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Heterocytous cyanobacteria are important players in the carbon and nitrogen cycle. They can fix dinitrogen by using heterocytes, specialized cells containing the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme surrounded by a thick polysaccharide and glycolipid layer which prevents oxygen diffusion and nitrogenase inactivation. Heterocyte glycolipids can be used to detect the presence of heterocytous cyanobacteria in present-day and past environments, providing insight into the functioning of the studied ecosystems. However, due to their good preservation throughout time, heterocyte glycolipids are not ideal to detect and study living communities, instead methods based on DNA are preferred. Currently cyanobacteria can be detected using untargeted genomic approaches such as metagenomics, or they can be specifically targeted by, for example, the use of primers that preferentially amplify their 16S rRNA gene or their nifH gene in the case of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. However, since not all cyanobacterial nitrogen fixers are heterocytous, there is currently no fast gene-based method to specifically detect and distinguish heterocytous cyanobacteria. Here, we developed a PCR-based method to specifically detect heterocytous cyanobacteria by designing primers targeting the gene (hglT) encoding the enzyme responsible for the last step in the biosynthesis of heterocyte glycolipid (i.e., a glycosyltransferase). We designed several primer sets using the publicly available sequences of 23 heterocytous cyanobacteria, after testing them on DNA extracts of 21 heterocyte-forming and 7 non-heterocyte forming freshwater cyanobacteria. The best primer set was chosen and successfully used to confirm the presence of heterocytous cyanobacteria in a marine environmental sample.

Interspecific ecological interactions are inherently context-dependent. They may vary in both magnitude and sign depending on the biotic and abiotic conditions, depicting a mutualism–antagonism continuum. However, how population abundances and the activity of interacting species modulate these interactions remains underexplored. Here, we chose the interaction between the Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis and the feral goat Capra hircus in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). We selected three study plots with low, intermediate and high intensities of goat activity where we characterized palm distribution, seed rain, seed predation and early palm recruitment during two consecutive years. Since goats can cause both costs (e.g. florivory) and benefits (e.g. seed dispersal) to C. humilis performance, we investigated the following three questions: 1) does the spatial distribution of adult palms vary depending on the intensity of goat activity? 2) Does the intensity of goat activity influence seed rain and its potential spatial association with adult palms? 3) To what extent does the intensity of goat activity determine post-dispersal events such as seed predation and seedling emergence? We found that adult palms showed a more clumped and complex distribution (double-cluster process) in plots with low and intermediate goat activity compared to that with high goat activity (simple-cluster process). In the low goat activity plot, dispersed seeds were spatially aggregated around adult palms, showing twice as much insect-seed predation and nearly three times lower seed germination success than those in the intermediate goat activity plot. Palm seed dispersal and recruitment were almost nil in the high goat activity plot due to heavy consumption of palm inflorescences and developing fruits by goats. Our findings demonstrate how the net outcome of plant–animal interactions can change from mutualism to antagonism, from reproductive service to reproductive collapse, depending

Heterocytous cyanobacteria are important players in the carbon and nitrogen cycle. They can fix dinitrogen by using heterocytes, specialized cells containing the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme surrounded by a thick polysaccharide and glycolipid layer which prevents oxygen diffusion and nitrogenase inactivation. Heterocyte glycolipids can be used to detect the presence of heterocytous cyanobacteria in present-day and past environments, providing insight into the functioning of the studied ecosystems. However, due to their good preservation throughout time, heterocyte glycolipids are not ideal to detect and study living communities, instead methods based on DNA are preferred. Currently cyanobacteria can be detected using untargeted genomic approaches such as metagenomics, or they can be specifically targeted by, for example, the use of primers that preferentially amplify their 16S rRNA gene or their nifH gene in the case of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. However, since not all cyanobacterial nitrogen fixers are heterocytous, there is currently no fast gene-based method to specifically detect and distinguish heterocytous cyanobacteria. Here, we developed a PCR-based method to specifically detect heterocytous cyanobacteria by designing primers targeting the gene (hglT) encoding the enzyme responsible for the last step in the biosynthesis of heterocyte glycolipid (i.e., a glycosyltransferase). We designed several primer sets using the publicly available sequences of 23 heterocytous cyanobacteria, after testing them on DNA extracts of 21 heterocyte-forming and 7 non-heterocyte forming freshwater cyanobacteria. The best primer set was chosen and successfully used to confirm the presence of heterocytous cyanobacteria in a marine environmental sample.

Heterocytous cyanobacteria are important players in the carbon and nitrogen cycle. They can fix dinitrogen by using heterocytes, specialized cells containing the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme surrounded by a thick polysaccharide and glycolipid layer which prevents oxygen diffusion and nitrogenase inactivation. Heterocyte glycolipids can be used to detect the presence of heterocytous cyanobacteria in present-day and past environments, providing insight into the functioning of the studied ecosystems. However, due to their good preservation throughout time, heterocyte glycolipids are not ideal to detect and study living communities, instead methods based on DNA are preferred. Currently cyanobacteria can be detected using untargeted genomic approaches such as metagenomics, or they can be specifically targeted by, for example, the use of primers that preferentially amplify their 16S rRNA gene or their nifH gene in the case of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. However, since not all cyanobacterial nitrogen fixers are heterocytous, there is currently no fast gene-based method to specifically detect and distinguish heterocytous cyanobacteria. Here, we developed a PCR-based method to specifically detect heterocytous cyanobacteria by designing primers targeting the gene (hglT) encoding the enzyme responsible for the last step in the biosynthesis of heterocyte glycolipid (i.e., a glycosyltransferase). We designed several primer sets using the publicly available sequences of 23 heterocytous cyanobacteria, after testing them on DNA extracts of 21 heterocyte-forming and 7 non-heterocyte forming freshwater cyanobacteria. The best primer set was chosen and successfully used to confirm the presence of heterocytous cyanobacteria in a marine environmental sample.

