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Pitahaya (Hylocereus spp) is a fruit that, due to the characteristics of its demand, both for fresh fruit and for industrial consumption, has detonated its development in various countries. However, it presents various self-incompatibility mechanisms that impact productivity. Therefore, the viability of pollen was analyzed during the anthesis (or flowering period)of two white-fleshed H. undatus cultivars, taking pollen samples for 13 hours, from the beginning of the anthesis in the afternoon, until it ends the following day. The method used was staining with tetrazolium salt (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) or TZ. The results showed that there is no viable pollen at the beginning of the anthesis. At 09:00 pm the viability began to grow slowly and after 12:00 am it doubled and the viability accelerated, marking the highest from 02:00 to 04:00 am. It was possible to observe the consistency of the pollen that begins with a phase I with humid pollen without viability, up to another with lower humidity with low viability (phase II). Phase III observed very granular mealy pollen, easy to handle precisely when the staining readings marked the viability of 93 % to 95 %. Subsequently, the viability decreases until it disappears when the floral structure begins to dehydrate., La pitahaya (Hylocereus spp) es un fruto que, por las características de su demanda, tanto para fruta fresca como para consumo industrial, ha detonado fuertemente su desarrollo en diversos países. in embargo, presenta diversos mecanismos de autoincompatibilidad que impacta en la productividad. Por lo anterior, se analizó la viabilidad del polen durante la antesis (o periodo de floración) de dos cultivares de H. undatus de pulpa blanca. Para ello se tomó muestras de polen durante 13 horas, desde el comienzo de ésta por la tarde, hasta que finaliza al día siguiente. El método utilizado fue tinción con sal de tetrazolio (cloruro de 2,3,5-trifeniltetrazolio) o TZ. Los resultados mostraron que no hay polen viable al inicio de la antesis. A las 09:00 pm la viabilidad comenzó a crecer lentamente y después de las 12:00 am se duplicó y se aceleró la viabilidad, marcando la más alta de 02:00 a 04:00 am. Se pudo observar la consistencia del polen que inicia con una fase I con polen húmedo sin viabilidad, hasta otra con menor humedad con baja viabilidad (fase II). La fase III, observó polen harinoso muy granulado, fácil de manejar precisamente cuando las lecturas de la tinción marcaron la viabilidad de 93 % a 95 %. Posteriormente, la viabilidad baja hasta desaparecer cuando la estructura floral comienza a deshidratarse.

Pitahaya (Hylocereus spp) is a fruit that, due to the characteristics of its demand, both for fresh fruit and for industrial consumption, has detonated its development in various countries. However, it presents various self-incompatibility mechanisms that impact productivity. Therefore, the viability of pollen was analyzed during the anthesis (or flowering period)of two white-fleshed H. undatus cultivars, taking pollen samples for 13 hours, from the beginning of the anthesis in the afternoon, until it ends the following day. The method used was staining with tetrazolium salt (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) or TZ. The results showed that there is no viable pollen at the beginning of the anthesis. At 09:00 pm the viability began to grow slowly and after 12:00 am it doubled and the viability accelerated, marking the highest from 02:00 to 04:00 am. It was possible to observe the consistency of the pollen that begins with a phase I with humid pollen without viability, up to another with lower humidity with low viability (phase II). Phase III observed very granular mealy pollen, easy to handle precisely when the staining readings marked the viability of 93 % to 95 %. Subsequently, the viability decreases until it disappears when the floral structure begins to dehydrate., La pitahaya (Hylocereus spp) es un fruto que, por las características de su demanda, tanto para fruta fresca como para consumo industrial, ha detonado fuertemente su desarrollo en diversos países. in embargo, presenta diversos mecanismos de autoincompatibilidad que impacta en la productividad. Por lo anterior, se analizó la viabilidad del polen durante la antesis (o periodo de floración) de dos cultivares de H. undatus de pulpa blanca. Para ello se tomó muestras de polen durante 13 horas, desde el comienzo de ésta por la tarde, hasta que finaliza al día siguiente. El método utilizado fue tinción con sal de tetrazolio (cloruro de 2,3,5-trifeniltetrazolio) o TZ. Los resultados mostraron que no hay polen viable al inicio de la antesis. A las 09:00 pm la viabilidad comenzó a crecer lentamente y después de las 12:00 am se duplicó y se aceleró la viabilidad, marcando la más alta de 02:00 a 04:00 am. Se pudo observar la consistencia del polen que inicia con una fase I con polen húmedo sin viabilidad, hasta otra con menor humedad con baja viabilidad (fase II). La fase III, observó polen harinoso muy granulado, fácil de manejar precisamente cuando las lecturas de la tinción marcaron la viabilidad de 93 % a 95 %. Posteriormente, la viabilidad baja hasta desaparecer cuando la estructura floral comienza a deshidratarse.

Pitahaya (Hylocereus spp) is a fruit that, due to the characteristics of its demand, both for fresh fruit and for industrial consumption, has detonated its development in various countries. However, it presents various self-incompatibility mechanisms that impact productivity. Therefore, the viability of pollen was analyzed during the anthesis (or flowering period)of two white-fleshed H. undatus cultivars, taking pollen samples for 13 hours, from the beginning of the anthesis in the afternoon, until it ends the following day. The method used was staining with tetrazolium salt (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) or TZ. The results showed that there is no viable pollen at the beginning of the anthesis. At 09:00 pm the viability began to grow slowly and after 12:00 am it doubled and the viability accelerated, marking the highest from 02:00 to 04:00 am. It was possible to observe the consistency of the pollen that begins with a phase I with humid pollen without viability, up to another with lower humidity with low viability (phase II). Phase III observed very granular mealy pollen, easy to handle precisely when the staining readings marked the viability of 93 % to 95 %. Subsequently, the viability decreases until it disappears when the floral structure begins to dehydrate., La pitahaya (Hylocereus spp) es un fruto que, por las características de su demanda, tanto para fruta fresca como para consumo industrial, ha detonado fuertemente su desarrollo en diversos países. in embargo, presenta diversos mecanismos de autoincompatibilidad que impacta en la productividad. Por lo anterior, se analizó la viabilidad del polen durante la antesis (o periodo de floración) de dos cultivares de H. undatus de pulpa blanca. Para ello se tomó muestras de polen durante 13 horas, desde el comienzo de ésta por la tarde, hasta que finaliza al día siguiente. El método utilizado fue tinción con sal de tetrazolio (cloruro de 2,3,5-trifeniltetrazolio) o TZ. Los resultados mostraron que no hay polen viable al inicio de la antesis. A las 09:00 pm la viabilidad comenzó a crecer lentamente y después de las 12:00 am se duplicó y se aceleró la viabilidad, marcando la más alta de 02:00 a 04:00 am. Se pudo observar la consistencia del polen que inicia con una fase I con polen húmedo sin viabilidad, hasta otra con menor humedad con baja viabilidad (fase II). La fase III, observó polen harinoso muy granulado, fácil de manejar precisamente cuando las lecturas de la tinción marcaron la viabilidad de 93 % a 95 %. Posteriormente, la viabilidad baja hasta desaparecer cuando la estructura floral comienza a deshidratarse.

Orchard meadows, a special agroforestry system with high-stemmed fruit trees scattered in meadows, pastures, or arable land, are traditional elements in the cultural landscape of Central Europe. They have been decreasing by -75% since the middle of the 20th century, apparently due to agricultural intensification, urbanization, or land abandonment. In this study, the historical and current distribution of orchard meadows was mapped for South Tyrol (North Italy), followed by a spatio-temporal analysis of changes since the 1950s. Furthermore, a field study was conducted, including interviews and onsite surveys in selected orchards throughout South Tyrol to understand temporal changes in fruit composition and agricultural management since the 1990s. The orchard meadow area in South Tyrol has decreased by more than 6,000ha (-95%) over the past 75 years, which shows one of the strongest declines in Central Europe. A loss occurred at all elevations, slopes, and expositions and was highest at lower elevations (-5,155ha), shallow slopes (-4,313ha), and expositions towards the south (-5,035ha). The loss of orchard meadows was mainly driven by agricultural intensification (69%), urbanization (23%), and land abandonment (6%), where former orchard meadows were mainly converted to modern orchards (56%), built-up areas (14%), infrastructure (8%), intensively managed grasslands (8%), and forests (6%). The tree density within orchard meadows has decreased from 56 ind. ha-1 to 45 ind. ha-1, despite the strong increase in tree density within intensive apple plantations in South Tyrol (up to 10,000 ind. ha-1). The analysis of fruit composition showed an increase in diversity of fruit species. Unlike the 1990s, khakis, pomegranates, and olives, in particular, were newly added to the fruit assortment. In the meantime, orchard meadows have been planted more frequently in home gardens and an increased use as recreational space can be observed. Furthermore, remaining orchard meadows appeare, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

