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We study a symmetric teleparallel gravity with a Lagrangian of logarithmic form. The full model leads to an accelerated universe and for specific values of the free parameters the Hubble rate reduces to the well-known Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati model, though the evolution of the gravitational potentials are different. We consider different branches of the logarithmic model, among which are self-accelerated branch and normal branch. The phenomenology of both the background and linear perturbations is discussed, including all the relevant effects on cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) angular power spectrum, lensing and matter power spectra. To this purpose, we modified the Einstein-Boltzmann code mgcamb. Finally, we derive bounds on the free parameters which are in agreement with early dark energy constraint from CMB and big bang nucleosynthesis constraint on the helium abundance., Comment: 24 pages, 14 figures

The interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) dictate therapeutic efficacy of radiation and many systemic therapies in breast cancer. However, to date, there is not a widely available method to reproducibly measure tumor and immune phenotypes for each patient's tumor. Given this unmet clinical need, we applied multiple instance learning (MIL) algorithms to assess activity of ten biologically relevant pathways from the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slide of primary breast tumors. We employed different feature extraction approaches and state-of-the-art model architectures. Using binary classification, our models attained area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) scores above 0.70 for nearly all gene expression pathways and on some cases, exceeded 0.80. Attention maps suggest that our trained models recognize biologically relevant spatial patterns of cell sub-populations from H&E. These efforts represent a first step towards developing computational H&E biomarkers that reflect facets of the TME and hold promise for augmenting precision oncology., Comment: Paper accepted at the First Workshop on Imageomics (Imageomics-AAAI-24) - Discovering Biological Knowledge from Images using AI (https://sites.google.com/vt.edu/imageomics-aaai-24/home), held as part of the 38th Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (https://aaai.org/aaai-conference/)

Face recognition applications have grown in parallel with the size of datasets, complexity of deep learning models and computational power. However, while deep learning models evolve to become more capable and computational power keeps increasing, the datasets available are being retracted and removed from public access. Privacy and ethical concerns are relevant topics within these domains. Through generative artificial intelligence, researchers have put efforts into the development of completely synthetic datasets that can be used to train face recognition systems. Nonetheless, the recent advances have not been sufficient to achieve performance comparable to the state-of-the-art models trained on real data. To study the drift between the performance of models trained on real and synthetic datasets, we leverage a massive attribute classifier (MAC) to create annotations for four datasets: two real and two synthetic. From these annotations, we conduct studies on the distribution of each attribute within all four datasets. Additionally, we further inspect the differences between real and synthetic datasets on the attribute set. When comparing through the Kullback-Leibler divergence we have found differences between real and synthetic samples. Interestingly enough, we have verified that while real samples suffice to explain the synthetic distribution, the opposite could not be further from being true., Comment: Accepted at FG 2024

This paper aims to investigate the association between firms’ financial performance and their sustainability performance, as measured by Tobin's Q, with a focus on the individual ESG pillars. Our study analyzes constituents of the Stoxx Europe 600 index. We employ different econometric approaches and perform a comprehensive analysis of the post-2015 agreement concerning climate change. Results suggest a statistically positive relationship between firms’ ESG and financial performance, although of greater magnitude for the social component. Overall, our findings highlight the superior relevance of social performance in yielding shareholder value for the largest European firms.

Morphing attacks keep threatening biometric systems, especially face recognition systems. Over time they have become simpler to perform and more realistic, as such, the usage of deep learning systems to detect these attacks has grown. At the same time, there is a constant concern regarding the lack of interpretability of deep learning models. Balancing performance and interpretability has been a difficult task for scientists. However, by leveraging domain information and proving some constraints, we have been able to develop IDistill, an interpretable method with state-of-the-art performance that provides information on both the identity separation on morph samples and their contribution to the final prediction. The domain information is learnt by an autoencoder and distilled to a classifier system in order to teach it to separate identity information. When compared to other methods in the literature it outperforms them in three out of five databases and is competitive in the remaining., Comment: Accepted at EUSIPCO 2023

