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Macrocystis pyrifera (giant kelp), is a brown macroalga of great ecological importance as a primary producer and structure-forming foundational species that provides habitat for hundreds of species. It has many commercial uses (e.g. source of alginate, fertilizer, cosmetics, feedstock). One of the limitations to exploiting giant kelps economic potential and assisting in giant kelp conservation efforts is a lack of genomic tools like a high quality, contiguous reference genome with accurate gene annotations. Reference genomes attempt to capture the complete genomic sequence of an individual or species, and importantly provide a universal structure for comparison across a multitude of genetic experiments, both within and between species. We assembled the giant kelp genome of a haploid female gametophyte de novo using PacBio reads, then ordered contigs into chromosome level scaffolds using Hi-C. We found the giant kelp genome to be 537 MB, with a total of 35 scaffolds and 188 contigs. The assembly N50 is 13,669,674 with GC content of 50.37%. We assessed the genome completeness using BUSCO, and found giant kelp contained 94% of the BUSCO genes from the stramenopile clade. Annotation of the giant kelp genome revealed 25,919 genes. Additionally, we present genetic variation data based on 48 diploid giant kelp sporophytes from three different Southern California populations that confirms the population structure found in other studies of these populations. This work resulted in a high-quality giant kelp genome that greatly increases the genetic knowledge of this ecologically and economically vital species.

Le rendement en fruits du bleuet nain (Vaccinium angustifolium et Vaccinium myrtilloides) est variable puisqu'il dépend de plusieurs facteurs, dont certains peuvent être influencés par les pratiques agricoles effectuées par les producteurs. L'objectif principal de cette recherche est donc d'expérimenter l'impact des principales pratiques sur le rendement en fruits du bleuet et d'autres variables connexes comme le nombre et la hauteur des tiges, l’état nutritionnel de la plante ainsi que la présence des maladies et des plantes indésirables. Les pratiques testées dans le cadre de ce projet sont i) le type de fauche (mécanique ou thermique), ii) l'utilisation de fongicide (avec ou sans) et iii) l'apport d'engrais (minéral, organique ou sans engrais). Cette étude s'est déroulée à la bleuetière d’enseignement et de recherche (BER) localisée à Normandin, Québec, Canada. Deux sites de quatre blocs divisés en douze combinaisons spécifiques de traitements comprenant les trois facteurs étudiés ont été disposés selon un dispositif de recherche en tiroir à 96 parcelles ou unités expérimentales. Aucune des pratiques à l’étude a affecté significativement la présence des plantes indésirables. Le brûlage n'a pas entraîné de gain de rendement, ni d'amélioration cohérentes des autres paramètres évalués. L’application de fongicide a entraîné un gain de rendement en fruits de 212 kg ha-1, une diminution de près de 1% du taux de maladies foliaires et une augmentation du nombre de tiges par unité de surface lorsqu'ils sont combinés avec un engrais minéral. La fertilisation minérale a également réduit la présence des maladies, amélioré l’état nutritionnel de la plante et engendré un gain de rendement de 853 kg ha-1. Enfin, la fertilisation organique a accru les rendements de 691 kg ha-1, tout en améliorant plusieurs traits tels que la hauteur des tiges et la teneur des feuilles et des fruits en nutriments. Les applications de fongicide et d'engrais ont également augmenté la quantité de nu

The objective of this research was to estimate the demands for labor, development bank credit, nitrogen fertilizers, tractors and phosphate-potassium fertilizers of primary activities of Mexico during 1970-2019, using the function cost translog. All five inputs were inelastic. Labor, fertilizers and tractors increase the primary production in Mexico. Labor was complementary with nitrogen fertilizers, and development bank credit showed a relation of substitution with all inputs. By 2022, increases greater than 1.10%, 0.14% and 0.08% of labor, tractors and nitrogen fertilizers respectively are required to guarantee growth of primary activities, Se estiman las demandas de mano de obra, crédito de la banca de desarrollo, fertilizantes nitrogenados, tractores y fertilizantes fosfatados-potásicos de las actividades primarias de México durante 1970-2019 mediante la función de costo translog. Los cinco insumos resultaron inelásticos. La mano de obra, fertilizantes y tractores incrementan la producción primaria en México. A saber, la mano de obra es complementaria con los fertilizantes nitrogenados y el crédito de la banca de desarrollo se sustituye con todos los insumos. Para 2022, se requieren aumentos mayores a 1.10%, 0.14% y 0.08% de la mano de obra, tractores y fertilizantes nitrogenados respectivamente para garantizar crecimiento de las actividades primarias.

The objective of this research was to estimate the demands for labor, development bank credit, nitrogen fertilizers, tractors and phosphate-potassium fertilizers of primary activities of Mexico during 1970-2019, using the function cost translog. All five inputs were inelastic. Labor, fertilizers and tractors increase the primary production in Mexico. Labor was complementary with nitrogen fertilizers, and development bank credit showed a relation of substitution with all inputs. By 2022, increases greater than 1.10%, 0.14% and 0.08% of labor, tractors and nitrogen fertilizers respectively are required to guarantee growth of primary activities, Se estiman las demandas de mano de obra, crédito de la banca de desarrollo, fertilizantes nitrogenados, tractores y fertilizantes fosfatados-potásicos de las actividades primarias de México durante 1970-2019 mediante la función de costo translog. Los cinco insumos resultaron inelásticos. La mano de obra, fertilizantes y tractores incrementan la producción primaria en México. A saber, la mano de obra es complementaria con los fertilizantes nitrogenados y el crédito de la banca de desarrollo se sustituye con todos los insumos. Para 2022, se requieren aumentos mayores a 1.10%, 0.14% y 0.08% de la mano de obra, tractores y fertilizantes nitrogenados respectivamente para garantizar crecimiento de las actividades primarias.

The active management of pastures affects animal productivity and soil biogeochemical processes of the soil, nutrient cycling, where pastures management is a relevant factor to maintain these biogeochemical processes, productivity, and the flow of Greenhouse Gas emissions. Greenhouse (GHG). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the GHG emissions from three types of fertilizers (conventional, urea and biofertilizer) used for the maintenance of pastures in dairy production in the humid tropics of Costa Rica, in order to identify measures of mitigation that contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions in the agricultural sector and that contribute to the NDC of the country. The experimental design corresponds to a completely randomized block design, where with three repetitions per treatment (Control, Biofertilizer, Urea and Conventional Fertilizer), the total of samples corresponds to 497 samples, during a period of 81 days. Measurement of the amounts of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The analysis of the Carbon and Nitrogen content was performed at a depth of -10 cm to take the soil sample and analyze it by means of an instrumental method of dry oxidation. The mean values of these measurements were as follows: 0,104 mgN2O-N/ m2/day and 0,037 mgCH4-C/m2/day. GHG emissions during monitoring were influenced by processes of methanogenesis, denitrification, nitrification and respiration. The biofertilizer (biol) presented the lowest GHG emissions given considering the concentrations of Carbon and Nitrogen in the soil., El manejo activo de los pastos incide en la productividad animal y en los procesos biogeoquímicos del suelo, el ciclaje de nutriente, donde la gestión de los pastos es un factor relevante para mantener estos procesos biogeoquímicos, productividad y el flujo de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue evaluar las emisiones de GEI provenientes de tres tipos de fertilizantes (convencional, urea+inhibidor y biofertilizante) empleados para el mantenimiento de pasturas en la producción lechera en el trópico húmedo de Costa Rica, con el fin de identificar medidas de mitigación que contribuyan a la reducción de emisiones de GEI en el sector agropecuario y a la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) de Costa Rica. El diseño experimental correspondió a un diseño en bloques completamente aleatorizado, donde con tres repeticiones por tratamiento (control, biofertilizante, urea+inhibidor y fertilizante convencional), el total de muestras correspondió a 497 muestras, durando el periodo de 81 días. La medición de las cantidades de metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O) y el análisis de contenido de carbono y nitrógeno se realizó a una profundidad de -10 cm para tomar la muestra de suelo y ser analizadas mediante un método instrumental de oxidación seca. Los promedios de estas mediciones fueron: 0,104 mgN2O-N/m2/día y 0,037 mgCH4-C/m2/día. Las emisiones de los GEI durante el monitoreo estuvieron influenciadas por procesos de metanogénesis, desnitrificación, nitrificación y respiración. Además, el biofertilizante (biol) fue el fertilizante que presentó las menores emisiones de GEI considerando también las concentraciones de Carbono y Nitrógeno en el suelo.