Heterocytous cyanobacteria are important players in the carbon and nitrogen cycle. They can fix dinitrogen by using heterocytes, specialized cells containing the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme surrounded by a thick polysaccharide and glycolipid layer which prevents oxygen diffusion and nitrogenase inactivation. Heterocyte glycolipids can be used to detect the presence of heterocytous cyanobacteria in present-day and past environments, providing insight into the functioning of the studied ecosystems. However, due to their good preservation throughout time, heterocyte glycolipids are not ideal to detect and study living communities, instead methods based on DNA are preferred. Currently cyanobacteria can be detected using untargeted genomic approaches such as metagenomics, or they can be specifically targeted by, for example, the use of primers that preferentially amplify their 16S rRNA gene or their nifH gene in the case of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. However, since not all cyanobacterial nitrogen fixers are heterocytous, there is currently no fast gene-based method to specifically detect and distinguish heterocytous cyanobacteria. Here, we developed a PCR-based method to specifically detect heterocytous cyanobacteria by designing primers targeting the gene (hglT) encoding the enzyme responsible for the last step in the biosynthesis of heterocyte glycolipid (i.e., a glycosyltransferase). We designed several primer sets using the publicly available sequences of 23 heterocytous cyanobacteria, after testing them on DNA extracts of 21 heterocyte-forming and 7 non-heterocyte forming freshwater cyanobacteria. The best primer set was chosen and successfully used to confirm the presence of heterocytous cyanobacteria in a marine environmental sample.

Although it is well recognized that the strength of plant–herbivore interactions can vary with the plant sex, the distance, and the density of conspecific neighbors, no study has yet assessed their combined influence. Here, we filled this knowledge gap by focusing on the dioecious palm Chamaerops humilis L., and its two main herbivores, the invasive moth Paysandisia archon Burmeister and the feral goat Capra hircus L. We evaluated levels and spatial patterns of herbivory, as well as those of plant size and number of inflorescences in two palm populations in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Our spatial point pattern analyses revealed that palms not affected by moth herbivory or goat florivory were spatially aggregated, goats fed more strongly upon inflorescences in palms with more neighbors, but they consumed more leaves in isolated palms. Interestingly, we could reveal for the first time that plant sex is a key plant trait modulating neighborhood effects. For instance, whereas aggregated female palms experienced lower intensity of goat florivory than isolated ones, male palms showed the opposite pattern. Palm size and number of inflorescences also showed sex-related differences, suggesting that sexual dimorphism is a key driver of the observed neighborhood effects on herbivory. Our study highlights the importance of considering relevant plant traits such as sex when investigating plant neighborhood effects, calling for further research to fully understand the dynamics governing plant–herbivore interactions in dioecious systems.

Although it is well recognized that the strength of plant–herbivore interactions can vary with the plant sex, the distance, and the density of conspecific neighbors, no study has yet assessed their combined influence. Here, we filled this knowledge gap by focusing on the dioecious palm Chamaerops humilis L., and its two main herbivores, the invasive moth Paysandisia archon Burmeister and the feral goat Capra hircus L. We evaluated levels and spatial patterns of herbivory, as well as those of plant size and number of inflorescences in two palm populations in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Our spatial point pattern analyses revealed that palms not affected by moth herbivory or goat florivory were spatially aggregated, goats fed more strongly upon inflorescences in palms with more neighbors, but they consumed more leaves in isolated palms. Interestingly, we could reveal for the first time that plant sex is a key plant trait modulating neighborhood effects. For instance, whereas aggregated female palms experienced lower intensity of goat florivory than isolated ones, male palms showed the opposite pattern. Palm size and number of inflorescences also showed sex-related differences, suggesting that sexual dimorphism is a key driver of the observed neighborhood effects on herbivory. Our study highlights the importance of considering relevant plant traits such as sex when investigating plant neighborhood effects, calling for further research to fully understand the dynamics governing plant–herbivore interactions in dioecious systems.

STUDY QUESTION Which patients might benefit from insemination of delayed-matured oocytes? SUMMARY ANSWER Delayed-matured oocytes had a ≥50% contribution to the available cohort of biopsied blastocysts in patients with advanced maternal age, low maturation, and/or low fertilization rates. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Retrieved immature oocytes that progress to the MII stage in vitro could increase the number of embryos available during ICSI cycles. However, these delayed-matured oocytes are associated with lower fertilization rates and compromised embryo quality. Data on the ploidy of these embryos are controversial, but studies failed to compare euploidy rates of embryos derived from delayed-matured oocytes to patients’ own immediate mature sibling oocytes. This strategy efficiently allows to identify the patient population that would benefit from this approach. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This observational study was performed between January 2019 and June 2021 including a total of 5449 cumulus oocytes complexes from 469 ovarian stimulation cycles, from which 3455 inseminated matured oocytes from ICSI (n = 2911) and IVF (n = 544) were considered as the sibling controls (MII-D0) to the delayed-matured oocytes (MII-D1) (n = 910). Euploidy rates were assessed between delayed-matured (MII-D1) and mature sibling oocytes (MII-D0) in relation to patients’ clinical characteristics such as BMI, AMH, age, sperm origin, and the laboratory outcomes, maturation, fertilization, and blastocyst utilization rates. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A total of 390 patients undergoing IVF/ICSI, who had at least one metaphase I (MI) or germinal-vesicle (GV) oocyte on the day of oocyte collection (Day 0), which matured in 20–28 h after denudation were included. MI and GV oocytes that matured overnight were inseminated on the following day (Day 1, MII-D1) by ICSI. Only cycles planned for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy using fresh own oocytes were included. MAIN RESULTS A

Interspecific ecological interactions are inherently context-dependent. They may vary in both magnitude and sign depending on the biotic and abiotic conditions, depicting a mutualism–antagonism continuum. However, how population abundances and the activity of interacting species modulate these interactions remains underexplored. Here, we chose the interaction between the Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis and the feral goat Capra hircus in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). We selected three study plots with low, intermediate and high intensities of goat activity where we characterized palm distribution, seed rain, seed predation and early palm recruitment during two consecutive years. Since goats can cause both costs (e.g. florivory) and benefits (e.g. seed dispersal) to C. humilis performance, we investigated the following three questions: 1) does the spatial distribution of adult palms vary depending on the intensity of goat activity? 2) Does the intensity of goat activity influence seed rain and its potential spatial association with adult palms? 3) To what extent does the intensity of goat activity determine post-dispersal events such as seed predation and seedling emergence? We found that adult palms showed a more clumped and complex distribution (double-cluster process) in plots with low and intermediate goat activity compared to that with high goat activity (simple-cluster process). In the low goat activity plot, dispersed seeds were spatially aggregated around adult palms, showing twice as much insect-seed predation and nearly three times lower seed germination success than those in the intermediate goat activity plot. Palm seed dispersal and recruitment were almost nil in the high goat activity plot due to heavy consumption of palm inflorescences and developing fruits by goats. Our findings demonstrate how the net outcome of plant–animal interactions can change from mutualism to antagonism, from reproductive service to reproductive collapse, depending