Orchard meadows, a special agroforestry system with high-stemmed fruit trees scattered in meadows, pastures, or arable land, are traditional elements in the cultural landscape of Central Europe. They have been decreasing by -75% since the middle of the 20th century, apparently due to agricultural intensification, urbanization, or land abandonment. In this study, the historical and current distribution of orchard meadows was mapped for South Tyrol (North Italy), followed by a spatio-temporal analysis of changes since the 1950s. Furthermore, a field study was conducted, including interviews and onsite surveys in selected orchards throughout South Tyrol to understand temporal changes in fruit composition and agricultural management since the 1990s. The orchard meadow area in South Tyrol has decreased by more than 6,000ha (-95%) over the past 75 years, which shows one of the strongest declines in Central Europe. A loss occurred at all elevations, slopes, and expositions and was highest at lower elevations (-5,155ha), shallow slopes (-4,313ha), and expositions towards the south (-5,035ha). The loss of orchard meadows was mainly driven by agricultural intensification (69%), urbanization (23%), and land abandonment (6%), where former orchard meadows were mainly converted to modern orchards (56%), built-up areas (14%), infrastructure (8%), intensively managed grasslands (8%), and forests (6%). The tree density within orchard meadows has decreased from 56 ind. ha-1 to 45 ind. ha-1, despite the strong increase in tree density within intensive apple plantations in South Tyrol (up to 10,000 ind. ha-1). The analysis of fruit composition showed an increase in diversity of fruit species. Unlike the 1990s, khakis, pomegranates, and olives, in particular, were newly added to the fruit assortment. In the meantime, orchard meadows have been planted more frequently in home gardens and an increased use as recreational space can be observed. Furthermore, remaining orchard meadows appeare, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

Mesoamerica is characterized by the diversity of ecosystems, where there is a great natural wealth but also an importantcultural diversity. The historical relationship between such a diverse nature and numerous native peoples favored the se-lection and domestication of a considerable number of spe-cies with multiple uses, especially food plants. The plants that are a basic part of the Mesoamerican diet and that have posi-tioned themselves in the world diet stand out, such as corn, beans, pumpkin or chili; but also various fruit trees that have been part of our food culture. This article focuses on the Mexi-can plum (Spondias purpurea), a native fruit of the Mesoame-rican dry tropics with ecological, historical, cultural and eco- nomic importance, which represents a promising tree in diver-sified rural production., Mesoamérica se caracteriza por la diversidad de ecosistemas, donde existe una gran riqueza natural, pero también una importante diversidad cultural. La relación histórica entre una naturaleza tan diversa y numerosos pueblos originarios favoreció la selección y domesticación de un considerable número de especies con múltiples usos, especialmente plantas alimentarias. Destacan las que forman parte básica de la dieta mesoamericana y que se han posicionado en la alimentación mundial, como el maíz, el frijol, la calabaza o el chile; pero también diversos árboles frutales que han sido parte de nuestra cultura alimentaria. El presente artículo se enfoca en la ciruela mexicana (Spondias purpurea), frutal nativo del trópico seco mesoamericano con importancia ecológica, histórica, cultural y económica, que representa un árbol promisorio en la producción rural diversificada.

The characterization of production systems is important to determine limitations and potentialities that allow their management. This type of diagnosis has not been carried out in the study region; therefore, there is no information on cocoa-based agroforestry systems. Therefore, traditional cocoa farms in the municipality of Los Andes, department of Nariño (Colombia), were social and economically characterized. Basic information was reviewed and a semi-structured survey was applied to a stratified random sample of 60 cocoa farmers. Eighteen qualitative and 20 quantitative variables were analyzed simultaneously with multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal components analysis (PCA). In the PCA, five components explained 58.7% of the variability. The variables with the highest contribution were farm area, income from cocoa yields, income from agricultural production other than cocoa, and family labor. In the MCA, 11 components explained 58.43% of the variability. The most important components were farmers' schooling, transport type, loans, marketing, technical assistance, gender, land tenure, production systems, roads, and domestic animals. Finally, topographic and climatic conditions, inadequate roads and marketing of cocoa and the low adoption of technologies limit the competitiveness of the cocoa farms, hence the need to create favorable conditions to enhance the potential of cocoa agroforests., La caracterización de los sistemas de producción es importante para determinar las limitaciones y potencialidades que permitan su manejo. Este tipo de diagnóstico no se ha realizado en la región de estudio; por lo tanto, no hay información sobre sistemas agroforestales a base de cacao. Por lo tanto, se caracterizó social y económicamente a las fincas cacaoteras tradicionales del municipio de Los Andes, departamento de Nariño (Colombia). Se revisó información básica y se aplicó una encuesta semiestructurada a una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 60 productores de cacao. Dieciocho variables cualitativas y 20 cuantitativas se analizaron simultáneamente con análisis de correspondencia múltiple (MCA) y análisis de componentes principales (PCA). En el PCA, cinco componentes explicaron el 58,7% de la variabilidad. Las variables con mayor contribución fueron superficie de finca, ingresos por rendimientos de cacao, ingresos de la producción agrícola distinta del cacao y mano de obra familiar. En la MCA, 11 componentes explicaron el 58,43% de la variabilidad. Los componentes más importantes fueron la escolaridad de los agricultores, el tipo de transporte, los préstamos, la comercialización, la asistencia técnica, el género, la tenencia de la tierra, los sistemas de producción, los caminos y los animales domésticos. Finalmente, las condiciones topográficas y climáticas, caminos inadecuados y comercialización del cacao y la baja adopción de tecnologías limitan la competitividad de las fincas cacaoteras, de ahí la necesidad de crear condiciones favorables para potenciar el potencial de los agrobosques cacaoteros. sistemas de producción, caminos y animales domésticos. Finalmente, las condiciones topográficas y climáticas, caminos inadecuados y comercialización del cacao y la baja adopción de tecnologías limitan la competitividad de las fincas cacaoteras, de ahí la necesidad de crear condiciones favorables para potenciar el potencial de los agrobosques cacaoteros. sistemas de pr

Scale insects from the Coccidae family are significant pests that can be found on a wide variety of plants. They are widely distributed in the world and cause significant economic damage to fruit trees, ornamental and forest trees. In our country, these species were mostly registered as pests in extensive orchards or on physiologically weakened plants. However, in recent years, their increasingly frequent occurrence has been noted in intensive plantations, where they occur in numerous populations and with increased damage. The presence, intensity of scale insect from the Coccidae family and symptoms of damage were determined in the period from 2014. to 2017. in the territory of Serbia by visual inspection of plants and the sampling method of attacked plant material from orchards. In fruit orchards from an area of one hectare, five trees were examined diagonally. The intensity of attack on plants was assessed according to the Borchsenius scale (1963). In Serbia, four species from the Coccidae family are present on fruit trees: Parthenolecanium corni, Parthenolecanium persicae, Sphaerolecanium prunastri, Eulecanium tiliae. The intensity of scale insects attack ranged from 1 (one individual present) to 3 and 4 (numerous colonies present). Scale insects feeding on the plants overground parts and honeydew secretion, leads to leaves wilting, plant growth and development slowdown, dying of the branches as well as whole plants.

Avocado is a traditional fruit in the diet of Ecuadorians and requires proper crop handling to guarantee high production. Implementations of new technological alternatives such as spectroscopy indexes that correlating each other will allow optimize avocado crop management. This research validated the use of red band and near infrared-based plant indices with leaf nitrogen content. The plant indices used were normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) and transformed vegetation index (TVI). These indexes were developed from two orthomosaics obtaining images that capture red and near infrared bands. Regression and correlation analysis were performed between the vegetable indices and the foliar nitrogen content analysis, generating R² values of 0.93 for NDVI, and 0.95 for TVI. The values of the plant indexes can be used to estimate plant vigor based on the nitrogen content of the foliar area., El aguacate es una fruta tradicional en la dieta de los ecuatorianos y requiere un manejo adecuado que garantice su producción. La implementación de nuevas alternativas tecnológicas, como utilización de índices de espectroscopia, permite obtener datos que al correlacionarlos optimizarán el manejo del cultivo. Esta investigación validó el uso de índices vegetales basados en la banda roja e infrarrojo cercano con el contenido de nitrógeno foliar. Se utilizó los índices vegetales: índice normalizado diferencial de vegetación (NDVI) e índice de vegetación transformado (TVI) desde dos ortomosaicos obtenidos mediante imágenes que capturan banda roja e infrarrojo cercano en plantaciones de aguacate. Se realizaron regresiones y correlaciones entre los índices vegetales y los resultados de los análisis foliares de contenido de nitrógeno, generando valores de R² de 0,93 para NDVI y 0,95 para TVI. Los valores de los índices vegetales pueden utilizarse para estimar el vigor de la planta basado en el contenido de nitrógeno foliar.

