för flert, Background As a nurse, it is basically inevitable to not encounter dying or death at some point throughout the professional career. Many patients express a wish to die in their own home. Therefore, knowledge of palliative care is important, not least for the patient's close/extended family, who often play a major role in palliative home care. Palliative care must be provided in consultation with the patient and, if possible, also with their family. Being a family caregiver can be very stressful and it is therefore with utmost important that health care providers offer support to the family caregiver. Rehnsfeldt's concept of mutuality is an important concept in palliative care and the nurse has a major role in promoting mutuality in the relationship with the family caregiver and the patient. Aim The aim was to describe relatives’ experiences of palliative homecare. Method The study design was a literature review, where both qualitative and quantitative original articles were included. The databases CINAHL and PubMed were in September 2020, used for finding articles. A total of sixteen scientific articles were included in this literature review’s results. Ten of the articles were qualitative studies and six where quantitative studies, all of which were published sometime between 2010–2020. The sixteen included articles were reviewed using Sophiahemmet University's quality control guidelines for scientific articles and then an integrated analysis method was performed. Results The literature review's main findings were presented in three categories which were; Relatives' perceptions of living close to illness and death, Relatives' perceptions of support and Relatives' perceptions of the late palliative phase. Most of the studies showed that the close/extended family member felt a great sense of responsibility and that they were in need of support from people in their vicinity, either from professional carers or from close/extended family. The studies in the results also

El desamparo puede definirse como una situación caracterizada por la no existencia de la cobertura de ciertas necesidades básicas para el correcto desarrollo de un menor (Allueva, 2011). En esos contextos, las Administraciones Públicas proceden a intervenir con dos recursos alternativos: el Acogimiento Residencial y el Acogimiento Familiar. La reciente modificación de la Ley Orgánica 1/1996 de Protección Jurídica del Menor, establece el Acogimiento Familiar como el recurso de primera elección para menores con edades comprendidas entre los 0 y los 6 años (Ley 26/2015). Con el objetivo de analizar las aportaciones que desde el ámbito científico se han llevado a cabo en este contexto, para así determinar los aspectos más tratados por los investigadores, se implementó una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda sobre Acogimiento Familiar, acotando el periodo de publicaciones entre los años 2011 y 2016. El resultado arrojó un total de 203 trabajos que, tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión relativos a: Tipo de documentación (artículos empíricos), Ámbito (psicosocial), País de Origen (España); quedó en 22 trabajos. Las principales conclusiones aportan datos sobre la importancia de la información en el proceso de acogimiento, la motivación para ser acogedores, la red de apoyo, la relación con la Familia Biológica, así como los estilos educativos., Homelessness can be defined as a situation characterized by the non-existence of coverage of certain basic needs for the proper development of a minor (Allueva, 2011). In these contexts, the Public Administrations proceed to intervene using two alternative resources: Residential Foster Care and Family Foster Care. The recent modification of the Organic Law 1/1996 on the Legal Protection of Children and Young People (Spain) establishes Family Foster Care as the first-choice resource for minors aged between 0 and 6 years (Law 26/2015). In order to analyze the contributions that have been made in the scientific field in this context, and to determine the aspects most treated by researchers, an integrative systematic literature review was implemented. To do this, a literature search was carried out on Foster Care using a delimited publication period (2011-2016). The result yielded a total of 203 works, and after applying the inclusion criteria related to: Type of documentation (empirical articles), Scope (psychosocial), Country of Origin (Spain), there were 22 works. The main conclusions of the present study provide data on the importance of information in the foster care application and assessment process, the motivation to be welcoming, the support network, the relationship with the Biological Family, as well as the teaching styles.

Bakgrund Som sjuksköterska är det i princip oundvikligt att inte komma i kontakt med döende patienter någon gång under sitt yrkesliv. Flertalet patienter önskar i dagsläget att få spendera sin sista tid i livet i sitt eget hem. Kunskap om den palliativa vården är därför viktigt, inte minst för patientens närstående som ofta har en stor roll vid palliativ hemsjukvård. Palliativ vård skall bedrivas i samråd med patient och om möjligt även dess närstående. Att vara vårdande närstående kan vara mycket påfrestande och det är därför viktigt att hälso- och sjukvård erbjuder gott stöd till de närstående. Rehnsfeldts omvårdnadsbegrepp ömsesidighet är ett viktigt begrepp inom den palliativa vården och sjuksköterskan har en stor roll i främjandet av ömsesidighet i relationen med de närstående samt patienten. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av palliativ vård i hemmet. Metod Designen var en litteraturöversikt där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa originalartiklar inkluderades. Artikelsökningarna skedde i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed i september 2020. Totalt inkluderades sexton vetenskapliga artiklar i litteraturöversiktens resultat, tio kvalitativa respektive sex kvantitativa, som var publicerade mellan år 2010–2020. De sexton inkluderade artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån Sophiahemmet högskolas bedömningsunderlag för vetenskapliga artiklar och analyserades utifrån integrerad analysmetod. Resultat Litteraturöversiktens huvudfynd presenterades utifrån tre kategorier med utgångspunkt i Närståendes upplevelser av att leva i närhet till sjukdom och död, Närståendes upplevelser av stöd och Närståendes upplevelser av den sena palliativa fasen. Majoriteten av studierna visade på att närstående upplevde en stor känsla av ansvar och att de var i behov av stöd från personer i sin närhet, antingen sjukvårdspersonal eller andra närstående. Studierna i resultatet belyste även vikten av god information under hela palliativa vårdtiden. Slutsats Gemensamt för flert, Background As a nurse, it is basically inevitable to not encounter dying or death at some point throughout the professional career. Many patients express a wish to die in their own home. Therefore, knowledge of palliative care is important, not least for the patient's close/extended family, who often play a major role in palliative home care. Palliative care must be provided in consultation with the patient and, if possible, also with their family. Being a family caregiver can be very stressful and it is therefore with utmost important that health care providers offer support to the family caregiver. Rehnsfeldt's concept of mutuality is an important concept in palliative care and the nurse has a major role in promoting mutuality in the relationship with the family caregiver and the patient. Aim The aim was to describe relatives’ experiences of palliative homecare. Method The study design was a literature review, where both qualitative and quantitative original articles were included. The databases CINAHL and PubMed were in September 2020, used for finding articles. A total of sixteen scientific articles were included in this literature review’s results. Ten of the articles were qualitative studies and six where quantitative studies, all of which were published sometime between 2010–2020. The sixteen included articles were reviewed using Sophiahemmet University's quality control guidelines for scientific articles and then an integrated analysis method was performed. Results The literature review's main findings were presented in three categories which were; Relatives' perceptions of living close to illness and death, Relatives' perceptions of support and Relatives' perceptions of the late palliative phase. Most of the studies showed that the close/extended family member felt a great sense of responsibility and that they were in need of support from people in their vicinity, either from professional carers or from close/extended family. The studies in the results also

El desamparo puede definirse como una situación caracterizada por la no existencia de la cobertura de ciertas necesidades básicas para el correcto desarrollo de un menor (Allueva, 2011). En esos contextos, las Administraciones Públicas proceden a intervenir con dos recursos alternativos: el Acogimiento Residencial y el Acogimiento Familiar. La reciente modificación de la Ley Orgánica 1/1996 de Protección Jurídica del Menor, establece el Acogimiento Familiar como el recurso de primera elección para menores con edades comprendidas entre los 0 y los 6 años (Ley 26/2015). Con el objetivo de analizar las aportaciones que desde el ámbito científico se han llevado a cabo en este contexto, para así determinar los aspectos más tratados por los investigadores, se implementó una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda sobre Acogimiento Familiar, acotando el periodo de publicaciones entre los años 2011 y 2016. El resultado arrojó un total de 203 trabajos que, tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión relativos a: Tipo de documentación (artículos empíricos), Ámbito (psicosocial), País de Origen (España); quedó en 22 trabajos. Las principales conclusiones aportan datos sobre la importancia de la información en el proceso de acogimiento, la motivación para ser acogedores, la red de apoyo, la relación con la Familia Biológica, así como los estilos educativos., Homelessness can be defined as a situation characterized by the non-existence of coverage of certain basic needs for the proper development of a minor (Allueva, 2011). In these contexts, the Public Administrations proceed to intervene using two alternative resources: Residential Foster Care and Family Foster Care. The recent modification of the Organic Law 1/1996 on the Legal Protection of Children and Young People (Spain) establishes Family Foster Care as the first-choice resource for minors aged between 0 and 6 years (Law 26/2015). In order to analyze the contributions that have been made in the scientific field in this context, and to determine the aspects most treated by researchers, an integrative systematic literature review was implemented. To do this, a literature search was carried out on Foster Care using a delimited publication period (2011-2016). The result yielded a total of 203 works, and after applying the inclusion criteria related to: Type of documentation (empirical articles), Scope (psychosocial), Country of Origin (Spain), there were 22 works. The main conclusions of the present study provide data on the importance of information in the foster care application and assessment process, the motivation to be welcoming, the support network, the relationship with the Biological Family, as well as the teaching styles.