Background: The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is associated with inflammation, coagulopathy, and organ damage found in severe cases of COVID-19. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the release of NETs in COVID-19 remain unclear. Objectives: We aim to investigate the role of the Gasdermin-D (GSDMD) pathway on NETs release and the development of organ damage during COVID-19. Methods: We performed a single-cell transcriptome analysis in public data of bronchoalveolar lavage. Then, we enrolled 63 hospitalized patients with moderate and severe COVID-19. We analyze in blood and lung tissue samples the expression of GSDMD, presence of NETs, and signaling pathways upstreaming. Furthermore, we analyzed the treatment with disulfiram in a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: We found that the SARS-CoV-2 virus directly activates the pore-forming protein GSDMD that triggers NET production and organ damage in COVID-19. Single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of GSDMD and inflammasome-related genes were increased in COVID-19 patients. High expression of active GSDMD associated with NETs structures was found in the lung tissue of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we showed that activation of GSDMD in neutrophils requires active caspase1/4 and live SARS-CoV-2, which infects neutrophils. In a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the treatment with disulfiram inhibited NETs release and reduced organ damage. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that GSDMD-dependent NETosis plays a critical role in COVID-19 immunopathology and suggests GSDMD as a novel potential target for improving the COVID-19 therapeutic strategy.

As two sides of the same coin, causality and explainable artificial intelligence (xAI) were initially proposed and developed with different goals. However, the latter can only be complete when seen through the lens of the causality framework. As such, we propose a novel causality-inspired framework for xAI that creates an environment for the development of xAI approaches. To show its applicability, biometrics was used as case study. For this, we have analysed 81 research papers on a myriad of biometric modalities and different tasks. We have categorised each of these methods according to our novel xAI Ladder and discussed the future directions of the field.

Morphing attacks are one of the many threats that are constantly affecting deep face recognition systems. It consists of selecting two faces from different individuals and fusing them into a final image that contains the identity information of both. In this work, we propose a novel regularisation term that takes into account the existent identity information in both and promotes the creation of two orthogonal latent vectors. We evaluate our proposed method (OrthoMAD) in five different types of morphing in the FRLL dataset and evaluate the performance of our model when trained on five distinct datasets. With a small ResNet-18 as the backbone, we achieve state-of-the-art results in the majority of the experiments, and competitive results in the others. The code of this paper will be publicly available., Comment: Accepted at BIOSIG 2022

This paper presents a summary of the Competition on Face Morphing Attack Detection Based on Privacy-aware Synthetic Training Data (SYN-MAD) held at the 2022 International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB 2022). The competition attracted a total of 12 participating teams, both from academia and industry and present in 11 different countries. In the end, seven valid submissions were submitted by the participating teams and evaluated by the organizers. The competition was held to present and attract solutions that deal with detecting face morphing attacks while protecting people's privacy for ethical and legal reasons. To ensure this, the training data was limited to synthetic data provided by the organizers. The submitted solutions presented innovations that led to outperforming the considered baseline in many experimental settings. The evaluation benchmark is now available at: https://github.com/marcohuber/SYN-MAD-2022., Comment: Accepted at International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB) 2022

The increasing popularity of attention mechanisms in deep learning algorithms for computer vision and natural language processing made these models attractive to other research domains. In healthcare, there is a strong need for tools that may improve the routines of the clinicians and the patients. Naturally, the use of attention-based algorithms for medical applications occurred smoothly. However, being healthcare a domain that depends on high-stake decisions, the scientific community must ponder if these high-performing algorithms fit the needs of medical applications. With this motto, this paper extensively reviews the use of attention mechanisms in machine learning (including Transformers) for several medical applications. This work distinguishes itself from its predecessors by proposing a critical analysis of the claims and potentialities of attention mechanisms presented in the literature through an experimental case study on medical image classification with three different use cases. These experiments focus on the integrating process of attention mechanisms into established deep learning architectures, the analysis of their predictive power, and a visual assessment of their saliency maps generated by post-hoc explanation methods. This paper concludes with a critical analysis of the claims and potentialities presented in the literature about attention mechanisms and proposes future research lines in medical applications that may benefit from these frameworks., Comment: Pre-print submitted to Nature Scientific Reports