In this article It is discussed the genesis of the image of fruit trees in folklore,mythology, and artistic interpretations of folklore. It is known that each nationhas its own way of life. In folklore, this originality is notable for its artisticexpression. It is noteworthy that they contain motives and images typical of theepic tradition. In the system of images in folklore, the interpretation of religiousviews related to the image of trees has a special place. Such trees includemulberry, fig, walnut, grape, jiida, apple, apricot, peach, plum and others.

In this article It is discussed the genesis of the image of fruit trees in folklore,mythology, and artistic interpretations of folklore. It is known that each nationhas its own way of life. In folklore, this originality is notable for its artisticexpression. It is noteworthy that they contain motives and images typical of theepic tradition. In the system of images in folklore, the interpretation of religiousviews related to the image of trees has a special place. Such trees includemulberry, fig, walnut, grape, jiida, apple, apricot, peach, plum and others.

In this article It is discussed the genesis of the image of fruit trees in folklore,mythology, and artistic interpretations of folklore. It is known that each nationhas its own way of life. In folklore, this originality is notable for its artisticexpression. It is noteworthy that they contain motives and images typical of theepic tradition. In the system of images in folklore, the interpretation of religiousviews related to the image of trees has a special place. Such trees includemulberry, fig, walnut, grape, jiida, apple, apricot, peach, plum and others.

In this article It is discussed the genesis of the image of fruit trees in folklore,mythology, and artistic interpretations of folklore. It is known that each nationhas its own way of life. In folklore, this originality is notable for its artisticexpression. It is noteworthy that they contain motives and images typical of theepic tradition. In the system of images in folklore, the interpretation of religiousviews related to the image of trees has a special place. Such trees includemulberry, fig, walnut, grape, jiida, apple, apricot, peach, plum and others.

In this article It is discussed the genesis of the image of fruit trees in folklore,mythology, and artistic interpretations of folklore. It is known that each nationhas its own way of life. In folklore, this originality is notable for its artisticexpression. It is noteworthy that they contain motives and images typical of theepic tradition. In the system of images in folklore, the interpretation of religiousviews related to the image of trees has a special place. Such trees includemulberry, fig, walnut, grape, jiida, apple, apricot, peach, plum and others.

In this article It is discussed the genesis of the image of fruit trees in folklore,mythology, and artistic interpretations of folklore. It is known that each nationhas its own way of life. In folklore, this originality is notable for its artisticexpression. It is noteworthy that they contain motives and images typical of theepic tradition. In the system of images in folklore, the interpretation of religiousviews related to the image of trees has a special place. Such trees includemulberry, fig, walnut, grape, jiida, apple, apricot, peach, plum and others.

In this article It is discussed the genesis of the image of fruit trees in folklore,mythology, and artistic interpretations of folklore. It is known that each nationhas its own way of life. In folklore, this originality is notable for its artisticexpression. It is noteworthy that they contain motives and images typical of theepic tradition. In the system of images in folklore, the interpretation of religiousviews related to the image of trees has a special place. Such trees includemulberry, fig, walnut, grape, jiida, apple, apricot, peach, plum and others.

Advances in sensor miniaturization are increasing the global popularity of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing applications in many domains of agriculture. Fruit orchards (the source of the fruit industry chain) require site-specific or even individual-tree-specific management throughout the growing season—from flowering, fruitlet development, ripening, and harvest—to tree dormancy. The recent increase in research on deploying UAV in orchard management has yielded new insights but challenges relating to determining the optimal approach (e.g., image-processing methods) are hampering widespread adoption, largely because there is no standard workflow for the application of UAVs in orchard management. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review focused on UAV-based orchard management: the survey includes achievements to date and shortcomings to be addressed. Sensing system architecture focusing on UAVs and sensors is summarized. Then up-to-date applications supported by UAVs in orchard management are described, focusing on the diversity of data-processing techniques, including monitoring efficiency and accuracy. With the goal of identifying the gaps and examining the opportunities for UAV-based orchard management, this study also discusses the performance of emerging technologies and compare similar research providing technical and comprehensive support for the further exploitation of UAVs and a revolution in orchard management.

Increased agricultural use of tropical peatlands has negative environmental effects. Drainage leads to landscape-wide degradation and fire risks. Livelihood strategies in peatland ecosystems have traditionally focused on transitions from riverbanks to peatland forests. Riparian ‘Kaleka’ agroforests with more than 100 years of history persist in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan (Indonesia), where large-scale open-field agricultural projects have dramatically failed. Our field study in a Dayak Ngaju village on the Kahayan river in the Pulang Pisau district involved characterizing land uses, surveying vegetation, measuring soil characteristics, and monitoring groundwater during a period of 16 months. We focused on how local practices and farmer knowledge compare with standard soil fertility (physical, chemical, biological) measurements to make meaningful assessments of risks and opportunities for sustainable land use within site-specific constraints. The Kaleka agroforests around a former settlement and sacred historical meaning are species-rich agroforests dominated by local fruit trees and rubber close to the riverbank. They function well with high wet-season groundwater tables (up to −15 cm) compatible with peatland restoration targets. Existing soil quality indices rate the soils, with low soil pH and high Alexch, as having low suitability for most annual crops, but active tree regeneration in Kaleka shows sustainability.

Se presentan los resultados del análisis antracológico, así como los datos dendrológicos y tafonómicos de varias muestras de carbón. Estas fueron recuperadas durante la intervención arqueológica desarrollada en el Castillo de Pambre (Palas de Rei, Lugo) en el año 2014, en relación con las tareas de rehabilitación del conjunto de edificaciones del castillo. Los datos obtenidos nos permiten definir el uso como combustible de los recursos leñosos que realizaron los ocupantes del castillo durante los siglos XV-XVII. Se documenta un predominio de la madera de roble (Quercus sp. caducifolio), seguida del avellano (Corylus avellana) junto con una gran diversidad de taxones, especialmente de árboles frutales, mientras que los taxones de matorral son poco significativos en el conjunto. Esto a pesar de coincidir con un período frío, la Pequeña Edad del Hielo, y de la importante deforestación registrada tanto en los datos paleoambientales como en la documentación., This paper presents the results of charcoal analysis as well as dendrological and taphonomical attributes of charcoal samples. These were recovered during the archaeological survey in the Pambre Castle (Palas de Rei, Lugo) during 2014 and in relation to the rehabilitation activities in the group of buildings of the castle. The data obtained let us to define the use as firewood of wood resources performed by the inhabitants of the castle between 15th to 17th centuries AD. A predominance of oak (deciduous Quercus), followed by hazel wood (Corylus avellana) has been attested, besides a great taxa diversity, predominantly fruit trees whilst scrubland taxa are not significant in the assemblage. This even though it coincided with a cold period, the Little Ice Age, and the major deforestation registered in the paleoenvironmental proxies as well as in the written sources.

Many types of fruit trees produce suckers around the base of the tree. Crown suckers arise in the area immediately surrounding the tree trunk (Photo 1), and root suckers can arise from roots further away from the trunk. Not only are suckers around trees unsightly, but they can also harbor insect pests like wooly apple aphid and provide points of entry for diseases like fire blight. If suckers are profuse, they interfere with in-row weed management and can absorb systemic herbicides such as glyphosate. Some rootstocks used for fruit trees such as M.7 for apples and Mazzard for cherries are genetically predisposed to produce suckers. M.9 clone RN-29 is more inclined to sucker than other M.9 clones. In some cases, sucker growth is a symptom of partial incompatibility between the rootstock and scion. Suckers can also result from injury to the crown, such as extreme cold or mechanical damage. Whatever the cause, managing suckers takes time and expense. This fact sheet reviews mechanical and chemical control methods to manage suckers surrounding fruit trees.

