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Automatic Authorship Attribution (AAA) is the result of applying tools and techniques from Digital Humanities to authorship attribution studies. Through a quantitative and statistical approach this discipline can draw further conclusions about renowned authorship issues which traditional critics have been dealing with for centuries, opening a new door to style comparison. The aim of this paper is to prove the potential of these tools and techniques by testing the authorship of five comedies traditionally attributed to Spanish playwright Tirso de Molina (1579-1648): La ninfa del cielo, El burlador de Sevilla, Tan largo me lo fiais, La mujer por fuerza and El condenado por desconfiado. To accomplish this purpose some experiments concerning clustering analysis by Stylo package from R and four distance measures are carried out on a corpus built with plays by Tirso, Andres de Claramonte (c. 1560-1626), Antonio Mira de Amescua (1577-1644) and Luis Velez de Guevara (1579-1644). The results obtained point to the denial of all the attributions to Tirso except for the case of La mujer por fuerza., Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures

The neural architectures of language models are becoming increasingly complex, especially that of Transformers, based on the attention mechanism. Although their application to numerous natural language processing tasks has proven to be very fruitful, they continue to be models with little or no interpretability and explainability. One of the tasks for which they are best suited is the encoding of the contextual sense of words using contextualized embeddings. In this paper we propose a transparent, interpretable, and linguistically motivated strategy for encoding the contextual sense of words by modeling semantic compositionality. Particular attention is given to dependency relations and semantic notions such as selection preferences and paradigmatic classes. A partial implementation of the proposed model is carried out and compared with Transformer-based architectures for a given semantic task, namely the similarity calculation of word senses in context. The results obtained show that it is possible to be competitive with linguistically motivated models instead of using the black boxes underlying complex neural architectures.

The sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB), to antibiotic prodrugs is dependent on the efficacy of the activation process that transforms the prodrugs into their active antibacterial moieties. Various oxidases of M. tuberculosis have the potential to activate the prodrug ethionamide. Here, we used medicinal chemistry coupled with a phenotypic assay to select the N-acylated 4-phenylpiperidine compound series. The lead compound, SMARt751, interacted with the transcriptional regulator VirS of M. tuberculosis, which regulates the mymA operon encoding a monooxygenase that activates ethionamide. SMARt751 boosted the efficacy of ethionamide in vitro and in mouse models of acute and chronic TB. SMARt751 also restored full efficacy of ethionamide in mice infected with M. tuberculosis strains carrying mutations in the ethA gene, which cause ethionamide resistance in the clinic. SMARt751 was shown to be safe in tests conducted in vitro and in vivo. A model extrapolating animal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters to humans predicted that as little as 25 mg of SMARt751 daily would allow a fourfold reduction in the dose of ethionamide administered while retaining the same efficacy and reducing side effects., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The current trend on natural language processing is the use of machine learning. This is being done on every field, from summarization to machine translation. For these techniques to be applied, resources are needed, namely quality corpora. While there are large quantities of corpora for the Portuguese language, there is the lack of technical and focused corpora. Therefore, in this article we present a new corpus, built from drug package leaflets. We describe its structure and contents, and discuss possible exploration directions.

The current trend on natural language processing is the use of machine learning. This is being done on every field, from summarization to machine translation. For these techniques to be applied, resources are needed, namely quality corpora. While there are large quantities of corpora for the Portuguese language, there is the lack of technical and focused corpora. Therefore, in this article we present a new corpus, built from drug package leaflets. We describe its structure and contents, and discuss possible exploration directions.

[Abstract] Political bots, through astroturfing and other strategies, have become important players in recent elections in several countries. This study aims to provide researchers and the citizenry with the necessary knowledge to design strategies to identify bots and counteract what international organizations have deemed bots’ harmful effects on democracy and, simultaneously, improve automatic detection of them. This study is based on two innovative methodological approaches: (1) dealing with bots using hybrid intelligence (HI), a multidisciplinary perspective that combines artificial intelligence (AI), natural language processing, political science, and communication science, and (2) applying framing theory to political bots. This paper contributes to the literature in the field by (a) applying framing to the analysis of political bots, (b) defining characteristics to identify signs of automation in Spanish, (c) building a Spanish-language bot database, (d) developing a specific classifier for Spanish-language accounts, (e) using HI to detect bots, and (f) developing tools that enable the everyday citizen to identify political bots through framing.

xiv, 225 p., El objetivo de esta tesis es plantear y verificar una metodología basada en corpus paracuantificar automáticamente la distancia entre lenguas y variantes de lenguas. Para ello se ha partido de las técnicas usadas y contrastadas en identificación de idiomas, buscando aquellasque son más robustas y pueden cuantificar cuánto se acerca un texto a un modelo de lenguaje.También como objetivo secundario hemos investigado el papel que juega la ortografía comofactor de divergencia y convergencia entre lenguas.El método elegido es no-supervisado y puede aplicarse al cálculo de la distancia entre idiomas,entre períodos históricos de lenguas o entre variantes de lenguas.

