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To make it more clear that how the materials’ thermal-physical properties and wall thickness have influential impacts on boiling heat transfer characteristics of cladding, this dissertation looks into the potential impacts of cladding materials on critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficients by a systematic experimental investigation across a wide range of pool/flow boiling conditions under the steady-state and power-transient heat inputs. Recent thermal-hydraulics studies have demonstrated that iron-chromium-aluminium (FeCrAl) alloys have the thermal priorities over zircaloys and other commercial alloys including critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient. However, it is found in our experimental results that FeCrAl-C26M, and FeCrAl-C36M have higher critical heat fluxes and heat transfer coefficients than zircaloys and stainless steels while FeCrAl- B126Y and FeCrAl-B136Y have lower critical heat flux than zircaloys. This speaks to the possibility that the superiority of accident tolerant fuel claddings depends on which alloys they belong to. However, the difference gap of critical heat flux and of heat transfer coefficient between various cladding materials can be suppressed by high mass flux and/or high inlet subcooling. The one possible mechanistic rationale behind this is that the material-side factors related with near-field mechanisms such as surface wettability/roughness, and thermal-physical properties, compete with the far-field heat convection mechanisms dominated by mass flux and inlet subcooling. Besides the steady-state boiling experiments, the FeCrAl and zircaloy claddings are subjected to the power transient heat inputs of linear ramp and Fuchs-RIA. In comparison with the steady-state flow boiling, the power transient maximum heat flux is larger than the steady-state critical heat flux and so is the power-transient heat transfer coefficient. As a result, it implies that the power transient state of light water reactors gives high

Background: Nonurothelial carcinoma (UC) malignancies have traditionally been considered to have a more aggressive clinical course, and little is known about their response to neoadjuvant therapy. We examined the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on a large population of patients with bladder cancer (BCa) with different histologic variants (HVs). Patients and Methods: We relied on a retrospective, multicenter database of 2858 patients with BCa who had undergone radical cystectomy with or without NAC from 1990 to 2017. Pure and mixed HVs were grouped into 6 categories: squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; n = 283; 45%), other subtypes (n = 95; 15%), micropapillary (n = 85; 14%), adenocarcinoma (n = 65; 10%), small cell (n = 54; 8.6%), and sarcomatous (n = 47; 7.6%). Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to examine cancer-specific survival (CSS) according to the HV, using pure UC as the reference. Logistic regression models were used to examine the odds of clinical-to-pathologic downstaging after NAC according to the HV. Results: Overall, we identified 2229 cases of pure UC and 629 cases of BCa with HVs at radical cystectomy. Of the 450 NAC-treated patients, only those patients with SCC (n = 44; 9.8%) had had worse CSS (median CSS, 33 vs. 116 months; P <.001) and higher mortality rates (hazard ratio, 2.1; P =.03) compared with those with pure UC (n = 328; 72.9%). The results of the analyses were also confirmed when the pure and mixed cases were considered separately. After adjusting for NAC, only SCC showed a lower rate of clinical-to-pathologic downstaging (odds ratio, 0.4; P =.03) compared with UC. Conclusions: SCC was the HV exhibiting the lowest effect of NAC in terms of activity and CSS. Compared with pure UC, SCC seemed to be insensitive to traditional NAC regimens. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. Little is known about the response to neoadjuvant therapy of nonurothelial carcinoma bladder malignancies. Using a retrospective, multicenter database, we found t

This study synthesizes the output performance of solar PV system under variable conditions. Solar PV output depends upon the weather conditions which varies with time. This research has been carried out by observing the effects of the ambient temperature and the relative humidity, since for module efficiency of solar PV panel heavily depends upon the on these parameters. The primary data has been collected at different intervals of time at Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park located at Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. The statistical analysis has been carried out for correlation coefficient (R) for ambient temperature and relative humidity as 83% and 64% respectively, considering a confidence level of 90%. It is concluded that there exists a positive linear relationship of module efficiency with ambient temperature, whereas, an ordinary positive linear relationship with relative humidity. This conclusion provides an insight to the solar PV designers and the manufacturers in order to select appropriate modules for the selected areas in accordance with solar irradiation, humidity, and temperature level

This is need of the hour to design a low profile, low cost, acceptable Specific Absorption Rate value, high gain, high directivity and power efficient wearable antenna for the mentioned fields of wireless communication. This paper presents an optimal solution to address the issues in the field of wearable antenna. The Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure has been integrated with the patch on the flexible substrate of polyurethane. Different parameters of wearable antenna have been improved using the EBG structure. Gain of this structure has been improved from 5.32dBi to 7.17dBi, directivity has been enhanced from 6.69dBi to 7.82dBi and efficiency has been increased from 69% to 88.87%. The results have been shown in detail in this paper

