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In 2009, Japan adopted a territorial tax regime by exempting dividends paid by Japanese-owned foreign subsidiaries to their parent firms from home-country taxation. This paper examines the impact of this tax reform on profit shifting by Japanese multinationals. I find that the semielasticity of pretax profits with respect to host-country corporate tax rates for Japanese-owned foreign subsidiaries, particularly large subsidiaries, increased after the 2008 announcement of the implementation of the territorial tax regime, relative to that for US-owned foreign subsidiaries. This suggests that large Japanese-owned foreign subsidiaries responded to the incentive for profit shifting provided by the territorial tax reform.

A motor-generator slowly converts low electrical power to the large rotating energy of the induction motor, which is then converted to the higher electrical power of the synchronous generator through a pulse. Such a cycle is repeated in a tokamak plasma experiment. In the transient phase at the start of the synchronous generator, high transient voltage appears in the armature windings repeatedly. Due to the repeatability, it is imperative to estimate the high voltage and control it so that the maximum voltage is kept under a tolerable value. A quaternion is a four-dimensional hypercomplex number that is good at describing three-dimensional rotation. Utilizing the quaternion capability, a three-phase motor-generator is analyzed using three-dimensional rotation. The mechanical rotation was anlyzed by the rotation quaternion. The salient pole-type rotating field can be manipulated by direct-quadrature conversion even in quaternion analysis. The rotating dynamics and electrical phenomena of a motor-generator can be analyzed by considering the quaternion power from the motor-generator and the electrical load for plasma control., source:http://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.18.2405035

type:Letters, A database has been developed to provide a highly efficient data analysis environment by registering various types of data obtained in the QUEST (Q-shu University Experiment with Steady-State Spherical Tokamak) experiments and providing the data to researchers through standard SQL query output. In conventional experiments, measurements are usually obtained using several instruments, and the results are often stored separately in proprietary formats. An analysis to collect distributed files and convert them into appropriate formats individually was necessary, which led to a decrease in analysis efficiency. In order to build a system to centrally store and provide data, we constructed new servers, each for registering data in a database and for extracting data from the database and visualizing the data. As a result, various real-time monitoring data can be registered in the database, and data retrieval for analysis can be performed easily with a unified user interface. The construction of this database has made it possible to easily retrieve real-time monitoring data and a wide variety of table data, enabling analysis from a new perspective, and improving analysis efficiency.

A motor-generator slowly converts low electrical power to the large rotating energy of the induction motor, which is then converted to the higher electrical power of the synchronous generator through a pulse. Such a cycle is repeated in a tokamak plasma experiment. In the transient phase at the start of the synchronous generator, high transient voltage appears in the armature windings repeatedly. Due to the repeatability, it is imperative to estimate the high voltage and control it so that the maximum voltage is kept under a tolerable value. A quaternion is a four-dimensional hypercomplex number that is good at describing three-dimensional rotation. Utilizing the quaternion capability, a three-phase motor-generator is analyzed using three-dimensional rotation. The mechanical rotation was anlyzed by the rotation quaternion. The salient pole-type rotating field can be manipulated by direct-quadrature conversion even in quaternion analysis. The rotating dynamics and electrical phenomena of a motor-generator can be analyzed by considering the quaternion power from the motor-generator and the electrical load for plasma control.

type:Letters, A database has been developed to provide a highly efficient data analysis environment by registering various types of data obtained in the QUEST (Q-shu University Experiment with Steady-State Spherical Tokamak) experiments and providing the data to researchers through standard SQL query output. In conventional experiments, measurements are usually obtained using several instruments, and the results are often stored separately in proprietary formats. An analysis to collect distributed files and convert them into appropriate formats individually was necessary, which led to a decrease in analysis efficiency. In order to build a system to centrally store and provide data, we constructed new servers, each for registering data in a database and for extracting data from the database and visualizing the data. As a result, various real-time monitoring data can be registered in the database, and data retrieval for analysis can be performed easily with a unified user interface. The construction of this database has made it possible to easily retrieve real-time monitoring data and a wide variety of table data, enabling analysis from a new perspective, and improving analysis efficiency.