Se presentan los resultados del análisis antracológico, así como los datos dendrológicos y tafonómicos de varias muestras de carbón. Estas fueron recuperadas durante la intervención arqueológica desarrollada en el Castillo de Pambre (Palas de Rei, Lugo) en el año 2014, en relación con las tareas de rehabilitación del conjunto de edificaciones del castillo. Los datos obtenidos nos permiten definir el uso como combustible de los recursos leñosos que realizaron los ocupantes del castillo durante los siglos XV-XVII. Se documenta un predominio de la madera de roble (Quercus sp. caducifolio), seguida del avellano (Corylus avellana) junto con una gran diversidad de taxones, especialmente de árboles frutales, mientras que los taxones de matorral son poco significativos en el conjunto. Esto a pesar de coincidir con un período frío, la Pequeña Edad del Hielo, y de la importante deforestación registrada tanto en los datos paleoambientales como en la documentación, This paper presents the results of charcoal analysis as well as dendrological and taphonomical attributes of charcoal samples. These were recovered during the archaeological survey in the Pambre Castle (Palas de Rei, Lugo) during 2014 and in relation to the rehabilitation activities in the group of buildings of the castle. The data obtained let us to define the use as firewood of wood resources performed by the inhabitants of the castle between 15th to 17th centuries AD. A predominance of oak (deciduous Quercus), followed by hazel wood (Corylus avellana) has been attested, besides a great taxa diversity, predominantly fruit trees whilst scrubland taxa are not significant in the assemblage. This even though it coincided with a cold period, the Little Ice Age, and the major deforestation registered in the paleoenvironmental proxies as well as in the written sources

Many types of fruit trees produce suckers around the base of the tree. Crown suckers arise in the area immediately surrounding the tree trunk (Photo 1), and root suckers can arise from roots further away from the trunk. Not only are suckers around trees unsightly, but they can also harbor insect pests like wooly apple aphid and provide points of entry for diseases like fire blight. If suckers are profuse, they interfere with in-row weed management and can absorb systemic herbicides such as glyphosate. Some rootstocks used for fruit trees such as M.7 for apples and Mazzard for cherries are genetically predisposed to produce suckers. M.9 clone RN-29 is more inclined to sucker than other M.9 clones. In some cases, sucker growth is a symptom of partial incompatibility between the rootstock and scion. Suckers can also result from injury to the crown, such as extreme cold or mechanical damage. Whatever the cause, managing suckers takes time and expense. This fact sheet reviews mechanical and chemical control methods to manage suckers surrounding fruit trees.

Se presentan los resultados del análisis antracológico, así como los datos dendrológicos y tafonómicos de varias muestras de carbón. Estas fueron recuperadas durante la intervención arqueológica desarrollada en el Castillo de Pambre (Palas de Rei, Lugo) en el año 2014, en relación con las tareas de rehabilitación del conjunto de edificaciones del castillo. Los datos obtenidos nos permiten definir el uso como combustible de los recursos leñosos que realizaron los ocupantes del castillo durante los siglos XV-XVII. Se documenta un predominio de la madera de roble (Quercus sp. caducifolio), seguida del avellano (Corylus avellana) junto con una gran diversidad de taxones, especialmente de árboles frutales, mientras que los taxones de matorral son poco significativos en el conjunto. Esto a pesar de coincidir con un período frío, la Pequeña Edad del Hielo, y de la importante deforestación registrada tanto en los datos paleoambientales como en la documentación., This paper presents the results of charcoal analysis as well as dendrological and taphonomical attributes of charcoal samples. These were recovered during the archaeological survey in the Pambre Castle (Palas de Rei, Lugo) during 2014 and in relation to the rehabilitation activities in the group of buildings of the castle. The data obtained let us to define the use as firewood of wood resources performed by the inhabitants of the castle between 15th to 17th centuries AD. A predominance of oak (deciduous Quercus), followed by hazel wood (Corylus avellana) has been attested, besides a great taxa diversity, predominantly fruit trees whilst scrubland taxa are not significant in the assemblage. This even though it coincided with a cold period, the Little Ice Age, and the major deforestation registered in the paleoenvironmental proxies as well as in the written sources.

[ES] El estudio se realizará en la empresa Viveros Hernandorena S.L. ubicada en el término de Benimodo (Valencia), dedicada a la producción de plantones de especies leñosas como frutales de hueso, caquis, olivos, kiwis, higueras, granados y algarrobos para su venta en maceta. El principal objetivo de este ensayo es la recolección de datos para definir una estrategia de control integrado de pulgones en un vivero de frutales bajo invernadero mediante el uso de plantas banker. El primer paso para la recolección de datos consistirá en introducir diversas especies vegetales que harán la función de bankers y se infestarán con pulgones específicos de las mismas que no afectarán a los cultivos de la empresa. Tanto los pulgones de las plantas cultivadas, como de las plantas banker atraerán parasitoides y depredadores, que serán capturados, identificados y estudiados en el laboratorio para conocer cuáles son comunes y por ello podrán ser utilizados para el control de la plaga en el cultivo., [EN] The study will be carried out at the company Viveros Hernandorena S.L. located in the village of Benimodo (Valencia), dedicated to the production of fruit trees of species such as stone fruit, persimmons, olive trees, kiwis, figs, pomegranates and carob trees for selling them potted. The main objective of this trial is the data collection to define an integrated aphid control strategy in a fruit tree nursery inside a greenhouse through the use of banker plants. The first step in data collection will be to introduce various plant species that will act as bankers and will be infested with specific aphids that will not affect the produced crops. Both the aphids of cultivated plants and banker plants will attract parasitoids and predators, which will be captured, identified and studied in the laboratory to know which are common and therefore can be used to control the aphid pest in the crop.

[ES] El estudio se realizará en la empresa Viveros Hernandorena S.L. ubicada en el término de Benimodo (Valencia), dedicada a la producción de plantones de especies leñosas como frutales de hueso, caquis, olivos, kiwis, higueras, granados y algarrobos para su venta en maceta. El principal objetivo de este ensayo es la recolección de datos para definir una estrategia de control integrado de pulgones en un vivero de frutales bajo invernadero mediante el uso de plantas banker. El primer paso para la recolección de datos consistirá en introducir diversas especies vegetales que harán la función de bankers y se infestarán con pulgones específicos de las mismas que no afectarán a los cultivos de la empresa. Tanto los pulgones de las plantas cultivadas, como de las plantas banker atraerán parasitoides y depredadores, que serán capturados, identificados y estudiados en el laboratorio para conocer cuáles son comunes y por ello podrán ser utilizados para el control de la plaga en el cultivo., [EN] The study will be carried out at the company Viveros Hernandorena S.L. located in the village of Benimodo (Valencia), dedicated to the production of fruit trees of species such as stone fruit, persimmons, olive trees, kiwis, figs, pomegranates and carob trees for selling them potted. The main objective of this trial is the data collection to define an integrated aphid control strategy in a fruit tree nursery inside a greenhouse through the use of banker plants. The first step in data collection will be to introduce various plant species that will act as bankers and will be infested with specific aphids that will not affect the produced crops. Both the aphids of cultivated plants and banker plants will attract parasitoids and predators, which will be captured, identified and studied in the laboratory to know which are common and therefore can be used to control the aphid pest in the crop.

Perennial horticulture in India has undergone a change from rainfed system to drip fertigation systems and from isolated hedge and bund trees to high intensity orchard systems with enhanced number of trees per unit area. In several parts, particularly in the Deccan plateau, the system has now become completely dependent on water pumped from tube wells. Severe competition for water from tube wells makes farmers to devote more water for cash rich annual crops and even sell water for city dwellers nearby. As a consequence, the groundwater level in the past three decades has fallen from few feet to above thousand feet. At several places it has crossed the “peak water”. Frequent and prolonged exposure of fruit trees and nuts to drought coupled with ground water depletion has led to soil profile drying leading to reduced vigour and enhanced vulnerability to diseases and pests. This has led to withering of fruit and nut trees. Perennial crops are likely to become increasingly maladapted to their environment, particularly in the earlier period of climate change they are more likely to be attacked by diseases and insects. Coconuts, areca nuts and mango trees have died in several places and the government constituted committees have recommended compensation to the farmers. As a country, we have dramatically increased our reliance on groundwater. 175 million Indians are now fed with food produced with the unsustainable use of groundwater. This increase has dried up rivers and lakes, because there is a hydrologic connection between groundwater and surface water. Yet the legal rules governing water use usually ignore the link between law and science. The issue needs thorough examination and needs policy interventions to come out of this vicious circle.

Perennial horticulture in India has undergone a change from rainfed system to drip fertigation systems and from isolated hedge and bund trees to high intensity orchard systems with enhanced number of trees per unit area. In several parts, particularly in the Deccan plateau, the system has now become completely dependent on water pumped from tube wells. Severe competition for water from tube wells makes farmers to devote more water for cash rich annual crops and even sell water for city dwellers nearby. As a consequence, the groundwater level in the past three decades has fallen from few feet to above thousand feet. At several places it has crossed the “peak water”. Frequent and prolonged exposure of fruit trees and nuts to drought coupled with ground water depletion has led to soil profile drying leading to reduced vigour and enhanced vulnerability to diseases and pests. This has led to withering of fruit and nut trees. Perennial crops are likely to become increasingly maladapted to their environment, particularly in the earlier period of climate change they are more likely to be attacked by diseases and insects. Coconuts, areca nuts and mango trees have died in several places and the government constituted committees have recommended compensation to the farmers. As a country, we have dramatically increased our reliance on groundwater. 175 million Indians are now fed with food produced with the unsustainable use of groundwater. This increase has dried up rivers and lakes, because there is a hydrologic connection between groundwater and surface water. Yet the legal rules governing water use usually ignore the link between law and science. The issue needs thorough examination and needs policy interventions to come out of this vicious circle.