I analyze some Chilean Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal decisions regarding the authorization for children and adolescents to leave the country. This is regulated by Act 16.1618 which requires, as to grant the authorization, for the depar­ture to prove beneficial for the children and adolescents. Here I analyze this benefit based on the best interest of the child and its extended family., El presente trabajo analiza sentencias dictadas por la Corte Suprema y por las cortes de apelaciones de Chile que se pronuncian acerca de la autorización para que niños, niñas y adolescentes salgan del país. Esta materia se encuentra regulada en la ley 16.618 y exige para conceder el referido permiso que la salida reporte un beneficio a los niños, niñas y adolescentes. En el presente trabajo analizaremos dicho beneficio a partir del interés superior del niño, considerando la relevancia de la familia extensa.

Unlike domestic violence often is perpetrated by persons within the nuclear family, Honour Based Violence often involves multiple persons within the nuclear and extended family and may very well involve persons from the close community. It may be condoned and is at times even encouraged within the family and in close social circles. These aspects require attention within all the decision-making processes and policies that address Honour Based Violence. In light hereof, an exploratory research was carried out to explore the extent to which the extended family is involved in addressing Honour Based Violence in three European countries: Belgium, Germany and Sweden. The Report offers a succinct overview of the answers to the research questions and the observed measures and interventions in these countries. The study followed a top-down as well as a bottom-up approach in exploring the existing measures. A top-down approach refers to exploring the laws and policy measures developed on national or regional levels that are implemented on both national and local levels. The bottom-up approach refers to the initiatives and measures that have been taken and are being used at the local levels by projects and NGOs that actively address Honour Based Violence.

The preferential form of living for the elderly in India is within the extended family. India is undergoing rapid economic development, an increase in mobility, and changes in gender norms due to an increase in women’s labour force participation, which places challenges on traditional intergenerational relationships. Ageing and the well-being of the elderly is a rising concern, especially considering that their proportion of the population is expected to grow rapidly in coming decades. There is a lack of universal state provision for the elderly’s basic needs, which is especially profound for elderly women, since most do not have an independent income. This leaves the elderly dependent upon the benevolence of their adult children’s families or other relatives. This paper explores, with help of narrative analysis and critical contributions from capability theory, elderly women’s agency freedoms and how this can be contextualised with their varying capability sets. With help of Spivak’s notion of the silent subaltern, the paper anchors elderly women’s abilities to voice to their agency freedom. The master narrative of the silent supportive wife and side-lined mother-in-law as well as three counter-narratives explore alternative agencies taken by elderly women.

It is known that dual-parent nuclear households are protective against sexual risk behavior. However, current measures of household structure do not include extended family structure, which has markedly increased over the past sixty years. The growing body of research that does focus on extended family structure largely excludes sexual risk behavior. This study bridges the gap by examining the association between extended family structure and sexual risk behavior. Responses from 1,386 adolescents who participated in the Add Health study were analyzed. Results showed extended family structure was associated with increased sexual risk behavior for all adolescents, regardless of dual parent status (IRRdual = 2.01, pdual < 0.01, IRRsingle = 1.46, psingle= 0.02). After adjustment, the effect persisted only among those from single-parent households (IRR = 1.45, p = 0.01). Additional findings were that perceived family cohesion moderated the association among adolescents from single-parent households (B = -0.14, p = 0.03). As perceived family cohesion increased, its effect of extended family structure on sexual risk behavior decreased. In the same group, the interaction between race and extended family structure was statistically significant. Upon probing the interaction, while White (IRR = 1.64, B = 0.50, p = Overall, a higher incidence rate of sexual risk behavior was found among adolescents exposed to extended family structure, particularly in single-parent households. The findings highlight that additional adults in the home may not provide single parents with the functional equivalence of dual-parent households with regard to minimizing sexual risk behavior in their children. Health educators may use this research to inform the design and modification of interventions for sexual risk behavior and offer opportunities to enhance family cohesion. At the policy-level, resources can be allocated towards the preservation of nuclear households.

At the end of 2016, approximately 65.6 million individuals were displaced forcibly around the world because of generalized violence, persecution, violation of human rights, or conflict such as civil war (UNHCR, 2016). The purpose of this study is to: (a) explore Syrian refugees after displacement in the US, (b) give voice to refugee fathers, and (c) advance knowledge for marriage and family therapists, who are working with refugee families. Eight Syrian refugee fathers who were displaced in the last two years and living in Indiana, US shared their experiences through in-depth interviews. After transcribing and translating the interviews, thematic analysis, a flexible research tool that provides a reach and complex account of data, was used to analyze the data. Four main themes emerged from fathers: displacement stress, loss of extended family connections, experiences of isolation, and identity changes with provider role. A thematic map also is created illustrating how the stress of displacement and being far away from extended families profoundly influence provider identities and family interactions. In addition, the contextual model of family stress is used to customize fathers� experience of displacement. The inferences from this study provide guidance for marriage and family therapists, mental health practitioners, and organizations working with refugee families.

Aim: We aimed to describe the impact and experience of being deemed ineligible as a living kidney donor. Method(s): Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 ineligible donor candidates. Transcripts were analysed thematically. Result(s): Seven themes were identified: deriving health and relationship benefits in the process (strengthening emotional connection, identifying problematic health conditions); devastating loss and disappointment (harbouring guilt over personal failings, shattering confidence and hope, undermining relationships with extended family and friends, disrupting home dynamics); constrained within a rigid system (denied autonomy, resorting to other avenues); acknowledging as matter of fact (accepting the clinical decision, reassured by preventing a poor outcome); reluctant to relinquish the donor identity (unable to fulfil family duty, having the donor role stolen, holding onto other opportunities to donate); uncertainty in unpredictability, inconsistency and ambiguities (frustrated by inefficiencies, questioning clinician motivation, suspended donor status, unfairness in changeable eligibility criteria, unresolved concerns and questions of own health); and abandoned in despair (lacking practical support to meet eligibility criteria, ill prepared for rejection, dismissed and discarded by the system). Conclusion(s): Being deemed unsuitable for donation took an emotional toll on ineligible donor candidates who felt immense guilt for 'failing' the potential recipient. Ineligible donor candidates were frustrated and angry with the perceived lack of support from clinicians and rigidity of the evaluation process. Informing potential donors of available services, including psychological support, communicating the decision sensitively and with sufficient time, and full disclosure of their health status, may contribute to improved adjustment following the ineligibility decision.Copyright © 2019 Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology

