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Kilonovae are likely a key site of heavy r-process element production in the Universe, and their optical/infrared spectra contain insights into both the properties of the ejecta and the conditions of the r-process. However, the event GW170817/AT2017gfo is the only kilonova so far with well-observed spectra. To understand the diversity of absorption features that might be observed in future kilonovae spectra, we use the TARDIS Monte Carlo radiative transfer code to simulate a suite of optical spectra spanning a wide range of kilonova ejecta properties and r-process abundance patterns. To identify the most common and prominent absorption lines, we perform dimensionality reduction using an autoencoder, and we find spectra clusters in the latent space representation using a Bayesian Gaussian Mixture model. Our synthetic kilonovae spectra commonly display strong absorption by strontium Sr II, yttrium Y II, and zirconium Zr I - II, with strong lanthanide contributions at low electron fractions (Ye < 0.25). When a new kilonova is observed, our machine learning framework will provide context on the dominant absorption lines and key ejecta properties, helping to determine where this event falls within the larger 'zoo' of kilonovae spectra., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, published by ApJ. Replaced to match the accepted version

The Lyman continuum (LyC) cannot be observed at the epoch of reionization (z {\gtrsim} 6) due to intergalactic H I absorption. To identify Lyman continuum emitters (LCEs) and infer the fraction of escaping LyC, astronomers have developed various indirect diagnostics of LyC escape. Using measurements of the LyC from the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), we present the first statistical test of these diagnostics. While optical depth indicators based on Ly{\alpha}, such as peak velocity separation and equivalent width, perform well, we also find that other diagnostics, such as the [O III]/[O II] flux ratio and star formation rate surface density, predict whether a galaxy is a LCE. The relationship between these galaxy properties and the fraction of escaping LyC flux suggests that LyC escape depends strongly on H I column density, ionization parameter, and stellar feedback. We find LCEs occupy a range of stellar masses, metallicities, star formation histories, and ionization parameters, which may indicate episodic and/or different physical causes of LyC escape., Comment: ApJ, accepted. 31 pages, 26 figures, 1 table

The origins of Lyman continuum (LyC) photons responsible for the reionization of the universe are as of yet unknown and highly contested. Detecting LyC photons from the epoch of reionization is not possible due to absorption by the intergalactic medium, which has prompted the development of several indirect diagnostics to infer the rate at which galaxies contribute LyC photons to reionize the universe by studying lower-redshift analogs. We present the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS) comprising measurements made with HST/COS for a z=0.2-0.4 sample of 66 galaxies. After careful processing of the FUV spectra, we obtain a total of 35 Lyman continuum emitters (LCEs) detected with 97.725% confidence, nearly tripling the number of known local LCEs. We estimate escape fractions from the detected LyC flux and upper limits on the undetected LyC flux, finding a range of LyC escape fractions up to 50%. Of the 35 LzLCS LCEs, 12 have LyC escape fractions greater than 5%, more than doubling the number of known local LCEs with cosmologically relevant LyC escape., Comment: ApJS, accepted. 28 pages, 19 figures, 8 tables. Full machine readable tables will be made available by the publisher at the time of publication

The Lyman continuum (LyC) cannot be observed at the epoch of reionization (z greater than or similar to 6) owing to intergalactic H i absorption. To identify LyC emitters (LCEs) and infer the fraction of escaping LyC, astronomers have developed various indirect diagnostics of LyC escape. Using measurements of the LyC from the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), we present the first statistical test of these diagnostics. While optical depth indicators based on Ly alpha, such as peak velocity separation and equivalent width, perform well, we also find that other diagnostics, such as the [O iii]/[O ii] flux ratio and star formation rate surface density, predict whether a galaxy is an LCE. The relationship between these galaxy properties and the fraction of escaping LyC flux suggests that LyC escape depends strongly on H i column density, ionization parameter, and stellar feedback. We find that LCEs occupy a range of stellar masses, metallicities, star formation histories, and ionization parameters, which may indicate episodic and/or different physical causes of LyC escape.