Interspecific ecological interactions are inherently context-dependent. They may vary in both magnitude and sign depending on the biotic and abiotic conditions, depicting a mutualism–antagonism continuum. However, how population abundances and the activity of interacting species modulate these interactions remains underexplored. Here, we chose the interaction between the Mediterranean palm Chamaerops humilis and the feral goat Capra hircus in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). We selected three study plots with low, intermediate and high intensities of goat activity where we characterized palm distribution, seed rain, seed predation and early palm recruitment during two consecutive years. Since goats can cause both costs (e.g. florivory) and benefits (e.g. seed dispersal) to C. humilis performance, we investigated the following three questions: 1) does the spatial distribution of adult palms vary depending on the intensity of goat activity? 2) Does the intensity of goat activity influence seed rain and its potential spatial association with adult palms? 3) To what extent does the intensity of goat activity determine post-dispersal events such as seed predation and seedling emergence? We found that adult palms showed a more clumped and complex distribution (double-cluster process) in plots with low and intermediate goat activity compared to that with high goat activity (simple-cluster process). In the low goat activity plot, dispersed seeds were spatially aggregated around adult palms, showing twice as much insect-seed predation and nearly three times lower seed germination success than those in the intermediate goat activity plot. Palm seed dispersal and recruitment were almost nil in the high goat activity plot due to heavy consumption of palm inflorescences and developing fruits by goats. Our findings demonstrate how the net outcome of plant–animal interactions can change from mutualism to antagonism, from reproductive service to reproductive collapse, depending

El proyecto NOVATERRA (European Comission H2020 GA num. 101000554) empezó en otoño de 2020 con el objetivo de aportar estrategias sostenibles e integradas con el fin de eliminar o reducir significativamente el uso de pesticidas y su impacto en el medioambiente, para las plagas más habituales de olivar y viñedo. A los largo del 2021 se llevaron a cabo los primeros ensayos de campo para testar y validar estas estrategias que se sustentan sobre tres pilares: a) la búsqueda de productos alternativos a los fitosanitarios más controvertidos, b) el uso de tecnologías de agricultura inteligente para una aplicación más precisa de los productos y c) la gestión del suelo para un mejor manejo integrado y control de plagas más eficiente. Todo ello, en una fase más avanzada del proyecto, debe traducirse en itinerarios más eficaces y sostenibles para la gestión de plagas de los cultivos.

The effect of LEDs light on the formation of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and the final sensory quality of white and rosé wines was evaluated. Thus, different commercial wines were exposed for ten days to three types of lights. All wine samples were analyzed throughout the exposure period to determine the usual oenological parameters together with some other chemical characteristics (color evolution; riboflavin, cysteine and methionine photodegradation), VSC amounts and sensory characteristics. The results showed that the wines exposed to ultraviolet light suffered greater degradation of the aromatic precursors, mainly riboflavin, and had higher concentrations of VSCs. Regarding LED lights, these produced minimal degradative effects. So that we can consider this type of light as an alternative to reduce the economic impact that currently occurs due to the photodegradation of bottled wines.

Pectus excavatum is considered a pathology of the chest wall where there is convexity in the ventral aspect of the sternum, which generates secondary complications, such as ventrodorsal stretching of the chest and increased intrathoracic pressure, among others. In the present case, the body of a French bulldog dog was born with previous signs of decay and low consumption of maternal waste, in addition to a forensic medical evaluation. According to the pathological evaluation, a crack was found in the sternal chest related to the caudal sternum close to the xiphoid cartilage, frothy content in the laryngeal epiglottis cartilage and severe signs of emphysema in the caudal, cranial and middle lung lobes. In the cardiological evaluation, an invaginating morphological asymmetry was observed in the interventricular septum in the same area in which the sternal cleft occurs, in turn, in the radiographic evaluation, it shows a dorsal depression of the caudal third of the sternum with considerable changes in the cardiac silhouette. In Colombia there are no reports of complete litters that present this alteration, so it is intended that this is the first anatomopathological and imaging report that describes the pathology in canines., O pectus excavatum é considerado uma patologia da parede torácica, onde há convexidade no aspecto ventral do esterno, o que gera complicações secundárias, como alongamento ventrodorsal do tórax e aumento da pressão intratorácica, entre outras. No presente caso, o corpo de um cachorro Buldogue Francês nasceu com sinais prévios de decaimento e baixo consumo de leito materno, além de uma avaliação médica forense. De acordo com a avaliação patológica, foi encontrada uma fenda no peito esternal relacionada às esternas caudais próximas à cartilagem xifóide, conteúdo espumoso na cartilagem epiglótica da laringe e sinais graves de enfisema nos lobos caudal, craniano e médio pulmonar. Na avaliação cardiológica, foi observada assimetria morfológica invaginante no septo interventricular na mesma área em que a fenda esternal ocorre, por sua vez, na avaliação radiográfica, evidencia uma depressão dorsal do terço caudal do esterno com alterações consideráveis na silhueta cardíaca. Na Colômbia não há relatos de ninhadas completas que apresentem esta alteração, portanto, pretende-se que este seja o primeiro relatório anatomopatológico e de imagem que descreva a patologia em caninos.

Background: Cava is considered to be a high-quality wine internationally. Hence, it has undergone consistent improvement and/or the preservation of its aromatic qualities, bouquet, color, and foamability, throughout its elaboration and aging. Methods: This study investigates the use of different Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts strains (Torulaspora delbrueckii and Metschnikowia pulcherrima) in Chardonnay and Xarel.lo cava wines. The usual enological parameters, the volatile composition, the protein contents, and foamability were determined, and sensory analyses were also performed for all of the vinifications (both before tirage and after 18 months of aging on the lees). Results: the protein and foamability results show that there is a direct relationship between both parameters, with better foam persistence achieved in some non-Saccharomyces fermentation. M. pulcherrima base wines showed a high protein content, improving foamability and foaming persistence. In addition, the results of the aromatic composition and the sensory analysis showed that the use of T. delbrueckii at first fermentation produced interesting cavas from an aromatic perspective. These cavas showed the highest values of ethyl isovalerate (120–126 µg/L), providing aromatic fruity notes, especially fresh green apple. Conclusions: the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in the base wine fermentation can be an alternative to produce cavas with differentiated aromatic characteristics and interesting foaming ability.