Accurately detecting nitrogen (N) deficiency and determining the need for additional N fertilizer is a key challenge to achieving precise N management in many crops, including rice (Oryza sativa L.). Many remotely sensed vegetation indices (VIs) have shown promise in this regard; however, it is not well-known if VIs measured from different sensors can be used interchangeably. The objective of this study was to quantitatively test and compare the ability of VIs measured from an aerial and proximal sensor to predict the crop yield response to top-dress N fertilizer in rice. Nitrogen fertilizer response trials were established across two years (six site-years) throughout the Sacramento Valley rice-growing region of California. At panicle initiation (PI), unmanned aircraft system (UAS) Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index (NDREUAS) and GreenSeeker (GS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVIGS) were measured and expressed as a sufficiency index (SI) (VI of N treatment divided by VI of adjacent N-enriched area). Following reflectance measurements, each plot was split into subplots with and without top-dress N fertilizer. All metrics evaluated in this study indicated that both NDREUAS and NDVIGS performed similarly with respect to predicting the rice yield response to top-dress N at PI. Utilizing SI measurements prior to top-dress N fertilizer application resulted in a 113% and 69% increase (for NDREUAS and NDVIGS, respectively) in the precision of the rice yield response differentiation compared to the effect of applying top-dress N without SI information considered. When the SI measured via NDREUAS and NDVIGS at PI was ≤0.97 and 0.96, top-dress N applications resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in crop yield of 0.19 and 0.21 Mg ha-1, respectively. These results indicate that both aerial NDREUAS and proximal NDVIGS have the potential to accurately predict the rice yield response to PI top-dress N fertilizer in this system and could serve as the basis fo

De Nederlandse exportwaarde van kunstmest is met 57 procent toegenomen, van 2,4 miljard euro in 2021 tot 3,7 miljard euro in 2022. De toename komt door fors hogere exportprijzen, het uitgevoerde gewicht is juist afgenomen. Dat meldt het CBS op basis van de nieuwste handelscijfers.

Rapport over de aanvullende normerende en beprijzende maatregelen voor de sectoren landbouw, mobiliteit en industrie.

The crop of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is an alternative for the replacement of some sweet enersdue toits yield and short growth periods. Nevertheless, before proposing this speciesin tropical areas, it is necessary to generate information on agronomic management underparticular edaphoclimatic conditions. The objective was to evaluate the effect of organic amendments on the growth of Stevia rebaudianain Tabasco, Mexico. The experiment wasestablishedin raised beds in the openfield, under a system of tape irrigation and mulching in August 2019. The design was completely randomizedwith three repetitions, in which the following was evaluated, three organic materials as organic amendments: sheep manure, bovine manure and vermicompost, and a chemical fertilizer as a control. Survival attransplantation was determined,and growth variables were measured: survival percentage, plant height, number of shoots, root length, dry weight of leaves, stem and root, aswell as foliar nutrient concentration. The results indicated that the plants grownwith VCwas the best treatment as it obtained the highestvalues in all the variables evaluated: 98.9% survival attransplantation, 40 cm plant height, 17.7 root length, 11.49 g total dry biomass. No statistical differences were found in foliar nutrient concentration for macroelements. According to the findings, it is concluded that the use of vermicompost as an organic amendment improves the growth of the stevia crop., El cultivo de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni es una alternativa para la sustitución de algunos edulcorantes por su rendimiento y periodos cortos de crecimiento. Sin embargo, antes de proponer esta especie en las zonas tropicales es necesario generar información del manejo agronómico en condiciones edafoclimáticas particulares. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de las enmiendas orgánicas en el crecimiento de Stevia rebaudiana en Tabasco, México. El experimento se estableció en camas elevadas a cielo abierto, bajo un sistema de riego por cintillas y acolchado en agosto de 2019. El diseño fue completamente al azar con tres repeticiones, en el que se evaluaron tres materiales orgánicos como enmiendas orgánicas: estiércol ovino, estiércol bovino y lombricomposta y un fertilizante químico, como testigo. Se determinó la sobrevivencia al trasplante y se midieron variables de crecimiento: porcentaje de sobrevivencia, altura de la planta, número de brotes, longitud de raíz, peso seco de hojas, tallo y raíz, así como la concentración nutrimental foliar. Los resultados indicaron que las plantas cultivadas con LC fue el mejor tratamiento al obtener los valores superiores en todas las variables evaluadas: 98.9% de sobrevivencia al trasplante, 40 cm de altura de planta 17.7 de longitud de raíz, 11.49 g de biomasa seca total. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en la concentración nutrimental foliar para los macroelementos. De acuerdo con los hallazgos se concluye que el uso de la lombricomposta como enmienda orgánica mejora el crecimiento del cultivo de estevia.

A field study was conducted during 2021-22 at the Research field of All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA), Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, (Dr. PDKV) Akola, Maharashtra (India), on an ongoing long-term experiment initiated in 1987-88 under cotton + green gram (1:1) intercropping system in Vertisols. The eight treatments comprised of a control, sole use of organics and chemical fertilizers, and integration of organics with chemical fertilizers to partially substitute Nitrogen (N). The results after 35th cycle revealed that the uptake of N, Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) was significantly higher in Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) treatments, particularly the treatments T6 and T7 where 50 percent N was substituted by either gliricidia or Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Further, the various parameters of nutrient use efficiency of N, P, and K were also found to be significantly higher in INM treatments followed by T2 (100% RDF). Therefore, the present investigation concludes that under the cotton + green gram intercropping system in Vertisols, INM that involves conjoint use of different nutrient sources appears to be a promising strategy for improvement in fertilizer use efficiency as a whole including Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE).

The chemical industry is responsible for about 5% of global CO2 emissions and is key to achieving net-zero targets. Decarbonizing this industry, nevertheless, faces particular challenges given the widespread use of carbon-rich raw materials, the need for high-temperature heat, and the complex global value chains. Multiple technology routes are now available for producing chemicals with net-zero CO2 emissions based on biomass, recycling, and carbon capture, utilization, and storage. However, the extent to which these routes are viable with respect to local availability of energy and natural resources remains unclear. In this review, we compare net-zero routes by quantifying their energy, land, and water requirements and the corresponding induced resource scarcity at the country level and further discuss the technical and environmental viability of a net-zero chemical industry. We find that a net-zero chemical industry will require location-specific integrated solutions that combine net-zero routes with circular approaches and demand-side measures and might result in a reshaping of the global chemicals trade.

Phosphorus (P) recovery and recycling play a crucial role in improving resource efficiency, sustainable nutrient management and moving toward circular economy. Increasing demand for fertilizers, signs of geopolitical constraints, and high discharge of P to waterbodies are the other reasons to pursue the circularity of P. Various research have been carrying out and several processes have been developed for P-recovery from different resources. However, there is still a huge unexplored potential for P-recovery specially in the regional framework from the four main P-rich waste resources: food waste, manure, mining waste, and sewage sludge. This study reviews recovery methods of P from these secondary resources comprehensively. Additionally, it analyzes the Nordic viewpoint of P-cycle by evaluating Nordic reserves, demands, and secondary resources to gain a systematic assessment of how Nordic countries could move toward circular economy of P. Results of this study show that secondary resources of P in Nordic countries have the potential of replacing mineral fertilizer in these countries to a considerable extent. However, to overcome the challenges of P-recovery from studied resources, policymakers and researchers need to take decisions and make innovation along each other to open the new possibilities for Nordic economy.