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) naturally co-occur in several foods, but no studies have followed the fate of mycotoxins’ interactions along the gastrointestinal tract using in vitro digestion models. This study used a novel semi-dynamic model that mimics gradual acidification and gastric emptying, coupled with a static colonic fermentation phase, in order to monitor mycotoxins’ bioaccessibility by the oral route. AFB1 and OTA bioaccessibility patterns differed in single or co-exposed scenarios. When co-exposed (MIX meal), AFB1 bioaccessibility at the intestinal level increased by ~16%, while OTA bioaccessibility decreased by ~20%. Additionally, a significant increase was observed in both intestinal cell viability and NO production. With regard to mycotoxin–probiotic interactions, the MIX meal showed a null effect on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strain growth, while isolated AFB1 reduced bacterial growth parameters. These results were confirmed at phylum and family levels using a gut microbiota approach. After colonic fermentation, the fecal supernatant did not trigger the NF-kB activation pathway, indicating reduced toxicity of mycotoxins. In conclusion, if single exposed, AFB1 will have a significant impact on intestinal viability and probiotic growth, while OTA will mostly trigger NO production; in a co-exposure situation, both intestinal viability and inflammation will be affected, but the impact on probiotic growth will be neglected.

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir as abordagens teóricas e metodológicas dos métodos de valoração ambiental com viés da economia ambiental e da economia ecológica, bem como sua aplicabilidade como instrumento para o tratamento das questões relacionadas à degradação ambiental. Reconhece-se a iminência de medidas que possibilite proteger os ecossistemas, um objetivo que pode ser alcançado através de caminhos que introduzam novos paradigmas e leituras sobre as relações economia-natureza. Os estudos de valoração ambiental na economia precisam avançar e ganhar novos embasamentos.

This work studies earnings management in European listed and unlisted companies. The sample comprises 8,752 firms from nine European countries for the period 2005-2012. In order to proxy earning managements, authors computed the level of discretionary accruals using the modified Jones model. The main results suggest that unlisted companies are more likely to manage earnings than listed companies. This trend is observed either in common law or code law countries, being the most pronounced difference in the first group. There is also evidence that listed companies tend to manage earnings further downwards, suggesting more conservative accounting earnings. Overall, evidence indicates that European listed companies show higher earnings quality than their unlisted counterparts. These findings contribute to the scarcity of literature focused on unlisted companies, whose importance in the business framework and the European economy is significant. Conclusions of this study are particularly relevant for investors and regulators., El estudio analiza la práctica de manejo de resultados en empresas europeas cotizadas y no cotizadas. La muestra se conforma por 8.752 empresas de nueve países europeos, para el periodo del 2005 al 2012. Como medida de manejo de resultados, se utiliza el nivel de accruals discrecionales, calculado según el modelo de Jones, modificado por Dechow, Sloan y Sweeney. Los principales resultados sugieren que las empresas no cotizadas practican más manejo de resultados que las empresas cotizadas. Esta tendencia existe ya sea en los países common law, ya sea en los code law, siendo la diferencia más pronunciada en el primer grupo de países. Hay también evidencia de que las empresas cotizadas tienden a manejar más los resultados en el sentido descendiente que las no cotizadas, lo que sugiere un informe financiero más conservador. Conjuntamente, estos resultados señalan que las empresas cotizadas europeas presentan mejor calidad de resultados que sus congéneres no cotizadas. Los resultados aportan para la escasez de literatura con enfoque en las empresas no cotizadas, cuya importancia en el entramado empresarial y la economía europea es elevada, siendo las conclusiones del estudio de particular relevancia para inversionistas y reguladores., Este estudo analisa a prática de gestão de resultados em empresas europeias cotadas e não cotadas. A amostra é composta por 8.752 empresas de nove países europeus, para o período de 2005 a 2012. Como medida de gestão de resultados, é usado o nível de accruals discricionários, calculado segundo o modelo de Jones, modificado por Dechow, Sloan e Sweeney. Os principais resultados sugerem que as empresas não cotadas pratiquem mais gestão de resultados do que as empresas cotadas. Essa tendência existe quer nos países common law, quer nos países code law, sendo a diferença mais pronunciada no primeiro grupo de países. Existe também evidência de que as empresas cotadas tendem a gerir mais os resultados no sentido descendente do que as não cotadas, o que sugere um relato financeiro mais conservador. Conjuntamente, esses resultados sugerem que as empresas cotadas europeias apresentem melhor qualidade de resultados do que as suas congéneres não cotadas. Os resultados contribuem para a escassa literatura com foco nas empresas não cotadas, cuja importância no tecido empresarial e na economia europeia é bastante elevada, sendo as conclusões deste estudo de particular interesse para investidores e reguladores.