The origins of Lyman continuum (LyC) photons responsible for the reionization of the universe are as of yet unknown and highly contested. Detecting LyC photons from the Epoch of Reionization is not possible due to absorption by the intergalactic medium, which has prompted the development of several indirect diagnostics to infer the rate at which galaxies contribute LyC photons to reionize the universe by studying lower-redshift analogs. We present the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS) comprising measurements made with the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph for a z = 0.2-0.4 sample of 66 galaxies. After careful processing of the far-UV spectra, we obtain a total of 35 Lyman continuum emitters (LCEs) detected with 97.725% confidence, nearly tripling the number of known local LCEs. We estimate escape fractions from the detected LyC flux and upper limits on the undetected LyC flux, finding a range of LyC escape fractions up to 50%. Of the 35 LzLCS LCEs, 12 have LyC escape fractions greater than 5%, more than doubling the number of known local LCEs with cosmologically relevant LyC escape.

The Lyman continuum (LyC) cannot be observed at the epoch of reionization (z {\gtrsim} 6) due to intergalactic H I absorption. To identify Lyman continuum emitters (LCEs) and infer the fraction of escaping LyC, astronomers have developed various indirect diagnostics of LyC escape. Using measurements of the LyC from the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), we present the first statistical test of these diagnostics. While optical depth indicators based on Ly{\alpha}, such as peak velocity separation and equivalent width, perform well, we also find that other diagnostics, such as the [O III]/[O II] flux ratio and star formation rate surface density, predict whether a galaxy is a LCE. The relationship between these galaxy properties and the fraction of escaping LyC flux suggests that LyC escape depends strongly on H I column density, ionization parameter, and stellar feedback. We find LCEs occupy a range of stellar masses, metallicities, star formation histories, and ionization parameters, which may indicate episodic and/or different physical causes of LyC escape., Comment: ApJ, accepted. 31 pages, 26 figures, 1 table

The origins of Lyman continuum (LyC) photons responsible for the reionization of the universe are as of yet unknown and highly contested. Detecting LyC photons from the epoch of reionization is not possible due to absorption by the intergalactic medium, which has prompted the development of several indirect diagnostics to infer the rate at which galaxies contribute LyC photons to reionize the universe by studying lower-redshift analogs. We present the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS) comprising measurements made with HST/COS for a z=0.2-0.4 sample of 66 galaxies. After careful processing of the FUV spectra, we obtain a total of 35 Lyman continuum emitters (LCEs) detected with 97.725% confidence, nearly tripling the number of known local LCEs. We estimate escape fractions from the detected LyC flux and upper limits on the undetected LyC flux, finding a range of LyC escape fractions up to 50%. Of the 35 LzLCS LCEs, 12 have LyC escape fractions greater than 5%, more than doubling the number of known local LCEs with cosmologically relevant LyC escape., Comment: ApJS, accepted. 28 pages, 19 figures, 8 tables. Full machine readable tables will be made available by the publisher at the time of publication

Item does not contain fulltext, BACKGROUND: Concerns have been voiced that the exclusion of pregnant women from clinical trials results in a lack of safety and pharmacokinetic data for antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) in pregnancy, creating clear risks to pregnant women living with HIV (PWLHIV), and their infants. SETTING: The World Health Organization convened a Paediatric Antiretroviral Drug Optimization group meeting, December 10-12, 2018, in Geneva, Switzerland. METHODS: The group, comprised of clinicians, scientists, HIV program managers, regulators, and community representatives, were tasked to consider how ARVs are studied in PWLHIV, define alternative approaches to studying ARVs in PWLHIV, identify ways to shorten the timeline to determine safe use of new agents during pregnancy, and define strategies to collaborate with regulators and industry to change longstanding practices. RESULTS: Most new ARVs are not studied in pregnant populations until after drug licensure, primarily opportunistically among women who become pregnant while taking the ARV of interest. Acceleration of the timeline will require earlier completion of preclinical studies and a new paradigm, namely-under certain conditions-allow women who become pregnant while participating in phase III ARV studies the option of remaining on study and enroll pregnant women into phase III trials of new agents to obtain preliminary safety and dosing and efficacy data. CONCLUSION: A revision of the current approach to the study of antiretrovirals in pregnant women is urgently needed to improve timely access and safe use of new agents during pregnancy.

