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Powdery mildew in grapevine is caused by Erysiphe necator and its control requires many chemical treatments. Numerous efforts are being made to improve disease management to achieve crop sustainability goals. The exogenous induction of plant immune responses is one of the most encouraging strategies currently being developed. The objective of this research was to analyse differences in phenolic compound concentrations in E. necator-infected leaves of two varieties of Vitis vinifera, Tempranillo and Tempranillo Blanco, using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. To understand the susceptibility of the varieties, in vitro assays using whole leaves were done.

El empleo de variedades minoritarias de vid se ha sugerido como una táctica para luchar contra el actual cambio climático y la pérdida de material genético. También como una estrategia de marketing de las bodegas ante la globalización actual y la demanda del mercado de productos con marcada tipicidad. Antes de proponer el empleo de una determinada variedad es necesario asegurar su posible efecto positivo ante problemas concretos de la viticultura ibérica actual. En este trabajo se ha investigado durante el periodo 2020-22, la fenología, la resistencia a enfermedades fúngicas y a la sequía de las variedades blancas minoritarias Bastardo Blanco, Cagarrizo, Hebén, Verdejo Serrano y Zurieles. Se ha considerado Cayetana como variedad control. El promedio de la fecha del año en estados fenológicos fue Zurieles ¿ Verdejo Serrano < Heben < Bastardo Blanco < Cagarrizo < Cayetana, siendo ésta última la más tardía. En cuanto al uso eficiente del agua, las variedades Hebén y Cayetana podrían considerarse las más eficientes seguidas muy de cerca por Zurieles, Bastardo Blanco y Cagarrizo y la menos eficiente, sería Verdejo Serrano. En cuanto a la resistencia a enfermedades fúngicas, Bastardo Blanco destacó por su mayor resistencia a mildiu (Plasmopara vitícola) y oídio (Erysiphe necator).

Wine production is a dynamic process that must be adapted to changes such as global warming and new consumer interests. Obtaining new cultivars by hybridization of traditional varieties is a promising approach with great potential to produce wines that are able to preserve regional typicity, together with adaptability to both evolving market preferences and distinct environmental scenarios. In this research, wines from twelve Graciano × Tempranillo selections were analyzed in two consecutive years. Sensory properties and quality were evaluated by a trained panel and a group of wine experts, respectively. Quality was positively correlated with anthocyanin and phenolic content (r = 0.8, r = 0.7, p < 0.01, respectively). Wines presented high sensory variability differing in eight attributes in each vintage. Two high quality selections, TG8 and TG63 consistently improved Tempranillo and Graciano specimens, presenting high color intensity, acidity, and positive aroma related to red fruit. Furthermore, TG129 a late-ripening genotype with high polyphenol content and fruity aroma, and other selections with roasted or dried fruit aroma notes appear as potential cultivars suitable to satisfy distinct consumer demands in the context of global warming.

The increase in vineyard cultivation for the production of grapes or wine is producing a considerable reduction in soil quality. This is a consequence of management practices principally based on frequent tillage and use of herbicides. This type of management disrupts fungal communities which can lead to a reduction in crop production along with an increase in diseases caused by microorganisms that habitually coexist harmlessly in the soil. The objective of this research was the evaluation of the effect of soil management practices and environmental conditions on the soil fungal communities throughout the year in vineyard. For this, the diversity of the fungal communities in soils with different agricultural practices were evaluated. The samplings were carried out in two vineyards, the first was subjected to manage based on tillage where tillage in the alleys and pesticide treatments in the rows were done. The second was managed without tillage allowing colonialization of spontaneous vegetation in the alleys; the rows, as in the other vineyard, which were treated with herbicides. The soil samples were taken every season coinciding with the key growth stages of the vineyard. The samples were processed using the traditional in vitro method. More than 193 different fungal taxa were found; of them 18% were presented in higher abundance than 1% of the total. The majority of these were generalists; however, there were differences in the relative abundance based on the soil treatment (Tr, Ta, NTr, NTa), season and weather. The fungal communities were formed by more than 60% of generalist taxa; the genus Aspergillus was the most frequent. Ten percent of the total taxa were specific to concrete environmental conditions (season and weather) and soil treatment; Penicillium and Trichoderma were the most frequent. The factor most predictive of the composition of communities was attributed to the season in which the soil samples were collected. In terms of soil management, 27% of

Wine grapes contain a great number of phenolic compounds, especially flavanols, which are related to organoleptic and health promoting properties. In this study, flavanol content and the relationship with the antioxidant capacity of seed extracts from a Grenache × Tempranillo progeny segregating for color and sex were evaluated. (+)-Catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, and adducts of two cis-units were detected in all samples. The progeny presented high flavanol composition variability. Genotypes were clustered into 5 different groups based on monomer content and length of proanthocyanidins. Female genotypes contained more monomers and shorter proanthocyanidins with less galloylated subunits than hermaphrodites. In red grapes, the epigallocatechin content in polymers and the main degree of polymerization were higher than in white grapes. Environmental conditions influenced total flavanol content; there was a greater number of proanthocyanidins in warm and dry weather. Higher antioxidant capacity was observed in extracts with higher monomer content, and shorter, and less galloylated proanthocyanidins. Among monomers, cis-forms presented stronger influence on antioxidant capacity. Knowing the genetic factors and environmental pressures that determine the synthesis of these compounds could help design agricultural practices aimed at obtaining products enriched with healthy compounds.