Phosphorus (P) recovery and recycling play a crucial role in improving resource efficiency, sustainable nutrient management and moving toward circular economy. Increasing demand for fertilizers, signs of geopolitical constraints, and high discharge of P to waterbodies are the other reasons to pursue the circularity of P. Various research have been carrying out and several processes have been developed for P-recovery from different resources. However, there is still a huge unexplored potential for P-recovery specially in the regional framework from the four main P-rich waste resources: food waste, manure, mining waste, and sewage sludge. This study reviews recovery methods of P from these secondary resources comprehensively. Additionally, it analyzes the Nordic viewpoint of P-cycle by evaluating Nordic reserves, demands, and secondary resources to gain a systematic assessment of how Nordic countries could move toward circular economy of P. Results of this study show that secondary resources of P in Nordic countries have the potential of replacing mineral fertilizer in these countries to a considerable extent. However, to overcome the challenges of P-recovery from studied resources, policymakers and researchers need to take decisions and make innovation along each other to open the new possibilities for Nordic economy.

U Srbiji se visokoproteinski konzumni hibridi suncokreta proizvode u manjem obimu u konvencionalnim i organskim uslovima proizvodnje, uz stalno povećanje površina pod organskom proizvodnjom. Krupno seme se koristi za veći broj prirodnih zdravih proizvoda i za direktnu potrošnju, dok se od manjih frakcija semena proizvodi hladno presovano suncokretovo ulje. Analizirao se uticaj organskog đubriva: tretmanom Guanito (T1) 0,5 t ha-1 u fazi BBCH 01, dok su tretmani sa Trainerom (T2) 3 l ha-1 i Natur Plasmom (T3) 5 l ha-1 izvedeni u fazi BBCH 36 na sadržaj oleinske kiseline i ulja u semenu NS konzumnih hibrida suncokreta i upoređeni su sa netretiranom kontrolom (C) u organskoj proizvodnji i sa mešanim NPK đubrivom (50:50:50) tretmanom kao kontrolom (K) u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji. Organska đubriva nisu uticala na povećanje sadržaja oleinske kiseline i ulja u poređenju sa kontrolom. Hibridi su se statistički značajno razlikovali po sadržaju oleinske kiseline i ulja u semenu. Nije se uočila interakcija između tretmana i sadržaja oleinske kiseline i ulja, niti bilo kakva statistički značajna interakcija između tretmana i hibrida. NS konzumni hibridi se mogu uspešno gajiti u konvencionalnim i organskim uslovima proizvodnje što potvrđuju rezultati istraživanja, između sadržaja oleinske kiseline i ulja nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika u kontroli u organskim i konvencionalnim uslovima gajenja., In Serbia, high protein confectionery sunflower hybrids are produced on a smaller scale both in conventional and organic production systems, with constant increase of area under organic production. Large seeds are used in a number of natural health products, as well as for direct consumption, while smaller seed fractions are used in the production of cold-pressed sunflower seed oil. Analysed the effect of organic fertilizer Guanito (T1), 0.5 t ha-1, was performed at the stage BBCH 01, while treatments with Trainer (T2), 3 l ha-1 and Natur Plasma (T3), 5 l ha-1, were carried out at the stage BBCH 36. on seed oleic acid and oil content of NS confectionary sunflower hybrids and compare them with untreated control (C) in organic production and with mixed NPK fertilizer (50:50:50) treatment as control (K) in conventional production. All organic fertilizers hadnot positive effect on oleic acid and oil content compared to control. Organic fertilizers did not affect the increase in oleic acid and oil content compared to the control. The hybrids differed statistically significantly of seed oleic acid and oil content. No interaction was observed between treatment and oleic acid and oil content, nor any statistically significant interaction between treatment and hybrid. NS confectionery hybrids can be successfully grown in conventional and organic production conditions, which is confirmed by the research results, there were no statistically significant differences between oleic acid and oil contentin in the control in organic and conventional growing conditions.

The infrequent rainfall caused drought prone condition particularly in semi-arid regions of China, where most of the precipitation occurs in summer season. Thus, the summer rainwater conservation is very important for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) production. Therefore a 2-year field experiment was conducted on straw mulch along with N fertilizer to improve physiology, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), wheat yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). Maize (Zea mays) was a rotated crop after wheat, and therefore maize straw mulch (S1, 0 kg ha−1; S2, 4500 kg ha−1; S3, 9000 kg ha−1) was in the main plots, and N fertilizer (N1, 0 kg ha−1; N2, 192 kg ha−1 (80%); N3, 240 kg ha−1 (100%)) was in the sub plots. The interaction of S3N3 and S3N2 produced 59.2% and 43.8% higher net photosynthesis and enhanced its characteristics at booting stage compared with that of S1N1. Higher SPAD values (49.1 and 41.0%) and leaf area (85.6 and 61.0%) measured with S3N3 and S3N2 treatments at booting stage compared with S1N1. Both S3N2 and S3N3 had increased wheat N-uptake (91 and 103%, respectively) compared to S1N1. While S3N3 and S3N2 enhanced soil moisture conservation, NUE (19.7 and 22.8%), and WUE (47.2 and 47.2%) with the improvement in the growth yield of wheat compared to S1N1. Higher 7604 kg ha−1 of wheat grain yield was obtained from interaction of S3N2. Therefore, interaction of S3N2 is a viable approach for improving the winter wheat crop performance in term of NUE, WUE and wheat yield for semiarid areas in China.

Diplomová práce byla zaměřena na optimalizaci přípravy hybridního hydrogelu s močovinou, připraveného ze škrobu z kukuřice voskové, kyseliny akrylové a akrylamidu, pro jeho využití jako agrochemikálie s postupným uvolňováním močoviny. Optimalizovaným postupem byly následně připraveny hybridní hydrogely s močovinou ze škrobů kukuřičného, bramborového, pšeničného a rýžového. Tyto hydrogely byly připraveny ve dvou provedeních, a to za použití síťovacího činidla N,N?-methylen-bis-akrylamidu nebo bez použití síťovacího činidla N,N?-methylen-bis-akrylamidu. U připravených hybridních hydrogelů byly zkoumány jejich vlastnosti jako bobtnací poměr, rozpustnost v destilované vodě, vysychání a uvolňování v čase. Dále u hybridních hydrogelů byla provedena diferenční skenovací kalorimetrie, termogravimetrická analýza, infračervená spektroskopie s Fourierovou transformací a skenovací elektronová mikroskopie. Všechny tyto vlastnosti byly porovnány s vlastnostmi analogicky připravených hydrogelů bez močoviny., The Diploma thesis was focused on the optimization of the preparation of a urea hybrid hydrogel prepared from waxy corn starch, acrylic acid and acrylamide for its use as a gradual release agrochemical. Subsequently, urea hybrid hydrogels were prepared from corn, potato, wheat and rice starches by an optimized procedure. These hydrogels were prepared in two embodiments, using the crosslinking agent N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide or without the crosslinking agent N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide. The prepared hybrid hydrogels were investigated for their properties such as swelling ratio, solubility in distilled water, drying and time release. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed on the hybrid hydrogels. All these properties were compared with those of analogously prepared urea-free hydrogels, Fakulta chemicko-technologická, Tématem diplomové práce studenta bylo studium optimalizace hybridních hydrogelů s močovinou. Student v prezentaci, přiměřené délky, shrnul teoretické základy, výsledky a závěry diplomové práce. Po prezentaci následovalo čtení posudků vedoucího diplomové práce a oponenta, kterým byl přítomný doc. Zlámal. Vzhledem k velkému množství dotazů oponenta práce došlo k postupnému čtení jeho dotazů, student na ty dotazy reagoval dobře. Diskuze s oponentem byla velmi obsáhla a student v ní prokázal dobrou orientaci v daném tématu.  Dotazy byly položeny i dalšími členy komise. Konkrétně byly zaměřené na syntézu studovaných materiálů, jejich strukturu a vlastnosti. &nbsp, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Farmers may access all the knowledge they need about farming and learning about agriculture on this website. Various technologies, including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Bootstrap, AWS Polly, AWS Lex, AWS Lambda etc., will be used in this. As a result, the farmers will find our website to be of great use. On this website, we will also include a chat bot so that the farmer can contact us through it. In this we will also include the information page, inside which we provided information of different types, such as fertilizers, water management, and climate change rates. And buttons were also provided inside the information columns so that farmer gain more information. In third part we design an organic farming page in which we provide information about how organic farming is done and its benefits. The results of the experiment contain information regarding the climate and temperature, soil moisture, water usage, and humidity on the farms, as well as a decision-making analysis with farmer input. The main characteristics of the information system include the ability for users to retrieve information from anywhere in the form of statistical data on fertiliser, research facilities, and research, as well as data on diseases, appropriate soil concentrations for appropriate crops, export statistics, and so on. It also provides information on crops that are intercropped with the main crops.