To understand the ecosystem dynamics that underpin the year-round presence of a large generalist consumer, the Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni brydei), we use a DNA metabarcoding approach and systematic zooplankton surveys to investigate seasonal and regional changes in zooplankton communities and if whale diet reflects such changes. Twenty-four zooplankton community samples were collected from three regions throughout the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, over two temperature regimes (warm and cool seasons), as well as 20 samples of opportunistically collected Bryde’s whale scat. Multi-locus DNA barcode libraries were constructed from 18S and COI gene fragments, representing a trade-of between identifcation and resolution of metazoan taxa. Zooplankton community OTU occurrence and relative read abundance showed regional and seasonal diferences based on permutational analyses of variance in both DNA barcodes, with signifcant changes in biodiversity indices linked to season in COI only. In contrast, we did not fnd evidence that Bryde’s whale diet shows seasonal or regional trends, but instead indicated clear prey preferences for krill-like crustaceans, copepods, salps and ray-fnned fshes independent of prey availability. The year-round presence of Bryde’s whales in the Hauraki Gulf is likely associated with the patterns of distribution and abundance of these key prey items.

© 2019 by the authors. Nitrogen is a limiting factor for the development of wine alcoholic fermentation. The addition of nutrients and different nitrogen sources is a usual practice for many winemakers. Currently, there is a market trend toward wine that is additive-free and there are also restrictions on the amount of ammonium fermentation agents that can be added to the wine. In this work, the changes produced on the alcoholic fermentation by the addition of different nitrogen sources were evaluated by the use of ATR-FTIR. The results showed the feasibility of this technique to observe differences in the growth yeast capacity depending on the type of the nutrients added. A high influence on the development of the alcoholic fermentation was observed, especially at its exponential and the stationary phases. Moreover, the changes observed in the recorded spectra were related to the proteins and lipid esters composition of the yeast cell wall. This technique should be a useful tool to evaluate nitrogen deficiencies during winemaking although further studies should be done in order to evaluate more influential factors.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Obtaining direct measurements to characterise ecosystem function can be hindered by remote or inaccessible regions. Next-generation satellite tags that inform increasingly sophisticated movement models, and the miniaturisation of animal-borne loggers, have enabled the use of animals as tools to collect habitat data in remote environments, such as the Southern Ocean. Research on the distribution, habitat use and recovery of Oceania's humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) has been constrained by the inaccessibility to their Antarctic feeding grounds and the limitations of technology. In this multi-disciplinary study, we combine innovative analytical tools to comprehensively assess the distribution and population structure of this marine predator throughout their entire migratory range. We used genotype and photo-identification matches and conducted a genetic mixed-stock analysis to identify the breeding ground origins of humpback whales migrating past the Kermadec Islands, New Zealand. Satellite tracking data and a state-space model were then used to identify the migratory paths and behaviour of 18 whales, and to reveal their Antarctic feeding ground destinations. Additionally, we conducted progesterone assays and epigenetic aging to determine the pregnancy rate and age-profile of the population. Humpback whales passing the Kermadec Islands did not assign to a single breeding ground origin, but instead came from a range of breeding grounds spanning ~3500 km of ocean. Sampled whales ranged from calves to adults of up to 67 years of age, and a pregnancy rate of 57% was estimated from 30 adult females. The whales migrated to the Southern Ocean (straight-line distances of up to 7000 km) and spanned ~4500 km across their Antarctic feeding grounds. All fully tracked females with a dependent calf (n = 4) migrated to the Ross Sea region, while 70% of adults without calves (n = 7) travelled further east to the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas region. By

Aggressive reduction of blood pressure may increase cardiovascular events (the J-curve phenomenon) in certain populations. In this regard, most studies in patients with chronic kidney disease have shown a J curve for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and this phenomenon persists after adjusting for confounding factors. Since there is no evidence that a straighter blood pressure target (<130/70 mm Hg) could improve renal outcomes, the increased cardiovascular risk associated with extreme blood pressure reduction should be seen as undesirable. Moreover, the intensive control of blood pressure may induce an unintended reduction of renal function and this decrease, in turn, may increase cardiovascular risk.

Manchega sheep production is of great socio-economic importance in Castilla-La Mancha, being the milk from this breed the raw material of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Manchego cheese. The Breeding Program developed by the National Association of Cattle Breeders Sheep Breed Select Mancha (AGRAMA), began in 1988, being the current objective the increase of milk production, using technical tools for this purpose: animal recording (test-day milk records), artificial insemination, and progeny test used to perform the genetic evaluation by BLUP methodology. The results obtained up to date show an average genetic trend of +4 kg / year in the herds belonging to AGRAMA and being part of the Breeding Program. This genetic improvement has been made available to all the herds within the PDO as a part of the dissemination plan, obtaining a significant increase of milk production levels in such herds, but with a still clear difference in terms of production between farms within the Breeding Program, and the rest of farms under the PDO Manchego Cheese, highlighting the importance of being part of the Breeding Program into the profitability of the production system., La leche de oveja de raza Manchega tiene gran importancia socio-económica en Castilla-La Mancha por ser la materia prima con la que se elabora el Queso Manchego con Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP). El Programa de Mejora de esta raza, desarrollado por la Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Ganado Ovino Selecto de Raza Manchega (AGRAMA), se inició en el año 1988. Su objetivo es el aumento de la producción de leche, utilizando como herramientas técnicas: el control lechero, la inseminación artificial, la comprobación de filiaciones y la valoración genética mediante metodología BLUP. Los resultados del Programa de Mejora indican una tendencia genética media de +4 kg/año en las ganaderías de AGRAMA. La difusión de esta mejora se ha realizado a las ganaderías de la DOP, con un incremento significativo de la producción de leche. Sin embargo, aún existe una diferencia evidente a nivel productivo entre las explotaciones colaboradoras en el Programa de Mejora, y el resto de ganaderías inscritas en la DOP Queso Manchego, poniendo de manifiesto la importancia del Programa de Mejora en las explotaciones de oveja Manchega.