[POR] O objetivo deste trabalho é aplicar uma metodologia baseada na perplexidade, para calcular automaticamente a distância interlinguística entre diferentes períodos históricos de variantes diatópicas de idiomas. Esta metodologia aplica-se a um corpus construído adhoc em ortografia original, numa base equilibrada de ficção e não-ficção, que mede a distância histórica entre o português europeu e do Brasil, por um lado, e o espanhol europeu e o da Argentina, por outro. Os resultados mostram distâncias muito próximas em ortografia original e transcrita automaticamente, entre as variedades diatópicas do português e do espanhol, com ligeiras convergências/divergências desde meados do século XX até hoje. É de salientar que o método não é supervisionado e pode ser aplicado a outras variedades diatópicas de línguas., [EN] The objective of this work is to apply a perplexitybased methodology to automatically calculate the cross-lingual distance between different historical periods of diatopic language variants. This methodology applies to an adhoc constructed corpus in original spelling, on a balanced basis of fiction and non-fiction, which measures the historical distance between European and Brazilian Portuguese on the one hand, and European and Argentinian Spanish on the other. The results show very close distances, both in original spelling and automatically transcribed spelling, between the diatopic varieties of Portuguese and Spanish, with slight convergences/divergences from the middle of the 20th century until today. It should be noted that the method is not supervised and can be applied to other diatopic varieties of languages.

Phylogenetics is a sub-field of historical linguistics whose aim is to classify a group of languages by considering their distances within a rooted tree that stands for their historical evolution. A few European languages do not belong to the Indo-European family or are otherwise isolated in the European rooted tree. Although it is not possible to establish phylogenetic links using basic strategies, it is possible to calculate the distances between these isolated languages and the rest using simple corpus-based techniques and natural language processing methods. The objective of this article is to select some isolated languages and measure the distance between them and from the other European languages, so as to shed light on the linguistic distances and proximities of these controversial languages without considering phylogenetic issues. The experiments were carried out with 40 European languages including six languages that are isolated in their corresponding families: Albanian, Armenian, Basque, Georgian, Greek, and Hungarian.

xiv, 225 p., El objetivo de esta tesis es plantear y verificar una metodología basada en corpus paracuantificar automáticamente la distancia entre lenguas y variantes de lenguas. Para ello se ha partido de las técnicas usadas y contrastadas en identificación de idiomas, buscando aquellasque son más robustas y pueden cuantificar cuánto se acerca un texto a un modelo de lenguaje.También como objetivo secundario hemos investigado el papel que juega la ortografía comofactor de divergencia y convergencia entre lenguas.El método elegido es no-supervisado y puede aplicarse al cálculo de la distancia entre idiomas,entre períodos históricos de lenguas o entre variantes de lenguas.

[POR] O objetivo deste trabalho é aplicar uma metodologia baseada na perplexidade, para calcular automaticamente a distância interlinguística entre diferentes períodos históricos de variantes diatópicas de idiomas. Esta metodologia aplica-se a um corpus construído adhoc em ortografia original, numa base equilibrada de ficção e não-ficção, que mede a distância histórica entre o português europeu e do Brasil, por um lado, e o espanhol europeu e o da Argentina, por outro. Os resultados mostram distâncias muito próximas em ortografia original e transcrita automaticamente, entre as variedades diatópicas do português e do espanhol, com ligeiras convergências/divergências desde meados do século XX até hoje. É de salientar que o método não é supervisionado e pode ser aplicado a outras variedades diatópicas de línguas., [EN] The objective of this work is to apply a perplexitybased methodology to automatically calculate the cross-lingual distance between different historical periods of diatopic language variants. This methodology applies to an adhoc constructed corpus in original spelling, on a balanced basis of fiction and non-fiction, which measures the historical distance between European and Brazilian Portuguese on the one hand, and European and Argentinian Spanish on the other. The results show very close distances, both in original spelling and automatically transcribed spelling, between the diatopic varieties of Portuguese and Spanish, with slight convergences/divergences from the middle of the 20th century until today. It should be noted that the method is not supervised and can be applied to other diatopic varieties of languages.