Livestock slurry has been reported to be a potential secondary raw material as it contains macronutrients -nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium-, which could be valorised as high-quality fertilizers if proper separation and concentration of valuable compounds is performed. In this work, pig slurry liquid fraction was assessed for nutrient recovery and valorisation as fertilizer. Some indicators were used to evaluate the performance of proposed train of technologies within the framework of circular economy. As ammonium and potassium species are highly soluble at the whole pH range, a study based on phosphate speciation at pH from 4 to 8 was assessed to improve the macronutrients recovery from the slurry, resulting in two different treatment trains at acidic and alkaline conditions. The acidic treatment system based on centrifugation, microfiltration and forward osmosis was applied to obtain a nutrient-rich liquid organic fertilizer containing 1.3 % N, 1.3 % P2O5 and 1.5 % K2O. The alkaline path of valorisation was composed by centrifugation and stripping by using membrane contactors to produce an organic solid fertilizer -7.7 % N, 8,0 % P2O5 and 2.3 % K2O-, ammonium sulphate solution -1.4 % N- and irrigation water. In terms of circularity indicators, 45.8 % of the initial water content and <50 % of contained nutrients were recovered - 28.3 % N, 43.5 % P2O5 and 46.6 % K2O - in the acidic treatment resulting in 68.68 g fertilizer per kg of treated slurry. 75.1 % of water was recovered as irrigation water and 80.6 % N, 99.9 % P2O5, 83.4 % K2O was valorised in the alkaline treatment, as 219.60 g fertilizer per kg of treated slurry. Treatment paths at acidic and alkaline conditions yield promising results for nutrients recovery and valorisation as the obtained products (nutrient rich organic fertilizer, solid soil amendment and ammonium sulphate solution) fulfil the European Regulation for fertilizers to be potentially used in crop fields., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

The increase in energy and fertilizer consumption makes it necessary to develop sustainable alternatives for agriculture. Anaerobic digestion and digestates appeared to be suitable options. However, untreated digestates still have high water content and can increase greenhouse gas emissions during storage and land application. In this study, manure-derived digestate and solid fraction of digestate after separation were treated with a novel solar drying technology to reduce their water content, combined with acidification to reduce the gaseous emissions. The acidified digestate and acidified solid fraction of digestate recovered more nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen than their respective non-acidified products (1.5–1.3 times for TN; 14 times for TAN). Ammonia and methane emissions were reduced up to 94% and 72% respectively, compared to the non-acidified ones, while N2O increased more than 3 times. Dried digestate and dried acidified digestate can be labeled as NPK organic fertilizer regarding the European regulation, and the dried solid fraction and the improved dried acidified solid fraction can be labeled as N or P organic fertilizer. Moreover, plant tests showed that N concentrations in fresh lettuce leaves were within the EU limit with all products in all the cases. However, zinc concentration appeared to be a limitation in some of the products as their concentration exceeded the European legal limits., This work was funded by the European Union under the Circular Agronomics project (H2020 research and innovation project Nº.773649) and Nutry2Cycle project (H2020 research and innovation project Nº.773682). IRTA thanks the support of the CERCA Program and the Consolidated Research Group TERRA (ref.2017SGR1292), both from the Generalitat de Catalunya. L. Morey thanks the financial support of AGAUR, of the Generalitat de Catalunya (grant reference number 2019FI_B00694). We would like to thank the help of Celia Segura Godoy and Pau Berenguer i Planas during the sampling campaigns., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Chillers are responsible for almost half of the total energy demand in buildings. Hence, the obligation of control systems of multi-chiller due to changes indoor environments is one of the most significant parts of a smart building. Such a controller is described as a nonlinear and multi-objective algorithm, and its fabrication is crucial to achieving the optimal balance between indoor thermal comfort and running a minimum number of chillers. This work proposes deep clustering of cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (DCCMARL) as well-suited to such system control, which supports centralized control by learning of agents. In MARL, since the learning of agents is based on discrete sets of actions and stats, this drawback significantly affects the model of agents for representing their actions with efficient performance. This drawback becomes considerably worse when increasing the number of agents, due to the increased complexity of solving MARL, which makes modeling policy very challenging. Therefore, the DCCMARL of multi-objective reinforcement learning is leveraging powerful frameworks of a hybrid clustering algorithm to deal with complexity and uncertainty, which is a critical factor that influences to the achievement of high levels of a performance action. The results showed that the ability of agents to manipulate the behavior of the smart building could improve indoor thermal conditions, as well as save energy up to 44.5% compared to conventional methods. It seems reasonable to conclude that agents' performance is influenced by what type of model structure.

El incremento de la producción hortícola, provocado por la nueva tendencia hacia una alimentación más sana, ha generado la necesidad de crear sistemas de horticultura intensiva. Estos sistemas subsisten gracias al uso de fertilizantes, ya que el suelo no es capaz de regenerar sus nutrientes tan rápidamente como requiere este tipo de horticultura. Sin embargo, el método de fertilización convencional es ineficaz y genera problemas de contaminación por exceso de nutrientes. Por este motivo, actualmente se están probando nuevas tecnologías, siendo los sistemas de liberación controlada los que generan un mayor interés. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de la presente tesis doctoral es el desarrollo de un sistema de liberación controlada (matriz) biodegradable y sostenible para suministrar micronutrientes a cultivos hortícolas. Para ello, se revalorizó un subproducto de soja rico en proteínas como materia prima para el desarrollo de la matriz. Además, se estudiaron las diferentes etapas de fabricación con la finalidad de conseguir el sistema más óptimo, en cuanto a sus propiedades funcionales, para suministrar los nutrientes al cultivo. Este trabajo ha abierto una nueva posibilidad de crear fertilizantes más eficientes, mejorando los beneficios de la fertilización convencional. Así, se espera que estas matrices revolucionen el mercado, haciendo que el método de fertilizar cambie en los próximos años hacia una fertilización más sostenible., The increase in horticultural production, caused by the new trend towards a healthier diet, has generated the need to create intensive horticultural systems. These systems subsist thanks to the use of fertilizers since the soil is not capable of regenerating its nutrients as quickly as this type of horticulture requires. However, the conventional fertilization method is ineffective and generates contamination problems due to excess nutrients. For this reason, new technologies are currently being tested, with controlled release systems generating the greatest interest. In this sense, the main objective of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of a biodegradable and sustainable controlled release system (matrix) to supply micronutrients to horticultural crops. To this end, a protein-rich soy by-product was revalued as raw material for the development of the matrix. In addition, the different processing stages were studied in order to achieve the most optimal system, in terms of its functional properties, to supply the nutrients to the crop. This work has opened a new possibility of creating more efficient fertilizers, improving the benefits of conventional fertilization. Thus, these matrices are expected to revolutionize the market, causing the method of fertilizing to change in the next years towards a more sustainable fertilization.

