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Skillful streamflow forecasts can inform decisions in various areas of water policy and management. We integrate numerical weather prediction ensembles, distributed hydrological model and machine learning to generate ensemble streamflow forecasts at medium-range lead times (1 - 7 days). We demonstrate a case study for machine learning applications in postprocessing ensemble streamflow forecasts in the Upper Susquehanna River basin in the eastern United States. Our results show that the machine learning postprocessor can improve streamflow forecasts relative to low complexity forecasts (e.g., climatological and temporal persistence) as well as standalone hydrometeorological modeling and neural network. The relative gain in forecast skill from postprocessor is generally higher at medium-range timescales compared to shorter lead times; high flows compared to low-moderate flows, and warm-season compared to cool ones. Overall, our results highlight the benefits of machine learning in many aspects for improving both the skill and reliability of streamflow forecasts.

[ES] 5G New Radio (NR) es considerado como el estándar global en tecnologías de acceso radio para redes móviles en ser utilizado durante los próximos años. Ha sido diseñado para nuevas altas frecuencias como la banda de milimétricas. 5G no sólo proporciona experiencias de banda ancha móvil mucho más rápidas, sino también expande el concepto de tecnología móvil para conectar y redefinir una multitud de nuevos casos de uso y verticales. El objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar el rendimiento de 5G NR en un despliegue en tiempo real de la red, a través de medidas de campo utilizando un escáner profesional y terminales de usuario. El objetivo es observar el rendimiento del sistema y verificar la cobertura de red en el área de interés, para las métricas de la señal de radio y parámetros relacionados. Otro objetivo es la evaluación del rendimiento de la tasa de datos experimentada por los usuarios, centrándose el estudio en un escenario de un solo usuario, a través de medidas llevadas a cabo en condiciones estacionarias y de movilidad. Las conclusiones de estos resultados, así como su análisis proporcionan información sobre el rendimiento de 5G NR en escenarios desplegados reales. Este trabajo puede ser beneficioso para entender el comportamiento de 5G NR y su rendimiento en distintos escenarios, lo cual puede ser útil para cualquier estudio relacionado en el futuro., [EN] 5G New Radio (NR) is expected to be the next global standard for radio access technology in mobile networks during the coming years. It has been designed for new higher frequencies, such as millimeter-wave. 5G not only delivers mobile broadband experiences significantly faster but also expands mobile technologies to connect and redefine a multitude of new vertical use cases. This thesis aims at evaluating the performance of 5G NR in a real-time deployment of the radio network, through field measurements using a professional scanner and user equipment. The objective is to assess the system performance and to verify the coverage of the network deployment in the area of interest, for the radio signal related metrics and parameters. Another goal is to evaluate the performance of experienced throughput by end-users, focusing on a single-user scenario through measurements carried in live networks for stationary and mobility conditions. The findings of these results and their analysis provide an insight into 5G NR performance in real deployment scenarios. This work can be beneficial in understanding 5G NR behavior and its performance in different real scenarios, which may be further useful for any related research study in the future.

[ES] 5G New Radio (NR) es considerado como el estándar global en tecnologías de acceso radio para redes móviles en ser utilizado durante los próximos años. Ha sido diseñado para nuevas altas frecuencias como la banda de milimétricas. 5G no sólo proporciona experiencias de banda ancha móvil mucho más rápidas, sino también expande el concepto de tecnología móvil para conectar y redefinir una multitud de nuevos casos de uso y verticales. El objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar el rendimiento de 5G NR en un despliegue en tiempo real de la red, a través de medidas de campo utilizando un escáner profesional y terminales de usuario. El objetivo es observar el rendimiento del sistema y verificar la cobertura de red en el área de interés, para las métricas de la señal de radio y parámetros relacionados. Otro objetivo es la evaluación del rendimiento de la tasa de datos experimentada por los usuarios, centrándose el estudio en un escenario de un solo usuario, a través de medidas llevadas a cabo en condiciones estacionarias y de movilidad. Las conclusiones de estos resultados, así como su análisis proporcionan información sobre el rendimiento de 5G NR en escenarios desplegados reales. Este trabajo puede ser beneficioso para entender el comportamiento de 5G NR y su rendimiento en distintos escenarios, lo cual puede ser útil para cualquier estudio relacionado en el futuro., [EN] 5G New Radio (NR) is expected to be the next global standard for radio access technology in mobile networks during the coming years. It has been designed for new higher frequencies, such as millimeter-wave. 5G not only delivers mobile broadband experiences significantly faster but also expands mobile technologies to connect and redefine a multitude of new vertical use cases. This thesis aims at evaluating the performance of 5G NR in a real-time deployment of the radio network, through field measurements using a professional scanner and user equipment. The objective is to assess the system performance and to verify the coverage of the network deployment in the area of interest, for the radio signal related metrics and parameters. Another goal is to evaluate the performance of experienced throughput by end-users, focusing on a single-user scenario through measurements carried in live networks for stationary and mobility conditions. The findings of these results and their analysis provide an insight into 5G NR performance in real deployment scenarios. This work can be beneficial in understanding 5G NR behavior and its performance in different real scenarios, which may be further useful for any related research study in the future.