How to plant fruit trees at home in your garden, including the life expectancy of trees, when they bear fruit, how to care for different fruit trees, pests and control, fertilization, pruning, orchard management, buying trees, apple rootstock, bearing apple trees, rodent control, spraying, and sanitation.

Fruit trees are pruned to improve fruit quality by encouraging an appropriate balance between vegetative (wood) and reproductive (fruiting) growth. Annual pruning of fruit trees always reduces yield, but enhances fruit quality. Pruning increases fruit size because excess flower buds are removed and pruning encourages the growth of new shoots with high-quality flower buds. Pruning improves light penetration into the canopy, and light is required for flower-bud development, fruit set and growth, and red color development. Pruning also makes the canopy more open and improves pest control by allowing better spray penetration into the tree; air movement throughout the canopy is increased, which improves drying conditions and reduces severity of many diseases. This publication describes why plants respond to pruning and other forms of plant manipulation used to train trees. This information applies to all plants, but application to fruit trees is emphasized

Tree root systems stabilize hillslopes and riverbanks, reducing landslide risk, but related data for the humid tropics are scarce. We tested fractal allometry hypotheses on differences in the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots of trees commonly found in agroforestry systems and on shear strength of soil in relation to root length density in the topsoil. Proximal roots of 685 trees (55 species; 4-20 cm stem diameter at breast height, dbh) were observed across six landscapes in Indonesia. The Index of Root Anchoring (IRA) and the Index of Root Binding (IRB) were calculated as ∑Dv 2/dbh2 and as ∑Dh 2/dbh2, respectively, where Dv and Dh are the diameters of vertical (angle > 45°) and horizontal (angle < 45°) proximal roots. High IRA values (>1.0) were observed in coffee and several common shade trees. Common fruit trees in coffee agroforestry had low medium values, indicating modest 'soil anchoring'. Where root length density (Lrv) in the topsoil is less than 10 km m-3 shear strength largely depends on texture; for Lrv > 10 shear strength was > 1.5 kg m-2 at the texture tested. In conclusion, a mix of tree species with deep roots and grasses with intense fine roots provides the highest hillslope and riverbank stability.

[ES] El estudio se realizará en la empresa Viveros Hernandorena S.L. ubicada en el término de Benimodo (Valencia), dedicada a la producción de plantones de especies leñosas como frutales de hueso, caquis, olivos, kiwis, higueras, granados y algarrobos para su venta en maceta. El principal objetivo de este ensayo es la recolección de datos para definir una estrategia de control integrado de pulgones en un vivero de frutales bajo invernadero mediante el uso de plantas banker. El primer paso para la recolección de datos consistirá en introducir diversas especies vegetales que harán la función de bankers y se infestarán con pulgones específicos de las mismas que no afectarán a los cultivos de la empresa. Tanto los pulgones de las plantas cultivadas, como de las plantas banker atraerán parasitoides y depredadores, que serán capturados, identificados y estudiados en el laboratorio para conocer cuáles son comunes y por ello podrán ser utilizados para el control de la plaga en el cultivo., [EN] The study will be carried out at the company Viveros Hernandorena S.L. located in the village of Benimodo (Valencia), dedicated to the production of fruit trees of species such as stone fruit, persimmons, olive trees, kiwis, figs, pomegranates and carob trees for selling them potted. The main objective of this trial is the data collection to define an integrated aphid control strategy in a fruit tree nursery inside a greenhouse through the use of banker plants. The first step in data collection will be to introduce various plant species that will act as bankers and will be infested with specific aphids that will not affect the produced crops. Both the aphids of cultivated plants and banker plants will attract parasitoids and predators, which will be captured, identified and studied in the laboratory to know which are common and therefore can be used to control the aphid pest in the crop.

[ES] El estudio se realizará en la empresa Viveros Hernandorena S.L. ubicada en el término de Benimodo (Valencia), dedicada a la producción de plantones de especies leñosas como frutales de hueso, caquis, olivos, kiwis, higueras, granados y algarrobos para su venta en maceta. El principal objetivo de este ensayo es la recolección de datos para definir una estrategia de control integrado de pulgones en un vivero de frutales bajo invernadero mediante el uso de plantas banker. El primer paso para la recolección de datos consistirá en introducir diversas especies vegetales que harán la función de bankers y se infestarán con pulgones específicos de las mismas que no afectarán a los cultivos de la empresa. Tanto los pulgones de las plantas cultivadas, como de las plantas banker atraerán parasitoides y depredadores, que serán capturados, identificados y estudiados en el laboratorio para conocer cuáles son comunes y por ello podrán ser utilizados para el control de la plaga en el cultivo., [EN] The study will be carried out at the company Viveros Hernandorena S.L. located in the village of Benimodo (Valencia), dedicated to the production of fruit trees of species such as stone fruit, persimmons, olive trees, kiwis, figs, pomegranates and carob trees for selling them potted. The main objective of this trial is the data collection to define an integrated aphid control strategy in a fruit tree nursery inside a greenhouse through the use of banker plants. The first step in data collection will be to introduce various plant species that will act as bankers and will be infested with specific aphids that will not affect the produced crops. Both the aphids of cultivated plants and banker plants will attract parasitoids and predators, which will be captured, identified and studied in the laboratory to know which are common and therefore can be used to control the aphid pest in the crop.

Pruning peach trees including when to prune, using collar cuts, wound dressings, pruning tools, growth habits of peaches, light requirements, pruning young trees, pruning middle aged trees, watersprouts, preventing canker, pruning older trees, pruning to adjust crop load, and pruning winter injured trees.

Objectives of training and pruning apple trees, growth and physiology, sunlight utilization, types of buds, tree growth, energy for growth, limb orientations, dormant pruning response, time of pruning, summer pruning, types of pruning cuts, pruning affects fruiting, training and pruning non-bearing trees, first five years, and pruning mature trees.

[ES] La aplicación de herramientas para optimizar el mantenimiento y la gestión, reducir costes y maximizar beneficios en las plantaciones de árboles frutales constituye un ámbito de investigación de gran interés científico. En este sentido, el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías de observación terrestre como la tecnología LiDAR podría predecir inputs necesarios (agua, fertilizantes y plaguicidas) y outputs (producción y residuos), lo que permitiría una gestión global y la optimización logística en mano de obra, maquinaria, y transporte de productos. En el sistema LiDAR áereo los datos son registrados a partir de un sensor aereotransportado y han sido muy utilizados, entre otros, en el ámbito agrario para estimar variables dasométricas y ambientales. A partir de esta información es posible obtener parámetros geométricos y estructurales directos de la vegetación como altura, superficie de ocupación y otros indirectos como biomasa y volumen a partir de datos LiDAR. Los sistemas LiDAR aéreos presentan la ventaja de cubrir mayor superficie terrestre y permiten registrar con precisión las partes elevadas de los árboles. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar y estimar los parámetros altura total y de copa, diámetro de tronco y la biomasa de árbol entero de almendros mediante datos LiDAR. Para ello, se aplicarán diferentes algoritmos que permitan extraer las copas de los árboles y las alturas totales y de copa. A partir de estos parámetros se estimará el diámetro de tronco y la biomasa del árbol entero, datos con los que se podrá establecer un óptimo de manejo de la explotación de almendros y mejorar las estimaciones de producción de cosecha. De esta forma, a partir de los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que con esta tecnología se puede calcular la altura de los árboles y su área transversal de copa, además de poder individualizar totalmente la información para cada árbol y poder tener un registro del mismo. De esta forma, sería posible su aplicación como herramienta, [EN] The application of tools to optimize maintenance and management, reduce costs and maximize benefits in fruit tree plantations is a field of research of great scientific interest. In this sense, the development of new terrestrial observation technologies such as LiDAR technology could predict necessary inputs (water, fertilizers and pesticides) and outputs (production and waste), which would allow global management and logistics optimization in labor, machinery, and transportation of products. In the aerial LiDAR system, data is recorded from an airborne sensor and has been widely used, among others, in the agricultural field to estimate dasometric and environmental variables. From this information it is possible to obtain direct geometric and structural parameters of the vegetation such as height, occupation surface and other indirect ones such as biomass and volume from LiDAR data. Aerial LiDAR systems have the advantage of covering more land area and allow accurate registration of the elevated parts of trees. The objective of this work is to compare and estimate the parameters total height and crown, trunk diameter and almond tree whole biomass using LiDAR data. To do this, different algorithms will be applied to extract the treetops and the total and canopy heights. Based on these parameters, the diameter of the trunk and the biomass of the entire tree will be estimated, data with which an optimum management of the almond tree exploitation can be established and the harvest production estimates can be improved. In this way, from the results obtained, it can be concluded that with this technology the height of the trees and their transverse canopy area can be calculated, in addition, it can be able to individually identify the information for each tree and the chance to record it. In this way, it would be possible to apply it as a tool in the management of agricultural holdings in those cultivation techniques that require knowledge of these variables for thei