Background Various nano-enabled agrochemicals are being extensively used for soil remediation and to boost crop production by increasing the nutrient efficiency of fertilizers. However, understanding of their potential risks on the manure–soil–plant continuum is limited. These nano-agrochemicals can be potentially toxic to soil microbes and their associated functions, such as nitrogen (N) mineralization and decomposition of organic materials. Moreover, the accumulation of nanoparticles (NPs) in edible crops may reduce food quality, and can cause serious threats to human health. Accordingly, here we investigated how zinc (ZONPs) and iron oxide (IONPs) nanoparticles affect the soil microbial communities, their efficiency of decomposition and N mineralization, radish yield, and plant N recovery after soil application of poultry manure (PM). Furthermore, we studied the associated health risks (DIM, HRI) via dietary intake of radish. Results Soil application of ZONPs and IONPs significantly (P < 0.05) increased microbial biomass Zn/Fe indicating their microbial utilization. This decreased the colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria and fungi. For example, the application of PM with ZONPs and IONPs decreased the CFU of bacteria by 32% and 19%, respectively. In case of fungi, the CFU reductions were slightly different (ZONPs: 28% and IONPs: 23%). Consequently, the N mineralization significantly decreased by 62% and 29% due to ZONPs and IONPs, respectively. Which ultimately resulted in the reduction of radish dry matter yield by 22% and 12%. The respective reductions of the apparent N recovery (ANR) were 65% and 39%. Health risk assessment indicated that DIM and HRI values from both the NPs lie under safe limits. Conclusions We conclude that both metal oxide nanoparticles (i.e., ZONPs and IONPs) can significantly affect the soil microbial community, their associated functions, and crop yield with the former being relatively more toxic. However, no evidence was found r

El incremento de la producción hortícola, provocado por la nueva tendencia hacia una alimentación más sana, ha generado la necesidad de crear sistemas de horticultura intensiva. Estos sistemas subsisten gracias al uso de fertilizantes, ya que el suelo no es capaz de regenerar sus nutrientes tan rápidamente como requiere este tipo de horticultura. Sin embargo, el método de fertilización convencional es ineficaz y genera problemas de contaminación por exceso de nutrientes. Por este motivo, actualmente se están probando nuevas tecnologías, siendo los sistemas de liberación controlada los que generan un mayor interés. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de la presente tesis doctoral es el desarrollo de un sistema de liberación controlada (matriz) biodegradable y sostenible para suministrar micronutrientes a cultivos hortícolas. Para ello, se revalorizó un subproducto de soja rico en proteínas como materia prima para el desarrollo de la matriz. Además, se estudiaron las diferentes etapas de fabricación con la finalidad de conseguir el sistema más óptimo, en cuanto a sus propiedades funcionales, para suministrar los nutrientes al cultivo. Este trabajo ha abierto una nueva posibilidad de crear fertilizantes más eficientes, mejorando los beneficios de la fertilización convencional. Así, se espera que estas matrices revolucionen el mercado, haciendo que el método de fertilizar cambie en los próximos años hacia una fertilización más sostenible., The increase in horticultural production, caused by the new trend towards a healthier diet, has generated the need to create intensive horticultural systems. These systems subsist thanks to the use of fertilizers since the soil is not capable of regenerating its nutrients as quickly as this type of horticulture requires. However, the conventional fertilization method is ineffective and generates contamination problems due to excess nutrients. For this reason, new technologies are currently being tested, with controlled release systems generating the greatest interest. In this sense, the main objective of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of a biodegradable and sustainable controlled release system (matrix) to supply micronutrients to horticultural crops. To this end, a protein-rich soy by-product was revalued as raw material for the development of the matrix. In addition, the different processing stages were studied in order to achieve the most optimal system, in terms of its functional properties, to supply the nutrients to the crop. This work has opened a new possibility of creating more efficient fertilizers, improving the benefits of conventional fertilization. Thus, these matrices are expected to revolutionize the market, causing the method of fertilizing to change in the next years towards a more sustainable fertilization.

El uso de fertilizantes químicos es de gran importancia para suplir con las necesidades nutricionales como nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio para los cultivos; sin embargo, el uso desmedido de estos productos ocasiona diferentes problemáticas ambientales como la eutrofización; contaminación de aguas subterráneas; contaminación del aire y degradación del suelo. Así mismo se presentan problemáticas de salud en las personas que hacen uso de estos insumos agrícolas y en aquellas que consumen los productos que se desarrollaron con altos niveles de fertilización química, entre estas es la metahemoglobinemia y las nitrosaminas.

Improving biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in cereal crops is a long-sought objective; however, no successful modification of cereal crops showing increased BNF has been reported. Here, we described a novel approach in which rice plants were modified to increase the production of compounds that stimulated biofilm formation in soil diazotrophic bacteria, promoted bacterial colonization of plant tissues and improved BNF with increased grain yield at limiting soil nitrogen contents. We first used a chemical screening to identify plant-produced compounds that induced biofilm formation in nitrogen-fixing bacteria and demonstrated that apigenin and other flavones induced BNF. We then used CRISPR-based gene editing targeting apigenin breakdown in rice, increasing plant apigenin contents and apigenin root exudation. When grown at limiting soil nitrogen conditions, modified rice plants displayed increased grain yield. Biofilm production also modified the root microbiome structure, favouring the enrichment of diazotrophic bacteria recruitment. Our results support the manipulation of the flavone biosynthetic pathway as a feasible strategy for the induction of biological nitrogen fixation in cereals and a reduction in the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers.

El incremento de la producción hortícola, provocado por la nueva tendencia hacia una alimentación más sana, ha generado la necesidad de crear sistemas de horticultura intensiva. Estos sistemas subsisten gracias al uso de fertilizantes, ya que el suelo no es capaz de regenerar sus nutrientes tan rápidamente como requiere este tipo de horticultura. Sin embargo, el método de fertilización convencional es ineficaz y genera problemas de contaminación por exceso de nutrientes. Por este motivo, actualmente se están probando nuevas tecnologías, siendo los sistemas de liberación controlada los que generan un mayor interés. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de la presente tesis doctoral es el desarrollo de un sistema de liberación controlada (matriz) biodegradable y sostenible para suministrar micronutrientes a cultivos hortícolas. Para ello, se revalorizó un subproducto de soja rico en proteínas como materia prima para el desarrollo de la matriz. Además, se estudiaron las diferentes etapas de fabricación con la finalidad de conseguir el sistema más óptimo, en cuanto a sus propiedades funcionales, para suministrar los nutrientes al cultivo. Este trabajo ha abierto una nueva posibilidad de crear fertilizantes más eficientes, mejorando los beneficios de la fertilización convencional. Así, se espera que estas matrices revolucionen el mercado, haciendo que el método de fertilizar cambie en los próximos años hacia una fertilización más sostenible., The increase in horticultural production, caused by the new trend towards a healthier diet, has generated the need to create intensive horticultural systems. These systems subsist thanks to the use of fertilizers since the soil is not capable of regenerating its nutrients as quickly as this type of horticulture requires. However, the conventional fertilization method is ineffective and generates contamination problems due to excess nutrients. For this reason, new technologies are currently being tested, with controlled release systems generating the greatest interest. In this sense, the main objective of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of a biodegradable and sustainable controlled release system (matrix) to supply micronutrients to horticultural crops. To this end, a protein-rich soy by-product was revalued as raw material for the development of the matrix. In addition, the different processing stages were studied in order to achieve the most optimal system, in terms of its functional properties, to supply the nutrients to the crop. This work has opened a new possibility of creating more efficient fertilizers, improving the benefits of conventional fertilization. Thus, these matrices are expected to revolutionize the market, causing the method of fertilizing to change in the next years towards a more sustainable fertilization.

Due to the accelerated growth of the world population, the need for food has increased. Due to the differentiated climatic factors that Ecuador has, the usage of pesticides and fertilizers has increased at an alarming rate, in search of increasing the productivity of crops, which results in an accumulation of residues in food and soil. In this study, the search for concentrations of metals and ions from fertilizers in four high-consumption products will be limited to INIAP Cecilia and Chaucha Amarilla potatoes, Kidney Tomato and Paiteña Onion found in markets and supermarkets. The metals were determined by using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry with a mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). For ions, through a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The values found were within the norm. Differences were found between the metal content of the potato between peel and pulp where the latter will appear at the highest concen - trations. Multivariate statistics showed that the samples are grouped by the planting site and not the type of sample, which shows the importance of the soil and the cultivation process. The generation of a classification model for fed products with the analyzed parameters is discussed.