A novel divertor biasing using four biasing plates that are arranged toroidally every 90° on the upper divertor plate is applied to low-density plasmas of the QUEST spherical tokamak. When some of these plates are biased in-phase by applying a sawtooth waveform voltage of 85-V amplitude and 50-Hz repetition, up to approximately 35% reduction of the particle flux to the divertor is observed during positive biasing. The input power for the flux reduction is approximately 0.2 kW for low-density tokamak plasmas produced by ∼130-kW electron cyclotron wave injection. Additionally, the signal of a plate probe placed in the low-field side of the mid-plane of the vacuum vessel indicates enhanced losses of fast electrons during positive biasing. The enhanced loss is attributed to small resonant magnetic perturbations produced by the bias-driven currents in the scrape-off layer. This novel divertor biasing is expected to provide a new experimental tool for studying divertor heat load control and fast electron confinement in a tokamak device., source:https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.16.2402024, identifier:0000-0002-8244-8305

The space vector of an output voltage can be rotated smoothly in a matrix converter. However, a zero-sequence component appears causing problems in the load, such as a motor. A quaternion is a four-dimensional hypercomplex number with an imaginary part that can simultaneously represent and deal with three-phase voltages. In addition, the quaternion is expressed in the exponential form; thus, it can easily represent the space vector rotation. Two zero configurations were used to optimize the ripple characteristics in fictitious pulse-width-modulated voltage-source inverter. The two zero configurations are used to remove the zero-sequence component from the matrix converter. The quaternion can be differentiated in time as well as rotate in space. Therefore, it is used to analyze transient phenomena in the matrix converter's rise-up and rise-down phases, and the switching's transition phase., source:https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.17.2405025

A multi-pass Thomson scattering (TS) system based on confining laser pulses in an optical cavity was constructed for measuring very low-density plasma in the TST-2 spherical tokamak device. This paper describes the setup of the optical system, injection of the laser pulse into the cavity, and properties of the confined laser pulse. A combination of Pockels cell plus polarizer, which serves as an optical shutter, allows us to inject and then confine intense laser pulses in the cavity. A photodiode signal monitoring the very weak light leaking from the cavity mirrors demonstrated that the laser pulse makes many round trips, with a round-trip efficiency of approximately 0.73. The effective number of round trips (i.e., the signal enhancement factor) is approximately 3.7. For an injection efficiency of approximately 0.69, a cavity-confined laser pulse, applied to Thomson scattering, will yield a scattered signal that is five times larger than that from a single-pass laser pulse., source:https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.9.1202005

To investigate the effects of confinement of fast electrons on poloidal beta equilibrium, experiments under different toroidal magnetic mirror ratios, MOMFC, were performed in electron cyclotron heated plasma in the spherical tokamak QUEST. The proportional constants of the relation between plasma current and vertical magnetic fields decreased with increase in MOMFC. The poloidal field null point appeared in the chamber for MOMFC > 1.8 at a plasma current value of ∼15 kA. Poloidal beta and temperature of hard X-rays increased with MOMFC. This suggests that high poloidal beta equilibrium plasma is produced by better confinement of energetic trapped particles., source:https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.8.2402118

Original Article

type:TOHO University Scholarly Publication, Original Article, Introduction: The estimated continuous cardiac output (esCCO), which is a noninvasive way of measuring cardiac output, enables the measurement of vital parameters to evaluate the oxygen supply/demand balance of organs and tissues. The esCCO is optimized for measurement using a fingertip pulse oximeter; however, in some instances, various conditions prevent attaching a probe to the fingertip. Thus, the cardiac index (esCI) and stroke volume index (esSVI) at the fingertip and toe were simultaneously measured and examined to determine whether the values measured at the toe could be used as an alternative to estimate those parameters and predict fluid responsiveness. Methods: In total, 31 otorhinolaryngology surgery cases under general anesthesia were examined. We statistically analyzed the compatibility and trending ability of the SVI and CI values between at the fingertip and toe. Further, we were able to examine fluid responsiveness during hypotension. These data were then used to create a receiver operating characteristic curve and determined cutoffs of stroke volume variation (SVV) at the toe in order to predict greater than 10% increase in esSVI at the fingertip. Results: As per out findings, esSVI and esCCI measured at the fingertip and toe exhibited significantly high compatibility and trending ability. Further, the cutoff value for greater than 10% increase in esSVI at the fingertip was toe SVV of 7.0%. Conclusions: esSVI and esCI measured at the toe have exhibited high compatibility and trending ability with the data obtained at the fingertip; concurrently, they enabled the evaluation of fluid responsiveness. We confirmed that even when physical limitations prevent the attachment of a pulse oximeter probe to the fingertip, the SVI and CI can be well estimated at the toe.

