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Exposure to large language model output is rapidly increasing. How will seeing AI-generated ideas affect human ideas? We conducted an experiment (800+ participants, 40+ countries) where participants viewed creative ideas that were from ChatGPT or prior experimental participants and then brainstormed their own idea. We varied the number of AI-generated examples (none, low, or high exposure) and if the examples were labeled as 'AI' (disclosure). Our dynamic experiment design -- ideas from prior participants in an experimental condition are used as stimuli for future participants in the same experimental condition -- mimics the interdependent process of cultural creation: creative ideas are built upon prior ideas. Hence, we capture the compounding effects of having LLMs 'in the culture loop'. We find that high AI exposure (but not low AI exposure) did not affect the creativity of individual ideas but did increase the average amount and rate of change of collective idea diversity. AI made ideas different, not better. There were no main effects of disclosure. We also found that self-reported creative people were less influenced by knowing an idea was from AI, and that participants were more likely to knowingly adopt AI ideas when the task was difficult. Our findings suggest that introducing AI ideas into society may increase collective diversity but not individual creativity.

Many studies explore how people 'come into' misinformation exposure. But much less is known about how people 'come out of' misinformation exposure. Do people organically sever ties to misinformation spreaders? And what predicts doing so? Over six months, we tracked the frequency and predictors of ~900K followers unfollowing ~5K health misinformation spreaders on Twitter. We found that misinformation ties are persistent. Monthly unfollowing rates are just 0.52%. In other words, 99.5% of misinformation ties persist each month. Users are also 31% more likely to unfollow non-misinformation spreaders than they are to unfollow misinformation spreaders. Although generally infrequent, the factors most associated with unfollowing misinformation spreaders are (1) redundancy and (2) ideology. First, users initially following many spreaders, or who follow spreaders that tweet often, are most likely to unfollow later. Second, liberals are more likely to unfollow than conservatives. Overall, we observe a strong persistence of misinformation ties. The fact that users rarely unfollow misinformation spreaders suggests a need for external nudges and the importance of preventing exposure from arising in the first place., Comment: WWW 2024

Social technologies are the systems, interfaces, features, infrastructures, and architectures that allow people to interact with each other online. These technologies dramatically shape the fabric of our everyday lives, from the information we consume to the people we interact with to the foundations of our culture and politics. While the benefits of social technologies are well documented, the harms, too, have cast a long shadow. To address widespread problems like harassment, disinformation, information access, and mental health concerns, we need to rethink the foundations of how social technologies are designed, sustained, and governed. This report is based on discussions at the Computing Community Consortium Workshop, The Future of Research on Social Technologies, that was held November 2-3, 2023 in Washington, DC. The visioning workshop came together to focus on two questions. What should we know about social technologies, and what is needed to get there? The workshop brought together over 50 information and computer scientists, social scientists, communication and journalism scholars, and policy experts. We used a discussion format, with one day of guiding topics and a second day using an unconference model where participants created discussion topics. The interdisciplinary group of attendees discussed gaps in existing scholarship and the methods, resources, access, and collective effort needed to address those gaps. We also discussed approaches for translating scholarship for various audiences including citizens, funders, educators, industry professionals, and policymakers. This report presents a synthesis of major themes during our discussions. The themes presented are not a summary of what we know already, they are an exploration of what we do not know enough about, and what we should spend more effort and investment on in the coming years.

Non-consensual intimate media (NCIM) involves sharing intimate content without the depicted person's consent, including "revenge porn" and sexually explicit deepfakes. While NCIM has received attention in legal, psychological, and communication fields over the past decade, it is not sufficiently addressed in computing scholarship. This paper addresses this gap by linking NCIM harms to the specific technological components that facilitate them. We introduce the sociotechnical stack, a conceptual framework designed to map the technical stack to its corresponding social impacts. The sociotechnical stack allows us to analyze sociotechnical problems like NCIM, and points toward opportunities for computing research. We propose a research roadmap for computing and social computing communities to deter NCIM perpetration and support victim-survivors through building and rebuilding technologies.