This work studies earnings management in European listed and unlisted companies. The sample comprises 8,752 firms from nine European countries for the period 2005-2012. In order to proxy earning managements, authors computed the level of discretionary accruals using the modified Jones model. The main results suggest that unlisted companies are more likely to manage earnings than listed companies. This trend is observed either in common law or code law countries, being the most pronounced difference in the first group. There is also evidence that listed companies tend to manage earnings further downwards, suggesting more conservative accounting earnings. Overall, evidence indicates that European listed companies show higher earnings quality than their unlisted counterparts. These findings contribute to the scarcity of literature focused on unlisted companies, whose importance in the business framework and the European economy is significant. Conclusions of this study are particularly relevant for investors and regulators., El estudio analiza la práctica de manejo de resultados en empresas europeas cotizadas y no cotizadas. La muestra se conforma por 8.752 empresas de nueve países europeos, para el periodo del 2005 al 2012. Como medida de manejo de resultados, se utiliza el nivel de accruals discrecionales, calculado según el modelo de Jones, modificado por Dechow, Sloan y Sweeney. Los principales resultados sugieren que las empresas no cotizadas practican más manejo de resultados que las empresas cotizadas. Esta tendencia existe ya sea en los países common law, ya sea en los code law, siendo la diferencia más pronunciada en el primer grupo de países. Hay también evidencia de que las empresas cotizadas tienden a manejar más los resultados en el sentido descendiente que las no cotizadas, lo que sugiere un informe financiero más conservador. Conjuntamente, estos resultados señalan que las empresas cotizadas europeas presentan mejor calidad de resultados que sus congéneres no cotizadas. Los resultados aportan para la escasez de literatura con enfoque en las empresas no cotizadas, cuya importancia en el entramado empresarial y la economía europea es elevada, siendo las conclusiones del estudio de particular relevancia para inversionistas y reguladores., Este estudo analisa a prática de gestão de resultados em empresas europeias cotadas e não cotadas. A amostra é composta por 8.752 empresas de nove países europeus, para o período de 2005 a 2012. Como medida de gestão de resultados, é usado o nível de accruals discricionários, calculado segundo o modelo de Jones, modificado por Dechow, Sloan e Sweeney. Os principais resultados sugerem que as empresas não cotadas pratiquem mais gestão de resultados do que as empresas cotadas. Essa tendência existe quer nos países common law, quer nos países code law, sendo a diferença mais pronunciada no primeiro grupo de países. Existe também evidência de que as empresas cotadas tendem a gerir mais os resultados no sentido descendente do que as não cotadas, o que sugere um relato financeiro mais conservador. Conjuntamente, esses resultados sugerem que as empresas cotadas europeias apresentem melhor qualidade de resultados do que as suas congéneres não cotadas. Os resultados contribuem para a escassa literatura com foco nas empresas não cotadas, cuja importância no tecido empresarial e na economia europeia é bastante elevada, sendo as conclusões deste estudo de particular interesse para investidores e reguladores.

El propósito de este proyecto es crear un sistema de monitorización de señales biomédicas para personas que se exponen a un alto nivel de estrés y esfuerzo en sus funciones profesionales como los pilotos de aviones de combate y pilotos de Formula 1 entre otros. Estos profesionales precisan de una mucha concentración en sus funciones mientras están sometidos a un gran esfuerzo, además, un nivel alto de estrés podría hacerles cometer un error fatal. Para controlar el estado de estos profesionales, se hará la monitorización de diferentes señales, lo primordial es monitorizar el estado cardiaco, para ello se usa un electrocardiograma (ECG), esta señal es un claro indicador del esfuerzo al que está siendo sometido, además se complementa con una capnografía para medir el nivel de CO2 en aire exhalado, con ello además de complementar el ECG para saber al esfuerzo que se somete, se puede alertar de alguna insuficiencia respiratoria, en conjunto con estos dos se examina la actividad electrodérmica (EDA), con ello podemos observar cambios en los niveles de sudoración inusuales provocados por el sistema nervioso autónomo (SNA) ante una situación de estrés y por último una sonda que mida la temperatura corporal, con ello, se podría detectar altas temperaturas que podrían deberse a un golpe de calor y ello provocar un desvanecimiento poniendo en peligro su vida., The purpose of this project is to create a monitoring system for biomedical signals for people who are exposed to a high level of stress and effort in their professional functions such as fighter pilots and Formula 1 pilots among others. These professionals need a lot of concentration in their functions while they are subjected to a great effort, in addition, a high level of stress could make a fatal error. To monitor the condition of these professionals a control of different signals will be done, focusing mainly on the cardiac status through the use of an electrocardiogram (ECG). This signal is a clear indicator of the effort to which the professional is being subjected. It is complemented with a capnography to measure the level of CO2 in exhaled air, with this in addition to complement the ECG to know the effort, it may indicate respiratory problems. In conjunction with these, electrodermal activity (EDA) is examined. thanks to this we can observe changes in the unusual levels of sweating caused by the autonomic nervous system (SNA) before a stress situation and finally a probe that measures the body temperature, this can help us detect high temperatures that could be due to a heatstroke and this cause a fading endangering your life.