Noninductive plasma current start-up using 2nd harmonic electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) with oblique radio frequency (RF) injection is demonstrated in a Q-shu University experiment with steady-state spherical tokamak. A strong transition was observed in the heating and plasma current ramp-up. The initial bulk electron heating regime exhibits Tebulk ∼ 140 eV and no hard x-ray (HXR) emission with a low Ip of ∼15 kA; it abruptly transitions to a regime that exhibits a low Tebulk of ∼10 eV and a strong HXR emission with a high Ip of ∼50 kA. This behavior is distinctly different from that observed in previous fundamental ECRH experiments. The mechanism of the heating and current drive transition are investigated considering wave power absorption and plasma power balance. The results indicate that the transition is caused by the favorable heating of tail electrons where the RF power absorption at the 2nd harmonic increases nearly linearly with Tetail, while the power transfer from the tail electrons to the bulk electrons decreases with 1/Tetail0.5. This causes a rapid transition to a state with high Tetail while reducing Tebulk towards colder ion temperature. The understanding of the transition mechanism helps to consider plasma current start-up using 2nd harmonic ECRH for tokamak reactors such as JT-60 SA and ITER.

Original Article

In 2009, Japan began to exempt dividends paid by Japanese-owned foreign subsidiaries to their parent firms from home-country taxation. This tax reform switched Japan's corporate tax system to a territorial tax system that exempts foreign income from home-country taxation. In this paper, I examine the impact of the territorial tax reform on the profit-shifting behavior of Japanese multinationals. I analyze the change in the sensitivity of the reported profits of Japanese-owned foreign subsidiaries to host countries' corporate income tax rates after the tax reform, using US-owned foreign subsidiaries as a comparison group. I find that, on average, the profits of US-owned foreign subsidiaries are more sensitive to host countries' tax rates than are those of Japanese-owned foreign subsidiaries over the whole study period from 2004 to 2016 and over the subperiod from 2004 to 2007, when both countries used the worldwide tax system. However, the sensitivity of the pre-tax profits of Japanese-owned foreign subsidiaries, particularly large subsidiaries, to host countries' corporate tax rates significantly increased in response to the announcement of the territorial tax regime in 2008, relative to that of the US-owned foreign subsidiaries. This suggests that the introduction of the territorial tax system facilitated profit shifting by Japanese multinationals.

In the present work two techniques are combined to optimize bond coat properties before thermal barrier coating (TBC) application, the cold gas dynamic spraying (CGDS) and electron beam remelting (EB). Results of the work focused on comparison of high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and CGDS CoNiCrAlY bond coats are firstly presented. Than the effect of the electron beam remelting of the CoNiCrAlY coating manufactured by HVOF and CGDS deposition techniques is deeply investigated. The CoNiCrAlY bond coat to Inconel substrate interface displayed locations with very poor bonding, in larger extent for the states prepared by HVOF comparing to CGDS. The bond coats prepared by both ways being EB remelted are typically removal of the defects on the substrate to bond coat interface. The microstructure of the bond coat after this treatment is formed by Inconel fine grain layer being followed by the surface layer consisting of elongated dendritic microstructure. An increased porosity has been observed in interdendritical space in larger extent for CGDS samples.

The virus reduction efficiency of each unit process is commonly determined based on the ratio of virus concentration in influent to that in effluent of a unit, but the virus concentration in wastewater has often fallen below the analytical quantification limit, which does not allow us to calculate the concentration ratio at each sampling event. In this study, left-censored datasets of norovirus (genogroup I and II), and adenovirus were used to calculate the virus reduction efficiency in unit processes of secondary biological treatment and chlorine disinfection. Virus concentration in influent, effluent from the secondary treatment, and chlorine-disinfected effluent of four municipal wastewater treatment plants were analyzed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach, and the probabilistic distributions of log reduction (LR) were estimated by a Bayesian estimation algorithm. The mean values of LR in the secondary treatment units ranged from 0.9 and 2.2, whereas those in the free chlorine disinfection units were from -0.1 and 0.5. The LR value in the secondary treatment was virus type and unit process dependent, which raised the importance for accumulating the data of virus LR values applicable to the multiple-barrier system, which is a global concept of microbial risk management in wastewater reclamation and reuse.

In the present work two techniques are combined to optimize bond coat properties before thermal barrier coating (TBC) application, the cold gas dynamic spraying (CGDS) and electron beam remelting (EB). Results of the work focused on comparison of high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and CGDS CoNiCrAlY bond coats are firstly presented. Than the effect of the electron beam remelting of the CoNiCrAlY coating manufactured by HVOF and CGDS deposition techniques is deeply investigated. The CoNiCrAlY bond coat to Inconel substrate interface displayed locations with very poor bonding, in larger extent for the states prepared by HVOF comparing to CGDS. The bond coats prepared by both ways being EB remelted are typically removal of the defects on the substrate to bond coat interface. The microstructure of the bond coat after this treatment is formed by Inconel fine grain layer being followed by the surface layer consisting of elongated dendritic microstructure. An increased porosity has been observed in interdendritical space in larger extent for CGDS samples.