Phylogenetics is a sub-field of historical linguistics whose aim is to classify a group of languages by considering their distances within a rooted tree that stands for their historical evolution. A few European languages do not belong to the Indo-European family or are otherwise isolated in the European rooted tree. Although it is not possible to establish phylogenetic links using basic strategies, it is possible to calculate the distances between these isolated languages and the rest using simple corpus-based techniques and natural language processing methods. The objective of this article is to select some isolated languages and measure the distance between them and from the other European languages, so as to shed light on the linguistic distances and proximities of these controversial languages without considering phylogenetic issues. The experiments were carried out with 40 European languages including six languages that are isolated in their corresponding families: Albanian, Armenian, Basque, Georgian, Greek, and Hungarian.

xiv, 225 p., El objetivo de esta tesis es plantear y verificar una metodología basada en corpus paracuantificar automáticamente la distancia entre lenguas y variantes de lenguas. Para ello se ha partido de las técnicas usadas y contrastadas en identificación de idiomas, buscando aquellasque son más robustas y pueden cuantificar cuánto se acerca un texto a un modelo de lenguaje.También como objetivo secundario hemos investigado el papel que juega la ortografía comofactor de divergencia y convergencia entre lenguas.El método elegido es no-supervisado y puede aplicarse al cálculo de la distancia entre idiomas,entre períodos históricos de lenguas o entre variantes de lenguas.

[POR] O objetivo deste trabalho é aplicar uma metodologia baseada na perplexidade, para calcular automaticamente a distância interlinguística entre diferentes períodos históricos de variantes diatópicas de idiomas. Esta metodologia aplica-se a um corpus construído adhoc em ortografia original, numa base equilibrada de ficção e não-ficção, que mede a distância histórica entre o português europeu e do Brasil, por um lado, e o espanhol europeu e o da Argentina, por outro. Os resultados mostram distâncias muito próximas em ortografia original e transcrita automaticamente, entre as variedades diatópicas do português e do espanhol, com ligeiras convergências/divergências desde meados do século XX até hoje. É de salientar que o método não é supervisionado e pode ser aplicado a outras variedades diatópicas de línguas., [EN] The objective of this work is to apply a perplexitybased methodology to automatically calculate the cross-lingual distance between different historical periods of diatopic language variants. This methodology applies to an adhoc constructed corpus in original spelling, on a balanced basis of fiction and non-fiction, which measures the historical distance between European and Brazilian Portuguese on the one hand, and European and Argentinian Spanish on the other. The results show very close distances, both in original spelling and automatically transcribed spelling, between the diatopic varieties of Portuguese and Spanish, with slight convergences/divergences from the middle of the 20th century until today. It should be noted that the method is not supervised and can be applied to other diatopic varieties of languages.

Phylogenetics is a sub-field of historical linguistics whose aim is to classify a group of languages by considering their distances within a rooted tree that stands for their historical evolution. A few European languages do not belong to the Indo-European family or are otherwise isolated in the European rooted tree. Although it is not possible to establish phylogenetic links using basic strategies, it is possible to calculate the distances between these isolated languages and the rest using simple corpus-based techniques and natural language processing methods. The objective of this article is to select some isolated languages and measure the distance between them and from the other European languages, so as to shed light on the linguistic distances and proximities of these controversial languages without considering phylogenetic issues. The experiments were carried out with 40 European languages including six languages that are isolated in their corresponding families: Albanian, Armenian, Basque, Georgian, Greek, and Hungarian.

This article describes a method for enriching a dependency-based parser with causal connectors. Our specific objective is to identify causal relationships between elementary discourse units in Spanish legal texts. For this purpose, the approach we follow is to search for specific discourse connectives which are taken as causal dependencies relating an effect event (head) with a verbal or nominal cause (dependent). As a result, we turn a specific syntactic parser into a discourse parser aimed at recognizing causal structures.

This article describes a method for enriching a dependency-based parser with causal connectors. Our specific objective is to identify causal relationships between elementary discourse units in Spanish legal texts. For this purpose, the approach we follow is to search for specific discourse connectives which are taken as causal dependencies relating an effect event (head) with a verbal or nominal cause (dependent). As a result, we turn a specific syntactic parser into a discourse parser aimed at recognizing causal structures.