[ES] La aplicación de herramientas para optimizar el mantenimiento y la gestión, reducir costes y maximizar beneficios en las plantaciones de árboles frutales constituye un ámbito de investigación de gran interés científico. En este sentido, el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías de observación terrestre como la tecnología LiDAR podría predecir inputs necesarios (agua, fertilizantes y plaguicidas) y outputs (producción y residuos), lo que permitiría una gestión global y la optimización logística en mano de obra, maquinaria, y transporte de productos. En el sistema LiDAR áereo los datos son registrados a partir de un sensor aereotransportado y han sido muy utilizados, entre otros, en el ámbito agrario para estimar variables dasométricas y ambientales. A partir de esta información es posible obtener parámetros geométricos y estructurales directos de la vegetación como altura, superficie de ocupación y otros indirectos como biomasa y volumen a partir de datos LiDAR. Los sistemas LiDAR aéreos presentan la ventaja de cubrir mayor superficie terrestre y permiten registrar con precisión las partes elevadas de los árboles. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar y estimar los parámetros altura total y de copa, diámetro de tronco y la biomasa de árbol entero de almendros mediante datos LiDAR. Para ello, se aplicarán diferentes algoritmos que permitan extraer las copas de los árboles y las alturas totales y de copa. A partir de estos parámetros se estimará el diámetro de tronco y la biomasa del árbol entero, datos con los que se podrá establecer un óptimo de manejo de la explotación de almendros y mejorar las estimaciones de producción de cosecha. De esta forma, a partir de los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que con esta tecnología se puede calcular la altura de los árboles y su área transversal de copa, además de poder individualizar totalmente la información para cada árbol y poder tener un registro del mismo. De esta forma, sería posible su aplicación como herramienta, [EN] The application of tools to optimize maintenance and management, reduce costs and maximize benefits in fruit tree plantations is a field of research of great scientific interest. In this sense, the development of new terrestrial observation technologies such as LiDAR technology could predict necessary inputs (water, fertilizers and pesticides) and outputs (production and waste), which would allow global management and logistics optimization in labor, machinery, and transportation of products. In the aerial LiDAR system, data is recorded from an airborne sensor and has been widely used, among others, in the agricultural field to estimate dasometric and environmental variables. From this information it is possible to obtain direct geometric and structural parameters of the vegetation such as height, occupation surface and other indirect ones such as biomass and volume from LiDAR data. Aerial LiDAR systems have the advantage of covering more land area and allow accurate registration of the elevated parts of trees. The objective of this work is to compare and estimate the parameters total height and crown, trunk diameter and almond tree whole biomass using LiDAR data. To do this, different algorithms will be applied to extract the treetops and the total and canopy heights. Based on these parameters, the diameter of the trunk and the biomass of the entire tree will be estimated, data with which an optimum management of the almond tree exploitation can be established and the harvest production estimates can be improved. In this way, from the results obtained, it can be concluded that with this technology the height of the trees and their transverse canopy area can be calculated, in addition, it can be able to individually identify the information for each tree and the chance to record it. In this way, it would be possible to apply it as a tool in the management of agricultural holdings in those cultivation techniques that require knowledge of these variables for thei

[ES] La aplicación de herramientas para optimizar el mantenimiento y la gestión, reducir costes y maximizar beneficios en las plantaciones de árboles frutales constituye un ámbito de investigación de gran interés científico. En este sentido, el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías de observación terrestre como la tecnología LiDAR podría predecir inputs necesarios (agua, fertilizantes y plaguicidas) y outputs (producción y residuos), lo que permitiría una gestión global y la optimización logística en mano de obra, maquinaria, y transporte de productos. En el sistema LiDAR áereo los datos son registrados a partir de un sensor aereotransportado y han sido muy utilizados, entre otros, en el ámbito agrario para estimar variables dasométricas y ambientales. A partir de esta información es posible obtener parámetros geométricos y estructurales directos de la vegetación como altura, superficie de ocupación y otros indirectos como biomasa y volumen a partir de datos LiDAR. Los sistemas LiDAR aéreos presentan la ventaja de cubrir mayor superficie terrestre y permiten registrar con precisión las partes elevadas de los árboles. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar y estimar los parámetros altura total y de copa, diámetro de tronco y la biomasa de árbol entero de almendros mediante datos LiDAR. Para ello, se aplicarán diferentes algoritmos que permitan extraer las copas de los árboles y las alturas totales y de copa. A partir de estos parámetros se estimará el diámetro de tronco y la biomasa del árbol entero, datos con los que se podrá establecer un óptimo de manejo de la explotación de almendros y mejorar las estimaciones de producción de cosecha. De esta forma, a partir de los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que con esta tecnología se puede calcular la altura de los árboles y su área transversal de copa, además de poder individualizar totalmente la información para cada árbol y poder tener un registro del mismo. De esta forma, sería posible su aplicación como herramienta, [EN] The application of tools to optimize maintenance and management, reduce costs and maximize benefits in fruit tree plantations is a field of research of great scientific interest. In this sense, the development of new terrestrial observation technologies such as LiDAR technology could predict necessary inputs (water, fertilizers and pesticides) and outputs (production and waste), which would allow global management and logistics optimization in labor, machinery, and transportation of products. In the aerial LiDAR system, data is recorded from an airborne sensor and has been widely used, among others, in the agricultural field to estimate dasometric and environmental variables. From this information it is possible to obtain direct geometric and structural parameters of the vegetation such as height, occupation surface and other indirect ones such as biomass and volume from LiDAR data. Aerial LiDAR systems have the advantage of covering more land area and allow accurate registration of the elevated parts of trees. The objective of this work is to compare and estimate the parameters total height and crown, trunk diameter and almond tree whole biomass using LiDAR data. To do this, different algorithms will be applied to extract the treetops and the total and canopy heights. Based on these parameters, the diameter of the trunk and the biomass of the entire tree will be estimated, data with which an optimum management of the almond tree exploitation can be established and the harvest production estimates can be improved. In this way, from the results obtained, it can be concluded that with this technology the height of the trees and their transverse canopy area can be calculated, in addition, it can be able to individually identify the information for each tree and the chance to record it. In this way, it would be possible to apply it as a tool in the management of agricultural holdings in those cultivation techniques that require knowledge of these variables for thei

Se presentan los resultados del análisis antracológico, así como los datos dendrológicos y tafonómicos de varias muestras de carbón. Estas fueron recuperadas durante la intervención arqueológica desarrollada en el Castillo de Pambre (Palas de Rei, Lugo) en el año 2014, en relación con las tareas de rehabilitación del conjunto de edificaciones del castillo. Los datos obtenidos nos permiten definir el uso como combustible de los recursos leñosos que realizaron los ocupantes del castillo durante los siglos XV-XVII. Se documenta un predominio de la madera de roble (Quercus sp. caducifolio), seguida del avellano (Corylus avellana) junto con una gran diversidad de taxones, especialmente de árboles frutales, mientras que los taxones de matorral son poco significativos en el conjunto. Esto a pesar de coincidir con un período frío, la Pequeña Edad del Hielo, y de la importante deforestación registrada tanto en los datos paleoambientales como en la documentación., This paper presents the results of charcoal analysis as well as dendrological and taphonomical attributes of charcoal samples. These were recovered during the archaeological survey in the Pambre Castle (Palas de Rei, Lugo) during 2014 and in relation to the rehabilitation activities in the group of buildings of the castle. The data obtained let us to define the use as firewood of wood resources performed by the inhabitants of the castle between 15th to 17th centuries AD. A predominance of oak (deciduous Quercus), followed by hazel wood (Corylus avellana) has been attested, besides a great taxa diversity, predominantly fruit trees whilst scrubland taxa are not significant in the assemblage. This even though it coincided with a cold period, the Little Ice Age, and the major deforestation registered in the paleoenvironmental proxies as well as in the written sources.