Aim: We aimed to describe the impact and experience of being deemed ineligible as a living kidney donor. Method(s): Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 ineligible donor candidates. Transcripts were analysed thematically. Result(s): Seven themes were identified: deriving health and relationship benefits in the process (strengthening emotional connection, identifying problematic health conditions); devastating loss and disappointment (harbouring guilt over personal failings, shattering confidence and hope, undermining relationships with extended family and friends, disrupting home dynamics); constrained within a rigid system (denied autonomy, resorting to other avenues); acknowledging as matter of fact (accepting the clinical decision, reassured by preventing a poor outcome); reluctant to relinquish the donor identity (unable to fulfil family duty, having the donor role stolen, holding onto other opportunities to donate); uncertainty in unpredictability, inconsistency and ambiguities (frustrated by inefficiencies, questioning clinician motivation, suspended donor status, unfairness in changeable eligibility criteria, unresolved concerns and questions of own health); and abandoned in despair (lacking practical support to meet eligibility criteria, ill prepared for rejection, dismissed and discarded by the system). Conclusion(s): Being deemed unsuitable for donation took an emotional toll on ineligible donor candidates who felt immense guilt for 'failing' the potential recipient. Ineligible donor candidates were frustrated and angry with the perceived lack of support from clinicians and rigidity of the evaluation process. Informing potential donors of available services, including psychological support, communicating the decision sensitively and with sufficient time, and full disclosure of their health status, may contribute to improved adjustment following the ineligibility decision.Copyright © 2019 Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology

In Zambia recent socio-economic changes are placing an undue burden on the elderly. The burden is greatly associated with the HIV and AIDS epidemic, which has led to increased mortality of prime aged adults. As a result of this the elderly are called upon to shoulder the responsibility of the family, as they become the principal caregivers for young children. The traditional family roles are being reversed as ageing family members move from being recipients of care to being the primary caregivers. This study aims to explore care for and by older persons, highlighting understudied aspects of older persons experiences of ageing and care in Zambia. This study uses the conceptual framework of welfare regime theory and intergenerational transfer to help focus and understand the complex interdependent relationship around carework. Drawing on data from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions this study investigates the impact of caregiving on elderly and their coping mechanisms in two rural districts in Zambia. The study provides evidence on the current formal and informal provision of care available to elderly in Zambia. Findings point to inequitable access to public resources and fragmented social protection programmes at the same time as the extended family is becoming overburdened by care and support for its elderly population. Despite this, strong family obligations have managed to stay resilient and this study concludes that despite changing family relations the extended family is still remaining the core support system for the elderly.

In Zambia recent socio-economic changes are placing an undue burden on the elderly. The burden is greatly associated with the HIV and AIDS epidemic, which has led to increased mortality of prime aged adults. As a result of this the elderly are called upon to shoulder the responsibility of the family, as they become the principal caregivers for young children. The traditional family roles are being reversed as ageing family members move from being recipients of care to being the primary caregivers. This study aims to explore care for and by older persons, highlighting understudied aspects of older persons experiences of ageing and care in Zambia. This study uses the conceptual framework of welfare regime theory and intergenerational transfer to help focus and understand the complex interdependent relationship around carework. Drawing on data from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions this study investigates the impact of caregiving on elderly and their coping mechanisms in two rural districts in Zambia. The study provides evidence on the current formal and informal provision of care available to elderly in Zambia. Findings point to inequitable access to public resources and fragmented social protection programmes at the same time as the extended family is becoming overburdened by care and support for its elderly population. Despite this, strong family obligations have managed to stay resilient and this study concludes that despite changing family relations the extended family is still remaining the core support system for the elderly.

Dialogisk deltagande aktionsforskning har i perioden 2012–2017 bedrivits om svenska soldater, utlandsveteraner och deras familjer. Fokus har varit relationella aspekter, hur det blir för dem som anhöriga, vilket stöd de behöver, liksom vilken kapacitet de utvecklar, när en familjemedlem åker iväg på internationell militär insats i områden med krig och terror. I studien har 110 vuxna varav 42 soldater/utlandsveteraner, 42 partners, 21 föräldrar till soldat, 10 syskon. Några deltagare har dubbel koppling, är exempelvis både veteran och partner. Dessutom har 37 barn till soldat/utlandsveteran deltagit och desto fler berättats om. Soldatens motivation konstrueras av soldaten i relation till och i interaktion med viktiga personer i soldatens familj, arbete och nätverk. Motivationen samskapas i något som kan ses som ett sammanflätat nätverk av önskningar och förhoppningar, förväntningar och krav som kommuniceras i interaktionen mellan personer i soldatens nätverk och flera olika kontexter som omger soldaten. Obalans i samspelet kan leda till att soldaten upplever längtan tillbaka till missionstillvarons sammanhang med förutsägbarhet i vad som förväntas av deltagarna, med arbetsuppgifter som känns meningsfulla. Utan denna värker ”missionsgiftet” och ”missionstarmen” suger hos utlandsveteranen till att delta i fler missioner. Familjemedlemmarna berättar om hur interaktionen inom familjen påverkats på gott och ont. Resultaten tyder på att ju mer soldaten förmår att involvera och förklara för sina anhöriga om vad som är på gång samt motivera sig själv och sina anhöriga att lyssna på och beakta varandras perspektiv, desto bättre förutsättningar för lyckad insats för såväl soldaten som de hemmavarande anhöriga. Här belyses även de känslor av saknad som de anhöriga berättar om som blir svåra att bära eftersom saknaden kombineras med oro för soldatens säkerhet och hur den egna förmågan hemmavid ska räcka till om något oönskat skulle hända. Avgörande I alla skeden och faser vid an, Dialogical participatory action research was conducted during 2012-2017 with and about Swedish soldiers, veterans and their families, experiencing having a family member deployed abroad in areas of war and terror. It was explored how the families managed, what support they needed as well as the capacity they themselves developed. The study comprised 110 adult participants, of which 42 were soldiers/veterans, 42 partners, 21 parents of soldiers, 10 siblings. There were participants having a double connection, for example being a veteran and a partner. Also 37 children of soldiers/veteran have particpated and even more been told about. In this report focuses on the soldier's motivation and adds the relational aspect. The soldier’s motivation emerges as designed by the soldier in relation to and in interaction with significant others in the soldier's family, military work and network. The motivation is joint in something that can be seen as an interlinked network of wishes and hopes, expectations and demands communicated in the interaction between people in the soldier's network and several different contexts surrounding the soldier. Unbalance in the interaction can lead to a soldier longing for the context of the deployment with predictability as to what is expected of the participants, with tasks that feel meaningful. Without this, the “poison of mission " and "mission guts" sucks the veterans into becoming deployed again. Family members report on how the interaction within the family has become influenced for better or worse. The results indicate that the more the soldiers are able to involve their families and explain for them about what is going on as well as motivate themselves to listen and pay attention to each other's perspectives, the better conditions for successful deployment both for the soldiers and the families. There are narrations about relatives having deep feelings of loss and how these feelings become harder to bear when combined with concerns, Det är första rapporten i en serien om fem rapporter. Forskningen är samfinansierad av Högskolan Kristianstad och Svenska Försvarsmaktens Veterancentrum. Till forskningen om berörda barn i aktuella familjer, har Stiftelsen Clas Groschinsky Minnesfond givit särskilt finansiellt stöd., Anhörigforskning om svenska soldater, veteraner och deras familjer i samband med internationell militär insats