Andisols are soils derived from volcanic ash that are characterized by high concentrations of phosphorus (P). However, most of the P is not readily available for plant uptake due to the physical–chemical properties of the soils. The objective of this field study was to evaluate the effects of liquid P fertilizers on the plant growth and yield of a potato crop cultivated in Andisol type soil located in southern Chile. Ten treatments were applied pre- and/or postemergence, including orthophosphate- or ammonium polyphosphatebased fertilizers applied alone or in combination with fulvic acid and granular fertilizers; in addition, an unfertilized control (T0) was also included. Significant differences were found in terms of yield, total number of stems, and tuber size. The application of liquid fertilizers resulted in similar levels of foliar P content, while the number of stems was higher with the combined application of ammonium polyphosphate and fulvic acid. Furthermore, liquid P fertilizers increased crop yield (38%) and the proportion of large tubers (17%). The effects of orthophosphate and polyphosphate liquid fertilizers on potato were enhanced by the addition of fulvic acid to the soil., Los Andisoles son suelos derivados de cenizas volcánicas, caracterizados por altas concentraciones de fósforo (P). Sin embargo, gran parte del fósforo no está disponible para las plantas debido a las propiedades físico-químicas de estos suelos. El objetivo de este estudio de campo fue evaluar los efectos de fertilizantes líquidos de fósforo en el desarrollo y rendimiento de un cultivo de papa en un Andisol en el sur de Chile. Se aplicaron diez tratamientos antes y / o después de emergencia, incluyendo fertilizantes a base de ortofosfato o polifosfato de amonio, aplicados solos o en combinación con sustancias fúlvicas y fertilizantes granulares; además, se incluyó un control no fertilizado (T0). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos de fertilizantes en cuanto a rendimiento, número total de tallos y tamaño de los tubérculos. El contenido de P foliar fue similar entre los fertilizantes líquidos probados, pero el número de tallos fue mayor en el tratamiento de combinación de polifosfato de amonio / ácido fúlvico. Además, se obtuvo una mayor producción de papas (38%) y proporción de tubérculos grandes (17%) mediante la aplicación de fertilizantes líquidos de fósforo. Los efectos de los fertilizantes líquidos de ortofosfato y polifosfato en la papa se vieron reforzados por la adición de ácido fúlvico al suelo.

El uso de fertilizantes químicos es de gran importancia para suplir con las necesidades nutricionales como nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio para los cultivos; sin embargo, el uso desmedido de estos productos ocasiona diferentes problemáticas ambientales como la eutrofización; contaminación de aguas subterráneas; contaminación del aire y degradación del suelo. Así mismo se presentan problemáticas de salud en las personas que hacen uso de estos insumos agrícolas y en aquellas que consumen los productos que se desarrollaron con altos niveles de fertilización química, entre estas es la metahemoglobinemia y las nitrosaminas.

The aim of the project Biobased Fertilisers Achterhoek (‘Kunstmestvrije Achterhoek’ in Dutch) was to make fertilisation practices more sustainable through use of locally available nutrients that are derived from renewable sources. The project is part of the Sixth Action Programme of the Netherlands which serves the Nitrates Directive. One of the objectives was to determine the nitrogen fertiliser replacement value of biobased fertilising products that are made from animal manure. A second objective was to assess the risk of nitrogen leaching from these biobased fertilising products. These objectives were implemented by WUR- Wageningen Environmental Research in a monitoring programme which included field experiments carried out on grassland and on arable land with silage maize. This document reports the results of a second field experiment on grassland which was conducted in 2021. These results have indicated that the biobased nitrogen fertilisers tested could serve as a replacement for mineral nitrogen fertiliser., De doelstelling van het project KunstmestVrije Achterhoek (KVA) is het verduurzamen van de bemestingspraktijk door de bemesting van grasland en bouwland zo veel mogelijk in te vullen met regionaal beschikbare nutriënten. Het project is onderdeel is van het zesde Nederlandse actieprogramma in het kader van de Nitraatrichtlijn. Een van de doelstellingen betreft het bepalen van de agronomische effectiviteit van stikstof van stikstofhoudende bemestingsproducten geproduceerd uit co-vergiste varkensmest. Een tweede doelstelling het bepalen van enig risico op milieubezwaarlijkheid gelet op stikstof uitspoeling. Deze doelstellingen zijn door WUR-Wageningen Environmental Research uitgewerkt in een monitoringsprogramma met veldproeven op grasland en op maisland. Dit rapport geeft de resultaten van een tweede veldproef op grasland die in 2021 werd uitgevoerd op het proefbedrijf De Marke. De agronomische effectiviteit van de biogebaseerde stikstof meststof was vergelijkbaar met die van kalkammonsalpeter

El incremento de la producción hortícola, provocado por la nueva tendencia hacia una alimentación más sana, ha generado la necesidad de crear sistemas de horticultura intensiva. Estos sistemas subsisten gracias al uso de fertilizantes, ya que el suelo no es capaz de regenerar sus nutrientes tan rápidamente como requiere este tipo de horticultura. Sin embargo, el método de fertilización convencional es ineficaz y genera problemas de contaminación por exceso de nutrientes. Por este motivo, actualmente se están probando nuevas tecnologías, siendo los sistemas de liberación controlada los que generan un mayor interés. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de la presente tesis doctoral es el desarrollo de un sistema de liberación controlada (matriz) biodegradable y sostenible para suministrar micronutrientes a cultivos hortícolas. Para ello, se revalorizó un subproducto de soja rico en proteínas como materia prima para el desarrollo de la matriz. Además, se estudiaron las diferentes etapas de fabricación con la finalidad de conseguir el sistema más óptimo, en cuanto a sus propiedades funcionales, para suministrar los nutrientes al cultivo. Este trabajo ha abierto una nueva posibilidad de crear fertilizantes más eficientes, mejorando los beneficios de la fertilización convencional. Así, se espera que estas matrices revolucionen el mercado, haciendo que el método de fertilizar cambie en los próximos años hacia una fertilización más sostenible., The increase in horticultural production, caused by the new trend towards a healthier diet, has generated the need to create intensive horticultural systems. These systems subsist thanks to the use of fertilizers since the soil is not capable of regenerating its nutrients as quickly as this type of horticulture requires. However, the conventional fertilization method is ineffective and generates contamination problems due to excess nutrients. For this reason, new technologies are currently being tested, with controlled release systems generating the greatest interest. In this sense, the main objective of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of a biodegradable and sustainable controlled release system (matrix) to supply micronutrients to horticultural crops. To this end, a protein-rich soy by-product was revalued as raw material for the development of the matrix. In addition, the different processing stages were studied in order to achieve the most optimal system, in terms of its functional properties, to supply the nutrients to the crop. This work has opened a new possibility of creating more efficient fertilizers, improving the benefits of conventional fertilization. Thus, these matrices are expected to revolutionize the market, causing the method of fertilizing to change in the next years towards a more sustainable fertilization.

Wheat is the most important staple food worldwide, but wheat cultivation faces challenges from high food demand. Fertilizers are already in use to cope with the demand; however, more unconventional techniques may be required to enhance the efficiency of wheat cultivation. Nanotechnology offers one potential technique for improving plant growth and production by providing stimulating agents to the crop. In this study, plant-derived Ag/ZnO nanomaterials were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD methods. Various concentrations of phytogenically synthesized Ag/ZnO nanomaterials (20, 40, 60, and 80 ppm) and nitrogen-based fertilizers (urea and ammonium sulphate 50 and 100 mg/L) were applied to wheat varieties (Galaxy-13 and Pak-13). The results obtained from this research showed that application of 60 ppm Ag/ZnO nanomaterials with nitrogenous fertilizers (50 and 100 mg/L) were more effective in improving biochemistry and increasing yield of wheat plants by reducing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (proline content, soluble sugar content, malondialdehyde, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase); and significantly increasing the protein content, number of grains per pot, spike length, 100-grain weight, grain yield per pot, and harvest index of both wheat varieties, compared to untreated plants. These findings allow us to propose Ag/ZnO nanomaterial formulation as a promising growth- and productivity-improvement strategy for wheat cultivation.

Als Nederland geen derogatie meer heeft, zal het kunstmestgebruik stijgen om gewassen toch voldoende te kunnen bemesten. Het gevolg is extra gebruik van aardgas om kunstmest te produceren, vergelijkbaar met het jaarlijkse verbruik van 20.000 huishoudens.

Noortje Krol runt met haar man Nico een melkveehouderij. Ze hebben 154 hectare grond en 250 melkkoeien. “Als melkveehouders hebben we veel grond in beheer. We moeten onze verantwoordelijkheid nemen.”

This article gives detailed information about Increasing the biological activity of salinated soils of bukhara region with the help of various fertilizers.