[ES] Organogénesis. La formación de nuevos órganos, como brotes y raíces, hace posible la micropropagación y la regeneración de plantas a partir de células y tejidos seleccionados. Aquí mostraremos cómo ocurren a nivel morfológico. La regeneración de brotes adventicios a partir de tejidos foliares, que darán lugar a nuevos brotes, es un modelo que se ha utilizado con mucha frecuencia en cultivo in vitro. Las hojas forman un callo desorganizado que evoluciona y da como resultado la formación del ápice meristemático. Partiendo del callo como un tejido esponjoso, algunas áreas muestran células compactadas que después se recubren por una capa similar a una cutícula y luego se convierten en células epidérmicas. Finalmente, las divisiones celulares en la epidermis y en las capas celulares inmediatas dan lugar a una estructura de ápice meristemático. Este patrón de regeneración indirecta es aplicable a las especies de árboles frutales. Sin embargo, las plantas modelo, como la ornamental Kohleria, permiten la regeneración directa de brotes a partir de los tejidos de las hojas. Los brotes también pueden formarse por raíces (sierpes) y, como las raíces adventicias, su origen está en la proximidad del cambium, donde las células meristemáticas se organizan en meristemos apicales de tallo o raíz., [EN] Organogenesis. The formation of new organs, such as shoots and roots, makes possible micropropagation and regeneration of plants from selected cells and tissues. Here we will show how they happen at a morphological level. The regeneration of adventitious buds from leaf tissues, which will give rise to new shoots, is a model that has been used very frequently in in vitro culture. Leaves form a disorganized callus that evolves and results in the formation of the meristematic apex. Starting from callus as a spongy tissue, some areas show compacted cells that later are covered by a cuticle-like layer and then become epidermal cells. Finally, cell division in the epidermis and inner cell layers gives rise to a meristematic apex structure. This pattern of indirect regeneration is applicable to fruit tree species. However, model plants, such as Kohleria hybrid, allow direct bud regeneration from leaf tissues. Shoots can also be formed by roots (suckering) and, like in adventitious roots, their origin is in the proximity of cambium tissue, where meristematic cells are organized into shoot or root apical meristems.

This bulletin emphasizes integrated pest management including the use of chemicals to control fruit tree pests and diseases.

An analysis of total soluble proteins and vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) in the tissues of pecan (Carya illinonensis Koch var. Western) trees in dormancy and production was carried out. Total soluble proteins were determined using the Bradford method, by means of electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel, to detect the VSPs present in the plant tissues. The results indicate that the branches and shoots of annual growth were the organs with the highest concentration of total soluble proteins in dormancy, while in production there was no significant difference in concentration between the different tissues studied. A 20-kDa polypeptide with characteristics of a VSP was detected in the root in the dormancy stage., Se realizó un análisis de proteínas totales solubles y de proteínas de reservas vegetativas (PRV), en tejidos de árboles de nogal (Carya illinonensis Koch var. Western) en letargo y producción. La determinación de proteínas totales solubles se realizó por el método de Bradford, por medio de electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida al 15% para detectar las PRV presentes en los tejidos vegetales. Los resultados indican que las ramas y los brotes de crecimiento anual fueron los órganos con mayor concentración de proteínas totales solubles en letargo, mientras que en producción no se presentó diferencia significativa de concentración entre los diferentes tejidos estudiados. Se detectó un polipéptido de 20 kDa con características de una PRV en la raíz en la etapa de letargo.

In the framework of a continuous search for technological innovations that allow fruit growers to practice a more competitive and sustainable fruit production, satellite-derived vegetation indexes could be used as tools to support the decision-making processes of technicians and territory planners. The objectives of the present study were to characterize phenological stages of cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) in the Maule region of Chile using field observations and to evaluate the capacity of multispectral satellite imagery (Landsat ETM+) and the derived vegetative indexes (NDVI, SAVI), as tools for remotely identifying these phenological stages in cherry trees. Phenological transition stages in cherry trees, estimated from Landsat 7 (ETM+) data did not agree with in situ measurements of phenology made at the different sites. Landsat 7 (ETM+) derived vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI) could discriminate only gross changes associated with an increase and then a decrease of canopy greenness in cherry trees, but could not discriminate between successive phenological states in which the proportion of foliage is only slightly different. The number of days after the first of July (Southern Hemisphere) tended to be a less variable indicator than growing degree-days (GDD) for predicting the occurrence of different phenological stages in cherry trees., RESUMEN En el marco de una búsqueda continua de innovaciones tecnológicas que permitan a los fruticultores practicar una producción frutícola más competitiva y sostenible, el uso de índices de vegetación derivados de satélites podría ser utilizado como herramienta para apoyar la toma de decisiones por parte de técnicos y planificadores del territorio. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron caracterizar las etapas fenológicas de los cerezos (Prunus avium L.) en la región del Maule-Chile utilizando observaciones de campo y evaluar la capacidad de las imágenes satelitales multiespectrales (Landsat ETM +) y los índices vegetativos derivados (NDVI, SAVI), como herramientas para la identificación remota de las distintas etapas fenológicas en cerezo. La estimación de las etapas de transición fenológica en cerezos, estimadas a partir de los datos de Landsat 7 (ETM +), no coinciden con sufiente robustez con las mediciones in situ de fenología medidas en los diferentes sitios. Los índices de vegetación (NDVI, SAVI) derivados de Landsat 7 (ETM +), permiten discriminar sólo cambios gruesos asociados con un aumento y leugo disminución del verdor en el follaje, pero no permiten discriminar entre estados cercanos de fenología en los que la proporción de follaje es sólo ligeramente diferente. En este estudio, el número de días acumulados a partir del primero de julio (Hemisferio Sur) tiende a ser un indicador menos variable que los Grado-día (GDD) para predecir la ocurrencia de diferentes etapas fenológicas en los cerezos.

An analysis of total soluble proteins and vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) in the tissues of pecan (Carya illinonensis Koch var. Western) trees in dormancy and production was carried out. Total soluble proteins were determined using the Bradford method, by means of electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel, to detect the VSPs present in the plant tissues. The results indicate that the branches and shoots of annual growth were the organs with the highest concentration of total soluble proteins in dormancy, while in production there was no significant difference in concentration between the different tissues studied. A 20-kDa polypeptide with characteristics of a VSP was detected in the root in the dormancy stage., Se realizó un análisis de proteínas totales solubles y de proteínas de reservas vegetativas (PRV), en tejidos de árboles de nogal (Carya illinonensis Koch var. Western) en letargo y producción. La determinación de proteínas totales solubles se realizó por el método de Bradford, por medio de electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida al 15% para detectar las PRV presentes en los tejidos vegetales. Los resultados indican que las ramas y los brotes de crecimiento anual fueron los órganos con mayor concentración de proteínas totales solubles en letargo, mientras que en producción no se presentó diferencia significativa de concentración entre los diferentes tejidos estudiados. Se detectó un polipéptido de 20 kDa con características de una PRV en la raíz en la etapa de letargo.

In the framework of a continuous search for technological innovations that allow fruit growers to practice a more competitive and sustainable fruit production, satellite-derived vegetation indexes could be used as tools to support the decision-making processes of technicians and territory planners. The objectives of the present study were to characterize phenological stages of cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) in the Maule region of Chile using field observations and to evaluate the capacity of multispectral satellite imagery (Landsat ETM+) and the derived vegetative indexes (NDVI, SAVI), as tools for remotely identifying these phenological stages in cherry trees. Phenological transition stages in cherry trees, estimated from Landsat 7 (ETM+) data did not agree with in situ measurements of phenology made at the different sites. Landsat 7 (ETM+) derived vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI) could discriminate only gross changes associated with an increase and then a decrease of canopy greenness in cherry trees, but could not discriminate between successive phenological states in which the proportion of foliage is only slightly different. The number of days after the first of July (Southern Hemisphere) tended to be a less variable indicator than growing degree-days (GDD) for predicting the occurrence of different phenological stages in cherry trees., RESUMEN En el marco de una búsqueda continua de innovaciones tecnológicas que permitan a los fruticultores practicar una producción frutícola más competitiva y sostenible, el uso de índices de vegetación derivados de satélites podría ser utilizado como herramienta para apoyar la toma de decisiones por parte de técnicos y planificadores del territorio. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron caracterizar las etapas fenológicas de los cerezos (Prunus avium L.) en la región del Maule-Chile utilizando observaciones de campo y evaluar la capacidad de las imágenes satelitales multiespectrales (Landsat ETM +) y los índices vegetativos derivados (NDVI, SAVI), como herramientas para la identificación remota de las distintas etapas fenológicas en cerezo. La estimación de las etapas de transición fenológica en cerezos, estimadas a partir de los datos de Landsat 7 (ETM +), no coinciden con sufiente robustez con las mediciones in situ de fenología medidas en los diferentes sitios. Los índices de vegetación (NDVI, SAVI) derivados de Landsat 7 (ETM +), permiten discriminar sólo cambios gruesos asociados con un aumento y leugo disminución del verdor en el follaje, pero no permiten discriminar entre estados cercanos de fenología en los que la proporción de follaje es sólo ligeramente diferente. En este estudio, el número de días acumulados a partir del primero de julio (Hemisferio Sur) tiende a ser un indicador menos variable que los Grado-día (GDD) para predecir la ocurrencia de diferentes etapas fenológicas en los cerezos.

Describes brown rot disease, its life cycle and its effects of fruit trees and crop yields. Also discusses cultural and chemical methods of control.

This bulletin emphasizes integrated pest management including the use of chemicals to control fruit tree pests and diseases.