[Resumo] Este artigo apresenta o método de construçao duma ferramenta para a anotaçao de entidades geográficas mencionadas em textos medievais. A nova ferramenta foi desenvolvida a partir dos módulos de língua contemporanea do LinguaKit, pacote multilingue de ferramentas de PLN. Uma coleçao de corpora anotados manualmente serviu de recurso para elaborar uma lista de topónimos medievais (gazetteers) e observar padroes para a melhora e implementaçao de novas regras de reconhecimento dos nomes de lugar. Depois da lista de entidades geográficas, os ativadores contextuais (triggers) foram o recurso determinante na melhora da abrangencia. Para o produto final, fizeram-se também ajustes menores na procura de recolher os elementos mais comuns do léxico e os contextos gramaticais das entidades geográficas mencionadas. Ainda que muito trabalho fica por fazer na elaboraçao de listas para entidades nao geográficas, na construçao dum modelo de língua medieval e um lexicon específico, o novo módulo pode ser utilizado para anotar textos e mostra uma melhora significativa a respeito dos módulos previamente existentes., [Abstract] This paper describes a method to build a tool aimed at recognizing geographical named entities in medieval texts. The new tool has been developed using the corresponding modules for contemporary languages contained in LinguaKit, a suite of NLP tools. A collection of manually annotated corpora served as a resource to build a gazetteer of medieval toponyms and find patterns to improve and implement new rules for the recognition of place names. In addition to the gazetteer, a list of triggers was the most determinant factor to improve recall. Final adjustments considered the most frequent terms of the lexicon and grammatical contexts for geographical named entities. In the process of building a model of medieval language and a specific lexicon, the available tool can already be used to annotate texts and shows a significant improvement when compared with previous modules. However, most work remains to be done in terms of adding specific gazetteers for entities other than geographical.

In this article, we define the outlier detection task and use it to compare neural-based word embeddings with transparent count-based distributional representations. Using the English Wikipedia as text source to train the models, we observed that embeddings outperform count-based representations when their contexts are made up of bag-of-words. However, there are no sharp differences between the two models if the word contexts are defined as syntactic dependencies. In general, syntax-based models tend to perform better than those based on bag-of-words for this specific task. Similar experiments were carried out for Portuguese with similar results. The test datasets we have created for outlier detection task in English and Portuguese are released.

In this article, we define the outlier detection task and use it to compare neural-based word embeddings with transparent count-based distributional representations. Using the English Wikipedia as text source to train the models, we observed that embeddings outperform count-based representations when their contexts are made up of bag-of-words. However, there are no sharp differences between the two models if the word contexts are defined as syntactic dependencies. In general, syntax-based models tend to perform better than those based on bag-of-words for this specific task. Similar experiments were carried out for Portuguese with similar results. The test datasets we have created for outlier detection task in English and Portuguese are released.

In this paper we propose a new parallel architecture based on Big Data technologies for real-time sentiment analysis on microblogging posts. Polypus is a modular framework that provides the following functionalities: (1) massive text extraction from Twitter, (2) distributed non-relational storage optimized for time range queries, (3) memory-based intermodule buffering, (4) real-time sentiment classification, (5) near real-time keyword sentiment aggregation in time series, (6) a HTTP API to interact with the Polypus cluster and (7) a web interface to analyze results visually. The whole architecture is self-deployable and based on Docker containers.

La captura i la separació del CO2 són processos essencials en un món cada cop més industrialitzat i amb una finalitat molt clara: reduir l’emissió de CO2 a l’atmosfera i, així, minimitzar-ne l’efecte mediambiental. En aquest estudi ens centrarem en la faujasita i en el Cu–BTC, dos sòlids adsorbents d’elevada porositat. Mitjançant simulacions Monte Carlo Gran Canònic, obtindrem les isotermes d’adsorció del CO2 pur i en un corrent de postcombustió (15 % CO2 i 85 % N2). En ambdós corrents de gas, el Cu–BTC presenta una adsorció de CO2 més gran, mentre que, en el cas de la mescla de postcombustió, la faujasita amb una relació Si/Al d’1,18 presenta una selectivitat més gran envers el CO2.Paraules clau: CO2, separació de gasos, faujasita, MOF, postcombustió., Carbon dioxide capture and separation are essential processes, with a clear purpose in an industrialized world: the reduction of CO2 atmospheric emissions to minimize environmental effects. In this article we focus on faujasite and Cu–BTC, which are highly porous adsorbent materials. By means of grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations we will obtain the adsorption isotherms of pure CO2 and a post-combustion mixture (15 % CO2 and 85 % N2) in both materials. In both gas flows Cu–BTC shows the largest loading of CO2, while in the post-combustion mixture the faujasite with a Si/Al ratio of 1.18 presents the higher selectivity towards CO2.Keywords: CO2, gas separation, faujasite, MOF, post-combustion.