The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) into agricultural soils, products, and foods severely limits the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture. In order to help designing agricultural practices that minimize the spread of ARG, we fertilized, sown, and harvested lettuces and radish plants in experimental land plots for two consecutive agricultural cycles using four types of fertilizers: mineral fertilization, sewage sludge, pig slurry, or composted organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The analysis of the relative abundances of more than 200,000 ASV (Amplicon Sequence Variants) identified a small, but significant overlap (<10%) between soil's and fertilizer microbiomes. Clinically relevant ARG were found in higher loads (up to 100 fold) in fertilized soils than in the initial soil, particularly in those treated with organic fertilizers, and their loads grossly correlated to the amount of antibiotic residues found in the corresponding fertilizer. Similarly, low, but measurable ARG loads were found in lettuce (tetM, sul1) and radish (sul1), corresponding the lowest values to samples collected from minerally fertilized fields. Comparison of soil samples collected along the total period of the experiment indicated a relatively year-round stability of soil microbiomes in amended soils, whereas ARG loads appeared as unstable and transient. The results indicate that ARG loads in soils and foodstuffs were likely linked to the contribution of bacteria from organic fertilizer to the soil microbiomes, suggesting that an adequate waste management and good pharmacological and veterinarian practicesmay significantly reduce the presence of these ARGs in agricultural soils and plant products., Postprint (published version)

Food crops are grown with fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (macronutrients) along with magnesium, calcium, boron, and zinc (micronutrients) at different ratios during their cultivation. Soil and plant-associated microbes have been implicated to promote plant growth, stress tolerance, and productivity. However, the high degree of variability across agricultural environments makes it difficult to assess the possible influences of nutrient fertilizers on these microbial communities. Uncovering the underlying mechanisms could lead us to achieve consistently improved food quality and productivity with minimal environmental impacts. For this purpose, we tested a commercially available fertilizer (surface-mined volcanic ash deposit Azomite) applied as a supplement to the normal fertilizer program of greenhouse-grown tomato plants. Because this treatment showed a significant increase in fruit production at measured intervals, we examined its impact on the composition of below-ground microbial communities, focusing on members identified as "core taxa" that were enriched in the rhizosphere and root endosphere compared to bulk soil and appeared above their predicted neutral distribution levels in control and treated samples. This analysis revealed that Azomite had little effect on microbial composition overall, but it had a significant, temporally selective influence on the core taxa. Changes in the composition of the core taxa were correlated with computationally inferred changes in functional pathway enrichment associated with carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting a shift in available microbial nutrients within the roots. This finding exemplifies how the nutrient environment can specifically alter the functional capacity of root-associated bacterial taxa, with the potential to improve crop productivity. IMPORTANCE Various types of soil fertilizers are used routinely to increase crop yields globally. The effects of these treatments are assessed mainly

El incremento de la producción hortícola, provocado por la nueva tendencia hacia una alimentación más sana, ha generado la necesidad de crear sistemas de horticultura intensiva. Estos sistemas subsisten gracias al uso de fertilizantes, ya que el suelo no es capaz de regenerar sus nutrientes tan rápidamente como requiere este tipo de horticultura. Sin embargo, el método de fertilización convencional es ineficaz y genera problemas de contaminación por exceso de nutrientes. Por este motivo, actualmente se están probando nuevas tecnologías, siendo los sistemas de liberación controlada los que generan un mayor interés. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de la presente tesis doctoral es el desarrollo de un sistema de liberación controlada (matriz) biodegradable y sostenible para suministrar micronutrientes a cultivos hortícolas. Para ello, se revalorizó un subproducto de soja rico en proteínas como materia prima para el desarrollo de la matriz. Además, se estudiaron las diferentes etapas de fabricación con la finalidad de conseguir el sistema más óptimo, en cuanto a sus propiedades funcionales, para suministrar los nutrientes al cultivo. Este trabajo ha abierto una nueva posibilidad de crear fertilizantes más eficientes, mejorando los beneficios de la fertilización convencional. Así, se espera que estas matrices revolucionen el mercado, haciendo que el método de fertilizar cambie en los próximos años hacia una fertilización más sostenible., The increase in horticultural production, caused by the new trend towards a healthier diet, has generated the need to create intensive horticultural systems. These systems subsist thanks to the use of fertilizers since the soil is not capable of regenerating its nutrients as quickly as this type of horticulture requires. However, the conventional fertilization method is ineffective and generates contamination problems due to excess nutrients. For this reason, new technologies are currently being tested, with controlled release systems generating the greatest interest. In this sense, the main objective of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of a biodegradable and sustainable controlled release system (matrix) to supply micronutrients to horticultural crops. To this end, a protein-rich soy by-product was revalued as raw material for the development of the matrix. In addition, the different processing stages were studied in order to achieve the most optimal system, in terms of its functional properties, to supply the nutrients to the crop. This work has opened a new possibility of creating more efficient fertilizers, improving the benefits of conventional fertilization. Thus, these matrices are expected to revolutionize the market, causing the method of fertilizing to change in the next years towards a more sustainable fertilization.

Nitrogen fertilization of pastures is an agronomic practice used to increase forage´s yield. In this research, literature was reviewed in different countries of America with the objective of identifying the effect of inorganic and organic nitrogen (N) fertilization in different dosages on the production and quality of Cynodon´s grasses. The information was analyzed by grouping the type of fertilizer and the doses of N. For inorganic fertilizers, dosage ranges from 25 to 400 kg N/ha per year were found. The information was related to the productive response of Cynodon´s grasses in terms of fresh and dry biomass production; dry matter (%DM); crude protein (%CP); neutral detergent fiber (%FDN); acid detergent fiber (%FDA) and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (%DIVMS). DM production was higher for organic fertilizers. CP was higher for nitrogen applications at doses greater than 201 kg N/ha and organic treatments. DM percentage was higher in N doses of 101-200 kg N/ha (27.4%). The FDA and NDF obtained lower values for N doses >201 kg N/ha (63.3% and 31.7%). The in vitro dry matter digestibility was higher in N doses of 25-100 kg N/ha. Fresh biomass production was higher in organic fertilizers (13 723 kg N/ha). Plant height had similar values in organic fertilizers and in N treatments of 25-100 kg N/ha (40,90 and 40,78 cm). Due to the diverse behavior of the productive, nutritional, and physiological variables presented in this review, producers should establish parameters based on system objectives, in order to choose doses and type of fertilizer that covers the needs of their pastures., La fertilización nitrogenada de pasturas es una práctica agronómica utilizada para incrementar el rendimiento en forrajes. En esta investigación se revisó literatura en distintos países de América con el objetivo de identificar el efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada inorgánica y orgánica en distintas dosificaciones sobre la producción y calidad de pastos del género Cynodon. La información se analizó agrupando el tipo de fertilizante y las dosis de uso de nitrógeno (N). En los fertilizantes inorgánicos se encontraron rangos de dosificación entre 25 hasta los 400 kg N/ha por año. La información se relacionó con la respuesta productiva de los pastos del género Cynodon en términos de producción de biomasa fresca y seca; materia seca (%MS); proteína cruda (%PC); fibra detergente neutra (%FDN); fibra detergente ácida (%FDA) y digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (%DIVMS). La producción de MS fue mayor para fertilizantes orgánicos. La PC fue superior para aplicaciones de nitrógeno en dosis mayores a 201 kg N/ha y tratamientos orgánicos El porcentaje de MS fue más grande para dosis de N de 101-200 kg N/ha (27,4%). La FDA y la FDN obtuvieron menores valores para dosis de N >201 kg N/ha (63,3% y 31,7%). La digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca presentó valores superiores para dosis de N de 25-100 kg N/ha. La producción de biomasa fresca fue mayor para los fertilizantes orgánicos (13 723 kg N/ha). La altura de la planta tuvo valores similares para fertilizantes orgánicos y para tratamientos de N de 25-100 kg N/ha (40,90 cm y 40,78 cm). Debido al comportamiento diverso para las variables productivas, nutricionales y fisiológicas presentadas en esta revisión, los productores deben establecer parámetros con base en los objetivos del sistema con el fin de poder elegir dosis y tipo de fertilizante que se ajusten a las necesidades de sus pasturas.