The Manchego sheep sector has a selection scheme that works as a process management program (PGP). The aim of this study was to evalute the effectiveness of PGP on production and economic performance of dairy sheep farms. The information of 90 farms (59 % with PGP and 47.8 % without PGP) collected through surveys and interviews was used. The effect of the application of PGP was assessed using the t test for quantitative variables and chi-square test qualitative variables. Results show that the PGP has the reproduction as central axis and improve the integration of different processes. Also, it has positive effects on the level of productivity and economic performance of farms., El sector ovino Manchego dispone de un Esquema de Selección que funciona como un programa de gestión de procesos (PGP). El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el grado de efectividad del PGP sobre la producción y los resultados económicos de las explotaciones ovinas lecheras. Se utilizó la información de 90 explotaciones (59 % con PGP y 47,8 % sin PGP) recopilada mediante encuestas y entrevistas in situ. El efecto de la aplicación de PGP se evaluó mediante la prueba t para variables cuantitativas y el test chi-cuadrado en variables cualitativas. Los resultados muestran que el PGP, con la reproducción como eje central, mejora la integración de los diferentes procesos; lo que incide positivamente en el nivel de productividad y rendimiento económico de las explotaciones.

Improvement of milk quality is one of the principal objectives in dairy sheep production systems. Regulator Council of PDO Manchego Cheese and National Association of Manchega Breeders take part in some milk quality research projects from Dairy Laboratory of the Regional Selection and Animal Reproduction Center, belonging to the Regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha, has developed. The study aims are to find the relationship between the management characteristics of the farms and the quality of bulk tank sheep milk (in differential features of composition, microbiology and technological components). Knowledge of these relationships informs about the main aspects to consider (preservation of milk, feeding systems of sheep, associations, etc.) in sheep milk production for cheese making., La mejora de la calidad de la leche es uno de los objetivos fundamentales en los actuales sistemas de producción del ovino lechero. La Fundación Consejo Regulador de la Denominación de Origen Queso Manchego y la Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Ganado Ovino Selecto raza Manchega participan en los Proyectos de Investigación en materia de calidad de la leche desarrollados por el Laboratorio de Lactología del Centro Regional de Selección y Reproducción Animal de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. Estos trabajos tienen como objetivo principal el estudio de las relaciones entre las características productivas de las ganaderías y la calidad integral de la leche de oveja (composición, microbiología diferencial y componentes tecnológicos). Los resultados de estos trabajos incluyen el análisis de factores tales como la conservación de la leche, la alimentación de las ovejas de ordeño, el nivel de asociacionismo, etc, en la producción de leche de oveja destinada a la elaboración de queso.

Manchega sheep production is of great socio-economic importance in Castilla-La Mancha, being the milk from this breed the raw material of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Manchego cheese. The Breeding Program developed by the National Association of Cattle Breeders Sheep Breed Select Mancha (AGRAMA), began in 1988, being the current objective the increase of milk production, using technical tools for this purpose: animal recording (test-day milk records), artificial insemination, and progeny test used to perform the genetic evaluation by BLUP methodology. The results obtained up to date show an average genetic trend of +4 kg / year in the herds belonging to AGRAMA and being part of the Breeding Program. This genetic improvement has been made available to all the herds within the PDO as a part of the dissemination plan, obtaining a significant increase of milk production levels in such herds, but with a still clear difference in terms of production between farms within the Breeding Program, and the rest of farms under the PDO Manchego Cheese, highlighting the importance of being part of the Breeding Program into the profitability of the production system., La leche de oveja de raza Manchega tiene gran importancia socio-económica en Castilla-La Mancha por ser la materia prima con la que se elabora el Queso Manchego con Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP). El Programa de Mejora de esta raza, desarrollado por la Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Ganado Ovino Selecto de Raza Manchega (AGRAMA), se inició en el año 1988. Su objetivo es el aumento de la producción de leche, utilizando como herramientas técnicas: el control lechero, la inseminación artificial, la comprobación de filiaciones y la valoración genética mediante metodología BLUP. Los resultados del Programa de Mejora indican una tendencia genética media de +4 kg/año en las ganaderías de AGRAMA. La difusión de esta mejora se ha realizado a las ganaderías de la DOP, con un incremento significativo de la producción de leche. Sin embargo, aún existe una diferencia evidente a nivel productivo entre las explotaciones colaboradoras en el Programa de Mejora, y el resto de ganaderías inscritas en la DOP Queso Manchego, poniendo de manifiesto la importancia del Programa de Mejora en las explotaciones de oveja Manchega.

Improvement of milk quality is one of the principal objectives in dairy sheep production systems. Regulator Council of PDO Manchego Cheese and National Association of Manchega Breeders take part in some milk quality research projects from Dairy Laboratory of the Regional Selection and Animal Reproduction Center, belonging to the Regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha, has developed. The study aims are to find the relationship between the management characteristics of the farms and the quality of bulk tank sheep milk (in differential features of composition, microbiology and technological components). Knowledge of these relationships informs about the main aspects to consider (preservation of milk, feeding systems of sheep, associations, etc.) in sheep milk production for cheese making., La mejora de la calidad de la leche es uno de los objetivos fundamentales en los actuales sistemas de producción del ovino lechero. La Fundación Consejo Regulador de la Denominación de Origen Queso Manchego y la Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Ganado Ovino Selecto raza Manchega participan en los Proyectos de Investigación en materia de calidad de la leche desarrollados por el Laboratorio de Lactología del Centro Regional de Selección y Reproducción Animal de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. Estos trabajos tienen como objetivo principal el estudio de las relaciones entre las características productivas de las ganaderías y la calidad integral de la leche de oveja (composición, microbiología diferencial y componentes tecnológicos). Los resultados de estos trabajos incluyen el análisis de factores tales como la conservación de la leche, la alimentación de las ovejas de ordeño, el nivel de asociacionismo, etc, en la producción de leche de oveja destinada a la elaboración de queso.

The Manchego sheep sector has a selection scheme that works as a process management program (PGP). The aim of this study was to evalute the effectiveness of PGP on production and economic performance of dairy sheep farms. The information of 90 farms (59 % with PGP and 47.8 % without PGP) collected through surveys and interviews was used. The effect of the application of PGP was assessed using the t test for quantitative variables and chi-square test qualitative variables. Results show that the PGP has the reproduction as central axis and improve the integration of different processes. Also, it has positive effects on the level of productivity and economic performance of farms., El sector ovino Manchego dispone de un Esquema de Selección que funciona como un programa de gestión de procesos (PGP). El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el grado de efectividad del PGP sobre la producción y los resultados económicos de las explotaciones ovinas lecheras. Se utilizó la información de 90 explotaciones (59 % con PGP y 47,8 % sin PGP) recopilada mediante encuestas y entrevistas in situ. El efecto de la aplicación de PGP se evaluó mediante la prueba t para variables cuantitativas y el test chi-cuadrado en variables cualitativas. Los resultados muestran que el PGP, con la reproducción como eje central, mejora la integración de los diferentes procesos; lo que incide positivamente en el nivel de productividad y rendimiento económico de las explotaciones.