Item does not contain fulltext, BACKGROUND: Concerns have been voiced that the exclusion of pregnant women from clinical trials results in a lack of safety and pharmacokinetic data for antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) in pregnancy, creating clear risks to pregnant women living with HIV (PWLHIV), and their infants. SETTING: The World Health Organization convened a Paediatric Antiretroviral Drug Optimization group meeting, December 10-12, 2018, in Geneva, Switzerland. METHODS: The group, comprised of clinicians, scientists, HIV program managers, regulators, and community representatives, were tasked to consider how ARVs are studied in PWLHIV, define alternative approaches to studying ARVs in PWLHIV, identify ways to shorten the timeline to determine safe use of new agents during pregnancy, and define strategies to collaborate with regulators and industry to change longstanding practices. RESULTS: Most new ARVs are not studied in pregnant populations until after drug licensure, primarily opportunistically among women who become pregnant while taking the ARV of interest. Acceleration of the timeline will require earlier completion of preclinical studies and a new paradigm, namely-under certain conditions-allow women who become pregnant while participating in phase III ARV studies the option of remaining on study and enroll pregnant women into phase III trials of new agents to obtain preliminary safety and dosing and efficacy data. CONCLUSION: A revision of the current approach to the study of antiretrovirals in pregnant women is urgently needed to improve timely access and safe use of new agents during pregnancy.

Item does not contain fulltext, BACKGROUND: Concerns have been voiced that the exclusion of pregnant women from clinical trials results in a lack of safety and pharmacokinetic data for antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) in pregnancy, creating clear risks to pregnant women living with HIV (PWLHIV), and their infants. SETTING: The World Health Organization convened a Paediatric Antiretroviral Drug Optimization group meeting, December 10-12, 2018, in Geneva, Switzerland. METHODS: The group, comprised of clinicians, scientists, HIV program managers, regulators, and community representatives, were tasked to consider how ARVs are studied in PWLHIV, define alternative approaches to studying ARVs in PWLHIV, identify ways to shorten the timeline to determine safe use of new agents during pregnancy, and define strategies to collaborate with regulators and industry to change longstanding practices. RESULTS: Most new ARVs are not studied in pregnant populations until after drug licensure, primarily opportunistically among women who become pregnant while taking the ARV of interest. Acceleration of the timeline will require earlier completion of preclinical studies and a new paradigm, namely-under certain conditions-allow women who become pregnant while participating in phase III ARV studies the option of remaining on study and enroll pregnant women into phase III trials of new agents to obtain preliminary safety and dosing and efficacy data. CONCLUSION: A revision of the current approach to the study of antiretrovirals in pregnant women is urgently needed to improve timely access and safe use of new agents during pregnancy.

We continue to investigate two-dimensional laterally propagating flames in type I X-ray bursts using fully compressible hydrodynamics simulations. In the current study we relax previous approximations where we artificially boosted the flames. We now use more physically realistic reaction rates, thermal conductivities, and rotation rates, exploring the effects of neutron star rotation rate and thermal structure on the flame. We find that at lower rotation rates the flame becomes harder to ignite, whereas at higher rotation rates the nuclear burning is enhanced by increased confinement from the Coriolis force and the flame propagates steadily. At higher crustal temperatures, the flame moves more quickly and accelerates as it propagates through the atmosphere. If the temperature is too high, instead of a flame propagating across the surface the entire atmosphere burns steadily. All of the software used for these simulations is freely available., Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