Sustaining nature and nature’s contributions to people (NCP) in the Asia-Pacific region is hinged on a multi-scale, multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder governance regime (well established). The expert driven and centralised governance systems that still exist in varying intensities in almost all parts of the region, are insufficient for promoting a network-based governance linking sub-national and national political hierarchies to regional and global frameworks and adaptive co-management with various local stakeholders from communities, the private sector and civil society. Good environmental governance, which enables integration of regional and global BES frameworks to national sectoral policies and mainstreaming of BES policies into sub-national and local development plans, programs and actions, is crucial for achieving a positive future for BES. Moreover, mainstreaming will entail efforts from the government to enhance acceptance by and participation of various stakeholders. While some countries have responded to these needs, others, in particular Western Asia, have been slow to respond, mainly because of limited institutional capacity in formulating and implementing BES policies and devising innovative mechanisms for generating and mobilising finance. An important step towards this will be the assessment and, wherever necessary, restructuring policy instruments in light of the policy options {6.2.2, 6.2.2.1, 6.2.2.2, 6.4.1, 6.4.2}...

The immense Himalayan arc is evolved as a consequence of the collision between Indian and Eurasian landmasses some 50 million year ago. The Indian plate converges northward at the average rate of 20.5 ± 2 mm/year (Bilham et al., 1988), and is under-thrusting beneath Tibet. This continuous northward penetration of India under Eurasia has produced the broad zone of active crustal deformation, shortening, slicing and surface uplift of the northern margin of the Indian continent; and build up the Himalaya is under very strong compressive strain that made the entire Himalayan region one of the most seismotectonically dynamic intercontinental regions of the world. In the present study, an approach has been made to model a NE-SW cross-section (Ram et al., 2005) extending from the Gangetic Plain to the Tethys Himalaya including potentially active major faults by means of FE method (Hayashi, 2008) considering an elastic rheology under plane strain condition with convergent boundary environment in the fold-and-thrust belt of the Garhwal Himalaya. The present study provides an opportunity to understand the neotectonic stress distribution, style of deformation and present day shortening rate in the Himalayan front. Simulation results reveal that the compressive stress of stress developed in the northern part and tensional stress fields developed in the southern part of the Garhwal Himalaya, and consequently, thrust are developed in the north and normal faults are developed in southern regions respectively, which is consistent with the characteristics of the fold and thrust belt. Furthermore, modeling results show good agreement with the Quaternary deformation, active faulting, microseismicity and focal mechanism solution of the fold-and-thrust belt of the Garhwal Himalaya.

The immense Himalayan arc is evolved as a consequence of the collision between Indian and Eurasian landmasses some 50 million year ago. The Indian plate converges northward at the average rate of 20.5 ± 2 mm/year (Bilham et al., 1988), and is under-thrusting beneath Tibet. This continuous northward penetration of India under Eurasia has produced the broad zone of active crustal deformation, shortening, slicing and surface uplift of the northern margin of the Indian continent; and build up the Himalaya is under very strong compressive strain that made the entire Himalayan region one of the most seismotectonically dynamic intercontinental regions of the world. In the present study, an approach has been made to model a NE-SW cross-section (Ram et al., 2005) extending from the Gangetic Plain to the Tethys Himalaya including potentially active major faults by means of FE method (Hayashi, 2008) considering an elastic rheology under plane strain condition with convergent boundary environment in the fold-and-thrust belt of the Garhwal Himalaya. The present study provides an opportunity to understand the neotectonic stress distribution, style of deformation and present day shortening rate in the Himalayan front. Simulation results reveal that the compressive stress of stress developed in the northern part and tensional stress fields developed in the southern part of the Garhwal Himalaya, and consequently, thrust are developed in the north and normal faults are developed in southern regions respectively, which is consistent with the characteristics of the fold and thrust belt. Furthermore, modeling results show good agreement with the Quaternary deformation, active faulting, microseismicity and focal mechanism solution of the fold-and-thrust belt of the Garhwal Himalaya.