Starting from an analysis of the film 007 -Operation Skyfall under the geographical direction, it is the objective of this study to explore the relations between geography and images from the representation of the urban space of the city of London in the cinema, through cuts of scenes. Seeking to go beyond the studies already produced, the article to aim to understand the cinematographic landscapes, interpreting them in a geographic view the elements that compose it, relate them to reality and understanding the factors that can enable the change in their meaning with the manipulation of the real landscapes. It is considered that the approximations between geography and cinematographic art are possible, leading the new researchers to an interdisciplinary reflection of the knowledge about the urban space of London, Partindo de uma análise do filme 007 –Operação Skyfallsob a direção geográfica, tem-se como objetivo desse estudo explorar as relações entre geografia e imagens a partir da representação do espaço urbano da cidade de Londres no cinema, através de recortes de cenas. Buscando ir além dos estudos já produzidos,o artigo busca o entendimento das paisagens cinematográficas, interpretando-as em uma visão geográfica os elementos que a compõe, relacioná-las com a realidade e buscar compreender os fatores que podem possibilitar a mudança no seu significado com a manipulação das paisagens reais. Considera-se que é possível as aproximações entre a geografia e a arte cinematográfica, conduzindo os novos pesquisadores a uma reflexão interdisciplinar do conhecimento a respeito do espaço urbano londrino., A partir de un análisis de la película 007 -Operación Skyfallbajo la dirección geográfica, se tiene como objetivo de este estudio explorar las relaciones entre geografía e imágenes a partir de la representación del espacio urbano de la ciudad de Londres en el cine, a través de recortes de escenas. En busca de más allá de los estudios ya producidos, el artículo busca el entendimiento de los paisajes cinematográficos, interpretando en una visión geográfica los elementos que la componen, relacionarlas con la realidad y buscar comprender los factores que pueden posibilitar el cambio en su significado con la manipulación de los paisajes reales. Se considera que es posible los acercamientos entre la geografía y el arte cinematográfico, conduciendo a los nuevos investigadores a una reflexión interdisciplinaria del conocimiento acerca del espacio urbano londinense.

This study aims to develop a telemedicine platform for self-motor rehabilitation and remote monitoring by health professionals, in order to enhance recovery in patients after hip replacement. The implementation of such a technology is justified by medical (improvement of the recovery process by the possibility to perform rehabilitation exercises more frequently), economic (reduction of the number of medical appointments and the time patients spend at the hospital), mobility (diminution of the transportation to and from the hospital) and ethics (healthcare democratization and increased empowerment of the patient) purposes. The Kinect camera is used as a Natural User Interface to capture the physical exercises performed at home by the patients. The quality of the movement is evaluated in real-time by an assessment module implemented according to a Hidden-Markov Model approach. The results show a high accuracy in the evaluation of the movements (92% of correct classification). Finally, the usability of the platform is tested through the System Usability Scale (SUS). The overall SUS score is 81 out of 100, which suggests a good usability of the Web application. Further work will focus on the development of additional functionalities and an evaluation of the impact of the platform on the recovery process.

