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The Pull-up (PU) is a multi-joint upper body exercise that is included in the physical fitness assessments for tactical occupations such as police, firefighters, and military personnel. This study aimed to evaluate the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) in the PU exercise using elastic resistance training (ERT) and traditional resistance training (RT). A total of 18 resistance-trained male firefighters (28.3 [5.6] years; 178.1 [6.8] cm; 78.1 [8.2] kilograms; 24.6 [2.4] kg·m-2) participated in the study and performed four PAPE protocols in a cross-over fashion. Two protocols consisted of three sets of 3 repetitions at 75 and 85% of the maximum repetition (RM) in the lat pull down (LPD-M and LPD-H, respectively). The other two protocols consisted of three sets of 3 repetitions using elastic bands for vertical traction (VTEB) at “moderate” (VTEB- M) and “hard” intensity (VTEB-H), based on the Thera Band perceived exertion scale. Repetitions until failure in the PU exercise were measured before and after the application of the four protocols, with an 8-minute pause before and after the PAPE. Results showed a significant increase on repetitions until exhaustion after all PAPE protocols: LPD-M (P=0.007, d=0.19), LPD-H (P=0.023, d=0.17), VTEB-M (P=0.01, d=0.13) and VTEB-H (P=0.001, d=0.28). The use of ERT and traditional RT at moderate and high intensities represent a proper stimulus for the generation of PAPE in the PU., El Pull-up (PU) es un ejercicio de la parte superior del cuerpo de múltiples articulaciones que forma parte de las evaluaciones de aptitud física para ocupaciones tácticas (p. ej., policía, bomberos y personal militar). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la mejora del rendimiento posterior a la activación (PAPE) en el ejercicio PU utilizando entrenamiento de resistencia elástica (ERT) y entrenamiento de resistencia tradicional (RT). Un total de 18 bomberos varones entrenados en resistencia (28,3 [5,6] años; 178,1 [6,8] cm; 78,1 [8,2] kilogramos; 24,6 [2,4] kg·m-2) participaron en este estudio y realizaron cuatro protocolos PAPE de forma cruzada. Dos protocolos consistieron en tres series de 3 repeticiones al 75 y 85% de la repetición máxima (RM) en el jalón lateral (LPD-M y LPD-H, respectivamente). Los otros dos protocolos consistieron en tres series de 3 repeticiones sobre tracción vertical utilizando bandas elásticas (VTEB) en intensidad “moderada” (VTEB-M) y “dura” (VTEB-H), según la escala de esfuerzo percibido Thera Band. Se midieron repeticiones hasta el fallo en PU antes y después de la aplicación de los cuatro protocolos con una pausa de 8 minutos antes y después de la PAPE. Hubo un aumento significativo de repeticiones hasta el agotamiento después de todos los protocolos PAPE: LPD-M (P=0,007, d=0,19), LPD-H (P=0,023, d=0,17), VTEB-M (P=0,01, d=0,13) y VTEB-H (P=0,001, d=0,28). El uso de ERT y RT tradicional a intensidades moderadas y altas representan un estímulo adecuado para la generación de PAPE en la UP.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of internal focus (IF) and external focus (EF) on lactate production and the perception of perceived exertion in the squat in strength trained-men. Methods: Thirteen men with experience in strength training (age =22.61 ± 1.19 years; height = 180 ± 6.55 cm; body mass = 79.38 ± 5.57 kg; BMI = 24.56 ± 2.11 kg·m-2; Squat = 129 ± 20 kg) performed two sessions, separated by one week, comprising 3 sets of 10 repetitions of the back squat with one minute of rest between sets. During the IF protocol participants were instructed to focus on tightening the quads during all repetitions, while participants in the EF were instructed to focus on lifting the barbell. Blood lactate samples were collected before and at immediately after each of the 3 sets, as well as 15 minutes after the last set. Additionally, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was evaluated using the OMNI-RES scale immediately after the completion of each session. Results: Significant increases were found in the IF protocol at the end of each of the 3 sets, with significant effect sizes (1ª set, P= .000, d= 2.66; 2ª set, P= .000; d= 3.14; 3ª set, P= .000, d= 3.50), as in the EF protocol (1ª set, P= .001, d= 2.24; 2ª set, P= .000, d= 3.35; 