Dialogisk deltagande aktionsforskning har i perioden 2012–2017 bedrivits om svenska soldater, utlandsveteraner och deras familjer. Fokus har varit relationella aspekter, hur det blir för dem som anhöriga, vilket stöd de behöver, liksom vilken kapacitet de utvecklar, när en familjemedlem åker iväg på internationell militär insats i områden med krig och terror. I studien har 110 vuxna varav 42 soldater/utlandsveteraner, 42 partners, 21 föräldrar till soldat, 10 syskon. Några deltagare har dubbel koppling, är exempelvis både veteran och partner. Dessutom har 37 barn till soldat/utlandsveteran deltagit och desto fler berättats om. Soldatens motivation konstrueras av soldaten i relation till och i interaktion med viktiga personer i soldatens familj, arbete och nätverk. Motivationen samskapas i något som kan ses som ett sammanflätat nätverk av önskningar och förhoppningar, förväntningar och krav som kommuniceras i interaktionen mellan personer i soldatens nätverk och flera olika kontexter som omger soldaten. Obalans i samspelet kan leda till att soldaten upplever längtan tillbaka till missionstillvarons sammanhang med förutsägbarhet i vad som förväntas av deltagarna, med arbetsuppgifter som känns meningsfulla. Utan denna värker ”missionsgiftet” och ”missionstarmen” suger hos utlandsveteranen till att delta i fler missioner. Familjemedlemmarna berättar om hur interaktionen inom familjen påverkats på gott och ont. Resultaten tyder på att ju mer soldaten förmår att involvera och förklara för sina anhöriga om vad som är på gång samt motivera sig själv och sina anhöriga att lyssna på och beakta varandras perspektiv, desto bättre förutsättningar för lyckad insats för såväl soldaten som de hemmavarande anhöriga. Här belyses även de känslor av saknad som de anhöriga berättar om som blir svåra att bära eftersom saknaden kombineras med oro för soldatens säkerhet och hur den egna förmågan hemmavid ska räcka till om något oönskat skulle hända. Avgörande I alla skeden och faser vid an, Dialogical participatory action research was conducted during 2012-2017 with and about Swedish soldiers, veterans and their families, experiencing having a family member deployed abroad in areas of war and terror. It was explored how the families managed, what support they needed as well as the capacity they themselves developed. The study comprised 110 adult participants, of which 42 were soldiers/veterans, 42 partners, 21 parents of soldiers, 10 siblings. There were participants having a double connection, for example being a veteran and a partner. Also 37 children of soldiers/veteran have particpated and even more been told about. In this report focuses on the soldier's motivation and adds the relational aspect. The soldier’s motivation emerges as designed by the soldier in relation to and in interaction with significant others in the soldier's family, military work and network. The motivation is joint in something that can be seen as an interlinked network of wishes and hopes, expectations and demands communicated in the interaction between people in the soldier's network and several different contexts surrounding the soldier. Unbalance in the interaction can lead to a soldier longing for the context of the deployment with predictability as to what is expected of the participants, with tasks that feel meaningful. Without this, the “poison of mission " and "mission guts" sucks the veterans into becoming deployed again. Family members report on how the interaction within the family has become influenced for better or worse. The results indicate that the more the soldiers are able to involve their families and explain for them about what is going on as well as motivate themselves to listen and pay attention to each other's perspectives, the better conditions for successful deployment both for the soldiers and the families. There are narrations about relatives having deep feelings of loss and how these feelings become harder to bear when combined with concerns, Det är första rapporten i en serien om fem rapporter. Forskningen är samfinansierad av Högskolan Kristianstad och Svenska Försvarsmaktens Veterancentrum. Till forskningen om berörda barn i aktuella familjer, har Stiftelsen Clas Groschinsky Minnesfond givit särskilt finansiellt stöd., Anhörigforskning om svenska soldater, veteraner och deras familjer i samband med internationell militär insats

Dialogisk deltagande aktionsforskning har i perioden 2012–2017 bedrivits om svenska soldater, utlandsveteraner och deras familjer. Fokus har varit relationella aspekter, hur det blir för dem som anhöriga, vilket stöd de behöver, liksom vilken kapacitet de utvecklar, när en familjemedlem åker iväg på internationell militär insats i områden med krig och terror. I studien har 110 vuxna varav 42 soldater/utlandsveteraner, 42 partners, 21 föräldrar till soldat, 10 syskon. Några deltagare har dubbel koppling, är exempelvis både veteran och partner. Dessutom har 37 barn till soldat/utlandsveteran deltagit och desto fler berättats om. Soldatens motivation konstrueras av soldaten i relation till och i interaktion med viktiga personer i soldatens familj, arbete och nätverk. Motivationen samskapas i något som kan ses som ett sammanflätat nätverk av önskningar och förhoppningar, förväntningar och krav som kommuniceras i interaktionen mellan personer i soldatens nätverk och flera olika kontexter som omger soldaten. Obalans i samspelet kan leda till att soldaten upplever längtan tillbaka till missionstillvarons sammanhang med förutsägbarhet i vad som förväntas av deltagarna, med arbetsuppgifter som känns meningsfulla. Utan denna värker ”missionsgiftet” och ”missionstarmen” suger hos utlandsveteranen till att delta i fler missioner. Familjemedlemmarna berättar om hur interaktionen inom familjen påverkats på gott och ont. Resultaten tyder på att ju mer soldaten förmår att involvera och förklara för sina anhöriga om vad som är på gång samt motivera sig själv och sina anhöriga att lyssna på och beakta varandras perspektiv, desto bättre förutsättningar för lyckad insats för såväl soldaten som de hemmavarande anhöriga. Här belyses även de känslor av saknad som de anhöriga berättar om som blir svåra att bära eftersom saknaden kombineras med oro för soldatens säkerhet och hur den egna förmågan hemmavid ska räcka till om något oönskat skulle hända. Avgörande I alla skeden och faser vid an, Dialogical participatory action research was conducted during 2012-2017 with and about Swedish soldiers, veterans and their families, experiencing having a family member deployed abroad in areas of war and terror. It was explored how the families managed, what support they needed as well as the capacity they themselves developed. The study comprised 110 adult participants, of which 42 were soldiers/veterans, 42 partners, 21 parents of soldiers, 10 siblings. There were participants having a double connection, for example being a veteran and a partner. Also 37 children of soldiers/veteran have particpated and even more been told about. In this report focuses on the soldier's motivation and adds the relational aspect. The soldier’s motivation emerges as designed by the soldier in relation to and in interaction with significant others in the soldier's family, military work and network. The motivation is joint in something that can be seen as an interlinked network of wishes and hopes, expectations and demands communicated in the interaction between people in the soldier's network and several different contexts surrounding the soldier. Unbalance in the interaction can lead to a soldier longing for the context of the deployment with predictability as to what is expected of the participants, with tasks that feel meaningful. Without this, the “poison of mission " and "mission guts" sucks the veterans into becoming deployed again. Family members report on how the interaction within the family has become influenced for better or worse. The results indicate that the more the soldiers are able to involve their families and explain for them about what is going on as well as motivate themselves to listen and pay attention to each other's perspectives, the better conditions for successful deployment both for the soldiers and the families. There are narrations about relatives having deep feelings of loss and how these feelings become harder to bear when combined with concerns, Det är första rapporten i en serien om fem rapporter. Forskningen är samfinansierad av Högskolan Kristianstad och Svenska Försvarsmaktens Veterancentrum. Till forskningen om berörda barn i aktuella familjer, har Stiftelsen Clas Groschinsky Minnesfond givit särskilt finansiellt stöd., Anhörigforskning om svenska soldater, veteraner och deras familjer i samband med internationell militär insats