*** Scientific profile of medical students in a public university ***AIMS: To describe the characteristics of scientific activities conducted by medical students at the State University of Pará, Brazil, including their participation in research, events, and publications of medical articles.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2015 with over-18-year-old students from the medical school of the State University of Pará, after they signed an informed consent form for their participation. Thirty students from each academic year (6 in total) answered a questionnaire developed and applied by the researchers. The questionnaire addressed the students’ participation in research activities, the types of research developed, and their scientific production. The participants were grouped according to academic cycles (1st and 2nd years, 3rd and 4th years, and 5th and 6th years). The type of scientific research was classified into four categories: database search, experiments with animals, clinical practice at outpatient clinics and health centers, and analyses of biological samples. The categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentage and compared by the chi-square test. A p ≤0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.RESULTS: Out of 180 assessed students, 96 (53.3%) conducted research. Of these, 23 (12.7%) were 1st- or 2nd-year students, 33 (18.3%) were in the 3rd or 4th year, and 40 (22.2%) were attending the 5th or 6th year. Regarding the type of research, there was a larger participation in database search (26.7%) and in clinical studies (26.7%). Participation of undergraduates in scientific events consisted of poster sessions (40.6%) and oral presentations (14.4%).CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a high frequency of participation of medical students in research activities, with a major focus on clinical studies and database search. Students from the 3rd to the 6th year showed a higher degree of participation. The students, OBJETIVOS: Descrever as características das atividades científicas entre os estudantes de medicina da Universidade do Estado do Pará, quanto à participação em pesquisas, apresentações em eventos e publicações de artigos.MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal no período de março a junho de 2015, com estudantes do curso de medicina da Universidade do Estado do Pará, maiores de 18 anos e que concordaram com a participação por meio da assinatura do termo de consentimento. Foram entrevistados 30 alunos de cada um dos seis anos do curso, por meio de questionário elaborado e aplicado pelos pesquisadores. O questionário abordava a participação em atividades de pesquisa, os tipos de pesquisa desenvolvidos e a produção científica. Os participantes foram distribuídos em grupos quanto ao ciclo da graduação (básico, clínico e internato). O tipo de pesquisa científica foi classificado em quatro categorias: bases de dados, experimental com animais, clínica em ambulatórios e unidades de saúde e amostras biológicas. As variáveis categóricas foram representadas por frequências e porcentagens e comparadas por meio do teste Qui-quadrado, sendo considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p ≤0,05.RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 180 estudantes de medicina, dos quais 96 (53,3%) referiram realizar pesquisas, sendo 23 (12,7%) do ciclo básico, 33 (18,3%) do ciclo clínico e 40 (22,2%) do internato. Quanto à natureza dos estudos desenvolvidos notou-se maior participação em pesquisas com bases de dados (26,7%) e clínicas (26,7%). As apresentações dos graduandos em eventos científicos ocorrem sob a forma de pôster (40,6%) e apresentação oral (14,4%).CONCLUSÕES: O estudo demonstrou uma elevada frequência de participação dos graduandos de medicina em atividades de pesquisa, com maior concentração em pesquisas clínicas e em base de dados. Os estudantes do internato e do ciclo clínico tiveram maior participação. A divulgação no meio cientifico ocorreu mais frequentemente sob a forma de

O estudo das bolas paradas em competição tem apresentado desenvolvimentos acentuados nos últimos anos, fruto de diferentes investigações realizadas com diferentes objetivos (Casanova, 2009). Atualmente as oportunidades de finalização no futebol são cada vez mais raras, o que dificulta a obtenção do golo, tendo por isso as bolas paradas ganho cada vez mais preponderância. De acordo com vários estudos, de entre os diversos esquemas táticos, os lançamentos laterais apresentam os valores mais baixos ao nível do número de golos concretizados, ao que Herráez (2003) justifica que os lançamentos laterais permitem-nos defender a nossa baliza com muita maior eficácia, quando comparados com os outros esquemas táticos. Por sua vez, o penálti revela-se de grande importância para o rendimento em futebol, sendo determinante no resultado final de uma competição.Objetivo: O presente estudo procura analisar a importância dos esquemas táticos ofensivos e defensivos no FIFA World Cup 2014. Pretende-se destacar a importância dos esquemas táticos na definição do resultado de um jogo de futebol assim como na classificação final da competição, identificar e comparar padrões nas quatro equipas melhores classificadas e analisar a eficácia ofensiva e defensiva das mesmas durante a competição.

