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The Malagasy reform ongoing since 2005 belongs to a new generation of land reforms in Africa. Two major innovations have emerged: decentralized land management through the creation of local land offices at commune level and land certification. The land reform objective is to overcome the pitfalls of the former land titling system and to provide tenure security to a majority of households thanks to a low cost, easy and participatory registration process. However, contrary to similar land reform in other African countries such as Ethiopia or Rwanda, land certification is “on demand” and not based on a systematic demarcation process. Is the Malagasy certification really massive and inclusive? To explore this issue, the paper analyzes the evolution and the determinants of land certificates demand. It puts a special emphasis on the forms of offer (promotional campaigns) and its impacts on the level and distribution of demand for land certificates. Policy implications to foster inclusivity and local and offices sustainability are debated. The paper uses first-band data that were collected through two specially designed survey conducted on a large sample of rural households in 2011 and 2015 (1 834 with 1 551 households in panel) in nine communes of Madagascar.

The Malagasy reform ongoing since 2005 belongs to a new generation of land reforms in Africa. Two major innovations have emerged: decentralized land management through the creation of local land offices at commune level and land certification. The land reform objective is to overcome the pitfalls of the former land titling system and to provide tenure security to a majority of households thanks to a low cost, easy and participatory registration process. However, contrary to similar land reform in other African countries such as Ethiopia or Rwanda, land certification is “on demand” and not based on a systematic demarcation process. Is the Malagasy certification really massive and inclusive? To explore this issue, the paper analyzes the evolution and the determinants of land certificates demand. It puts a special emphasis on the forms of offer (promotional campaigns) and its impacts on the level and distribution of demand for land certificates. Policy implications to foster inclusivity and local and offices sustainability are debated. The paper uses first-band data that were collected through two specially designed survey conducted on a large sample of rural households in 2011 and 2015 (1 834 with 1 551 households in panel) in nine communes of Madagascar.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; C.3 Labor Markets, WCAO; DSGD; DGO, This issue of the Thematic Research Notes discusses the causes and impact of migration among communities in Africa as well as predicted future migration trends.

The Malagasy land reform, ongoing since 2005, belongs to the new generation of land reforms. It promotes the legal recognition of existing landholders' rights (through certification) and the decentralization of land management. Despite the change of paradigm underlying this new wave of reforms, premises and expectations remain unchanged: a) rights legalization is justified by large tenure insecurity and b) rights formalization is a prerequisite to reduce conflicts over land rights, improve access to credit, boost productive investments and stimulate land markets. But before analyzing economic impacts, the relations between land reform and tenure security need to be explored. In this line, the paper first explores the determinant of the sense of tenure insecurity and underlines the complementary role of certification to informal and existing modes of rights validation (petits papiers). It shows then that decentralization of land management (through the creation of local land offices) offers a better and a more equitable access to legal information, land administration institutions, legalization of rights and devices of conflict resolution. But it also underlines that this ongoing process of legal empowerment still need to be more inclusive for the poor and discusses the ways to reinforce this process without denying the reality of local/customary land practices.

The Malagasy land reform, ongoing since 2005, belongs to the new generation of land reforms. It promotes the legal recognition of existing landholders' rights (through certification) and the decentralization of land management. Despite the change of paradigm underlying this new wave of reforms, premises and expectations remain unchanged: a) rights legalization is justified by large tenure insecurity and b) rights formalization is a prerequisite to reduce conflicts over land rights, improve access to credit, boost productive investments and stimulate land markets. But before analyzing economic impacts, the relations between land reform and tenure security need to be explored. In this line, the paper first explores the determinant of the sense of tenure insecurity and underlines the complementary role of certification to informal and existing modes of rights validation (petits papiers). It shows then that decentralization of land management (through the creation of local land offices) offers a better and a more equitable access to legal information, land administration institutions, legalization of rights and devices of conflict resolution. But it also underlines that this ongoing process of legal empowerment still need to be more inclusive for the poor and discusses the ways to reinforce this process without denying the reality of local/customary land practices.