In the present work two techniques are combined to optimize bond coat properties before thermal barrier coating (TBC) application, the cold gas dynamic spraying (CGDS) and electron beam remelting (EB). Results of the work focused on comparison of high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and CGDS CoNiCrAlY bond coats are firstly presented. Than the effect of the electron beam remelting of the CoNiCrAlY coating manufactured by HVOF and CGDS deposition techniques is deeply investigated. The CoNiCrAlY bond coat to Inconel substrate interface displayed locations with very poor bonding, in larger extent for the states prepared by HVOF comparing to CGDS. The bond coats prepared by both ways being EB remelted are typically removal of the defects on the substrate to bond coat interface. The microstructure of the bond coat after this treatment is formed by Inconel fine grain layer being followed by the surface layer consisting of elongated dendritic microstructure. An increased porosity has been observed in interdendritical space in larger extent for CGDS samples.

The virus reduction efficiency of each unit process is commonly determined based on the ratio of virus concentration in influent to that in effluent of a unit, but the virus concentration in wastewater has often fallen below the analytical quantification limit, which does not allow us to calculate the concentration ratio at each sampling event. In this study, left-censored datasets of norovirus (genogroup I and II), and adenovirus were used to calculate the virus reduction efficiency in unit processes of secondary biological treatment and chlorine disinfection. Virus concentration in influent, effluent from the secondary treatment, and chlorine-disinfected effluent of four municipal wastewater treatment plants were analyzed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach, and the probabilistic distributions of log reduction (LR) were estimated by a Bayesian estimation algorithm. The mean values of LR in the secondary treatment units ranged from 0.9 and 2.2, whereas those in the free chlorine disinfection units were from -0.1 and 0.5. The LR value in the secondary treatment was virus type and unit process dependent, which raised the importance for accumulating the data of virus LR values applicable to the multiple-barrier system, which is a global concept of microbial risk management in wastewater reclamation and reuse.

Formations of a closed flux surface (CFS) on QUEST are achieved by fully non-inductive current start-up driven by RF, which is 8.2GHz in frequency and more than 40kW in power. It found that appropriate magnetic configuration with positive n-index and reduction of particle recycling was crucial to achieve the non-inductive plasma current start-up (PCS) successfully. Especially the controllability of particle recycling should be improved by wall conditioning based on successive plasma production and wall cleaning with electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECR) plasmas induced by RF in frequency of 2.45GHz.

本書では、ウラン廃棄物処分方策の検討に資するため、平成24年度に実施した米国及びカナダの調査に引き続き、フランス,英国及びスウェーデンでのウランを含む長寿命低レベル放射性廃棄物処分に関する安全評価の基本的考え方や産業廃棄物(以下、産廃)処分等を中心に調査した結果を報告する。, In this paper, we report the result of survey for basic principle of safety assessment for long-lived low-level (LL-LL) waste disposal and experience of the industrial waste disposal sites for uranium bearing waste in France, UK and Sweden, following the report of survey for U.S.A. and Canada published in December 2013., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA), JAEA-Review 2014-006

日本原子力研究開発機構では、計画中の研究施設等廃棄物浅地中処分施設に、放射能濃度の低いウランを含む廃棄物も処分するための検討を進めている。IAEAやICRPの提案する考え方、調査対象国(米国,カナダ,英国,フランス,スウェーデン)で行われているウラン廃棄物に類似した長寿命放射性廃棄物の処分方策や法規制をまとめ、我が国の処分制度への適用性を整理した。ウランを含む廃棄物をウラン廃棄物と特定せずに、第二種廃棄物埋設で処分することを想定したときの課題を、埋設ウランからのラドン評価、ウラン子孫核種評価、地質の安定性等の観点から整理した。その結果、人間侵入シナリオの評価期間が長期の処分場と、短期の処分場に分けられた。各国の先行事例が多いことから、第二種廃棄物埋設における処分の実現性は最も高いと思われる。制度化にあたっては、この二通りの処分場の対応を踏まえて検討すべきと考える。, Japan Atomic Energy Agency surveyed the reference cases for the disposal of uranium bearing waste in low activity concentration as the contents of their own category 2 waste disposal facility for the Research and Development Activities. We reviewed the concepts mentioned in IAEA and ICRP documents, reference cases of uranium bearing waste disposal in selected countries (USA, Canada, UK, France and Sweden), and the disposal styles of long-lived radioactive waste were summarized, and the action items for application to the disposal system of our country was arranged. The disposal facilities in selected countries can be classified into 2 types with the length of performance assessment period for intruder scenario. They are long term assessment type and short term assessment type. It seems that the disposal system construction in category 2 waste disposal is the most realistic since there are many precedence examples of each country. Correspondence of 2 types of these disposal facilities is useful as a reference case., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA), JAEA-Review 2014-021