Este artigo trata da análise do trabalho de campo como linguagem educativa, com recorte espacial o percurso da avenida Beira-Mar, em Fortaleza-Ceará. Busca-se verificar a associação do debate dos conceitos-base que permeiam a ciência geográfica com a observação no trabalho de campo. Dessa modo, nessa atividade educacional tem-se a liberdade da construção do conhecimento geográfico, ressaltando a importância da atividade de campo para o geógrafo, enquanto meio de observar e compreender as dinâmicas engendradas no espaço a ser estudado, sendo recurso didático vital para a formação desse profissional.

O presente artigo pretende analisar o trabalho de campo como metodologia de ensinoaprendizagem na disciplina de Geografia. Tal estudo apresenta como pressuposto o entendimento dessa forma de conduzir o conhecimento geográfico e suas repercussões no desenvolvimento cognitivo dos discentes. Esse trabalho aponta ao educando um repensar sobre a importância da aula de campo, o seu processo de construção de conhecimentos sobre o espaço vivido e concebido a ser observado, especificamente, na cidade de Maragogi. Essa atividade de campo apresenta um diálogo entre os conceitos estudados em sala de aula e os fenômenos vistos na cidade.Com os percursos geográficos em Maragogi, os alunos puderam contemplar a cidade sob vários olhares: maritimidade, meio ambiente, espaços do poder, segregação e contradições sócio- espaciais, espaços de vida e de morte, espaços de memórias e de circulação., This article analyzes the fieldwork as a methodology of teaching-learning in the Geography discipline. This study shows like assumption the understanding of how to drive the geographic knowledge and its repercussions in cognitive development of students of Geography. This work points to the students of this scientific field a rethink about the importance of field class, its construction process of knowledge about the lived space and designed to be observed, specifically the city of Maragogi. This activity field presents a dialogue between the studied concepts in the classroom and the phenomena seen in the city.With geographic pathways Maragogi, studentsmaycontemplatethe cityunder severalviews:maritime, environment, space power, segretationandsocio-spatial contradictions, areasof lifeanddeath, memory andmovement.

Este artigo trata da análise do trabalho de campo como linguagem educativa, com recorte espacial o percurso da avenida Beira-Mar, em Fortaleza-Ceará. Busca-se verificar a associação do debate dos conceitos-base que permeiam a ciência geográfica com a observação no trabalho de campo. Dessa modo, nessa atividade educacional tem-se a liberdade da construção do conhecimento geográfico, ressaltando a importância da atividade de campo para o geógrafo, enquanto meio de observar e compreender as dinâmicas engendradas no espaço a ser estudado, sendo recurso didático vital para a formação desse profissional.

This article analyzes the fieldwork as a methodology of teaching-learning in the Geography discipline. This study shows like assumption the understanding of how to drive the geographic knowledge and its repercussions in cognitive development of students of Geography. This work points to the students of this scientific field a rethink about the importance of field class, its construction process of knowledge about the lived space and designed to be observed, specifically the city of Maragogi. This activity field presents a dialogue between the studied concepts in the classroom and the phenomena seen in the city.With geographic pathways Maragogi, studentsmaycontemplatethe cityunder severalviews:maritime, environment, space power, segretationandsocio-spatial contradictions, areasof lifeanddeath, memory andmovement., O presente artigo pretende analisar o trabalho de campo como metodologia de ensinoaprendizagem na disciplina de Geografia. Tal estudo apresenta como pressuposto o entendimento dessa forma de conduzir o conhecimento geográfico e suas repercussões no desenvolvimento cognitivo dos discentes. Esse trabalho aponta ao educando um repensar sobre a importância da aula de campo, o seu processo de construção de conhecimentos sobre o espaço vivido e concebido a ser observado, especificamente, na cidade de Maragogi. Essa atividade de campo apresenta um diálogo entre os conceitos estudados em sala de aula e os fenômenos vistos na cidade.Com os percursos geográficos em Maragogi, os alunos puderam contemplar a cidade sob vários olhares: maritimidade, meio ambiente, espaços do poder, segregação e contradições sócio- espaciais, espaços de vida e de morte, espaços de memórias e de circulação.