[Abstract] Entity Linking (EL) consists in linking name mentions in a given text with their referring entities in external knowledge bases such as DBpedia/Wikipedia. In this paper, we propose an EL approach whose main contribution is to make use of a knowledge base built by means of distributional similarity. More precisely, Wikipedia is transformed into a manageable database structured with similarity relations between entities. Our EL method is focused on a specific task, namely semantic annotation of documents by extracting those relevant terms that are linked to nodes in DBpedia/Wikipedia. The method is currently working for four languages. The Portuguese and English versions have been evaluated and compared against other EL systems, showing competitive range, close to the best systems

La captura i la separació del CO2 són processos essencials en un món cada cop més industrialitzat i amb una finalitat molt clara: reduir l’emissió de CO2 a l’atmosfera i, així, minimitzar-ne l’efecte mediambiental. En aquest estudi ens centrarem en la faujasita i en el Cu–BTC, dos sòlids adsorbents d’elevada porositat. Mitjançant simulacions Monte Carlo Gran Canònic, obtindrem les isotermes d’adsorció del CO2 pur i en un corrent de postcombustió (15 % CO2 i 85 % N2). En ambdós corrents de gas, el Cu–BTC presenta una adsorció de CO2 més gran, mentre que, en el cas de la mescla de postcombustió, la faujasita amb una relació Si/Al d’1,18 presenta una selectivitat més gran envers el CO2.Paraules clau: CO2, separació de gasos, faujasita, MOF, postcombustió., Carbon dioxide capture and separation are essential processes, with a clear purpose in an industrialized world: the reduction of CO2 atmospheric emissions to minimize environmental effects. In this article we focus on faujasite and Cu–BTC, which are highly porous adsorbent materials. By means of grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations we will obtain the adsorption isotherms of pure CO2 and a post-combustion mixture (15 % CO2 and 85 % N2) in both materials. In both gas flows Cu–BTC shows the largest loading of CO2, while in the post-combustion mixture the faujasite with a Si/Al ratio of 1.18 presents the higher selectivity towards CO2.Keywords: CO2, gas separation, faujasite, MOF, post-combustion.

Gene expression data are accumulating exponentially in public repositories. Reanalysis and integration of themed collections from these studies may provide new insights, but requires further human curation. Here we report a crowdsourcing project to annotate and reanalyse a large number of gene expression profiles from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Through a massive open online course on Coursera, over 70 participants from over 25 countries identify and annotate 2,460 single-gene perturbation signatures, 839 disease versus normal signatures, and 906 drug perturbation signatures. All these signatures are unique and are manually validated for quality. Global analysis of these signatures confirms known associations and identifies novel associations between genes, diseases and drugs. The manually curated signatures are used as a training set to develop classifiers for extracting similar signatures from the entire GEO repository. We develop a web portal to serve these signatures for query, download and visualization.

This article presents an overview of the shared task that took place as part of the TweetMT workshop held at SEPLN 2015. The task consisted in translating collections of tweets from and to several languages. The article outlines the data collection and annotation process, the development and evaluation of the shared task, as well as the results achieved by the participants. // Este artículo presenta un resumen de la tarea conjunta que tuvo lugar en el marco del taller TweetMT celebrado junto con SEPLN 2015, que consiste en traducir diversas colecciones de tweets en varios lenguajes. El artículo describe el proceso de recolección y anotación de datos, el desarrollo y evaluación de la tarea y los resultados obtenidos por los participantes, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author’s final draft)