A multi-pass Thomson scattering (TS) system based on confining laser pulses in an optical cavity was constructed for measuring very low-density plasma in the TST-2 spherical tokamak device. This paper describes the setup of the optical system, injection of the laser pulse into the cavity, and properties of the confined laser pulse. A combination of Pockels cell plus polarizer, which serves as an optical shutter, allows us to inject and then confine intense laser pulses in the cavity. A photodiode signal monitoring the very weak light leaking from the cavity mirrors demonstrated that the laser pulse makes many round trips, with a round-trip efficiency of approximately 0.73. The effective number of round trips (i.e., the signal enhancement factor) is approximately 3.7. For an injection efficiency of approximately 0.69, a cavity-confined laser pulse, applied to Thomson scattering, will yield a scattered signal that is five times larger than that from a single-pass laser pulse.

ウラン廃棄物は、第二種廃棄物埋設の事業に関する安全審査の基本的考え方(平成22年8月9日、原子力安全委員会決定)において、第二種廃棄物の埋設事業の処分対象外とされている。このため、国内においてウラン廃棄物に係る浅地中処分の制度化を検討する必要があるが、検討にあたっては、海外におけるウラン廃棄物処分の実績及び安全規制制度の情報を参考にすることが有効と考えられる。ウラン廃棄物の処分については各国とも時代とともに規制の考え方や事業が進展しており、既存の調査から得た情報の更新が必要である。さらに、劣化ウランの安全な浅地中処分のために米国連邦規則改定が進みつつあり、これに関連した最新の情報を収集して整理することが重要である。そのため、(1)「米国連邦規則の改定」、(2)「ウラン廃棄物の安全評価」、(3)「処分場設計」、(4)「ステークホルダーとのかかわり方」の4つの項目に注目し、米国とカナダにおけるウラン廃棄物の処分場等の処分実施主体及び規制機関を訪問し、施設調査及び聞き取り調査を行った。, Uranium bearing waste in Japan is not included in Category-2 radioactive waste disposal in NSCRG: F-RW-I.02 (published in August 2010, NSC Japan). Therefore, disposal of uranium bearing waste should be considered in institutionalization. In charge of the consideration, it is thought effective to refer to the proven tactics of the uranium waste disposal in overseas and the information on a safe regulatory system. Since the view of regulations and enterprises in this field are progressing day by day, renewal of the existing information of disposal of the uranium waste in each country is required. Furthermore, amendment of the U.S. federal rule aiming at safety disposal of depleted uranium is in progress. It is important to collect and arrange the latest information on the two above-mentioned points. Therefore, it visited the disposal responsible organization and regulatory agency of the disposal site of the uranium waste in the U.S. and Canada, and held institution investigations and interviews paying attention to the following four items: (1) "amendment of the U.S. 10CFR61", (2) "Safety evaluation of uranium bearing waste", (3) "Disposal site design", (4) "Stakeholder involvement"., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA), JAEA-Review 2013-043

To investigate the effects of confinement of fast electrons on poloidal beta equilibrium, experiments under different toroidal magnetic mirror ratios, MOMFC, were performed in electron cyclotron heated plasma in the spherical tokamak QUEST. The proportional constants of the relation between plasma current and vertical magnetic fields decreased with increase in MOMFC. The poloidal field null point appeared in the chamber for MOMFC > 1.8 at a plasma current value of ∼15 kA. Poloidal beta and temperature of hard X-rays increased with MOMFC. This suggests that high poloidal beta equilibrium plasma is produced by better confinement of energetic trapped particles.

原子力発電環境整備機構と日本原子力研究開発機構は協力協定に基づき、2009年度から「TRU廃棄物の処分に係る検討会」を設置し、TRU廃棄物の処分のための検討を実施している。今回の検討では、原子力機構が開発したTigerコードと原子力発電環境整備機構が今後の安全評価に使用を予定しているGoldSimコードについて、同一条件でのベンチーマーク解析を行い、双方の信頼性について確認を行った。2つのコードの解析結果が同程度のものであったことから、両者の解析コードの信頼性について確認ができたものと考える。また、処分場へ処分する想定物量(約19,000m3)が変動した場合の処分場設計への影響について検討を行った。その結果、第2次TRUレポートの概念に基づき評価した場合、10%程度の廃棄体量の増加は、現在の処分場設計に適用している地層処分技術で対処可能であることが確認できた。, In 2009, NUMO and JAEA set up a technical commission to investigate the reasonable TRU waste disposal following a cooperation agreement between these two organizations. In this report, the calculation result of radionuclide transport for a TRU waste geological disposal system was described, by using the TIGER code and the GoldSim code at identical terms. Comparing the calculation result, a big difference was not seen. Therefore, the reliability of both codes was able to be confirmed. Moreover, the influence on the disposal site design (Disposal capacity: 19,000 m3) was examined when 10% of the amount of TRU waste increased. As a result, it was confirmed that the influence of the site design was very little based on the concept of the Second Progress Report on Research and Development for TRU Waste Disposal in Japan., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA), JAEA-Research 2011-003