The microstrip patch antennas have become famous around the world due to their multifold advantages such as these antennas are easy to fabricate, they are less bulky, smaller in size and economical. Aside from this, patch antennas are being used in a variety of wireless communication systems for various applications which include aircrafts, space technology, cellular communication and satellite communication. One of the major drawbacks of using these antennas is that they usually have comparatively smaller or narrow bandwidth. In this paper, an attempt has been made to overcome the aforementioned issue by enhancing parameters of a patch antenna with a simple rectangular design. The simple design makes it easy to fabricate with minimal difference in simulated and actual parameters. The required results are obtained by simply etching two slits on the patch and changing the width of the feedline. The overall band thus acquired is about 11.4 GHz with directivity of 8.771dBi and Gain of 6.084 dB at 24 GHz. In order to get the desired results, the substrate material used is Rogers RO4350B with an epsilon value of 3.48. The overall size of the antenna is 14.31×9.2mm2.

This is need of the hour to design a low profile, low cost, acceptable Specific Absorption Rate value, high gain, high directivity and power efficient wearable antenna for the mentioned fields of wireless communication. This paper presents an optimal solution to address the issues in the field of wearable antenna. The Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure has been integrated with the patch on the flexible substrate of polyurethane. Different parameters of wearable antenna have been improved using the EBG structure. Gain of this structure has been improved from 5.32dBi to 7.17dBi, directivity has been enhanced from 6.69dBi to 7.82dBi and efficiency has been increased from 69% to 88.87%. The results have been shown in detail in this paper

This study synthesizes the output performance of solar PV system under variable conditions. Solar PV output depends upon the weather conditions which varies with time. This research has been carried out by observing the effects of the ambient temperature and the relative humidity, since for module efficiency of solar PV panel heavily depends upon the on these parameters. The primary data has been collected at different intervals of time at Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park located at Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. The statistical analysis has been carried out for correlation coefficient (R) for ambient temperature and relative humidity as 83% and 64% respectively, considering a confidence level of 90%. It is concluded that there exists a positive linear relationship of module efficiency with ambient temperature, whereas, an ordinary positive linear relationship with relative humidity. This conclusion provides an insight to the solar PV designers and the manufacturers in order to select appropriate modules for the selected areas in accordance with solar irradiation, humidity, and temperature level

The microstrip patch antennas have become famous around the world due to their multifold advantages such as these antennas are easy to fabricate, they are less bulky, smaller in size and economical. Aside from this, patch antennas are being used in a variety of wireless communication systems for various applications which include aircrafts, space technology, cellular communication and satellite communication. One of the major drawbacks of using these antennas is that they usually have comparatively smaller or narrow bandwidth. In this paper, an attempt has been made to overcome the aforementioned issue by enhancing parameters of a patch antenna with a simple rectangular design. The simple design makes it easy to fabricate with minimal difference in simulated and actual parameters. The required results are obtained by simply etching two slits on the patch and changing the width of the feedline. The overall band thus acquired is about 11.4 GHz with directivity of 8.771dBi and Gain of 6.084 dB at 24 GHz. In order to get the desired results, the substrate material used is Rogers RO4350B with an epsilon value of 3.48. The overall size of the antenna is 14.31×9.2mm2.

In any electrical system efficiency is a key parameter. Efficiency strictly depends on system losses. Generally,batteries are charged by conventional methods like Solar/Photovoltaic charging or alternatively they can be charged using Electrical Supply and then the available stored power can be reused when required. This paper is focused on free battery charging based on radiant energy, which is produced as a result of making and breaking of magnetic dipoles in form of high voltage spikes. Initially the rotor requires a kick, then it attains a fixed synchronous speed and rotates almost indefinitely.Making and breaking of dipoles results in high voltage spikes which allows charging of a number of batteries connected in parallel without any cost. The charged batteries can be used directly to feed DC load or with an inverter circuit to feed AC load. The charging time of batteries is 200 minutes, whereas the effective discharge time is around 170 -180 minutes. Though a gap of 20-30 minutes exists, but as multiple batteries are charged at a time; the system works effectively at very high efficiency.

In any electrical system efficiency is a key parameter. Efficiency strictly depends on system losses. Generally,batteries are charged by conventional methods like Solar/Photovoltaic charging or alternatively they can be charged using Electrical Supply and then the available stored power can be reused when required. This paper is focused on free battery charging based on radiant energy, which is produced as a result of making and breaking of magnetic dipoles in form of high voltage spikes. Initially the rotor requires a kick, then it attains a fixed synchronous speed and rotates almost indefinitely.Making and breaking of dipoles results in high voltage spikes which allows charging of a number of batteries connected in parallel without any cost. The charged batteries can be used directly to feed DC load or with an inverter circuit to feed AC load. The charging time of batteries is 200 minutes, whereas the effective discharge time is around 170 -180 minutes. Though a gap of 20-30 minutes exists, but as multiple batteries are charged at a time; the system works effectively at very high efficiency.