BACKGROUND: Unstable settings present challenges for the effective provision of antiretroviral treatment (ART). In this paper, we summarize the experience and results of providing ART and implementing contingency plans during acute instability in the Central African Republic (CAR) and Yemen. CASE PRESENTATION: In CAR, MSF has provided HIV care in three conflict-affected rural regions; these were put on hold throughout the acute phase of violence. "Run-away bags" containing 3 or 4 months of ART were distributed to patients at MSF facilities. Among 1820 HIV patients enrolled into care, 1440 (79%) initiated ART. By December 2016, 782 (54%) patients were still under ART, 354 (25%) have been lost to follow up and 182 (13%) had died. In 2013, when violence disrupted services, 683 patients were receiving ART. Between September-December 2013, 594 (87%) patients received runaway bags and by February 2014, 313 (53%) of these patients returned to the clinic.In Yemen, when violence erupted, patients received a health card that included a helpline to call in case of drug shortages in admission to emergency stocks; this was not possible in CAR due to lack of a functioning telephone network. One thousand six hundred fifty-five PLWHA have been enrolled in care and 1470 (89%) initiated ART; 1056 (72%) are still followed on ART, 126 (9%) were lost to follow up, and 288 (20%) died. In January 2011 clashes began and by April 2011 MSF medical activities were interrupted. Of the 363 patients receiving ART, 363 (100%) received emergency bags to cover 9 months and by February 2012, 354 (98%) patients returned to care. In March 2015 a new wave of conflict affected Yemen, forcing HIV activities to revert to contingency planning. CONCLUSIONS: This experience provides further evidence that provision of HIV treatment and emergency drug stocks can be successfully provided to most patients in both conflict-affected settings.

INTRODUCTION: An increasing proportion of adult patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings are aged > 50 years. Older populations on ART appear to have heightened risk of death, but little is known about factors influencing mortality in this population. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational multisite cohort study including all adult patients (≥ 15 years) initiating ART between 2003 and 2013 in programmes supported by Médecins Sans Frontières across 12 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. Patients were stratified into two age groups, > 50 years and 15 to 50 years. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to explore factors associated with mortality. RESULTS: The study included 41,088 patients: 2591 (6.3%) were aged > 50 years and 38,497 (93.7%) were aged 15 to 50 years. The mortality rate was significantly higher in the age group > 50 years [367 (14.2%) deaths; mortality rate 7.67 deaths per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, CI: 6.93 to 8.50)] compared to the age group 15 to 50 years [3788 (9.8%) deaths; mortality rate 4.18 deaths per 100 person-years (95% CI: 4.05 to 4.31)], p < 0.0001. Higher CD4 levels at baseline were associated with significantly reduced mortality rates in the 15 to 50 age group but this association was not seen in the > 50 age group. WHO Stage 4 conditions were more strongly associated with increased mortality rates in the 15 to 50 age group compared to populations > 50 years. WHO Stage 3 conditions were associated with an increased mortality rate in the 15 to 50 age group but not in the > 50 age group. Programme region did not affect mortality rates in the > 50 age group; however being in an Asian programme was associated with a 36% reduced mortality rate in populations aged 15 to 50 years compared to being in an African programme. There was a higher overall incidence of Stage 3 WHO conditions in people > 50 years (12.8/100 person-years) compared to those 15 to 50 years (8.1/100 perso

There are inefficiencies in current approaches to monitoring patients on antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. Patients typically attend clinics every 1 to 3 months for clinical assessment. The clinic costs are comparable with the costs of the drugs themselves and CD4 counts are measured every 6 months, but patients are rarely switched to second-line therapies. To ensure sustainability of treatment programmes, a transition to more cost-effective delivery of antiretroviral therapy is needed. In contrast to the CD4 count, measurement of the level of HIV RNA in plasma (the viral load) provides a direct measure of the current treatment effect. Viral-load-informed differentiated care is a means of tailoring care so that those with suppressed viral load visit the clinic less frequently and attention is focussed on those with unsuppressed viral load to promote adherence and timely switching to a second-line regimen. The most feasible approach to measuring viral load in many countries is to collect dried blood spot samples for testing in regional laboratories; however, there have been concerns over the sensitivity and specificity of this approach to define treatment failure and the delay in returning results to the clinic. We use modelling to synthesize evidence and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of viral-load-informed differentiated care, accounting for limitations of dried blood sample testing. We find that viral-load-informed differentiated care using dried blood sample testing is cost-effective and is a recommended strategy for patient monitoring, although further empirical evidence as the approach is rolled out would be of value. We also explore the potential benefits of point-of-care viral load tests that may become available in the future.This article has not been written or reviewed by Nature editors. Nature accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided.