Stadtbäume haben oftmals mit schwierigen Standortbedingungen zu kämpfen und geschädigte oder kranke Bäume sind ein häufiges Bild. Im Gegensatz dazu stehen die zahlreichen positiven Eigenschaften, welche Bäumen im urbanen Raum zugeschrieben werden. Daher ist die Motivation hoch, Möglichkeiten zur Förderung des Wachstums und der Vitalität zu finden. Während gewissen Faktoren, wie beispielsweise einer ausreichenden Bewässerung, viel Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wird, hat die Düngung nur eine untergeordnete Rolle und wird bisweilen als Massnahme vernachlässigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit wertet einen Düngeversuch in der Gemeinde Cham im Kanton Zug aus. In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Saatgutproduzenten Otto Hauenstein Samen begleitet der Leiter Gartenbau und Friedhof Markus Schuler, seit 2014 ein Düngeversuch an 20 Bäumen. 2021 wurde nun eine Bilanz gezogen. Dafür wurden Bodenproben entnommen, die Kronenvitalität beurteilt und die Grösse der Bäume gemessen. Die quantitative Auswertung der beurteilten und gemessenen Parameter sollte dann Aufschlüsse darüber liefern, ob sich die Düngung positiv auf die Entwicklung der Bäume ausgewirkt hat. Die chemischen und physikalischen Analysen der Bodenproben dienten dazu, die Resultate der zuvor genannten Auswertung nachzuvollziehen. Anhand der Resultate ist kein Vorteil durch eine Düngung zu erkennen. Die Nährstoffwerte der limitierenden Elemente, Stickstoff und Kalium, können zwar marginal angehoben werden, daraus lassen sich jedoch keine direkten, positiven Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung der Bäume ableiten. Vergleichbare Studien kommen zu ähnlichen Resultaten und schreiben anderen Faktoren eine grössere Bedeutung bezüglich Wachstums und Vitalität zuzuordnen ist. Als entscheidend nach der Pflanzung wird vor allem die Bewässerung betrachtet. Zudem haben aber die Bodeneigenschaften, die Qualität der Bäume und deren Wurzeln sowie die Sortenwahl grossen Einfluss. Weiter Untersuchungen müssten zeigen, welchen Einfluss eine Düngung hat, sofern die g, Urban trees often must cope with difficult site conditions and damaged or diseased trees are a common sight. This contrasts with numerous positive effects attributed to trees in urban areas. Therefore, the motivation to find ways to promote growth and vitality is high. Whereas certain factors, such as sufficient irrigation, receive a lot of attention, fertilization has only a subordinate role and is sometimes neglected as a measure. The present work evaluates a fertilization experiment in the municipality of Cham in the canton of Zug. In cooperation with seed producer Otto Hauenstein Samen, the head of horticulture and cemetery Markus Schuler, has accompanied a fertilization trial on 20 trees since 2014. A report was done in 2021. For this purpose, soil samples were taken, crown vitality was assessed, and the size of the trees was measured. The quantitative evaluation of the assessed and measured parameters should then provide information on whether the fertilization has had a positive effect on the development of the trees. The chemical and physical analyses of the soil samples served to understand the results of the evaluation. Based on the results, no benefit from fertilization can be seen. The nutrient values of the limiting elements, nitrogen and potassium, can be marginally increased, but no direct, positive effects on the development of the trees can be derived from this. Comparable studies come to similar results and attribute greater importance to other factors about growth and vitality. Irrigation is the most important factor after planting. However, soil properties, the quality of the trees and their roots, and the choice of cultivar also have a major influence. Further investigations would have to show what influence fertilization has, provided that the factors mentioned guarantee the best possible nutrient uptake.

This article gives detailed information about Increasing the biological activity of salinated soils of bukhara region with the help of various fertilizers.

The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of how agricultural activities in rice cultivation areas in southern Brazil’s Pampas biome in affect biodiversity. Aquatic insects and water parameters such as pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen and conductivity are used as bioindicators and are measured in field sampling and analyzed in laboratory studies. Research questions have been used to further discuss how water near rice cultivation areas and sustainable agriculture should be used for the future. Three different sampling points were used for the study, organic (OR) rice fields, conventional (CON) rice fields and natural wetlands (NA). Results show no significant influence of nitrogen on the insect richness or abundance, nitrite shows significant influence but not enough to draw any strong conclusions from the result. Water parameters with the highest correlation to the insect community in this study are pH, ORP, conductivity and total dissolved solids. Both the measured pH value and ORP are strongly correlated to the chemical status of the water and the insects that live there. Too high or too low pH value is not favorable for aquatic insects or the waters biodiversity, nor a too low value of ORP. Results could not show a significant difference among the aquatic insect composition between the three measured sampling sites. Although when measuring difference in insect composition, values from PERMANOA and NMDS indicates that the measured organic areas have a higher similarity to the natural areas than the conventional areas. This study is strongly linked to a sustainable development and Agenda 2030s goal 4 and 15 since biodiversity is a fundamental thing on this earth and needs to be preserved.

Crop rotation is known as an eco-friendlier approach, as provides diversification in crop management systems, modifies intensive pressure on the agricultural ecosystem, utilizes various soil horizons, and prevents the establishment of specific pests and weeds. We set out here a study on the farms that have been managed over 50 years of specific continuous crop management programs. The experimental treatments were in a different management system: monoculture of maize, winter wheat, and soybean, 2-year crop rotation (winter wheat–maize) with and without chemical fertilizer, and 3-year crop rotation (winter wheat–soybean–maize) with and without chemical fertilizer and manure. We took soil samples six times from 2014 to 2017 prior to sowing and after harvesting each year. Weed seeds were extracted from soils and identified and counted by species. We, upon the data of a long term experiment of crop rotation, could conclude that crop rotations with more crops in the sequence are significantly effective in maintaining weed populations, a low-input crop production could reach a constant low population below an important damaging density, and therefore will be a more sustainable crop production while chemical fertilizers would change the soil’s chemical and structure and imbalance the plant population diversity and manures with high weed seed infestations have the potential to totally eradicate crop rotation effects, Therefore, clean manures or compost are highly recommended.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the microencapsulation of humic and fulvic acids to be used in fertilization through controlled release for ornamental plants with a high commercial value, thereby seeking to generate an alternative to reduce the impact environmental caused by other types of fertilizers for the same purposes, it is important to mention that the production of ornamental plants is considered as an industry that requires high costs during its initiation and maintenance, highlighting the increase in costs due to the use of imported materials such as: vermiculites, rock wool, peat, muzgos, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate and phosphonitrate, it should be taken into account that the most used commercial products for fertilization have shown to have adequate physicochemical properties for the development of crops, therefore, the development of alternative fertilizers to the traditional ones will have to take special care of these aspects, in addition to not causing damage to the soil, thus avoiding the generation of residual contaminants., El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la microencapsulación de ácidos humícos y fúlvicos para ser empleados en la fertilización a través de la liberación controlada para plantas de ornato con un alto valor comercial, con ello se busca generar una alternativa de reducción en el impacto ambiental provocado por otros tipos de fertilizantes para los mismos fines, es importante mencionar que la producción de plantas de ornato es considerada como una industria que requiere de costos elevados durante su iniciación y mantenimiento, destacando el incremento de costos debido a la utilización de materiales importados tales como: vermiculitas, lana roca, turbas, muzgos, nitrato de potasio, nitrato de calcio y fosfonitratos, se debe tomar en cuenta que los productos comerciales más utilizados para la fertilización han demostrado poseer propiedades fisicoquímicas adecuadas para el desarrollo de los cultivos por lo tanto, el desarrollo de fertilizantes alternativos a los tradicionales habrán de cuidar de manera especial dichos aspectos, además de no ocasionar daño al suelo evitando así la generación de contaminantes residuales.

De internationale grondstoffenmarkt is door de pandemie, de hoge energie-prijzen en de oorlog in Oekraine sterk verstoord door schaarste aan grondstoffen en de aanhoudend hoge energiekosten zullen de prrijzen langdurig hoog zijn. Voor Europa, met zijn beperkte grondstoffen en energievoorraad, is de situatie een enorme wake up call. Mogelijk is de tijd rijp om meer ruimte to bieden aan kunstmestvervangers uit organische reststoffen.

De bemesting in Nederland is vaak een combinatie van dierlijke mest en kunstmest. Via het meng- en ruwvoer is de dierlijke mest, en daarmee ook kunstmestvervangers, grotendeels herleidbaar tot kunstmest.