This article argues that AI Alignment is a type of Human-Centered Computing.

Non-consensual Intimate Media (NCIM) refers to the distribution of sexual or intimate content without consent. NCIM is common and causes significant emotional, financial, and reputational harm. We developed Hands-Off, an interaction technique for messaging applications that deters non-consensual screenshots. Hands-Off requires recipients to perform a hand gesture in the air, above the device, to unlock media -- which makes simultaneous screenshotting difficult. A lab study shows that Hands-Off gestures are easy to perform and reduce non-consensual screenshots by 67 percent. We conclude by generalizing this approach and introduce the idea of Feminist Interaction Techniques (FIT), interaction techniques that encode feminist values and speak to societal problems, and reflect on FIT's opportunities and limitations.

The rise of prominent AI models such as ChatGPT and Stable Diffusion has brought the scale of commercial web scraping to the forefront attention of content creators and researchers. Billions of webpages and images are used to train these models without content creators’ knowledge, sparking extensive criticism and even lawsuits against AI firms. Amidst such debates, licensing is proposed by researchers and legal experts to be a potential approach to mitigate content creators’ concerns and promote more responsible data reuse. However, it remains unclear what specific licensing terms will be effective to mitigate content creators’ concerns and what sociotechnical environments are necessary to facilitate the use of licensing at scale. This workshop will provide a venue for researchers, content creators, and legal experts to answer these questions.

Social media platforms aspire to create online experiences where users can participate safely and equitably. However, women around the world experience widespread online harassment, including insults, stalking, aggression, threats, and non-consensual sharing of sexual photos. This article describes women's perceptions of harm associated with online harassment and preferred platform responses to that harm. We conducted a survey in 14 geographic regions around the world (N = 3,993), focusing on regions whose perspectives have been insufficiently elevated in social media governance decisions (e.g. Mongolia, Cameroon). {Results show} that, on average, women perceive greater harm associated with online harassment than men, especially for non-consensual image sharing. Women also prefer most platform responses compared to men, especially removing content and banning users; however, women are less favorable towards payment as a response. Addressing global gender-based violence online requires understanding how women experience online harms and how they wish for it to be addressed. This is especially important given that the people who build and govern technology are not typically those who are most likely to experience online harms.

Understanding how ML models work is a prerequisite for responsibly designing, deploying, and using ML-based systems. With interpretability approaches, ML can now offer explanations for its outputs to aid human understanding. Though these approaches rely on guidelines for how humans explain things to each other, they ultimately solve for improving the artifact -- an explanation. In this paper, we propose an alternate framework for interpretability grounded in Weick's sensemaking theory, which focuses on who the explanation is intended for. Recent work has advocated for the importance of understanding stakeholders' needs -- we build on this by providing concrete properties (e.g., identity, social context, environmental cues, etc.) that shape human understanding. We use an application of sensemaking in organizations as a template for discussing design guidelines for Sensible AI, AI that factors in the nuances of human cognition when trying to explain itself., Comment: To appear at FAccT 2022

Can crowd workers be trusted to judge whether news-like articles circulating on the Internet are misleading, or does partisanship and inexperience get in the way? And can the task be structured in a way that reduces partisanship? We assembled pools of both liberal and conservative crowd raters and tested three ways of asking them to make judgments about 374 articles. In a no research condition, they were just asked to view the article and then render a judgment. In an individual research condition, they were also asked to search for corroborating evidence and provide a link to the best evidence they found. In a collective research condition, they were not asked to search, but instead to review links collected from workers in the individual research condition. Both research conditions reduced partisan disagreement in judgments. The individual research condition was most effective at producing alignment with journalists' assessments. In this condition, the judgments of a panel of sixteen or more crowd workers were better than that of a panel of three expert journalists, as measured by alignment with a held out journalist's ratings., Comment: Revised title and framing to focus on difference results for different experimental conditions; new Fig. 1 that provides overview of the performance comparison process; other improvements in response to reviewer feedback