3ª set, P= .000; d= 3.67). However, there were no significant inter-group differences between pre and any set (1ª set, P=0.951, d=0.03; 2ª set, P=0.239, d=0.47; 3ª set, P=0.435, d=0.31, respectively). Additionally, the perceptions on the RPE scale were higher in the FI (P= 0.032; d = 0.47). Conclusions: Findings suggest that the application of IF may indirectly contribute to muscle hypertrophy in multi-joint lower limb exercises, due to the increase in RPE values and the existing correlation with lactate production., El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto del foco interno (FI) y del foco externo (FE) sobre la producción de lactato y la percepción del esfuerzo percibido en la sentadilla en hombres entrenados en fuerza. Métodos: Trece hombres con experiencia en el entrenamiento de fuerza (edad =22,61 ± 1,19 años; altura = 180 ± 6,55 cm; masa corporal = 79,38 ± 5,57 kg; IMC = 24,56 ± 2,11 kg-m-2; sentadilla = 129 ± 20 kg) realizaron dos sesiones, separadas por una semana, que comprendían 3 series de 10 repeticiones de la sentadilla con un minuto de descanso entre series. Durante el protocolo de FI, los participantes fueron instruidos para concentrarse en tensar los cuádriceps durante todas las repeticiones, mientras que los participantes en el EF fueron instruidos para concentrarse en levantar la barra. Se tomaron muestras de lactato en sangre antes e inmediatamente después de cada una de las 3 series, así como 15 minutos después de la última serie. Además, se evaluó la calificación del esfuerzo percibido (RPE) utilizando la escala OMNI-RES inmediatamente después de la finalización de cada sesión. Resultados: Se encontraron aumentos significativos en el protocolo IF al final de cada una de las 3 series, con tamaños de efecto significativos (1ª serie, P= .000, d= 2,66; 2ª serie, P= .000; d= 3,14; 3ª serie, P= .000, d= 3,50), al igual que en el protocolo FE (1ª serie, P= .001, d= 2,24; 2ª serie, P= .000, d= 3,35; 3ª serie, P= .000; d= 3,67). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias intergrupales significativas entre el pre y cualquier set (1ª set, P=0,951, d=0,03; 2ª set, P=0,239, d=0,47; 3ª set, P=0,435, d=0,31, respectivamente). Además, las percepciones en la escala RPE fueron mayores en la IF (P= 0,032; d = 0,47). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que la aplicación de la IF puede contribuir indirectamente a la hipertrofia muscular en ejercicios multiarticulares de miembros inferiores, debido al aumento de los valores de RPE y a la correlación existente con la producción d

Introduction: Undulating training has been investigated in sedentary and trained adults, but less is known about the influence of undulating training in older adults. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate body composition, strength levels, and physical fitness in response to traditional or undulating training in older adults. Methods: A controlled, double-arm trial was conducted in eighteen older adults (10 males, 8 females; 64 +/- 2.1 years; 165.12 +/- 7.5 cm; 72.5 +/- 11.4 kg; 26.5 +/- 3.2 k center dot gm(-2)) who were randomly assigned to traditional (n = 9, TT) or undulating training (n = 9, UT) for eight weeks. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and bone mineral density (BMD). Strength levels were evaluated by the handgrip strength and the one-repetition maximum in vertical chest press, rowing machine, squat, monopodal horizontal leg press, and leg extension. In addition, functional capacity was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Statistical analysis included mean/median comparisons to establish the difference after the intervention (paired Student's t-test or Wilcoxon test), and effect size calculations based on estimates. Results: After correction for fat-free adipose tissue, a significant increase in FFM was observed in both groups, while no significant changes were found in FM and BMD. Upper- and lower-limbs strength showed significant increases in both groups, although clinical significance varied among exercises. Favorable results were seen on the cardiorespiratory fitness and strength components of the SFT in both groups. Conclusions: The 8-week UT and TT protocols are valid options for improving FFM and increasing strength and functional capacity in women and men over 60 years of age.