During a zooplankton survey 350 km off the coast of Western Australia, we captured a large and robust zooid of a salp (Thetys vagina), to which six late stage larvae (phyllosomata) of the western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) were attached. High-throughput sequencing analyses of DNA extracts from midgut glands of the larvae confirmed that each phyllosoma had consumed mainly salp tissue (x¯ = 64.5% ± 15.9 of DNA reads). These results resolve long-standing conjecture whether spiny lobster phyllosomata attach to large gelatinous hosts to feed on them.

During a zooplankton survey 350 km off the coast of Western Australia, we captured a large and robust zooid of a salp (Thetys vagina), to which six late stage larvae (phyllosomata) of the western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) were attached. High-throughput sequencing analyses of DNA extracts from midgut glands of the larvae confirmed that each phyllosoma had consumed mainly salp tissue (x¯ = 64.5% ± 15.9 of DNA reads). These results resolve long-standing conjecture whether spiny lobster phyllosomata attach to large gelatinous hosts to feed on them.

Se presenta una solución analítica para la respuesta de un semiespacio tridimensional homogéneo con una carga puntual armónica en el tiempo. Esta expresión es de gran importancia debido a que se puede emplear como solución fundamental en el Método de los Elementos de Contorno para la resolución de problemas elastodinámicos tridimensionales de semiespacios. Las expresiones se han validado comparando los resultados con otros empleados en el Método de Elementos de Contorno en los que es necesaria la discretización de la superficie del semiespacio. También se ha comparado con otras soluciones para el semiespacio en 2.5D y con resultados experimentales obtenidos de referencias bibliográficas. Por último, se estudia el comportamiento asintótico de la solución para diferentes estados comparando los resultados con soluciones fundamentales existentes., This paper presents an analytical solution for the steady-state response of a homogeneous three-dimensional half-space subject to a time-harmonic point load. This expresion is of great importance in the formulation of three-dimensional elastodynamic problems in a half-space by means of boundary element methods which can be employed as a Fundamental Solution. The expressions are validated comparing the results with those obtained with the boundary element method solution, where the free surface is discretized. The solution is further compared to that of a 2.5D half-space, and with experimental results available in the literature. The asymptotic behaviour of the solution is explored for different limits of the distance, frequency and wave number, and the ensuing limits are compared to existing fundamental solutions., Peer Reviewed

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a threatening pathogen with a minimal genome, is a model organism for bacterial systems biology for which substantial experimental information is available. With the goal of understanding the complex interactions underlying its metabolism, we analyzed and characterized the metabolic network of M. pneumoniae in great detail, integrating data from different omics analyses under a range of conditions into a constraint-based model backbone. Iterating model predictions, hypothesis generation, experimental testing, and model refinement, we accurately curated the network and quantitatively explored the energy metabolism. In contrast to other bacteria, M. pneumoniae uses most of its energy for maintenance tasks instead of growth. We show that in highly linear networks the prediction of flux distributions for different growth times allows analysis of time-dependent changes, albeit using a static model. By performing an in silico knock-out study as well as analyzing flux distributions in single and double mutant phenotypes, we demonstrated that the model accurately represents the metabolism of M. pneumoniae. The experimentally validated model provides a solid basis for understanding its metabolic regulatory mechanisms

Item does not contain fulltext, PURPOSE: At the Netherlands Cancer Institute--Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in vivo dosimetry using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) has been implemented for almost all high-energy photon treatments of cancer with curative intent. Lung cancer treatments were initially excluded, because the original back-projection dose-reconstruction algorithm uses water-based scatter-correction kernels and therefore does not account for tissue inhomogeneities accurately. The aim of this study was to test a new method, in aqua vivo EPID dosimetry, for fast dose verification of lung cancer irradiations during actual patient treatment. METHODS: The key feature of our method is the dose reconstruction in the patient from EPID images, obtained during the actual treatment, whereby the images have been converted to a situation as if the patient consisted entirely of water; hence, the method is termed in aqua vivo. This is done by multiplying the measured in vivo EPID image with the ratio of two digitally reconstructed transmission images for the unit-density and inhomogeneous tissue situation. For dose verification, a comparison is made with the calculated dose distribution with the inhomogeneity correction switched off. IMRT treatment verification is performed for each beam in 2D using a 2D gamma evaluation, while for the verification of volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatments in 3D a 3D gamma evaluation is applied using the same parameters (3%, 3 mm). The method was tested using two inhomogeneous phantoms simulating a tumor in lung and measuring its sensitivity for patient positioning errors. Subsequently five IMRT and five VMAT clinical lung cancer treatments were investigated, using both the conventional back-projection algorithm and the in aqua vivo method. The verification results of the in aqua vivo method were statistically analyzed for 751 lung cancer patients treated with IMRT and 50 lung cancer patients treated with VMAT. RESULTS: The improvements by appl

Having sufficient inventories in the piece-picking area of a warehouse is an essential condition for warehouse operations. This requires a timely replenishment of the products from a reserve area in case they could run out of stock. In this paper we develop analytical models to arrive at priority rules for these replenishments in case replenishments and order picking are done simultaneously because of time pressure. This problem was observed in a warehouse of a large cosmetics firm. The priority rules are compared by means of simulation and regression. Finally we present the results of