Should social media platforms override a community's self-policing when it repeatedly break rules? What actions can they consider? In light of this debate, platforms have begun experimenting with softer alternatives to outright bans. We examine one such intervention called quarantining, that impedes direct access to and promotion of controversial communities. Specifically, we present two case studies of what happened when Reddit quarantined the influential communities r/TheRedPill (TRP) and r/The_Donald (TD). Using over 85M Reddit posts, we apply causal inference methods to examine the quarantine's effects on TRP and TD. We find that the quarantine made it more difficult to recruit new members: new user influx to TRP and TD decreased by 79.5% and 58%, respectively. Despite quarantining, existing users' misogyny and racism levels remained unaffected. We conclude by reflecting on the effectiveness of this design friction in limiting the influence of toxic communities and discuss broader implications for content moderation.

In this dataset paper, we present a three-stage process to collect Reddit comments that are removed comments by moderators of several subreddits, for violating subreddit rules and guidelines. Other than the fact that these comments were flagged by moderators for violating community norms, we do not have any other information regarding the nature of the violations. Through this procedure, we collect over 2M comments removed by moderators of 100 different Reddit communities, and publicly release the data. Working with this dataset of removed comments, we identify 8 macro norms---norms that are widely enforced on most parts of Reddit. We extract these macro norms by employing a hybrid approach---classification, topic modeling, and open-coding---on comments identified to be norm violations within at least 85 out of the 100 study subreddits. Finally, we label over 40K Reddit comments removed by moderators according to the specific type of macro norm being violated, and make this dataset publicly available. By breaking down a collection of removed comments into more granular types of macro norm violation, our dataset can be used to train more nuanced machine learning classifiers for online moderation.

There is evidence that Russia's Internet Research Agency attempted to interfere with the 2016 U.S. election by running fake accounts on Twitter - often referred to as "Russian trolls". In this work, we: 1) develop machine learning models that predict whether a Twitter account is a Russian troll within a set of 170K control accounts; and, 2) demonstrate that it is possible to use this model to find active accounts on Twitter still likely acting on behalf of the Russian state. Using both behavioral and linguistic features, we show that it is possible to distinguish between a troll and a non-troll with a precision of 78.5% and an AUC of 98.9%, under cross-validation. Applying the model to out-of-sample accounts still active today, we find that up to 2.6% of top journalists' mentions are occupied by Russian trolls. These findings imply that the Russian trolls are very likely still active today. Additional analysis shows that they are not merely software-controlled bots, and manage their online identities in various complex ways. Finally, we argue that if it is possible to discover these accounts using externally - accessible data, then the platforms - with access to a variety of private internal signals - should succeed at similar or better rates.

Today, social media provide the means by which billions of people experience news and events happening around the world. However, the absence of traditional journalistic gatekeeping allows information to flow unencumbered through these platforms, often raising questions of veracity and credibility of the reported information. Here we ask: How do the dynamics of collective attention directed toward an event reported on social media vary with its perceived credibility? By examining the first large-scale, systematically tracked credibility database of public Twitter messages (47M messages corresponding to 1,138 real-world events over a span of three months), we established a relationship between the temporal dynamics of events reported on social media and their associated level of credibility judgments. Representing collective attention by the aggregate temporal signatures of an event reportage, we found that the amount of continued attention focused on an event provides information about its associated levels of perceived credibility. Events exhibiting sustained, intermittent bursts of attention were found to be associated with lower levels of perceived credibility. In other words, as more people showed interest during moments of transient collective attention, the associated uncertainty surrounding these events also increased.