Objective. To evaluate whether the Pilates Method is an alternative to address improvements in range of motion of the affected limb, quality of life, depression and pain in women with breast cancer. Methods: A systematic review, searching the following databases: Pubmed, Dialnet, Scielo and Web of Science. The keywords used were "cancer" "Breast" "pilates". Lymphoedema was taken as an exclusion criterion. Randomised controlled trials were selected. The PEDro scale was used as methodological quality ≥5, to give consistency to the study. Results. Sixty-nine articles were found, and, only five were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria after using the PEDro scale. From the results obtained, it is observed that the Pilates method produces significant improvements in range of motion, strength, flexibility, quality of life and pain reduction. Conclusion. The evidence shows that the Pilates method as an alternative is effective for functional recovery in women suffering from breast cancer, however, there are limitations in the study due to the limited research concerning this field., Objetivo: Evaluar si el Método Pilates es una alternativa para abordar mejoras en el rango de movimiento de la extremidad afectada, calidad de vida, depresión y dolor en mujeres que padecen cáncer de mama. Métodos. Una revisión sistemática cuyas búsquedas se realizaron en las siguientes bases de datos: Pubmed, Dialnet, Scielo y Web of Science. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron “cáncer” “Breast” “pilates”. Se utilizó como criterio de exclusión el linfedema. Se introdujeron ensayos controlados aleatorios. Se utilizó la escala PEDro como calidad metodológica ≥5, para darle consistencia al estudio. Resultados: Fueron hallados 69 artículos, de los cuales 5 fueron seleccionados tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión y tras utilizar la escala PEDro. De los resultados obtenidos, se observa que el método pilates produce mejoras significativas en rango de movimiento, fuerza, flexibilidad, calidad de vida y disminución del dolor. Conclusión: La evidencia muestra que el método pilates como alternativa es efectiva para la recuperación funcional en mujeres que padecen cáncer de mama, no obstante, existen limitaciones en el estudio debido a la escasez de investigaciones concernientes a este campo.

Purpose: This research aimed to compare the effect of two intervention programs using stable or unstable surfaces on speed and hitting distance in golf stroke/swing. Methods: Twenty-five elite golfers (19.20 ± 1.77 years, height = 181.12 ± 4 cm, body mass = 75.35 ± 5.83; kg, BMI = 22.71 ± 1.76 kg.m2, handicap: 2.49 ± 2.56) were randomly assigned to two different 8-week training programs based on unstable surface (n = 12) or stable surface training (n=13). Measurements of carry distance and club head speed were performed using the Trackman Golf® system, with each participant executing five swings and obtaining the average and best distance. Results: No significant changes (p< 0.05) in the club head speed or carry distance were found after the intervention in the stable surface or the unstable surface training group. Conclusions: The proposed intervention using instability surfaces does not provide any additional benefit to training on stable surfaces in the specific performance of the stroke in elite golfers., Objetivo: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo comparar el efecto de dos programas de intervención que utilizan superficies estables o inestables sobre la velocidad y la distancia de golpeo en el golpeo/swing de golf. Métodos: Veinticinco golfistas de élite (19,20 ± 1,77 años, altura = 181,12 ± 4 cm, peso corporal = 75,35 ± 5,83; kg, IMC = 22,71 ± 1,76 kg.m2, hándicap: 2,49 ± 2,56) fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos programas de entrenamiento diferentes de 8 semanas de duración basados en superficies inestables (n = 12) o en superficies estables (n = 13). Las mediciones de la distancia de golpeo y la velocidad de la cabeza del palo se realizaron con el sistema Trackman Golf®, ejecutando cada participante cinco swings y obteniendo la media y la mejor distancia. Resultados: No se encontraron cambios significativos (p< 0,05) en la velocidad de la cabeza del palo ni en la distancia de golpeo después de la intervención en el grupo de entrenamiento en superficie estable o en el de superficie inestable. Conclusiones: La intervención propuesta utilizando superficies de inestabilidad no aporta ningún beneficio adicional al entrenamiento en superficies estables en el rendimiento específico del golpe en golfistas de élite.