Urban tree-planting is an extremely important element in achieving satisfactory levels of quality of life, but it can also be detrimental to cities if they are not well planned. The objective of the present study was to survey the native and exotic tree species that compose the forestation of the municipality of Nova Palmeira, in the state of Paraíba. The work was carried out in the months of June to July of 2017, in nine streets of the city. The research was carried out verifying the common names of the plants and also photographing them to search the internet databases for the remaining information. With this, it is verified that about 64.7% of the afforestation of the municipality is predominantly constituted of exotic plants, distributed in 11 botanical families. In addition, a reasonable diversity of species is perceived, since the city is small. Despite being able to find a good amount of native plants, the arboreal composition of the streets did not present any species native to the Caatinga. Most of the native species belong to the botanical families Fabaceae and Anacardiaceae, whereas for the exotic species, they belong to the family Fabaceae. Thus, it is concluded that the amount of exotic species is greater than those established by law, and may cause environmental problems., A arborização urbana constitui elemento de suma importância para a obtenção de níveis satisfatórios de qualidade de vida, mas também pode levar prejuízos às cidades, se não forem bem planejadas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar o levantamento das espécies arbóreas nativas e exóticas que compõem a arborização do município de Nova Palmeira, no estado da Paraíba. O trabalho foi realizado nos meses de junho a julho de 2017, em nove ruas da cidade. A pesquisa foi realizada verificando os nomes comuns das plantas e também as fotografando para buscar nos bancos de dados da internet as informações restantes. Com isso, verifica-se que cerca de 64,7% da arborização do município é predominantemente constituída de plantas exóticas, distribuídas em 11 famílias botânicas. Além disso, percebe-se uma razoável diversidade de espécies, visto que a cidade é pequena. Apesar de poder encontrar uma boa quantidade de plantas nativas, a composição arbórea das ruas não apresentou nenhuma espécie nativa da Caatinga. A maioria das espécies nativas pertencem as famílias botânicas Fabaceae e Anacardiaceae, enquanto que para as exóticas, pertencem a família Fabaceae. Sendo assim, conclui-se que a quantidade espécies exóticas é maior do que as estabelecidas por lei, podendo ocasionar problemas ambientais.

The mega phytodiversity of Peru includes native species of all types; among them are fruit trees, which despite having been consumed forthousands of years, still have not been subject to research to validate their use. Further research on these native species could determine whether the fruits being consumed surpass the quantity and quality of vitamins, mineral salts, and anthocyanin pigments. Thus, the aim of this study was the realization of a taxonomic, phytogeographic, and ethnobotanical inventory of the fruit trees in northern Peru. This research was realized through specimen collections made during botanical explorations of northern Peru. Later a critical revision of the specialized bibliography was conducted, and the findings reinforced with information obtained through personal experience and that of local and regional inhabitants. Forty-five species are reported, distributed among 18 families, chiefly in Ericaceae (7 species), Myrtaceae (6 species), Cactaceae (4 species), Solanaceae (4 species), Caricaceae (3 species), Passifloraceae (3 species), and Rosaceae (3 species). Of the species inventoried, 29 species (64%) are eaten in a raw or natural form, while 16 species (36%) are consumed raw or processed in jelly, marmalade, frozen, wine, juice, custards, and puddings., La megafitodiversidad del Perú presenta especies nativas de toda índole; entre ellas frutales, los que a pesar de ser consumidos desde hace cientos de años, aún no han sido atendidos por la investigación para validar su uso, con la seguridad de que estamos consumiendo recursos que pueden superar en cantidad y calidad de vitaminas, sales minerales y pigmentos antociánicos. Así, el objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un Inventario Taxonómico, Fitogeográfico y Etnobotánico de los frutales nativos del Norte del Perú. Se realizaron colectas a través de exploraciones botánicas programadas a varias localidades del Norte del Perú. Luego se llevó a cabo una revisión crítica de la bibliografía especializada y reforzando esta información con la obtenida por la experiencia personal tanto de los investigadores como de los pobladores locales y regionales. Se reportan 45 especies, distribuidas en 18 familias; donde destacan por su número las: Ericaceae (7), Myrtaceae (6), Cactaceae (4), Solanaceae (4), Caricaceae (3), Passifloraceae (3) y Rosaceae (3). Así mismo 29 especies (64%) son consumidas en estado fresco y/o natural, mientras que 16 especies (36%) tanto al estado fresco como procesadas (jaleas, mermeladas, helados, vinos, jugos, natilla, mazamorra, etc.).

Urban tree-planting is an extremely important element in achieving satisfactory levels of quality of life, but it can also be detrimental to cities if they are not well planned. The objective of the present study was to survey the native and exotic tree species that compose the forestation of the municipality of Nova Palmeira, in the state of Paraíba. The work was carried out in the months of June to July of 2017, in nine streets of the city. The research was carried out verifying the common names of the plants and also photographing them to search the internet databases for the remaining information. With this, it is verified that about 64.7% of the afforestation of the municipality is predominantly constituted of exotic plants, distributed in 11 botanical families. In addition, a reasonable diversity of species is perceived, since the city is small. Despite being able to find a good amount of native plants, the arboreal composition of the streets did not present any species native to the Caatinga. Most of the native species belong to the botanical families Fabaceae and Anacardiaceae, whereas for the exotic species, they belong to the family Fabaceae. Thus, it is concluded that the amount of exotic species is greater than those established by law, and may cause environmental problems., A arborização urbana constitui elemento de suma importância para a obtenção de níveis satisfatórios de qualidade de vida, mas também pode levar prejuízos às cidades, se não forem bem planejadas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar o levantamento das espécies arbóreas nativas e exóticas que compõem a arborização do município de Nova Palmeira, no estado da Paraíba. O trabalho foi realizado nos meses de junho a julho de 2017, em nove ruas da cidade. A pesquisa foi realizada verificando os nomes comuns das plantas e também as fotografando para buscar nos bancos de dados da internet as informações restantes. Com isso, verifica-se que cerca de 64,7% da arborização do município é predominantemente constituída de plantas exóticas, distribuídas em 11 famílias botânicas. Além disso, percebe-se uma razoável diversidade de espécies, visto que a cidade é pequena. Apesar de poder encontrar uma boa quantidade de plantas nativas, a composição arbórea das ruas não apresentou nenhuma espécie nativa da Caatinga. A maioria das espécies nativas pertencem as famílias botânicas Fabaceae e Anacardiaceae, enquanto que para as exóticas, pertencem a família Fabaceae. Sendo assim, conclui-se que a quantidade espécies exóticas é maior do que as estabelecidas por lei, podendo ocasionar problemas ambientais.

The mega phytodiversity of Peru includes native species of all types; among them are fruit trees, which despite having been consumed forthousands of years, still have not been subject to research to validate their use. Further research on these native species could determine whether the fruits being consumed surpass the quantity and quality of vitamins, mineral salts, and anthocyanin pigments. Thus, the aim of this study was the realization of a taxonomic, phytogeographic, and ethnobotanical inventory of the fruit trees in northern Peru. This research was realized through specimen collections made during botanical explorations of northern Peru. Later a critical revision of the specialized bibliography was conducted, and the findings reinforced with information obtained through personal experience and that of local and regional inhabitants. Forty-five species are reported, distributed among 18 families, chiefly in Ericaceae (7 species), Myrtaceae (6 species), Cactaceae (4 species), Solanaceae (4 species), Caricaceae (3 species), Passifloraceae (3 species), and Rosaceae (3 species). Of the species inventoried, 29 species (64%) are eaten in a raw or natural form, while 16 species (36%) are consumed raw or processed in jelly, marmalade, frozen, wine, juice, custards, and puddings., La megafitodiversidad del Perú presenta especies nativas de toda índole; entre ellas frutales, los que a pesar de ser consumidos desde hace cientos de años, aún no han sido atendidos por la investigación para validar su uso, con la seguridad de que estamos consumiendo recursos que pueden superar en cantidad y calidad de vitaminas, sales minerales y pigmentos antociánicos. Así, el objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un Inventario Taxonómico, Fitogeográfico y Etnobotánico de los frutales nativos del Norte del Perú. Se realizaron colectas a través de exploraciones botánicas programadas a varias localidades del Norte del Perú. Luego se llevó a cabo una revisión crítica de la bibliografía especializada y reforzando esta información con la obtenida por la experiencia personal tanto de los investigadores como de los pobladores locales y regionales. Se reportan 45 especies, distribuidas en 18 familias; donde destacan por su número las: Ericaceae (7), Myrtaceae (6), Cactaceae (4), Solanaceae (4), Caricaceae (3), Passifloraceae (3) y Rosaceae (3). Así mismo 29 especies (64%) son consumidas en estado fresco y/o natural, mientras que 16 especies (36%) tanto al estado fresco como procesadas (jaleas, mermeladas, helados, vinos, jugos, natilla, mazamorra, etc.).