We have analyzed new HST/ACS and HST/WFC3 imaging in F475W and F814W of two previously-unobserved fields along the M31 minor axis to confirm our previous constraints on the shape of M31's inner stellar halo. Both of these new datasets reach a depth of at least F814W$<$27 and clearly detect the blue horizontal branch (BHB) of the field as a distinct feature of the color-magnitude diagram. We measure the density of BHB stars and the ratio of BHB to red giant branch stars in each field using identical techniques to our previous work. We find excellent agreement with our previous measurement of a power-law for the 2-D projected surface density with an index of 2.6$^{+0.3}_{-0.2}$ outside of 3 kpc, which flattens to $\alpha <$1.2 inside of 3 kpc. Our findings confirm our previous suggestion that the field BHB stars in M31 are part of the halo population. However, the total halo profile is now known to differ from this BHB profile, which suggests that we have isolated the metal-poor component. This component appears to have an unbroken power-law profile from 3-150 kpc but accounts for only about half of the total halo stellar mass. Discrepancies between the BHB density profile and other measurements of the inner halo are therefore likely due to the different profile of the metal-rich halo component, which is not only steeper than the profile of the met al-poor component, but also has a larger core radius. These profile differences also help to explain the large ratio of BHB/RGB stars in our observations., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We have analyzed new HST/ACS and HST/WFC3 imaging in F475W and F814W of two previously-unobserved fields along the M31 minor axis to confirm our previous constraints on the shape of M31's inner stellar halo. Both of these new datasets reach a depth of at least F814W$<$27 and clearly detect the blue horizontal branch (BHB) of the field as a distinct feature of the color-magnitude diagram. We measure the density of BHB stars and the ratio of BHB to red giant branch stars in each field using identical techniques to our previous work. We find excellent agreement with our previous measurement of a power-law for the 2-D projected surface density with an index of 2.6$^{+0.3}_{-0.2}$ outside of 3 kpc, which flattens to $\alpha <$1.2 inside of 3 kpc. Our findings confirm our previous suggestion that the field BHB stars in M31 are part of the halo population. However, the total halo profile is now known to differ from this BHB profile, which suggests that we have isolated the metal-poor component. This component appears to have an unbroken power-law profile from 3-150 kpc but accounts for only about half of the total halo stellar mass. Discrepancies between the BHB density profile and other measurements of the inner halo are therefore likely due to the different profile of the metal-rich halo component, which is not only steeper than the profile of the met al-poor component, but also has a larger core radius. These profile differences also help to explain the large ratio of BHB/RGB stars in our observations., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

To increase productivity, informal learning, and collaborations within and across research groups, we have been experimenting with a new kind of interaction that we call {em pair research}, in which members are paired up weekly to work together on each other's projects. In this paper, we present a system for making pairings and present results from two deployments. Results show that members used pair research in a wide variety of ways including pair programming, user testing, brainstorming, and data collection and analysis. Pair research helped members get things done and share their expertise with others., National Science Foundation (U.S.) (SOCS-1111124), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (IIS-1217225)