Dialogisk deltagande aktionsforskning har i perioden 2012–2017 bedrivits om svenska soldater, utlandsveteraner och deras familjer. Fokus har varit relationella aspekter, hur det blir för dem som anhöriga, vilket stöd de behöver, liksom vilken kapacitet de utvecklar, när en familjemedlem åker iväg på internationell militär insats i områden med krig och terror. I studien har 110 vuxna varav 42 soldater/utlandsveteraner, 42 partners, 21 föräldrar till soldat, 10 syskon. Några deltagare har dubbel koppling, är exempelvis både veteran och partner. Dessutom har 37 barn till soldat/utlandsveteran deltagit och desto fler berättats om. Soldatens motivation konstrueras av soldaten i relation till och i interaktion med viktiga personer i soldatens familj, arbete och nätverk. Motivationen samskapas i något som kan ses som ett sammanflätat nätverk av önskningar och förhoppningar, förväntningar och krav som kommuniceras i interaktionen mellan personer i soldatens nätverk och flera olika kontexter som omger soldaten. Obalans i samspelet kan leda till att soldaten upplever längtan tillbaka till missionstillvarons sammanhang med förutsägbarhet i vad som förväntas av deltagarna, med arbetsuppgifter som känns meningsfulla. Utan denna värker ”missionsgiftet” och ”missionstarmen” suger hos utlandsveteranen till att delta i fler missioner. Familjemedlemmarna berättar om hur interaktionen inom familjen påverkats på gott och ont. Resultaten tyder på att ju mer soldaten förmår att involvera och förklara för sina anhöriga om vad som är på gång samt motivera sig själv och sina anhöriga att lyssna på och beakta varandras perspektiv, desto bättre förutsättningar för lyckad insats för såväl soldaten som de hemmavarande anhöriga. Här belyses även de känslor av saknad som de anhöriga berättar om som blir svåra att bära eftersom saknaden kombineras med oro för soldatens säkerhet och hur den egna förmågan hemmavid ska räcka till om något oönskat skulle hända. Avgörande I alla skeden och faser vid an, Dialogical participatory action research was conducted during 2012-2017 with and about Swedish soldiers, veterans and their families, experiencing having a family member deployed abroad in areas of war and terror. It was explored how the families managed, what support they needed as well as the capacity they themselves developed. The study comprised 110 adult participants, of which 42 were soldiers/veterans, 42 partners, 21 parents of soldiers, 10 siblings. There were participants having a double connection, for example being a veteran and a partner. Also 37 children of soldiers/veteran have particpated and even more been told about. In this report focuses on the soldier's motivation and adds the relational aspect. The soldier’s motivation emerges as designed by the soldier in relation to and in interaction with significant others in the soldier's family, military work and network. The motivation is joint in something that can be seen as an interlinked network of wishes and hopes, expectations and demands communicated in the interaction between people in the soldier's network and several different contexts surrounding the soldier. Unbalance in the interaction can lead to a soldier longing for the context of the deployment with predictability as to what is expected of the participants, with tasks that feel meaningful. Without this, the “poison of mission " and "mission guts" sucks the veterans into becoming deployed again. Family members report on how the interaction within the family has become influenced for better or worse. The results indicate that the more the soldiers are able to involve their families and explain for them about what is going on as well as motivate themselves to listen and pay attention to each other's perspectives, the better conditions for successful deployment both for the soldiers and the families. There are narrations about relatives having deep feelings of loss and how these feelings become harder to bear when combined with concerns, Det är första rapporten i en serien om fem rapporter. Forskningen är samfinansierad av Högskolan Kristianstad och Svenska Försvarsmaktens Veterancentrum. Till forskningen om berörda barn i aktuella familjer, har Stiftelsen Clas Groschinsky Minnesfond givit särskilt finansiellt stöd., Anhörigforskning om svenska soldater, veteraner och deras familjer i samband med internationell militär insats

Dialogisk deltagande aktionsforskning har i perioden 2012–2017 bedrivits om svenska soldater, utlandsveteraner och deras familjer. Fokus har varit relationella aspekter, hur det blir för dem som anhöriga, vilket stöd de behöver, liksom vilken kapacitet de utvecklar, när en familjemedlem åker iväg på internationell militär insats i områden med krig och terror. I studien har 110 vuxna varav 42 soldater/utlandsveteraner, 42 partners, 21 föräldrar till soldat, 10 syskon. Några deltagare har dubbel koppling, är exempelvis både veteran och partner. Dessutom har 37 barn till soldat/utlandsveteran deltagit och desto fler berättats om. Soldatens motivation konstrueras av soldaten i relation till och i interaktion med viktiga personer i soldatens familj, arbete och nätverk. Motivationen samskapas i något som kan ses som ett sammanflätat nätverk av önskningar och förhoppningar, förväntningar och krav som kommuniceras i interaktionen mellan personer i soldatens nätverk och flera olika kontexter som omger soldaten. Obalans i samspelet kan leda till att soldaten upplever längtan tillbaka till missionstillvarons sammanhang med förutsägbarhet i vad som förväntas av deltagarna, med arbetsuppgifter som känns meningsfulla. Utan denna värker ”missionsgiftet” och ”missionstarmen” suger hos utlandsveteranen till att delta i fler missioner. Familjemedlemmarna berättar om hur interaktionen inom familjen påverkats på gott och ont. Resultaten tyder på att ju mer soldaten förmår att involvera och förklara för sina anhöriga om vad som är på gång samt motivera sig själv och sina anhöriga att lyssna på och beakta varandras perspektiv, desto bättre förutsättningar för lyckad insats för såväl soldaten som de hemmavarande anhöriga. Här belyses även de känslor av saknad som de anhöriga berättar om som blir svåra att bära eftersom saknaden kombineras med oro för soldatens säkerhet och hur den egna förmågan hemmavid ska räcka till om något oönskat skulle hända. Avgörande I alla skeden och faser vid an, Dialogical participatory action research was conducted during 2012-2017 with and about Swedish soldiers, veterans and their families, experiencing having a family member deployed abroad in areas of war and terror. It was explored how the families managed, what support they needed as well as the capacity they themselves developed. The study comprised 110 adult participants, of which 42 were soldiers/veterans, 42 partners, 21 parents of soldiers, 10 siblings. There were participants having a double connection, for example being a veteran and a partner. Also 37 children of soldiers/veteran have particpated and even more been told about. In this report focuses on the soldier's motivation and adds the relational aspect. The soldier’s motivation emerges as designed by the soldier in relation to and in interaction with significant others in the soldier's family, military work and network. The motivation is joint in something that can be seen as an interlinked network of wishes and hopes, expectations and demands communicated in the interaction between people in the soldier's network and several different contexts surrounding the soldier. Unbalance in the interaction can lead to a soldier longing for the context of the deployment with predictability as to what is expected of the participants, with tasks that feel meaningful. Without this, the “poison of mission " and "mission guts" sucks the veterans into becoming deployed again. Family members report on how the interaction within the family has become influenced for better or worse. The results indicate that the more the soldiers are able to involve their families and explain for them about what is going on as well as motivate themselves to listen and pay attention to each other's perspectives, the better conditions for successful deployment both for the soldiers and the families. There are narrations about relatives having deep feelings of loss and how these feelings become harder to bear when combined with concerns, Det är första rapporten i en serien om fem rapporter. Forskningen är samfinansierad av Högskolan Kristianstad och Svenska Försvarsmaktens Veterancentrum. Till forskningen om berörda barn i aktuella familjer, har Stiftelsen Clas Groschinsky Minnesfond givit särskilt finansiellt stöd., Anhörigforskning om svenska soldater, veteraner och deras familjer i samband med internationell militär insats

Dialogisk deltagande aktionsforskning har i perioden 2012–2017 bedrivits om svenska soldater, utlandsveteraner och deras familjer. Fokus har varit relationella aspekter, hur det blir för dem som anhöriga, vilket stöd de behöver, liksom vilken kapacitet de utvecklar, när en familjemedlem åker iväg på internationell militär insats i områden med krig och terror. I studien har 110 vuxna varav 42 soldater/utlandsveteraner, 42 partners, 21 föräldrar till soldat, 10 syskon. Några deltagare har dubbel koppling, är exempelvis både veteran och partner. Dessutom har 37 barn till soldat/utlandsveteran deltagit och desto fler berättats om. Soldatens motivation konstrueras av soldaten i relation till och i interaktion med viktiga personer i soldatens familj, arbete och nätverk. Motivationen samskapas i något som kan ses som ett sammanflätat nätverk av önskningar och förhoppningar, förväntningar och krav som kommuniceras i interaktionen mellan personer i soldatens nätverk och flera olika kontexter som omger soldaten. Obalans i samspelet kan leda till att soldaten upplever längtan tillbaka till missionstillvarons sammanhang med förutsägbarhet i vad som förväntas av deltagarna, med arbetsuppgifter som känns meningsfulla. Utan denna värker ”missionsgiftet” och ”missionstarmen” suger hos utlandsveteranen till att delta i fler missioner. Familjemedlemmarna berättar om hur interaktionen inom familjen påverkats på gott och ont. Resultaten tyder på att ju mer soldaten förmår att involvera och förklara för sina anhöriga om vad som är på gång samt motivera sig själv och sina anhöriga att lyssna på och beakta varandras perspektiv, desto bättre förutsättningar för lyckad insats för såväl soldaten som de hemmavarande anhöriga. Här belyses även de känslor av saknad som de anhöriga berättar om som blir svåra att bära eftersom saknaden kombineras med oro för soldatens säkerhet och hur den egna förmågan hemmavid ska räcka till om något oönskat skulle hända. Avgörande I alla skeden och faser vid an, Dialogical participatory action research was conducted during 2012-2017 with and about Swedish soldiers, veterans and their families, experiencing having a family member deployed abroad in areas of war and terror. It was explored how the families managed, what support they needed as well as the capacity they themselves developed. The study comprised 110 adult participants, of which 42 were soldiers/veterans, 42 partners, 21 parents of soldiers, 10 siblings. There were participants having a double connection, for example being a veteran and a partner. Also 37 children of soldiers/veteran have particpated and even more been told about. In this report focuses on the soldier's motivation and adds the relational aspect. The soldier’s motivation emerges as designed by the soldier in relation to and in interaction with significant others in the soldier's family, military work and network. The motivation is joint in something that can be seen as an interlinked network of wishes and hopes, expectations and demands communicated in the interaction between people in the soldier's network and several different contexts surrounding the soldier. Unbalance in the interaction can lead to a soldier longing for the context of the deployment with predictability as to what is expected of the participants, with tasks that feel meaningful. Without this, the “poison of mission " and "mission guts" sucks the veterans into becoming deployed again. Family members report on how the interaction within the family has become influenced for better or worse. The results indicate that the more the soldiers are able to involve their families and explain for them about what is going on as well as motivate themselves to listen and pay attention to each other's perspectives, the better conditions for successful deployment both for the soldiers and the families. There are narrations about relatives having deep feelings of loss and how these feelings become harder to bear when combined with concerns, Det är första rapporten i en serien om fem rapporter. Forskningen är samfinansierad av Högskolan Kristianstad och Svenska Försvarsmaktens Veterancentrum. Till forskningen om berörda barn i aktuella familjer, har Stiftelsen Clas Groschinsky Minnesfond givit särskilt finansiellt stöd., Anhörigforskning om svenska soldater, veteraner och deras familjer i samband med internationell militär insats