Despite good macroeconomic performance in the last decades (1997-2009), rural poverty remains very high in rural Madagascar. Two thirds of the rural population lives below the poverty line. Concerned with this situation, the Malagasy government has put rural poverty reduction as an important policy objective since the 2000s. However, the lack of an accurate diagnosis poverty determinants, namely on the underlying dynamics at work has led to very general policies. This policy are likely to miss their objectives since they are not enough specific of the rural Malagasy areas situation. Efficient poverty reduction policies need accurate evaluations of the causes of poverty persistence. This thesis proposes to fill, at least partially, the gap by providing in depth analysis of Malagasy rural poverty dynamics. The first chapter presents the recent Malagasy context and highlights the need for a deeper analysis of the cause of Malagasy rural poverty. The second chapter exploits dynamics methods to identify households that are more likely associated to a chronic or a transient form of poverty. This chapter also tests if poverty is likely to create a vicious circle and to lead to poverty traps. The second and third chapters focus on the role of risk in rural poverty persistence. The second chapter shows that climatic shocks have long-term impacts on households’ growth prospects while the third chapter show risk have important consequences on households’ income and consumption behaviours. Neglecting the role of risk on households’ behaviours is likely to decrease the impacts of others incentives, namely productivity-enhancing incentives provided by current Malagasy rural development policies. Our analysis thus provides rationales for decision makers to allocate more resources to risk- management tools in poverty reduction policies., (AGRO 3) -- UCL, 2011

Cet article présente deux dispositifs originaux de collecte de données sur les associations de migrants maliens présentes en France et dans le reste du monde : le premier s’est attaché à recenser les associations de migrants maliens déclarées en France et à identifier leurs terrains d’intervention au Mali. Le second s’est greffé à une enquête nationale représentative, réalisée en 2011 au Mali, et a consisté en l’ajout d’un module recensant l’ensemble des associations de ressortissants intervenant dans les communes et villages enquêtés. Ces deux dispositifs complémentaires confirment la propension élevée des Maliens de la région de Kayes à migrer et à se regrouper en associations. Ils montrent également que ce fort engagement associatif n’est pas réservé aux migrants originaires de la région de Kayes et résidant en France : les Maliens de France originaires d’autres régions, notamment Koulikoro et Mopti, sont eux aussi à l’origine de la création de nombreuses associations, tout comme les Maliens résidant dans d’autres pays., ‪This article presents two original datasets on Malian Migrants’ Home Town Associations (HTAs) located in France and in the rest of the world. The first is a census of the HTAs declared in the French Journal Officiel that provides detailed information on their area of intervention in Mali. The second is a representative survey implemented in Mali in 2011 that collected exhaustive information on abroad-based HTAs intervening in each commune and village of the sample. These two complementary datasets confirm that Malians coming from the region of Kayes are prone to gather in HTAs, notably in France. They also show that this propensity to create HTAs is not exclusive to these migrants. A lot of HTAs were created by Malians coming from the regions of Koulikoro and Mopti, in France as well as in other destination countries.‪, Este artículo presenta dos dispositivos originales de recogida de datos sobre las asociaciones de emigrantes malienses presentes en Francia y en el resto del mundo: el primero se dedicó a censar las asociaciones de emigrantes malienses declaradas en Francia y a identificar sus ámbitos de intervención en Mali. El segundo se incorporó a una encuesta nacional representativa, realizada en 2011 en Mali, y consistió en el añadido de un módulo que censaba el conjunto de las asociaciones de nacionales que intervenía en los municipios y los pueblos investigados. Estos dos dispositivos complementarios confirman la propensión elevada de los malienses de la región de Kayes a emigrar y a reagruparse en asociaciones. También muestran que este compromiso fuerte y asociativo no está reservado a los emigrantes originarios de la región de Kayes y que residen en Francia: los malienses de Francia originarios de otras regiones, particularmente Koulikoro y Mopti, están también en el origen de la creación de numerosas asociaciones, del mismo modo que los malienses residentes en otros países.