This prospective, observational multicentre (n=24) study investigated relationships between antimicrobial choices and rates of empiric appropriate or adequate therapy, and subsequent adaptation of therapy in 171 ICU patients with severe nosocomial infections. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was defined as in vitro susceptibility of the causative pathogen and clinical response to the agent administered. In non-microbiologically documented infections, therapy was considered adequate in the case of favourable clinical response <5 days. Patients had pneumonia (n=127; 66 ventilator-associated), intra-abdominal infection (n=23), and bloodstream infection (n=21). Predominant pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=29) Escherichia coli (n=26), Staphylococcus aureus (n=22), and Enterobacter aerogenes (n=21). In 49.6% of infections multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria were involved, mostly extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (EBSL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae and MDR non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria. Prior antibiotic exposure and hospitalisation in a general ward prior to ICU admission were risk factors for MDR. Empiric therapy was appropriate/adequate in 63.7% of cases. Empiric schemes were classified according to coverage of (i) ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria ("meropenem-based"), (ii) non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (schemes with an antipseudomonal agent), and (iii) first-line agents not covering ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae nor non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria. Meropenem-based schemes allowed for significantly higher rates of appropriate/adequate therapy (p<0.001). This benefit remained when only patients without risk factors for MDR were considered (p=0.021). In 106 patients (61%) empiric therapy was modified: in 60 cases following initial inappropriate/inadequate therapy, in 46 patients in order to refine empiric therapy. In this study reflecting real-life practice, first-line use of meropenem provided significantly hig, Journal Article, Multicenter Study, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This prospective, observational multicentre (n=24) study investigated relationships between antimicrobial choices and rates of empiric appropriate or adequate therapy, and subsequent adaptation of therapy in 171 ICU patients with severe nosocomial infections. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was defined as in vitro susceptibility of the causative pathogen and clinical response to the agent administered. In non-microbiologically documented infections, therapy was considered adequate in the case of favourable clinical response <5 days. Patients had pneumonia (n=127; 66 ventilator-associated), intra-abdominal infection (n=23), and bloodstream infection (n=21). Predominant pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=29) Escherichia coli (n=26), Staphylococcus aureus (n=22), and Enterobacter aerogenes (n=21). In 49.6% of infections multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria were involved, mostly extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (EBSL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae and MDR non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria. Prior antibiotic exposure and hospitalisation in a general ward prior to ICU admission were risk factors for MDR. Empiric therapy was appropriate/adequate in 63.7% of cases. Empiric schemes were classified according to coverage of (i) ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria ("meropenem-based"), (ii) non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (schemes with an antipseudomonal agent), and (iii) first-line agents not covering ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae nor non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria. Meropenem-based schemes allowed for significantly higher rates of appropriate/adequate therapy (p<0.001). This benefit remained when only patients without risk factors for MDR were considered (p=0.021). In 106 patients (61%) empiric therapy was modified: in 60 cases following initial inappropriate/inadequate therapy, in 46 patients in order to refine empiric therapy. In this study reflecting real-life practice, first-line use of meropenem provided significantly hig, Journal Article, Multicenter Study, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The pig has been reported to present with a stronger hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction than many other species, including the dog, but it is not known whether this is associated with a different longitudinal partitioning of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). We investigated the relationships between cardiac output (Q) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) minus occluded Ppa (Ppao), and effective pulmonary capillary pressure (Pc') minus Ppao, in seven minipigs and in seven dogs in hyperoxia (FI(O(2)) 0.4) and hypoxia (FI(O(2)) 0.1), first without, then with the inhalation of 80 ppm nitric oxide (NO) to inhibit any reversible component of PVR. Pc' was estimated from the Ppa decay curve following pulmonary artery balloon occlusion. In hyperoxia, minipigs compared to dogs had (Ppa-Ppao)/Q and (Pc'-Ppao)/Q plots shifted to higher pressures. Hypoxia at each level of Q increased Ppa-Ppao in minipigs more than in dogs, and Pc'-Ppao in minipigs only. Inhaled NO reversed hypoxia-induced changes in (Ppa-Ppao)/Q and (Pc'-Ppao)/Q plots. We conclude that the minipig, compared to the dog, presents with higher PVR and reactivity including vessels downstream to the site of Pc' as determined by the arterial occlusion technique. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The pig has been reported to present with a stronger hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction than many other species, including the dog, but it is not known whether this is associated with a different longitudinal partitioning of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). We investigated the relationships between cardiac output (Q) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) minus occluded Ppa (Ppao), and effective pulmonary capillary pressure (Pc') minus Ppao, in seven minipigs and in seven dogs in hyperoxia (FI(O(2)) 0.4) and hypoxia (FI(O(2)) 0.1), first without, then with the inhalation of 80 ppm nitric oxide (NO) to inhibit any reversible component of PVR. Pc' was estimated from the Ppa decay curve following pulmonary artery balloon occlusion. In hyperoxia, minipigs compared to dogs had (Ppa-Ppao)/Q and (Pc'-Ppao)/Q plots shifted to higher pressures. Hypoxia at each level of Q increased Ppa-Ppao in minipigs more than in dogs, and Pc'-Ppao in minipigs only. Inhaled NO reversed hypoxia-induced changes in (Ppa-Ppao)/Q and (Pc'-Ppao)/Q plots. We conclude that the minipig, compared to the dog, presents with higher PVR and reactivity including vessels downstream to the site of Pc' as determined by the arterial occlusion technique. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