Item does not contain fulltext, PURPOSE: At the Netherlands Cancer Institute--Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in vivo dosimetry using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) has been implemented for almost all high-energy photon treatments of cancer with curative intent. Lung cancer treatments were initially excluded, because the original back-projection dose-reconstruction algorithm uses water-based scatter-correction kernels and therefore does not account for tissue inhomogeneities accurately. The aim of this study was to test a new method, in aqua vivo EPID dosimetry, for fast dose verification of lung cancer irradiations during actual patient treatment. METHODS: The key feature of our method is the dose reconstruction in the patient from EPID images, obtained during the actual treatment, whereby the images have been converted to a situation as if the patient consisted entirely of water; hence, the method is termed in aqua vivo. This is done by multiplying the measured in vivo EPID image with the ratio of two digitally reconstructed transmission images for the unit-density and inhomogeneous tissue situation. For dose verification, a comparison is made with the calculated dose distribution with the inhomogeneity correction switched off. IMRT treatment verification is performed for each beam in 2D using a 2D gamma evaluation, while for the verification of volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatments in 3D a 3D gamma evaluation is applied using the same parameters (3%, 3 mm). The method was tested using two inhomogeneous phantoms simulating a tumor in lung and measuring its sensitivity for patient positioning errors. Subsequently five IMRT and five VMAT clinical lung cancer treatments were investigated, using both the conventional back-projection algorithm and the in aqua vivo method. The verification results of the in aqua vivo method were statistically analyzed for 751 lung cancer patients treated with IMRT and 50 lung cancer patients treated with VMAT. RESULTS: The improvements by appl

En este artículo se presenta una metodología para solucionar el problema de la ubicación óptima de fusibles y reconectadores en sistemas de distribución, con el fin de mejorar el índice de confiabilidad SAIFI. El problema es formulado como un modelo de programación no lineal entero, el cual considera una función objetivo no lineal y un conjunto de restricciones lineales, en las que se incluyen criterios técnicos y económicos. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan la validez de la metodología propuesta y su aplicabilidad en los sistemas de distribución reales.

En este artículo se presenta una metodología para solucionar el problema de la ubicación óptima de fusibles y reconectadores en sistemas de distribución, con el fin de mejorar el índice de confiabilidad SAIFI. El problema es formulado como un modelo de programación no lineal entero, el cual considera una función objetivo no lineal y un conjunto de restricciones lineales, en las que se incluyen criterios técnicos y económicos. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan la validez de la metodología propuesta y su aplicabilidad en los sistemas de distribución reales.

This paper analyses the impact of choosing good initial populations for genetic algorithms regarding convergence speed and final solution quality. Test problems were taken from complex electricity distribution network expansion planning. Constructive heuristic algorithms were used to generate good initial populations, particularly those used in resolving transmission network expansion planning. The results were compared to those found by a genetic algorithm with random initial populations. The results showed that an efficiently generated initial population led to better solutions being found in less time when applied to low complexity electricity distribution networks and better quality solutions for highly complex networks when compared to a genetic algorithm using random initial populations., En este artículo se analiza el impacto de seleccionar poblaciones iníciales de buena calidad para ser usadas en algoritmos genéticos, con el propósito de obtener mayor velocidad de convergencia y mejor calidad en las soluciones alcanzadas cuando se resuelve el problema del planeamiento de la expansión a largo plazo de los sistemas de transmisión de energía eléctrica. Los sistemas de prueba que se analizan corresponden a sistemas de alta complejidad, tradicionalmente usados en la literatura especializada. Para generar soluciones iníciales de buena calidad se utilizan algoritmos heurísticos constructivos, particularmente los más utilizados en problemas de planeamiento de la expansión de sistemas de transmisión. Se comparan los resultados obtenidos con los que entregan los algoritmos genéticos que usan poblaciones iniciales aleatorias. Los resultados muestran que una población inicial generada en forma heurística permite obtener soluciones de mejor o igual calidad y con esfuerzos computacionales menores, cuando se resuelven sistemas eléctricos de gran complejidad.

En este artículo se presenta una metodología para solucionar el problema de la ubicación óptima de fusibles y reconectadores en sistemas de distribución, con el fin de mejorar el índice de confiabilidad SAIFI. El problema es formulado como un modelo de programación no lineal entero, el cual considera una función objetivo no lineal y un conjunto de restricciones lineales, en las que se incluyen criterios técnicos y económicos. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan la validez de la metodología propuesta y su aplicabilidad en los sistemas de distribución reales.

This paper presents a methodology to solve the optimal placement problem of fuses and reclosers on distribution systems, in order to improve the reliability index SAIFI. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear integer programming model, which considers a nonlinear objective function and a set of linear constraints, which include technical and economic criteria. The results show the validity of the proposed methodology and its applicability in real distribution systems., En este artículo se presenta una metodología para solucionar el problema de la ubicación óptima de fusibles y reconectadores en sistemas de distribución, con el fin de mejorar el índice de confiabilidad SAIFI. El problema es formulado como un modelo de programación no lineal entero, el cual considera una función objetivo no lineal y un conjunto de restricciones lineales, en las que se incluyen criterios técnicos y económicos. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan la validez de la metodología propuesta y su aplicabilidad en los sistemas de distribución reales.

En este artículo se presenta una metodología para solucionar el problema de la ubicación óptima de fusibles y reconectadores en sistemas de distribución, con el fin de mejorar el índice de confiabilidad SAIFI. El problema es formulado como un modelo de programación no lineal entero, el cual considera una función objetivo no lineal y un conjunto de restricciones lineales, en las que se incluyen criterios técnicos y económicos. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan la validez de la metodología propuesta y su aplicabilidad en los sistemas de distribución reales.

En este artículo se presenta una metodología para solucionar el problema de la ubicación óptima de fusibles y reconectadores en sistemas de distribución, con el fin de mejorar el índice de confiabilidad SAIFI. El problema es formulado como un modelo de programación no lineal entero, el cual considera una función objetivo no lineal y un conjunto de restricciones lineales, en las que se incluyen criterios técnicos y económicos. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan la validez de la metodología propuesta y su aplicabilidad en los sistemas de distribución reales.

En este artículo se presenta una metodología para solucionar el problema de la ubicación óptima de fusibles y reconectadores en sistemas de distribución, con el fin de mejorar el índice de confiabilidad SAIFI. El problema es formulado como un modelo de programación no lineal entero, el cual considera una función objetivo no lineal y un conjunto de restricciones lineales, en las que se incluyen criterios técnicos y económicos. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan la validez de la metodología propuesta y su aplicabilidad en los sistemas de distribución reales.