本「低レベル放射性廃棄物管理計画書」(以下、「本計画」という)は、原子力機構において保管している放射性廃棄物及び今後発生する放射性廃棄物について、発生から保管,処理,処分に至るまでの総合的な管理計画をとりまとめたものである。本計画のとりまとめ及び改訂にあたっては、平成17年10月に原子力委員会が策定し閣議了解された原子力政策大綱において示されている方針をもとに、これまでの国及び関係機関による安全規制・基準等の策定や処分制度の整備の進捗等を踏まえつつ、安全の確保を前提として、合理的な放射性廃棄物の処理・処分が行えるように留意した。これまでに本計画を進めてきた過程で摘出された課題についても整理を行い、これらを順次解決しながら原子力機構の研究開発や事業計画へ反映していく計画とした。今後は本計画に基づき、放射性廃棄物の処理・処分に向けての具体的な作業を進め、技術開発の成果,国による処分の制度化や法整備の進捗等に応じて、適宜、本計画の改訂を図る等柔軟に対応していくものとする。, The management plan is intended to summarize the process of Low level Radioactive Waste in JAEA from its generation to its treatment and disposal. Reasonable implementation of treatment and disposal for the radioactive waste on ensuring security was taken into account when the plan was made or updated based on the Framework for Nuclear Energy Policy made by Japan Atomic Energy Commission in 2005, the progress situation of laws and regulations, safety guides. Moreover, the issues to be solved during the process of implementation the plan were summarized, they will be studied in the plan, and then, its solutions will be reflected in the research program and project. JAEA will be carried out practical work for treatment and disposal of the radioactive waste based on the plan. Then, the updating will be made flexibly according to technology advance and progress situation of laws and regulations., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA), JAEA-Technology 2012-008

type:text, A study of radial propagation and electric fields induced by charge separation in blob-like structures has been performed in a non-confined cylindrical electron cyclotron resonance heating plasma on Q-shu University Experiment with a Steady-State Spherical Tokamak using a fast-speed camera and a Langmuir probe. The radial propagation of the blob-like structures is found to be driven by E × B drift. Moreover, these blob-like structures were found to have been accelerated, and the property of the measured radial velocities agrees with the previously proposed model [C. Theiler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 065001 (2009)]. Although the dependence of the radial velocity on the connection length of the magnetic field appeared to be different, a plausible explanation based on enhanced short-circuiting of the current path can be proposed.

A study of radial propagation and electric fields induced by charge separation in blob-like structures has been performed in a non-confined cylindrical electron cyclotron resonance heating plasma on Q-shu University Experiment with a Steady-State Spherical Tokamak using a fast-speed camera and a Langmuir probe. The radial propagation of the blob-like structures is found to be driven by E × B drift. Moreover, these blob-like structures were found to have been accelerated, and the property of the measured radial velocities agrees with the previously proposed model [C. Theiler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 065001 (2009)]. Although the dependence of the radial velocity on the connection length of the magnetic field appeared to be different, a plausible explanation based on enhanced short-circuiting of the current path can be proposed.

Gangliosides are target receptors for bacterial entry, yet those present in human milk exhibit a protective role against bacterial infection. Here, we show that treatment with ganglioside mixture at a concentration of 100 microg/mL resulted in significant inhibition of the vacuole formation activity of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) in gastric epithelial cancer AZ-521 cells. All gangliosides (GM1, GM2, GM3, GD1a, GD1b, GD3 and GT1b) examined showed good neutralizing capacity against VacA. A pull-down assay was performed using lyso-GM1 coupled to Sepharose as the tagged polysaccharide polymer to capture VacA from H. pylori culture supernatant. GM1-VacA complexes were successfully precipitated, suggesting that GM1 binds directly to VacA. The hydrodynamic binding of lyso-GM1 and VacA measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy had a K(d) value of 190 nM. VacA also bound to lyso-GM1 at pH 2 corresponding to the physiological pH of human stomach. Collectively, these results showed that direct binding of H. pylori VacA to free gangliosides neutralizes the toxin activity of VacA. These findings offer an alternative insight into the role of gangliosides in VacA toxicity and the pathogenesis of H. pylori.