We investigated the site of pulmonary vasodilation and associated effects on gas exchange in response to inhaled NO in acute microembolic lung injury. Pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and effective capillary (Pc') pressures versus cardiac output (Q) plots were generated in anesthetized dogs before and after, successively, (1) embolization with 100 microns glass beads, (2) administration of either a placebo (n = 5) or 80 ppm inhaled NO followed by cyclooxygenase inhibition by aspirin 1 g given intravenously and again 80 ppm inhaled NO (n = 8). Pc' was estimated from the pressure decay curve after pulmonary artery balloon occlusion. Embolism increased pulmonary vascular resistance, with a slight decrease in its precapillary component, from 77 to 66%. NO decreased Ppa at the highest levels of Q, and aspirin increased Ppa at all levels of Q. Neither NO nor aspirin affected Pc'/Q plots or pulmonary shunt. We conclude that pulmonary vascular resistance in microembolic lung injury increases at the periphery of the pulmonary arterial tree, with partial reversibility by inhaled NO and by endogenous products of the cyclooxygenase pathway upstream from the site of effective capillary resistance. Reduced pulmonary vascular tone does not improve gas exchange in this model of acute lung injury., Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

We investigated the site of pulmonary vasodilation and associated effects on gas exchange in response to inhaled NO in acute microembolic lung injury. Pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and effective capillary (Pc') pressures versus cardiac output (Q) plots were generated in anesthetized dogs before and after, successively, (1) embolization with 100 microns glass beads, (2) administration of either a placebo (n = 5) or 80 ppm inhaled NO followed by cyclooxygenase inhibition by aspirin 1 g given intravenously and again 80 ppm inhaled NO (n = 8). Pc' was estimated from the pressure decay curve after pulmonary artery balloon occlusion. Embolism increased pulmonary vascular resistance, with a slight decrease in its precapillary component, from 77 to 66%. NO decreased Ppa at the highest levels of Q, and aspirin increased Ppa at all levels of Q. Neither NO nor aspirin affected Pc'/Q plots or pulmonary shunt. We conclude that pulmonary vascular resistance in microembolic lung injury increases at the periphery of the pulmonary arterial tree, with partial reversibility by inhaled NO and by endogenous products of the cyclooxygenase pathway upstream from the site of effective capillary resistance. Reduced pulmonary vascular tone does not improve gas exchange in this model of acute lung injury., Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Inhibitors of endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthesis or activity have been reported to enhance hypoxic vasoconstriction in isolated lung preparations. We hypothesized that methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, and N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, would increase pulmonary vascular tone and improve gas exchange in anesthetized and ventilated (inspired O2 fraction 0.4) dogs with oleic acid (OA) lung injury. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure-(Ppa) flow (Q̇) relationships (generated by a manipulation of venous return, which was increased by opening a femoral arteriovenous bypass or decreased by inflating an inferior vena cava balloon) and gas exchange (evaluated by arterial blood gases and SF6 intrapulmonary shunt determinations) were investigated before and after OA (0.06 ml/kg iv) and again after solvent (n = 8), methylene blue (8 mg/kg iv, n = 10), or N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine (40 mg/kg iv, n = 8) in a randomized order. OA administration induced pulmonary hypertension, decreased arterial PO2, and increased intrapulmonary shunt. After OA, solvent had no effect on pulmonary hemodynamics and gas exchange. Both methylene blue and N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine further increased Ppa at all levels of Q̇. Only methylene blue, however, improved gas exchange after OA (arterial PO2 from 71 ± 6 to 89 ± 12 Torr and intrapulmonary shunt from 44 ± 6 to 34 ± 6%, both P < 0.02). These results suggest that nitric oxide is released during OA lung injury and modulates pulmonary hypertension. Whether nitric oxide impairs the regulation of gas exchange in OA lung injury remains uncertain, however., info:eu-repo/semantics/published