This paper focuses on marital relations in the Uzbek family, especially nuclearization of the extended family, its factors, and consequences. Nuclearization in Uzbekistan reflects balance shifting from traditional to modern family relations and brings about changes in family priorities in terms of birth rate, education, selection of marriage partner, transformation of family functions, and, finally, egalitarian tendencies. To understand the nuclearization process, causes, and consequences, the researcher examines the Uzbek family during the first 24 years of independence after the Soviet era. Family development underwent two primary tendencies. In the first decade of independence, families tended to stick to the traditional form of extended family, conditioned by hardships of the new market economy in the 1990s. The second decade brought about changed family attitudes about income generating activities, resulting from changes in economic situations. The primary source of family economic survival shifted from extended family membership to nuclear family breadwinners.

"Seit Jahrzehnten dominiert in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland das Leitbild der Zweikindfamilie. Dennoch gibt es Menschen, die von diesem Mainstream abweichen: Sie entscheiden sich bewusst gegen Kinder, für ein Einzelkind oder aber für drei oder mehr Kinder. Solche Paritätsunterschiede werden seit langem untersucht, jedoch selten unter Einbezug kultureller Vorstellungen zum Leben ohne oder mit vielen Kindern. Anhand der Daten des Leitbildsurveys wird für junge Erwachsene im reproduktiven Alter gezeigt, dass kulturelle Idealvorstellungen einen zusätzlichen Erkenntnisgewinn zur Normabweichung liefern und dass Abweichler eine soziale Stigmatisierung wahrnehmen. Zudem überstrahlt bei der Kinderwunschparität von vier und mehr Kindern die hohe intrinsische Motivation alle ökonomischen und strukturellen Aspekte. Bei Kinderlosen zeichnet sich - im Vergleich zu den anderen Normabweichlern am stärksten - eine wahrgenommene Diskrepanz zur Mehrheitsgesellschaft ab. Sie weist möglicherweise auf sozialen Druck hin, sich zu rechtfertigen oder sogar der Norm zu entsprechen. Entgegen der in der Literatur vertretenen These der 'Kultur von Kinderlosigkeit' besteht die verbreitete Ansicht, dass Kinderlosigkeit zwar 'normal' sei, jedoch selten erstrebenswert im Sinne eines Ideals. Außerdem haben sich trotz der dominanten Zweikindnorm weitere Familienmilieus etabliert." (Autorenreferat), "For decades, the ideal of a two-child family has been predominant in Germany. Nevertheless, there are people who deviate from this mainstream, taking the informed decision not to have any children at all, to have only one child or, alternatively, to have three or more children. Such differences in the number of children have long been examined, however, cultural concepts of having either lots of or no children at all, have rarely been included. The data collected in the survey “Familienleitbilder” reveals that in young adults in reproductive age, existing cultural conceptions provide new insights into the phenomenon of deviation from the norm, deviators being subject to social stigmatization. Moreover, in case of families with four and more children, a high degree of intrinsic motivation outshines all economic and structural aspects. In childless people - even more than in comparison to other groups - a discrepancy with respect to the majority becomes apparent, potentially suggesting a pressure to justify oneself to society or even to comply with the mainstream. In contrast to the advocated thesis in literature, childlessness is indeed commonly regarded as 'normal', however, rarely as desirable in terms of an ideal. Furthermore, despite the dominant two-child-norm, other family milieus have been established." (author's abstract)

Tidigare forskning har visat att mer än hälften av alla barn som utsatts för risk under uppväxten inte utvecklar allvarliga psykiska problem. Uppväxt på barnhem kan anses vara en sådan risk då det typiska samspelet mellan barn och vuxna saknas. För att förstå vad det är som gör att barn på barnhem ändå kan växa upp och få en tillfredsställande vardag tar denna studie sin utgångspunkt i begreppet resiliens. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka möjligheter och begränsningar det finns för utveckling av resiliens på ett barnhem i Tanzania. Studien har en kvalitativ metod med mikroetnografisk ansats. Data har samlats in genom deltagande observationer som kompletterats med semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre informanter från personalen på barnhemmet. Studiens resultat beskriver barnhemmet som en institution där rutiner och en tydlig struktur var en viktig del av vardagen. Kristendomen hade en central roll på barnhemmet och i barnens uppfostran. Resultaten visar att aga och disciplinering användes i uppfostrande syfte. Vidare synliggjordes ambitionen att barnen skulle bli självständiga och de äldre barnen lärde sig att ta hand om de yngre. Betydelsen av kärlek lyftes fram i många sammanhang och barnens känsla av att tillhöra en familj ansågs vara betydelsefull. Personalen arbetade för att uppväxten på barnhemmet skulle bli så lik uppväxt i en biologisk familj som möjligt. I resultatet framkom även hur barnens tid med vuxna var begränsad. Slutligen redogjordes för betydelsen av de personliga egenskaper som barnen bär med sig från sina biologiska familjer. Med begreppet resiliens som teoretisk utgångspunkt blev slutsatserna att barnhemmet har potential att utgöra en god grund för utveckling av resiliens. Samtidigt som en begränsning för utvecklingen av resiliens kan vara den brist på tid med vuxna som framkommer i resultatet. Den här studien lyfter både faktorer inom den sociala kulturen och sociala relationer som kan underlätta och försvåra utvecklingen av resiliens

This paper aims to identify the dimensions of the agency (present past and future) in people with HIV(PV) in communities of Chiapas/México. The agency is the capacity to respond to the challenges that arise in life with resources that are available. Twenty interviews were conducted (12 men and 8 women) to people that live with the virus (PV) who had received the diagnosis at least one year earlier with an age range from 21 to 59 years. A script of open questions followed. Results: PV participate within the extended family to meet the needs of the disease., Este trabajo tiene por objetivo identificar las dimensiones de la agencia (presente, pasado y futuro) de personas con VIH (PV) en comunidades de Chiapas, México. La agencia es la capacidad para responder a los desafíos que se suscitan en la vida con los recursos que se disponen. Se realizaron 20 entrevistas (12 hombres y 8 mujeres) a personas que viven con el virus (PV) que habían recibido el diagnóstico al menos un año antes de la entrevista; rango de edad 21 a 59 años. Se siguió un guión de preguntas abiertas. Resultados: las PV, participan en la familia extensa para cubrir necesidades que trae el padecimiento. Discusión: Las PV no carecen de poder para enfrentar los desafíos relacionados con la salud y el estigma asociado al VIH.