BACKGROUND Small berry size is normally associated with quality wine production. However, the contribution of grapevine variety and environment to sensory quality has not been well established. In this study, genotypes from two intra-specific hybrid populations were categorized by size according to berry diameter and weight: small (< 13.5 mm, <1.5 g), and large (>16 mm, >2 g). Chemical and sensory attributes of wines produced in two consecutive vintages (2017 and 2018) from each size category were characterized. Perceived intrinsic wine quality was judged by 20 wine professionals. RESULTS Wines obtained from small berry genotypes consistently displayed higher proportions of phenolic compounds and deeper color and were judged higher in quality regardless of genetic background and vintage. Perceived quality was positively correlated with anthocyanin and phenolic content. Wines presented high sensory variability in both vintages. Small berry size genotypes produced sweeter, fruitier wines with greater astringency; whereas wines from larger berries were perceived as more alcoholic and with lower positive aroma intensities. Berry size influenced color and phenolic compounds more than genotype or environment. CONCLUSION Small berry-size genotypes were related to high quality judgements in both years, thus providing a predictor of wine categories, which could be used to meet different market demands. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

[ES] Los principales objetivos de esta investigación fueron analizar la base genética de caracteres agronómicos de interés para la uva de vinificación, determinar la influencia del tamaño de la baya en la composición enológica de progenies segregantes y de clones, y evaluar sensorialmente los vinos derivados de doce selecciones de Graciano ×Tempranillo. Se evaluaron dos progenies segregantes derivadas de cruzamientos entre Garnacha × Tempranillo (130 genotipos) y Graciano × Tempranillo (151 genotipos) para 26 parámetros relacionados con la baya, flor, semilla, fenología y productividad entre 2014 y 2017, valorándose además la influencia del sexo a nivel fenotípico. Todos los caracteres estudiados, excepto la forma de la baya, presentaron segregación transgresiva y gran variabilidad fenotípica en las dos progenies, factores esenciales para la selección de nuevos genotipos con mejores características. Las plantas femeninas mostraron diferencias significativas en el diámetro y forma de la flor, número de semillas y fechas de inicio de floración y envero en comparación con las hermafroditas en ambos fondos genéticos. En la progenie Garnacha × Tempranillo se seleccionaron once genotipos de uva tinta y once de uva blanca, en base al peso de la baya, peso del racimo, acidez y fecha de maduración. Con el fin de identificar las regiones genómicas responsables de los 26 caracteres agronómicos, se realizó un análisis de QTL en dos años para la población Graciano x Tempranillo y a lo largo de cuatro años para la progenie de Garnacha × Tempranillo, determinando la influencia del locus del sexo. La población Garnacha × Tempranillo se genotipó mediante la tecnología GBS (genotype-by sequencing) y se construyeron mapas genéticos de los parentales y un mapa consenso con 1300 marcadores polimórficos. El mapa genético consenso abarca una distancia de 1540 cM distribuidos en 19 grupos de ligamiento, con un intervalo promedio de 1,2 cM entre marcadores. Se detectaron QTL significativos, [EN] The main objectives of this research were the analysis of the genetic basis of agronomic traits in wine grape, the assessment of the influence of berry size in the oenological composition of segregating progenies and clones; and the sensory evaluation of wines derived from Graciano × Tempranillo selections. Two segregating progenies derived from Grenache × Tempranillo (130 genotypes) and Graciano × Tempranillo (151 genotypes) were evaluated for 26 agronomic traits, including berry, flower, seed, phenology and productivity characters from 2014 to 2017, assessing the influence of sex at the phenotypic level. All traits except berry shape showed transgressive segregation and large phenotypic variability in both progenies, essential for the selection of new genotypes with improved attributes. Female plants showed significant differences in flower shape and diameter, number of seeds, and flowering and veraison onset dates when compared with hermaphrodites in both genetic backgrounds. Eleven red-berry and eleven white-berry genotypes were pre-selected in the Grenache × Tempranillo population, based on berry weight, cluster weight, acidity and ripening date. In order to investigate the major regions controlling 26 agronomic traits, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analyses were conducted in two (Graciano × Tempranillo) and up to four seasons (Garnacha × Tempranillo); assessing the influence of Sex locus. Parental and consensus genetic maps were developed for the Grenache × Tempranillo progeny, genotyped using GBS (genotype-by-sequencing) methodology, with 1300 informative markers. The consensus map covered 1540 cM distributed in 19 linkage groups, with an average interval length of 1.2 cM between markers. Significant and reproducible QTL were detected for berry and flower morphology, must composition, productivity and phenology; and candidate genes were found within the confidence intervals of several identified QTL. Moreover, a QTL region in LG2 was identified for flowe