Gangliosides are target receptors for bacterial entry, yet those present in human milk exhibit a protective role against bacterial infection. Here, we show that treatment with ganglioside mixture at a concentration of 100 microg/mL resulted in significant inhibition of the vacuole formation activity of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) in gastric epithelial cancer AZ-521 cells. All gangliosides (GM1, GM2, GM3, GD1a, GD1b, GD3 and GT1b) examined showed good neutralizing capacity against VacA. A pull-down assay was performed using lyso-GM1 coupled to Sepharose as the tagged polysaccharide polymer to capture VacA from H. pylori culture supernatant. GM1-VacA complexes were successfully precipitated, suggesting that GM1 binds directly to VacA. The hydrodynamic binding of lyso-GM1 and VacA measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy had a K(d) value of 190 nM. VacA also bound to lyso-GM1 at pH 2 corresponding to the physiological pH of human stomach. Collectively, these results showed that direct binding of H. pylori VacA to free gangliosides neutralizes the toxin activity of VacA. These findings offer an alternative insight into the role of gangliosides in VacA toxicity and the pathogenesis of H. pylori.

Gangliosides are target receptors for bacterial entry, yet those present in human milk exhibit a protective role against bacterial infection. Here, we show that treatment with ganglioside mixture at a concentration of 100 microg/mL resulted in significant inhibition of the vacuole formation activity of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) in gastric epithelial cancer AZ-521 cells. All gangliosides (GM1, GM2, GM3, GD1a, GD1b, GD3 and GT1b) examined showed good neutralizing capacity against VacA. A pull-down assay was performed using lyso-GM1 coupled to Sepharose as the tagged polysaccharide polymer to capture VacA from H. pylori culture supernatant. GM1-VacA complexes were successfully precipitated, suggesting that GM1 binds directly to VacA. The hydrodynamic binding of lyso-GM1 and VacA measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy had a K(d) value of 190 nM. VacA also bound to lyso-GM1 at pH 2 corresponding to the physiological pH of human stomach. Collectively, these results showed that direct binding of H. pylori VacA to free gangliosides neutralizes the toxin activity of VacA. These findings offer an alternative insight into the role of gangliosides in VacA toxicity and the pathogenesis of H. pylori., Glycobiology, 20(6), pp.668-678; 2010

The number of the Internet users keeps increasing, and quantity of data increases. Therefore, efficiency of the communication becomes the major problem. Network coding is a method for improvement of efficiency of the communication. In this paper, we consider the effectiveness of network coding in wireless communications.

日本原子力研究開発機構では、人材育成を目的として、原子力教育大学連携ネットワークを構築し、遠隔教育システムを使用した共通講座及び学生実習を実施しており、平成20年度からは新規大学の参加を予定している。そこで、さらなるネットワーク拡大を目指して、大学における原子力教育を行ううえでの課題,将来構想等、また原子力教育の現状を把握することにより、今後の活動に反映させていくために、原子力関連講座を有する大学を対象として、原子力教育の内容,他機関との連携,人材育成の意識等についてのアンケート調査を実施した。結果として、体系的な教育カリキュラムを維持・継続していくために他機関との連携を希望する大学は約80%を占めており、原子力教育大学連携ネットワークへの参加については、学生実習,相互講師派遣,共通講座の順に要望が多いが、課題として遠隔教育システムとの整合性,講師派遣における学内の調整,旅費等が挙げられた。, Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been advancing the construction of Japan Nuclear Education Network aiming at the human resources development. Japan Nuclear Education Network executes the practical training and the remote education system. The purpose of the survey is to grasp the present status of educational curriculum for nuclear engineering of University in Japan, and to be helpful for our activities to extend JNEN in future. The present survey leads to the following conclusions. About 80% of seventeen universities hope the cooperation with another university and related institutions to maintain and continue the educational curriculum systematically of nuclear engineering. Their universities request the practical training for nuclear engineering, the dispatch of lecturers each other, the remote educational system in case of participation., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA), JAEA-Review 2008-030

The first successful high power heating of a high dielectric constant spherical tokamak plasma by an electron Bernstein wave (EBW) is reported. An EBW was excited by mode conversion (MC) of an X mode cyclotron wave injected from the low magnetic field side of the TST-2 spherical tokamak. Evidence of electron heating was observed as increases in the stored energy and soft x-ray emission. The increased emission was concentrated in the plasma core region. A heating efficiency of over 50% was achieved, when the density gradient in the MC region was sufficiently steep.