Tidigare forskning har visat att mer än hälften av alla barn som utsatts för risk under uppväxten inte utvecklar allvarliga psykiska problem. Uppväxt på barnhem kan anses vara en sådan risk då det typiska samspelet mellan barn och vuxna saknas. För att förstå vad det är som gör att barn på barnhem ändå kan växa upp och få en tillfredsställande vardag tar denna studie sin utgångspunkt i begreppet resiliens. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka möjligheter och begränsningar det finns för utveckling av resiliens på ett barnhem i Tanzania. Studien har en kvalitativ metod med mikroetnografisk ansats. Data har samlats in genom deltagande observationer som kompletterats med semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre informanter från personalen på barnhemmet. Studiens resultat beskriver barnhemmet som en institution där rutiner och en tydlig struktur var en viktig del av vardagen. Kristendomen hade en central roll på barnhemmet och i barnens uppfostran. Resultaten visar att aga och disciplinering användes i uppfostrande syfte. Vidare synliggjordes ambitionen att barnen skulle bli självständiga och de äldre barnen lärde sig att ta hand om de yngre. Betydelsen av kärlek lyftes fram i många sammanhang och barnens känsla av att tillhöra en familj ansågs vara betydelsefull. Personalen arbetade för att uppväxten på barnhemmet skulle bli så lik uppväxt i en biologisk familj som möjligt. I resultatet framkom även hur barnens tid med vuxna var begränsad. Slutligen redogjordes för betydelsen av de personliga egenskaper som barnen bär med sig från sina biologiska familjer. Med begreppet resiliens som teoretisk utgångspunkt blev slutsatserna att barnhemmet har potential att utgöra en god grund för utveckling av resiliens. Samtidigt som en begränsning för utvecklingen av resiliens kan vara den brist på tid med vuxna som framkommer i resultatet. Den här studien lyfter både faktorer inom den sociala kulturen och sociala relationer som kan underlätta och försvåra utvecklingen av resiliens

We study how Russian colonization of the Kazakh steppes in the late 19th century influenced the evolution of traditional institutions of Kazakhs. Using a rich dataset constructed from Russian colonial expedition materials, we find that during the transition from nomadic pastoralism to a semi-sedentary pastoralist-agricultural system, Kazakhs’ traditional communes shrank, property rights on land became more individualized, and households became less likely to pool labor for farming. We argue that two main forces behind this evolution were increasing land pressure and technological change. The speed and the magnitude of these adjustments were much larger than usually assumed in most of development economics literature on traditional institutions., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This dissertation consists of three papers that examine the association between family living arrangements and internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems in children. With increasing immigration and growing heterogeneity in family forms, extended family members are of increasing importance in children’s lives. However, knowledge about extended family living arrangements is lacking. The first paper examines the association between the presence of co-resident extended kin and children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Children in the sample were found to be disadvantaged in extended households, especially with regard to internalizing behaviors. This association was found mostly among married-parent extended households. Further, this pattern emerged more clearly among children of documented immigrants, compared to those with native-born parents and those whose parents were undocumented immigrants. These findings suggest a need to revisit previous theories on extended family living arrangements. The second paper examines what kinds of household extension are associated with child behavioral problems. I specify the types of household extension by their relation to the householder—vertical, horizontal, and non-kin. Results from the cross-sectional sample indicate that horizontal extension is associated with higher internalizing behavior problems in children. However, the results from fixed effects models suggest that this pattern may be due to selection effects. Fixed effects estimations show that children moving into vertically extended household increase externalizing behaviors or that children moving out of a vertically extended household decrease externalizing behaviors. I discuss what implications this type of transition represents. The third paper examines the interaction between extended family household structure and neighborhood characteristics on children’s behavioral functioning. Findings suggest that the co-residence with extended kin is as

This article develops a parallel analysis of the extended family and the consolidated informal house. These can be understood to be complex realities that are inter-dependent and in a state of permanent construction. The comparison between both structures (the social and the architectural) allows the relation between subject and object to be reflected upon, as well as the incremental estimation mechanisms that can be found between both. In order to make this comparison, the Santa María de las Lomas neighborhood in Guayaquil was studied through a quantitative analysis, from which urban maps were created that detailed the family and urban organization of the neighborhood as well as the influence that each one has on the other., Este artigo desenvolve uma análise em paralelo da família ampliada e da casa informal consolidada, entendidas como realidades complexas, dependentes e em estado de permanente construção. A comparativa entre ambas as estruturas (social e arquitetônica) permite refletir sobre a relação entre sujeito e objeto, bem como sobre os mecanismos adicionais de aproximação que aparecem entre ambas. Para isso, estudam-se mediante uma análise quantitativa do bairro de Santa María de las Lomas, de Guayaquil, do qual se geram mapas urbanos que descrevem a organização familiar e urbana do bairro, além das influências entre ambos., El artículo desarrolla un análisis en paralelo de la familia ampliada y de la casa informal consolidada, entendidas como realidades complejas, dependientes y en estado de permanente construcción. La comparativa entre ambas estructuras (social y arquitectónica) permite reflexionar sobre la relación entre sujeto y objeto, así como sobre los mecanismos incrementales de aproximación que aparecen entre ambas. Para ello, se estudian mediante un análisis cuantitativo del barrio de Santa María de las Lomas, de Guayaquil, del que se generan mapas urbanos que describen la organización familiar y urbana del barrio, así como las influencias entre ambos.

This article develops a parallel analysis of the extended family and the consolidated informal house. These can be understood to be complex realities that are inter-dependent and in a state of permanent construction. The comparison between both structures (the social and the architectural) allows the relation between subject and object to be reflected upon, as well as the incremental estimation mechanisms that can be found between both. In order to make this comparison, the Santa María de las Lomas neighborhood in Guayaquil was studied through a quantitative analysis, from which urban maps were created that detailed the family and urban organization of the neighborhood as well as the influence that each one has on the other., Este artigo desenvolve uma análise em paralelo da família ampliada e da casa informal consolidada, entendidas como realidades complexas, dependentes e em estado de permanente construção. A comparativa entre ambas as estruturas (social e arquitetônica) permite refletir sobre a relação entre sujeito e objeto, bem como sobre os mecanismos adicionais de aproximação que aparecem entre ambas. Para isso, estudam-se mediante uma análise quantitativa do bairro de Santa María de las Lomas, de Guayaquil, do qual se geram mapas urbanos que descrevem a organização familiar e urbana do bairro, além das influências entre ambos., El artículo desarrolla un análisis en paralelo de la familia ampliada y de la casa informal consolidada, entendidas como realidades complejas, dependientes y en estado de permanente construcción. La comparativa entre ambas estructuras (social y arquitectónica) permite reflexionar sobre la relación entre sujeto y objeto, así como sobre los mecanismos incrementales de aproximación que aparecen entre ambas. Para ello, se estudian mediante un análisis cuantitativo del barrio de Santa María de las Lomas, de Guayaquil, del que se generan mapas urbanos que describen la organización familiar y urbana del barrio, así como las influencias entre ambos.

How does gender affect discourse processes, particularly regarding the coverage of family issues? In order to explore this question, we focus on media representations of women in their roles as mothers on the one hand and journalists on the other and we compare the reporting of male and female journalists covering families. We refer to gender theory to examine processes of gender construction by different actors in the media and we draw on journalism theory to explain different reporting styles and strategies by male and female authors regarding discourse strategies, framing, and gender-stereotyping. Our methodological approaches include quantitative and qualitative content analyses and 14 semi-structured interviews with journalists, family researchers, and lobbyists. The sample includes coverage of families in general and that of large families in particular in German print media in the years 2011 and 2012, for a total of 1,100 texts. One of the key findings, not surprisingly, is that most of the journalists reporting on families are female. Similar to male journalists, however, they focus on the traditional family type despite the fact that various alternative forms of family life are now a social reality.