[Background] Flavan‐3‐ol compounds are important secondary metabolites which show high antioxidant activity and are responsible for bitterness and astringency of food products. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential for selecting grape materials with higher seed flavanol content from a breeding population. The composition and content of flavan‐3‐ols from 151 genotypes obtained from crossing wine grape varieties was evaluated by UPLC in three consecutive years. [Results] Chromatograms of flavan‐3‐ol compounds showed the same 12 compounds for all samples, but quantitative differences were observed between genotypes as well as parental varieties. The most abundant compounds were (−)‐epicatechin and (+)‐catechin followed by proanthocyanidins A2 and B2. Progeny showed higher values than the parental genotypes for every detected compound indicating directional transgressive segregation. With these results genotypes with as much as five times more flavanols than their parents could be identified. The year effect was significant; however, high correlations between years for each compound indicated that there is a strong genetic component in the determination of flavanol content. [Conclusion] Higher contents of seed flavan‐3‐ols can be obtained by hybridisation, and those genotypes could be used for extracting healthy phytochemicals, adding value to seeds as a sub‐product in wine elaboration

Una de las enfermedades más importantes del viñedo es la provocada por el hongo Erysiphe necator, que causa graves daños en las cosechas y en la calidad de los vinos resultantes. El control tradicional se basa en gran medida en la aplicación frecuente de productos químicos como el azufre y fungicidas sistémicos. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de resistencias a estos productos, y la demanda de uvas libres de residuos, ofrece incentivos para buscar estrategias que permitan reducir al mínimo esta dependencia. Para conseguir el desarrollo de programas que permitan un manejo sostenible de esta enfermedad se necesita disponer del conocimiento biológico suficiente sobre esta especie. y de como interacciona con su huésped. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la diversidad fenotípica de poblaciones naturales de oídio presentes en La Rioja. Las muestras se recogieron en diversas zonas, incluyendo distintos hábitats, sistemas de cultivo y variedades. El estudio fenotípico se hizo con el microscopio óptico y se determinaron las principales características morfológicas de la fase asexual: tamaño y forma de los conidióforos y conidias y diámetro de las hifas. Los resultados mostraron diferencias entre las poblaciones en varias de las variables evaluadas. El tamaño de las hifas y la longitud de las conidias fueron constantes en las 4 poblaciones. La población procedente de la Grajera fue la mas singular, con esporas y esporangióforos más pequeños. Esta población procedía de un viñedo con un sistema de manejo ecológico. Estos resultados forman parte de un proyecto relacionado con la caracterización genética y fenotípica de poblaciones de E. necator que puedan permitir establecer un mapa de la incidencia de la enfermedad en La Rioja.

The main objective of this research was the evaluation of the variability present in a segregating wine grape population derived from a cross between Graciano × Tempranillo, two Spanish varieties, in order to select improved genotypes with potential for producing high-quality wines in a climate change scenario. For that purpose, the phenotypic segregation of 16 agronomic traits related to production and phenology and 11 enological traits related to technical and phenolic maturity was studied in the progeny for three consecutive years. All traits presented transgressive segregation and continuous variation. Year effect was significant for all traits except total, extractable and skin anthocyanins content. However, a high level of genotype consistency for enological traits was revealed by repeatabilities and correlations between years. Significant correlations among traits were observed but most associations were weak. Furthermore, the CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) marker for the VvmybA genotype was tested to determine whether it would be useful in indirect selection for berry anthocyanins content. The results showed that the number of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes for the functional colour allele adjusted to a 1:1 segregation ratio, and that homozygous genotypes had significantly higher anthocyanins content. Principal component analysis found eight variables that contributed up to 80 % of the phenotypic variability present in the population. Seven groups of hybrids were distinguished based on ripening time, cluster weight, berry weight and anthocyanins content by cluster analysis; and fourteen genotypes were pre-selected for further research. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la morfología y sexo de la flor y la forma y tamaño de la baya. Para ello, se utilizó una población segregante obtenida de cruzamientos ‘Garnacha’ x ‘Tempranillo’ en la que se estudiaron parámetros de longitud, diámetro y forma de baya y de flor además del sexo de las flores. Se detectaron diferencias significativas entre los parentales sólo para longitud y forma de la baya. Todos los caracteres estudiados presentaron segregación transgresiva y variación continua en la progenie. En cuanto al sexo, un 22% de los genotipos de la progenie mostraron flores femeninas, ajustándose a la segregación esperada, y todos los parámetros de flor estudiados presentaron diferencias respecto a los genotipos con flores hermafroditas. Los parámetros de forma de baya y peso de baya no se diferenciaron en base al sexo de la flor. Del estudio de correlaciones se concluye que el peso medio de baya, está correlacionado fuertemente con la longitud y diámetro de la baya (0,9, p<0,05), y que son las diferencias en longitud de baya las que explican las diferencias en forma. Se detectó una correlación negativa entre la forma de la baya y la longitud del ovario (-0,2, p<0,01), y positiva entre forma del pistilo y forma de la baya (0,2, p<0,01) pero los valores son bajos. Predecir la calidad de la baya en madurez a través de datos extraídos en floración no es posible en base a estos resultados. Este estudio deberá confirmarse en próximas vendimias.