There are inefficiencies in current approaches to monitoring patients on antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. Patients typically attend clinics every 1 to 3 months for clinical assessment. The clinic costs are comparable with the costs of the drugs themselves and CD4 counts are measured every 6 months, but patients are rarely switched to second-line therapies. To ensure sustainability of treatment programmes, a transition to more cost-effective delivery of antiretroviral therapy is needed. In contrast to the CD4 count, measurement of the level of HIV RNA in plasma (the viral load) provides a direct measure of the current treatment effect. Viral-load-informed differentiated care is a means of tailoring care so that those with suppressed viral load visit the clinic less frequently and attention is focussed on those with unsuppressed viral load to promote adherence and timely switching to a second-line regimen. The most feasible approach to measuring viral load in many countries is to collect dried blood spot samples for testing in regional laboratories; however, there have been concerns over the sensitivity and specificity of this approach to define treatment failure and the delay in returning results to the clinic. We use modelling to synthesize evidence and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of viral-load-informed differentiated care, accounting for limitations of dried blood sample testing. We find that viral-load-informed differentiated care using dried blood sample testing is cost-effective and is a recommended strategy for patient monitoring, although further empirical evidence as the approach is rolled out would be of value. We also explore the potential benefits of point-of-care viral load tests that may become available in the future.

Compared to psychosocial programs implemented in post-conflict settings those executed in areas of ongoing conflicts may have different effects. Their evidence of efficacy has never been systematically reviewed. We searched PubMed, PsychInfo and the Dutch Tropical Institute Literature Portal from inception to31 January 2013 to identify studies on community-oriented psychosocial and psychiatric/clinical services for adults during ongoing manmade conflict or its direct aftermath. Of 6358 articles screened, 16 met our inclusion criteria. The interventions varied from psycho-educational to psychotropic drugs. The review is presented using outcome indicators such as PTSD, anxiety, depression, physical health, functioning and well being. A substantial improvement of some outcome was found though the small number of studies and their heterogeneity did not justify strong conclusions. PTSD symptoms improved significantly by treatments that included exposure (such as narrative exposure therapy). A number of studies (eight) showed notable improvement of the client’s functioning through counseling interventions. Depression and anxiety both improved considerably using that culturally adapted interventions (two studies), whereas non-culturalized interventions did not. We found a notable lack of studies on the efficacy of medication and on preferred western, evidence-based interventions for PTSD such Eye Movement Desensitization. To measure outcomes only two studies applied locally-developed diagnostic labels and validated instruments. Future research should encourage the use of robust research methods that are culturally valid, including mixed-methods research to combine measurable outputs with qualitative research aimed at improved understanding from the client’s perspective.