We examine the association between family structure and children’s health care utilization, barriers to health care access, health, and schooling and cognitive outcomes and assess whether socioeconomic status (SES) accounts for those family structure differences. We advance prior research by focusing on understudied but increasingly common family structures including single father families and five different family structures that include grandparents. Our data on United States children aged birth through 17 (unweighted N = 198,864) come from the 1997–2013 waves of the National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative, publicly available, household-based sample. We examine 17 outcomes across nine family structures, including married couple, cohabiting couple, single mother, and single father families, with and without grandparents, and skipped-generation families that include children and grandparents but not parents. The SES measures include family income, home ownership, and parents’ or grandparents’ (depending on who is in the household) employment and education. Compared to children living with married couples, children in single mother, extended single mother, and cohabiting couple families average poorer outcomes, but children in single father families sometimes average better health outcomes. The presence of grandparents in single parent, cohabiting, or married couple families does not buffer children from adverse outcomes. SES only partially explains family structure disparities in children’s well-being. All non-married couple family structures are associated with some adverse outcomes among children, but the degree of disadvantage varies across family structures. Efforts to understand and improve child well-being might be most effective if they recognize the increasing diversity in children’s living arrangements.

This article studies the experiences of the non-migrating kin of Mexican undocumented emigrants to the United States. It examines the negotiations and changes in family life of those who stayed behind by looking at spouses", siblings" and parent-children's relations. First, it analyzes the perceptions and imaginaries that non-migrants hold of migrants" life abroad and introduces three possible outcomes for its conceptualization: positive overcompensation, neutral perspective and negative compensation. It also analyzes the positive changes in family dynamics for the individual self-perceptions of those who stay behind. Subsequently, it discusses the role played by the extended family in the household arrangements following emigration. Lastly, it explores the relations and adjustments taking place between return-migrants and those who stayed behind., En este trabajo se estudian las experiencias de los familiares no migrantes de mexicanos indocumentados en Estados Unidos. Considerando las relaciones de cónyuges, hermanos, padres e hijos, se pretende lograr una mejor comprensión de los cambios y negociaciones en la vida familiar de los que se quedan. En primer lugar, se analizan las percepciones e imaginarios de los no migrantes sobre la vida de sus migrantes en el extranjero y se sugieren tres conceptualizaciones al respecto: sobrecompensación positiva, perspectiva neutra y compensación negativa. Posteriormente se estudia el rol que la familia extensa y política juega en los arreglos intrafamiliares. Por último, se discuten las relaciones y reajustes que tienen lugar entre los migrantes de retorno y los que se quedan.

Der vorliegende Aufsatz präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer multiplen Klassifikationsanalyse der Haushaltsstrukturen der österreichischen Stadt Graz im Jahre 1857. Hauptquelle der Untersuchung war die staatliche Volkszählung des gleichen Jahres. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf fünf sozio-demographische Determinanten der Familien- und Haushaltsstruktur: geographische Herkunft, Geschlecht, Familienstand, berufliche Position und Position im Lebenszyklus. Die Analyse ergab, daß letztere Determinante im Hinblick auf die Haushaltsstruktur ausschlaggebend ist, während Beruf und Klassenzugehörigkeit unerwarteterweise weniger relevant bzw. nur für zwei der fünf gebildeten Haushaltstypen bedeutsam sind. Auch für die Formierung von großfamiliären Haushalten sind ökonomische Faktoren wie Familienarbeit oder Vermögenstransfer scheinbar von geringerer Bedeutung als erwartet. (SD)

This article studies the experiences of the non-migrating kin of Mexican undocumented emigrants to the United States. It examines the negotiations and changes in family life of those who stayed behind by looking at spouses", siblings" and parent-children's relations. First, it analyzes the perceptions and imaginaries that non-migrants hold of migrants" life abroad and introduces three possible outcomes for its conceptualization: positive overcompensation, neutral perspective and negative compensation. It also analyzes the positive changes in family dynamics for the individual self-perceptions of those who stay behind. Subsequently, it discusses the role played by the extended family in the household arrangements following emigration. Lastly, it explores the relations and adjustments taking place between return-migrants and those who stayed behind., En este trabajo se estudian las experiencias de los familiares no migrantes de mexicanos indocumentados en Estados Unidos. Considerando las relaciones de cónyuges, hermanos, padres e hijos, se pretende lograr una mejor comprensión de los cambios y negociaciones en la vida familiar de los que se quedan. En primer lugar, se analizan las percepciones e imaginarios de los no migrantes sobre la vida de sus migrantes en el extranjero y se sugieren tres conceptualizaciones al respecto: sobrecompensación positiva, perspectiva neutra y compensación negativa. Posteriormente se estudia el rol que la familia extensa y política juega en los arreglos intrafamiliares. Por último, se discuten las relaciones y reajustes que tienen lugar entre los migrantes de retorno y los que se quedan.

"In diesem Beitrag wird beleuchtet, wie sich der Übergang zum dritten Kind auf die finanzielle Situation von Familien auswirkt. Als zentraler Einflussfaktor wird zunächst die Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter untersucht und das Armutsrisiko angesprochen. Eine detaillierte Einsicht in die ökonomische Situation großer Familien - im Vergleich mit kleineren Familien - wird anhand einer differenzierten Darstellung der Einkommenskomponenten des Post-Government-Haushaltseinkommens vermittelt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Transferleistungen des Staates einen bedeutsamen Beitrag des verfügbaren Einkommens großer Familien bilden, dass aber dennoch große Familien deutlich geringere Äquivalenzeinkommen erzielen als kleinere und somit eine relative Benachteiligung feststellbar ist. Zur Illustration der Familiensituation werden Zitate aus narrativen Interviews mit kinderreichen Müttern hinzugezogen." (Autorenreferat), "In this contribution, we focus on the impact the transition to a third child has on the financial situation of families. At first, we investigate the labour market participation of mother as a critical factor of impact on family income and then address the issue of poverty risk. A more detailed insight in the economic situation of large families - as compared to smaller ones - can be obtained by a differentiated presentation of various components of the post-government household income. It can be shown that state transfers largely contribute to the disposable income of large families. This fact notwithstanding, when compared to smaller families, large families generate significantly lower equivalent incomes. Thus, a comparative disadvantage for large families can be observed. We illustrate the family situation by citing from narrative interviews with mothers in large families." (author's abstract)

Emotional relationships within extended families contribute to provide children with qualitative and irreplaceable support that no other social organization can give.The immediate consequences are commitment and permanence of the emotional support that nuclear families need and, in principle, this would be the first and best option for fostering children in need of this. In extended families there are usually already built-up relationships, connections that in the case of foster families (educating families) need to be built from scratch. In most of the cases, the kid fostered by an extended family already knows and trust his/her relatives and this allows the minor to feel less excluded from the family and preserve the feeling of belonging. To improve such resources it is important to acknowledge perceived needs which would be one of the main columns to implement and sustain social intervention programs. Not only those needs referred by the technicians in charge of the evolution and support of such processes, but also the needs of those families who take care of the minors everyday. For that, both technicians and families have expressed their feelings on the adaptation of the resources to the needs of the fostering families., Los lazos afectivos en la familia extensa contribuyen a afirmar, en los niños y niñas, soportes cualitativos irremplazables por otro tipo de organización social, cuya eficacia se traduce en el compromiso, la inmediatez y la permanencia en el apoyo emocional que necesitan las familias nucleares y, en principio, sería la primera y mejor opción de acogimiento familiar para el menor que necesite de este recurso. En la familia extensa, generalmente ya existen unas relaciones, unos vínculos, que en la familia acogedora ajena (familia educadora) deben construirse desde el principio. El niño en familia extensa, en muchas ocasiones, ya conoce, ya confía en sus miembros, ello le permite al menor sentirse incluido en su entramado familiar y mantener el sentimiento de la preservación familiar y por tanto de la pertenencia. Para optimizar este recurso, entre otras cuestiones, el conocimiento de las necesidades percibidas, se considera uno de los pilares a considerar en la implementación de los programas de intervención social. Para ello, tanto las familias que acogen como los técnicos, por separado, han expresado su percepción acerca de la adecuación de los recursos a las necesidades de las familias acogedoras.