This paper presents a methodology to solve the optimal placement problem of fuses and reclosers on distribution systems, in order to improve the reliability index SAIFI. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear integer programming model, which considers a nonlinear objective function and a set of linear constraints, which include technical and economic criteria. The results show the validity of the proposed methodology and its applicability in real distribution systems., En este artículo se presenta una metodología para solucionar el problema de la ubicación óptima de fusibles y reconectadores en sistemas de distribución, con el fin de mejorar el índice de confiabilidad SAIFI. El problema es formulado como un modelo de programación no lineal entero, el cual considera una función objetivo no lineal y un conjunto de restricciones lineales, en las que se incluyen criterios técnicos y económicos. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan la validez de la metodología propuesta y su aplicabilidad en los sistemas de distribución reales.

En este trabajo se propone una metodología para encontrar la localización y el dimensionamiento óptimo de Generadores Distribuidos (GD) en sistemas de distribución con el fin de mejorar los perfiles de tensión de la red, utilizando dos sistemas de prueba empleados en la literatura especializada. La ubicación óptima de los GD se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta los nodos con peor índice de estabilidad de tensión, y el dimensionamiento óptimo se obtiene al solucionar un modelamiento matemático no lineal considerando la ubicación de los GD seleccionada anteriormente. El modelo matemático es resuelto empleando el software de optimización GAMS.

En este trabajo se propone una metodología para encontrar la localización y el dimensionamiento óptimo de Generadores Distribuidos (GD) en sistemas de distribución con el fin de mejorar los perfiles de tensión de la red, utilizando dos sistemas de prueba empleados en la literatura especializada. La ubicación óptima de los GD se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta los nodos con peor índice de estabilidad de tensión, y el dimensionamiento óptimo se obtiene al solucionar un modelamiento matemático no lineal considerando la ubicación de los GD seleccionada anteriormente. El modelo matemático es resuelto empleando el software de optimización GAMS.

The impact and significance of a training process may not be easily noticeable in the short term, and is difficult to track in the long term. This is more common when training targets are acquiring positive attitudes and competences (i.e. environmental awareness) rather than specific technical procedures. Thus, such training requires specific evaluation tools for quantifying the degree of achievement the objectives. Microteaching is a training methodology characterized by brevity and flexibility, which focuses in promoting active learning and evaluating its long-term impact (including performance indicators). The methodology was developed during two European projects (Leonardo da Vinci Programme (Overschie,2006; Pérez-Moya, 2008, www.microtrainingsupport. eu/). This methodology was applied in two case studies for validating the assessment procedure developed. In both cases, the focus was improving performance of their Environmental Management System (EMS): Company A - Private company. Industrial electronics sector. - Objective: improving the communication between departments, detecting elements subject to the “continuous improvement” statement associated to the EMS application. - Initial status: ISO 14000 certification. - Proposed working group: Department managers and management team (including the general manager). Organization B - Public organization. Higher Education sector. - Objective: improving the communication between staff and wake up interest in EMS. - Initial status: lack of environmental management certification - Proposed working group: technical staff (department head was not attending the sessions).The application of the training and assessment methodologies is described for both cases. Finally, the actions resulting from the training and the corresponding outcomes are presented and both experiences are discussed regarding these results.

En este trabajo se propone una metodología para encontrar la localización y el dimensionamiento óptimo de Generadores Distribuidos (GD) en sistemas de distribución con el fin de mejorar los perfiles de tensión de la red, utilizando dos sistemas de prueba empleados en la literatura especializada. La ubicación óptima de los GD se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta los nodos con peor índice de estabilidad de tensión, y el dimensionamiento óptimo se obtiene al solucionar un modelamiento matemático no lineal considerando la ubicación de los GD seleccionada anteriormente. El modelo matemático es resuelto empleando el software de optimización GAMS.

En este trabajo se propone una metodología para encontrar la localización y el dimensionamiento óptimo de Generadores Distribuidos (GD) en sistemas de distribución con el fin de mejorar los perfiles de tensión de la red, utilizando dos sistemas de prueba empleados en la literatura especializada. La ubicación óptima de los GD se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta los nodos con peor índice de estabilidad de tensión, y el dimensionamiento óptimo se obtiene al solucionar un modelamiento matemático no lineal considerando la ubicación de los GD seleccionada anteriormente. El modelo matemático es resuelto empleando el software de optimización GAMS.

En este trabajo se propone una metodología para encontrar la localización y el dimensionamiento óptimo de Generadores Distribuidos (GD) en sistemas de distribución con el fin de mejorar los perfiles de tensión de la red, utilizando dos sistemas de prueba empleados en la literatura especializada. La ubicación óptima de los GD se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta los nodos con peor índice de estabilidad de tensión, y el dimensionamiento óptimo se obtiene al solucionar un modelamiento matemático no lineal considerando la ubicación de los GD seleccionada anteriormente. El modelo matemático es resuelto empleando el software de optimización GAMS.

En este trabajo se propone una metodología para encontrar la localización y el dimensionamiento óptimo de Generadores Distribuidos (GD) en sistemas de distribución con el fin de mejorar los perfiles de tensión de la red, utilizando dos sistemas de prueba empleados en la literatura especializada. La ubicación óptima de los GD se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta los nodos con peor índice de estabilidad de tensión, y el dimensionamiento óptimo se obtiene al solucionar un modelamiento matemático no lineal considerando la ubicación de los GD seleccionada anteriormente. El modelo matemático es resuelto empleando el software de optimización GAMS.

En este trabajo se propone una metodología para encontrar la localización y el dimensionamiento óptimo de Generadores Distribuidos (GD) en sistemas de distribución con el fin de mejorar los perfiles de tensión de la red, utilizando dos sistemas de prueba empleados en la literatura especializada. La ubicación óptima de los GD se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta los nodos con peor índice de estabilidad de tensión, y el dimensionamiento óptimo se obtiene al solucionar un modelamiento matemático no lineal considerando la ubicación de los GD seleccionada anteriormente. El modelo matemático es resuelto empleando el software de optimización GAMS.

En este trabajo se propone una metodología para encontrar la localización y el dimensionamiento óptimo de Generadores Distribuidos (GD) en sistemas de distribución con el fin de mejorar los perfiles de tensión de la red, utilizando dos sistemas de prueba empleados en la literatura especializada. La ubicación óptima de los GD se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta los nodos con peor índice de estabilidad de tensión, y el dimensionamiento óptimo se obtiene al solucionar un modelamiento matemático no lineal considerando la ubicación de los GD seleccionada anteriormente. El modelo matemático es resuelto empleando el software de optimización GAMS.