Cholecystokinin (CCK), a brain gut peptide, which is assumed to be a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulater, may play an important role in mental and neurological function. The concentration of CCK in various regions of rat brains was determined by radioimmunoassay, and the receptor activity for ^3H-CCK in various areas of guinea pig brains was estimated. The effect of repeated administration of methamphetamine and haloperidol on the CCK concentration and CCK receptor were also studied. Administration of methamphetamine and haloperidol decreased CCK concentration in some areas of the brains, but the difference was not significant statistically. Administration of methamphetamine decreased CCK receptor binding (decreased receptor number) in the frontal cortex of guinea pig brains, which suggests that CCK is involved in some psychotic conditions caused by methamphetamine. Furthermore, using previously cloned CCK cDNA as a probe, the presence of the CCK gene in rat genomic DNA was demonstrated. Then, the CCK cDNA was applied to quantitate the CCKmRNA. Northern blot analysis showed that the size of CCKmRNA is about 850 nucleotides in length. Developmental changes and regional distribution of CCKmRNA in rat brain were also examined by dot blot hybridization. CCKmRNA was barely detectable in the fetal brain, but started to increase postnatally and attained a plateau level after 20-30 days. Further, the level of CCKmRNA was the highest in the frontal cortex and the lowest in the cerebellum, which correlated with the concentration of CCK.

We have applied the recombinant DNA technique to brain research. These studies contain 1) gene analysis of neurological diseases, 2) gene expression in the cells of the central nervous system, and 3) analysis of genes for proteins concerning the nerve function. In this report we describe an example of the third type from the above-mentioned studies. We carried out cDNA cloning for cholecystokinin (CCK), genomic DNA cloning and analysis of the structure of CCK genes. Further we show the developmental and regional changes of CCK mRNA using CCK cDNA as a probe.

publisher, 東京, 原著, Background: T1-weighted spin-echo(SE)imaging is generally used in contrast-enhanced imaging of the head. However, the posterior fossa cannot be clearly visualized with this method because of flow-related artifacts from blood vessels. Recent reports have described the use of radial scanning to address this problem. We investigated the characteristics of radial-acquisition regime(RADAR)-SE and the clinical advantages of this technique when combined with rapid acquisition through parallel imaging design(RAPID). Methods: In a phantom study using diluted gadopentetate dimeglumine, contrast levels on RADAR-SE and SE images were compared. Each scan was repeated 5 times, mean contrast was calculated, and contrast levels on SE and RADAR-SE images were quantitatively evaluated. In a clinical study of 31 patients with intracranial disease, flow-related artifacts in RADAR-SE and SE were recorded and compared. Images acquired by SE and RADAR-SE were evaluated independently by 2 radiologists. Results: In the phantom study, there was no significant difference between contrast levels on SE and RADAR-SE images. In clinical imaging, flow-related artifacts were suppressed on RADAR-SE(p＜0.001), but streak artifacts were observed in a few cases. Conclusions: RADAR-SE suppressed flow-related artifacts during cranial imaging and thus may facilitate evaluation of intracranial lesions. 目的: 造影剤投与後のmagnetic resonance imaging(MRI)撮像において，フローアーチファクトが生じることが知られている．その対策として，radial scanが有用である．今回spin-echo(SE)型radial scanであるradial acquisition regime(RADAR)-SEの有用性をファントムで評価し，parallel imagingを併用したRADAR-SEの有用性を臨床撮像において評価した．対象および方法: ガドペンテト酸ジメグルミンを希釈したファントムを用いてコントラストの評価を行った．次に臨床31症例においてRADAR-SEのフローアーチファクトの評価を行った．結果: ファントム撮像においてRADAR-SEはSEと同等のコントラストが得られた．臨床撮像において，RADAR-SEではSEよりもフローアーチファクトの低減が確認できた．結論: RADAR-SEは頭部撮像において，フローアーチファクトの抑制に有用であった．

A study of radial propagation and electric fields induced by charge separation in blob-like structures has been performed in a non-confined cylindrical electron cyclotron resonance heating plasma on Q-shu University Experiment with a Steady-State Spherical Tokamak using a fast-speed camera and a Langmuir probe. The radial propagation of the blob-like structures is found to be driven by E × B drift. Moreover, these blob-like structures were found to have been accelerated, and the property of the measured radial velocities agrees with the previously proposed model [C. Theiler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 065001 (2009)]. Although the dependence of the radial velocity on the connection length of the magnetic field appeared to be different, a plausible explanation based on enhanced short-circuiting of the current path can be proposed.