The language used in social media is often characterized by the abundance of informal and non-standard writing. The normalization of this non-standard language can be crucial to facilitate the subsequent textual processing and to consequently help boost the performance of natural language processing tools applied to social media text. In this paper we present a benchmark for lexical normalization of social media posts, specifically for tweets in Spanish language. We describe the tweet normalization challenge we organized recently, analyze the performance achieved by the different systems submitted to the challenge, and delve into the characteristics of systems to identify the features that were useful. The organization of this challenge has led to the production of a benchmark for lexical normalization of social media, including an evaluation framework, as well as an annotated corpus of Spanish tweets-TweetNorm_es-, which we make publicly available. The creation of this benchmark and the evaluation has brought to light the types of words that submitted systems did best with, and posits the main shortcomings to be addressed in future work., Postprint (published version)

Open Information Extraction (OIE) is a recent unsupervised strategy to extract great amounts of basic propositions (verb-based triples) from massive text corpora which scales to Web-size document collections. We will introduce the main properties of this extraction method.

Open Information Extraction (OIE) is a recent unsupervised strategy to extract great amounts of basic propositions (verb-based triples) from massive text corpora which scales to Web-size document collections. We will introduce the main properties of this extraction method.

In this paper we introduce TweetNorm es, an annotated corpus of tweets in Spanish language, which we make publicly available under the terms of the CC-BY license. This corpus is intended for development and testing of microtext normalization systems. It was created for Tweet-Norm, a tweet normalization workshop and shared task, and is the result of a joint annotation effort from different research groups. In this paper we describe the methodology defined to build the corpus as well as the guidelines followed in the annotation process. We also present a brief overview of the Tweet-Norm shared task, as the first evaluation environment where the corpus was used., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

[EN] In this article, we describe a linguistic tool, named Cilenis Verb Conjugator, consisting of three related modules: Cilenis Conjuga, which is a verb conjugator for Spanish, Cilenis Conjugador, a verb conjugator for Portuguese, and Cilenis Conxugador, a verb conjugator for Galician language. These three modules allow us to conjugate Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician verb infinitives, respectively. They are ideal for L2 learners as well as for those students completing high school and college class assignments.

[EN] In this article, we describe a linguistic tool, named Cilenis Verb Conjugator, consisting of three related modules: Cilenis Conjuga, which is a verb conjugator for Spanish, Cilenis Conjugador, a verb conjugator for Portuguese, and Cilenis Conxugador, a verb conjugator for Galician language. These three modules allow us to conjugate Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician verb infinitives, respectively. They are ideal for L2 learners as well as for those students completing high school and college class assignments.

[EN] In this article, we describe a linguistic tool, named Cilenis Verb Conjugator, consisting of three related modules: Cilenis Conjuga, which is a verb conjugator for Spanish, Cilenis Conjugador, a verb conjugator for Portuguese, and Cilenis Conxugador, a verb conjugator for Galician language. These three modules allow us to conjugate Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician verb infinitives, respectively. They are ideal for L2 learners as well as for those students completing high school and college class assignments.

[EN] In this article, we describe a linguistic tool, named Cilenis Verb Conjugator, consisting of three related modules: Cilenis Conjuga, which is a verb conjugator for Spanish, Cilenis Conjugador, a verb conjugator for Portuguese, and Cilenis Conxugador, a verb conjugator for Galician language. These three modules allow us to conjugate Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician verb infinitives, respectively. They are ideal for L2 learners as well as for those students completing high school and college class assignments.

[EN] In this article, we describe a linguistic tool, named Cilenis Verb Conjugator, consisting of three related modules: Cilenis Conjuga, which is a verb conjugator for Spanish, Cilenis Conjugador, a verb conjugator for Portuguese, and Cilenis Conxugador, a verb conjugator for Galician language. These three modules allow us to conjugate Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician verb infinitives, respectively. They are ideal for L2 learners as well as for those students completing high school and college class assignments.

[EN] In this article, we describe a linguistic tool, named Cilenis Verb Conjugator, consisting of three related modules: Cilenis Conjuga, which is a verb conjugator for Spanish, Cilenis Conjugador, a verb conjugator for Portuguese, and Cilenis Conxugador, a verb conjugator for Galician language. These three modules allow us to conjugate Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician verb infinitives, respectively. They are ideal for L2 learners as well as for those students completing high school and college class assignments.

A short review of current methods for the construction of adiabatic potential energy surfaces, fundamental to rationalize the dynamics of reactive elementary gas-surface processes, is presented. Analytical fitting schemes (e.g., periodic LEPS, reactive bond-order,...) as well as numerical interpolation schemes (e.g., corrugation reducing procedure, neural networks,...) are summarized and discussed. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013.

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