Introduction: Undulating training has been investigated in sedentary and trained adults, but less is known about the influence of undulating training in older adults. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate body composition, strength levels, and physical fitness in response to traditional or undulating training in older adults. Methods: A controlled, double-arm trial was conducted in eighteen older adults (10 males, 8 females; 64 +/- 2.1 years; 165.12 +/- 7.5 cm; 72.5 +/- 11.4 kg; 26.5 +/- 3.2 k center dot gm(-2)) who were randomly assigned to traditional (n = 9, TT) or undulating training (n = 9, UT) for eight weeks. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and bone mineral density (BMD). Strength levels were evaluated by the handgrip strength and the one-repetition maximum in vertical chest press, rowing machine, squat, monopodal horizontal leg press, and leg extension. In addition, functional capacity was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Statistical analysis included mean/median comparisons to establish the difference after the intervention (paired Student's t-test or Wilcoxon test), and effect size calculations based on estimates. Results: After correction for fat-free adipose tissue, a significant increase in FFM was observed in both groups, while no significant changes were found in FM and BMD. Upper- and lower-limbs strength showed significant increases in both groups, although clinical significance varied among exercises. Favorable results were seen on the cardiorespiratory fitness and strength components of the SFT in both groups. Conclusions: The 8-week UT and TT protocols are valid options for improving FFM and increasing strength and functional capacity in women and men over 60 years of age.

The purpose of this research was to study the efficiency of the lumbar-pelvic stability training, carried out on stable and unstable surfaces, and how this affects the speed and hitting distance in golf, in high performance players. Aim. See if training on unstable surfaces is really effective for an elite golfer. Settings and Design. Quasi experimental, pre and post treatment of a group. Material and methods. Twenty-five males and 2 females (24 ± 5.3 years; 181 ± 4 cm, 76.8 ± 6.35 kg) participated in the study, were randomized to the training groups on stable surface (GE, n = 14) or training on unstable surface (GI, n = 13). Distance and speed measurements were made with Trackman golf®, each subject executing five blows obtaining the mean and the best of the distances. These measurements were made pre and post intervention. Meters for distance and miles per hour for hitting speed (mph) were used as units of measurement. Statistical analysis used. Student t-test of paired samples. Results. A t-Student test of the mean values of both groups of pre and post training hitting was performed. We find trends that indicate that, indeed, training on unstable surfaces is not efficient for the high-level golfer. Significant differences were found in the Carry distance (CD) pre and post test of the GE from 225.1m to 232.9m (p <0.027) and non significant improvements in club head speed (CHS) pre and post test of 105, 8 mph to 107.1 mph (p> 0.05). While the GI did not show significant results in any of the parameters, CD improved from 223.3m to 225.4m (p> 0.05) and CHS decreased from 104.4mph to 103.4mph. Conclusions. With the data obtained, we can conclude that training on unstable surfaces, despite being a common norm in elite golf, does not seem to improve the performance of an action as decisive in the game as swing., El propósito de esta investigación, fue estudiar la eficiencia del entrenamiento de estabilidad lumbopélvica, realizado en superficies estables e inestables, y cómo este afecta a la velocidad y distancia de golpeo en golf, en jugadores de alto rendimiento. Objetivo. Comprobar si es realmente eficaz entrenar sobre superficies inestables para un golfista de élite. Configuración y Diseño. Cuasi experimental, de pre y post tratamiento de un grupo. Material y Métodos. Participaron en el estudio veinticinco varones y 2 mujeres (24 ± 5,3 años; 181 ± 4 cm, 76,8 ± 6,35 kg), fueron aleatorizados a los grupos de entrenamiento en superficie estable (GE, n=14) o entrenamiento en superficie inestable (GI, n=13). Se realizaron mediciones de distancia y velocidad con Trackman golf®, ejecutando cada sujeto cinco golpeos obteniendo la media y la mejor de las distancias. Estas mediciones se realizaron pre y post intervención. Se utilizaron como unidades de medida, metros (m) para la distancia y millas por hora para velocidad de golpeo (mph). Análisis estadístico utilizado. Prueba t-Student de muestras emparejadas. Resultados. Se realizó una prueba t-Student de los valores medios ambos grupos de golpeo pre y post entrenamiento. Encontramos tendencias que nos indican, que, efectivamente, entrenar sobre superficies inestables no es eficiente para el golfista de alto nivel. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en distancia Carry (CD) pre y post test del GE de 225,1m a 232,9m (p<0,027) y mejoras no significativas en velocidad de la cabeza del palo (CHS) pre y post test de 105,8 mph a 107,1 mph (p>0,05). Mientras que el GI, no mostró resultados significativos en ninguno de los parámetros, CD mejoró de 223,3m a 225,4m (p>0,05) y CHS disminuyó de 104,4 mph a 103,4 mph. Conclusiones. Con los datos obtenidos, podemos concluir que el entrenamiento sobre superficies inestables, a pesar de ser norma común en el golf de élite, no parece mejorar el rendimiento de una acción tan deter