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; CRP4; B.1 Integrated Agriculture, Nutrition, and Health Programs and Policies; E.1 Policies, institutions and investments for resilient social systems, PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

Non-PR, IFPRI1; B.1 Integrated Agriculture, Nutrition, and Health Programs and Policies; E Building Resilience; E.1 Policies, institutions and investments for resilient social systems; CRP4; B Promoting healthy food systems, PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), South Asia has long been synonymous with persistent and unusually high rates of child undernutrition—the so-called Asian enigma. Yet contrary to this stereotype, Bangladesh has managed to sustain a rapid reduction in the rate of child undernutrition for at least two decades. In this paper we aim to understand the sources of this unheralded success with the aspiration of deriving policy-relevant lessons from Bangladesh’s experience. To do so we employ a regression analysis of five rounds of Demographic and Health Surveys covering the period from 1997 to 2011.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a custom of leukemia, or cancer of the white blood cells categorized by excess lymphoblasts and Chemotherapy is the initial treatment of choice. Most ALL patients will receive a combination of different treatments.Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycoprotein that cooperates with a variety of cell surface receptors, as well as several integrins and CD44. OPN is secreted by numerous human malignancies. We aimed to evaluate serum levels of osteopontin and growth hormone(GH) in patients with Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. We studied serum levels of OPN ,GH and other biochemical levels of 60 patients that diagnosis as acute lymphoblastic leukemia.    The mean levels of OPN were significantly higher in patients (10.00± 1.15 ng/ml) than in control (7.62± 0.60 ng/ml). The mean levels of GH levels were significantly lower in patients (2.98± 0.51ng/dl) than in control (6.02± 1.00 ng/dl. The mean levels of the iron and total protein in ALL patients were (95.78± 10.11 µg/dl), (6.08 ± 1.16 g/dl)respectively. The present study showed a significant negative correlation between GH with osteopontin (OPN) ,while there a positive significant correlate between GH with hemoglobin in patients group compared to control group. The present study Conclude that elevated levels of osteopontin and decreased GH levels at the diagnosis may predict an unfavorable result in ALL childhood .

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a custom of leukemia, or cancer of the white blood cells categorized by excess lymphoblasts and Chemotherapy is the initial treatment of choice. Most ALL patients will receive a combination of different treatments.Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycoprotein that cooperates with a variety of cell surface receptors, as well as several integrins and CD44. OPN is secreted by numerous human malignancies. We aimed to evaluate serum levels of osteopontin and growth hormone(GH) in patients with Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. We studied serum levels of OPN ,GH and other biochemical levels of 60 patients that diagnosis as acute lymphoblastic leukemia.    The mean levels of OPN were significantly higher in patients (10.00± 1.15 ng/ml) than in control (7.62± 0.60 ng/ml). The mean levels of GH levels were significantly lower in patients (2.98± 0.51ng/dl) than in control (6.02± 1.00 ng/dl. The mean levels of the iron and total protein in ALL patients were (95.78± 10.11 µg/dl), (6.08 ± 1.16 g/dl)respectively. The present study showed a significant negative correlation between GH with osteopontin (OPN) ,while there a positive significant correlate between GH with hemoglobin in patients group compared to control group. The present study Conclude that elevated levels of osteopontin and decreased GH levels at the diagnosis may predict an unfavorable result in ALL childhood .

Congestion is an important issue which researchers focus on in the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) network environment. To keep the stability of the whole network, congestion control algorithms have been extensively studied. Queue management method employed by the routers is one of the important issues in the congestion control study. Active queue management (AQM) has been proposed as a router-based mechanism for early detection of congestion inside the network. In this paper we analyzed several active queue management algorithms with respect to their abilities of maintaining high resource utilization, identifying and restricting disproportionate bandwidth usage, and their deployment complexity. We compare the performance of FRED, BLUE, SFB, and CHOKe based on simulation results, using RED and Drop Tail as the evaluation baseline. The characteristics of different algorithms are also discussed and compared. Simulation is done by using Network Simulator(NS2) and the graphs are drawn using X- graph., Comment: 19 Pages, IJCNC Journal 2010

Congestion is an important issue which researchers focus on in the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) network environment. To keep the stability of the whole network, congestion control algorithms have been extensively studied. Queue management method employed by the routers is one of the important issues in the congestion control study. Active queue management (AQM) has been proposed as a router-based mechanism for early detection of congestion inside the network. In this paper we analyzed several active queue management algorithms with respect to their abilities of maintaining high resource utilization, identifying and restricting disproportionate bandwidth usage, and their deployment complexity. We compare the performance of FRED, BLUE, SFB, and CHOKe based on simulation results, using RED and Drop Tail as the evaluation baseline. The characteristics of different algorithms are also discussed and compared. Simulation is done by using Network Simulator(NS2) and the graphs are drawn using X- graph., Comment: 19 Pages, IJCNC 2010