INTRODUCTION: Co-infection with Hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV is common and HIV accelerates hepatic disease progression due to HCV. However, access to HCV treatment is limited and success rates are generally poor. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess HCV treatment outcomes in observational cohorts. Two databases (Medline and EMBASE) were searched using a compound search strategy for cohort studies reporting HCV treatment outcomes (as determined by a sustained virological response, SVR) in HIV-positive patients initiating HCV treatment for the first time. RESULTS: 40 studies were included for review, providing outcomes on 5339 patients from 17 countries. The pooled proportion of patients achieving SVR was 38%. Significantly poorer outcomes were observed for patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 or 4 (pooled SVR 24.5%), compared to genotypes 2 or 3 (pooled SVR 59.8%). The pooled proportion of patients who discontinued treatment due to drug toxicities (reported by 33 studies) was low, at 4.3% (3.3-5.3%). Defaulting from treatment, reported by 33 studies, was also low (5.1%, 3.5-6.6%), as was on-treatment mortality (35 studies, 0.1% (0-0.2%)). CONCLUSIONS: These results, reported under programmatic conditions, are comparable to those reported in randomised clinical trials, and show that although HCV treatment outcomes are generally poor in HIV co-infected patients, those infected with HCV genotypes 2 or 3 have outcomes comparable to HIV-negative patients.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have demonstrated a cross-sectional relationship between antiretroviral adherence and HIV virological suppression. We assessed the predictive value of baseline adherence in determining long-term virological failure. DESIGN: We assessed baseline adherence via an adherence questionnaire between administered to all consenting patients attending antiretroviral clinics in Khayelitsha township, South Africa, between May 2002 and March 2004. Virological status was ascertained after five years of follow up and multivariate analysis used to model associations of baseline variables and medication adherence with time to viral suppression or failure. RESULTS: Our adherence cohort comprised 207 patients, among whom 72% were female. Median age was 30 years and median CD4 count at initiation was 55 cells/mm(3). We found no statistically significant differences between baseline characteristics and early adherence groups. Multivariate analysis adjusting for baseline CD4 and age found that patients with suboptimal baseline adherence had a hazard ratio of 2.82 (95% CI 1.19-6.66, p = 0.018) for progression to virological failure compared to those whose baseline adherence was considered optimal. CONCLUSIONS: Our longitudinal study provides further confirmation of adherence as a primary determinant of subsequent confirmed virological failure, and serves as a reminder of the importance of initial early investments in adherence counseling and support as an effective way to maximize long-term treatment success.

Providing HIV care in conflict settings involves additional obstacles to those generally encountered in other resource-limited settings, say Heather Culbert and colleagues.

Current research into spatial audio has shown an increasing interest in the way subjective attributes of reproduced sound are elicited from listeners. The emphasis at present is on verbal semantics, however studies suggest that non-verbal methods of elicitation could be beneficial. Research into the relative merits of these methods has found that non-verbal responses may result in different elicited attributes compared to verbal techniques. Non-verbal responses may be closer to the perception of the stimuli than the verbal interpretation of this perception. There is evidence that drawing is not as accurate as other non-verbal methods of elicitation when it comes to reporting the localisation of auditory images. However, the advantage of drawing is its ability to describe the whole auditory space rather than a single dimension.

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http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-MOLLUSK1IC-X-156527%5DUMMZ-MOL-156495-156535, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/mollusk1ic/156527/UMMZ-MOL-156495-156535/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be under copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, contact the UMMZ Mollusks Division professional staff: mollusk1ic-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu.

http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-MOLLUSK1IC-X-150213%5DUMMZ-MOL-150181-150221, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/mollusk1ic/150213/UMMZ-MOL-150181-150221/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be under copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, contact the UMMZ Mollusks Division professional staff: mollusk1ic-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu.

http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-MOLLUSK1IC-X-150212%5DUMMZ-MOL-150181-150221, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/mollusk1ic/150212/UMMZ-MOL-150181-150221/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be under copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, contact the UMMZ Mollusks Division professional staff: mollusk1ic-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu.

http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-MOLLUSK1IC-X-150216%5DUMMZ-MOL-150181-150221, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/mollusk1ic/150216/UMMZ-MOL-150181-150221/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be under copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, contact the UMMZ Mollusks Division professional staff: mollusk1ic-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu.

http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-MOLLUSK1IC-X-156522%5DUMMZ-MOL-156495-156535, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/mollusk1ic/156522/UMMZ-MOL-156495-156535/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be under copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, contact the UMMZ Mollusks Division professional staff: mollusk1ic-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu.

http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-MOLLUSK1IC-X-150217%5DUMMZ-MOL-150181-150221, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/mollusk1ic/150217/UMMZ-MOL-150181-150221/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be under copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, contact the UMMZ Mollusks Division professional staff: mollusk1ic-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu.