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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2018 highlights the importance of short-lived greenhouse gasses to combat global warming. This study explores the relationship between Gross Domestic Product per capita and methane per capita. The relationship is explored in relation to the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory where the subjects to examination used are High Income Countries and Low Income Countries based on United Nation classifications in 2019. In total 47 countries are examined where 30 countries are High Income Countries and 17 are Low Income Countries. The relationships are examined for the time periods 1970 to 2017 through Fixed Effect Models. To improve accuracy additional control variables are added: Population in agriculture (% of total employment), balance of payments and forest areas. With the added control variables, the time frame used in Fixed Effect Models changes to 1991 to 2017. The different Fixed Effect Models provide inverted U-shaped relationships for Low Income Countries and uncertain results for High Income Countries according to the Environmental Kuznets Curve.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2018 highlights the importance of short-lived greenhouse gasses to combat global warming. This study explores the relationship between Gross Domestic Product per capita and methane per capita. The relationship is explored in relation to the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory where the subjects to examination used are High Income Countries and Low Income Countries based on United Nation classifications in 2019. In total 47 countries are examined where 30 countries are High Income Countries and 17 are Low Income Countries. The relationships are examined for the time periods 1970 to 2017 through Fixed Effect Models. To improve accuracy additional control variables are added: Population in agriculture (% of total employment), balance of payments and forest areas. With the added control variables, the time frame used in Fixed Effect Models changes to 1991 to 2017. The different Fixed Effect Models provide inverted U-shaped relationships for Low Income Countries and uncertain results for High Income Countries according to the Environmental Kuznets Curve.

Den absoluta merparten av alla barn föds på sjukhus i Sverige och har så gjorts sedan början av förra seklet.Mödradödligheten sjönk stadigt alltjämt som förlossningsenheterna centraliserades runt om i landet. Till slut var hemförlossningar snarare något avvikande och sjukhusförlossningen något alldeles självklart. I nutid råder enighet att kvinnan skall kunna göra ett informerat val om förlossningsplats, vilket i enlighet med befintlig forskning förespråkas av World Health Organization [WHO]. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkade kvinnor att ta beslutet att genomföra en hemförlossning i ett höginkomstland. Metoden som användes är en allmän litteraturöversikt där data från 15 vetenskapliga originalartiklar analyserats. En integrerad litteraturöversikt genomfördes vilken resulterade i två kategorier: ”Vad kvinnan vill ha” med fyra underkategorier och ”Vad vården erbjuder” med tre underkategorier. I kategorin ”Vad kvinnan vill ha” var huvudfyndet kvinnors önskan om en fysiologiskt naturlig förlossning på sina egna villkor, utan att bli störd. I detta önskade kvinnorna känna sig trygga, sedda och i centrum för sin egen förlossning. Egenkontroll och självbestämmande var essentiellt. Under ”Vad vården erbjuder” var huvudfyndet att kvinnornas tidigare obehagliga eller traumatiska upplevelser av vårdpersonal inverkade på beslutet. Vårdgivares bemötande och attityd kunde driva kvinnan längre ifrån den traditionella vården vilket hade inflytande på kvinnans val att föda i hemmet. Slutsatsen av uppsatsen är att kvinnors individuella önskan om att få en säker och god förlossningsupplevelse i hemmet, tillsammans med förtroendet för vården, är något som borde vara en stor prioritet för vårdpersonal och samhället i stort.

Den absoluta merparten av alla barn föds på sjukhus i Sverige och har så gjorts sedan början av förra seklet.Mödradödligheten sjönk stadigt alltjämt som förlossningsenheterna centraliserades runt om i landet. Till slut var hemförlossningar snarare något avvikande och sjukhusförlossningen något alldeles självklart. I nutid råder enighet att kvinnan skall kunna göra ett informerat val om förlossningsplats, vilket i enlighet med befintlig forskning förespråkas av World Health Organization [WHO]. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkade kvinnor att ta beslutet att genomföra en hemförlossning i ett höginkomstland. Metoden som användes är en allmän litteraturöversikt där data från 15 vetenskapliga originalartiklar analyserats. En integrerad litteraturöversikt genomfördes vilken resulterade i två kategorier: ”Vad kvinnan vill ha” med fyra underkategorier och ”Vad vården erbjuder” med tre underkategorier. I kategorin ”Vad kvinnan vill ha” var huvudfyndet kvinnors önskan om en fysiologiskt naturlig förlossning på sina egna villkor, utan att bli störd. I detta önskade kvinnorna känna sig trygga, sedda och i centrum för sin egen förlossning. Egenkontroll och självbestämmande var essentiellt. Under ”Vad vården erbjuder” var huvudfyndet att kvinnornas tidigare obehagliga eller traumatiska upplevelser av vårdpersonal inverkade på beslutet. Vårdgivares bemötande och attityd kunde driva kvinnan längre ifrån den traditionella vården vilket hade inflytande på kvinnans val att föda i hemmet. Slutsatsen av uppsatsen är att kvinnors individuella önskan om att få en säker och god förlossningsupplevelse i hemmet, tillsammans med förtroendet för vården, är något som borde vara en stor prioritet för vårdpersonal och samhället i stort.

Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit verfolgt das Ziel, einen Überblick über Länderklassifikations-ansätze und deren Problematisierung zu geben sowie aktuelle Debatten und Diskurse theorie-geleitet vorzustellen. Mithilfe qualitativer Leitfadeninterviews, als Methodik einer empirischen Erhebung, werden Implikationen in Bezug auf die Nutzung von Länderklassifikationen im Erd-kundeunterricht herausgearbeitet. Auf diese Weise wird ein Einblick in die berufliche Lebens-welt von Lehrkräften gegeben. Die Verknüpfung theoretischer und empirischer Erkenntnisse soll alle Lesenden, insbesondere Erdkundelehrkräfte, dazu motivieren, bestehende Standpunkte und Sichtweisen auf die Welt zu reflektieren und zu hinterfragen. Als Ergebnis dieser Arbeit lässt sich herausheben, dass sämtliche Klassifikationsansätze wie die Einteilung aller Länder in eine ‚Dritte, Zweite oder Erste Welt‘, in ‚Entwicklungs-, Schwel-len- und Industrieländer‘ oder auch in ‚Länder des Globalen Südens‘ und ‚Länder des Globalen Nordens‘ insbesondere aufgrund eurozentrischer Grundannahmen sowie der Dichotomisierung der Welt zu problematisieren sind. Aktuelle Debatten sowie die Neuausrichtung der For-schungsschwerpunkte symbolisieren einen veränderten und gleichberechtigteren Diskurs, lie-fern jedoch keine Neuerungen im Hinblick auf Länderklassifikationen. Auch Lehrkräfte nutzen, mangels der Kenntnis von Alternativen, Länderklassifikationen im Unterricht und verfügen teilweise über tradierte Auffassungen von ‚Entwicklung‘.Es gilt eine Multiperspektivität und Reflexivität für einen zeitgemäßen Erdkundeunterricht zu schaffen. Auch müssen vermehrt Alternativen erzeugt und bestehende Raumkonstruktionen ab-gebaut werden, um der Heterogenität der Welt gerecht zu werden.

Introduction Access to a sufficient quantity of nutritious food is considered a human right and is essential for the prevention of disease. Despite this, a significant proportion of people, both in Australia and globally, do not have enough safe and nutritious food to eat and are considered food insecure. Australia’s prevalence and determinants of food insecurity are under investigated due to inadequate national surveillance. The accuracy and level of detail provided by the single item measure employed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to assess national food security has been widely criticised. Therefore, the aims of this thesis are (1) to investigate an alternative set of questions to the current method to estimate national food insecurity prevalence; and (2) to explore associated factors including socio-demographic variables and purchasing and consumption behaviours of food insecurity that may potentially be unique to the Australian context. Methods A mixed methods research approach consisting of two stages was applied. Stage one comprised of the administration of two online cross-section surveys. Included within each survey was the short form Household Food Security Survey Module, 12 socio-demographic variables and multiple consumption and purchasing behaviours items. Surveys were completed by Australian adults (n = 2,334) residing in one of five Australian states (New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland) and IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 25 was employed to statistically analyse the responses. Stage two encompassed an in-depth investigation of food security drivers and a comparison of the perceived importance of these drivers by individuals at high risk of household food insecurity and stakeholders working to resolve the issue. Semi-structured interviews (n = 3) and focus groups (n = 7) were conducted with high-risk individuals (n = 34) and key stakeholders (n = 13). Thematic analysis was undertaken using

High income countries (HIC) have set the initial global policy responses to COVID-19. Yet, low and middle income countries (LIMIC) face very different challenges than HIC. In LMIC, there is a far greater emphasis on community solutions; families live in far more dense communities, making shelter-in-place mandates questionable; and strengthening existing health systems is more important than novel services. LMIC have far fewer economic resources. Most distressing, the successful economic commitments that HIC made to help stop HIV in LMIC have not yet been imitated, or even initiated-this support is needed now to fight COVID-19.

Corruption has for long been seen as a major obstacle to economic and social development, but nowadays also for international trade. The cost of corruption affects an economy in many ways and is based on increased uncertainty, weak institutions and the misuse of public power for private gain. By using gravity models and measuring corruption with Corruption Perceptions Index, this study aims to find out if corruption leads to a reduction on exports and also if the effect is different between high and low-middle income exporters. The empirical part of this study contains panel data for 218 countries with over 14 000 observations between 2005-2016. The importing countries represent all 28 members of the European Union and the rest of the world's countries represent our exporters. By using gravity models we can estimate with OLS to answer our questions. Our results are significant and show that by lowering the level of corruption exports will increase which means that corruption has a negative effect on trade. Also that there is a small difference in effect if our exporting country is a low-middle country compared to a high income country., Corruption has for long been seen as a major obstacle to economic and social development, but nowadays also for international trade. The cost of corruption affects an economy in many ways and is based on increased uncertainty, weak institutions and the misuse of public power for private gain. By using gravity models and measuring corruption with Corruption Perceptions Index, this study aims to find out if corruption leads to a reduction on exports and also if the effect is different between high and low-middle income exporters. The empirical part of this study contains panel data for 218 countries with over 14 000 observations between 2005-2016. The importing countries represent all 28 members of the European Union and the rest of the world's countries represent our exporters. By using gravity models we can estimate with OLS to answer our questions. Our results are significant and show that by lowering the level of corruption exports will increase which means that corruption has a negative effect on trade. Also that there is a small difference in effect if our exporting country is a low-middle country compared to a high income country.

High income countries (HIC) have set the initial global policy responses to COVID-19. Yet, low and middle income countries (LIMIC) face very different challenges than HIC. In LMIC, there is a far greater emphasis on community solutions; families live in far more dense communities, making shelter-in-place mandates questionable; and strengthening existing health systems is more important than novel services. LMIC have far fewer economic resources. Most distressing, the successful economic commitments that HIC made to help stop HIV in LMIC have not yet been imitated, or even initiated-this support is needed now to fight COVID-19.

Corruption has for long been seen as a major obstacle to economic and social development, but nowadays also for international trade. The cost of corruption affects an economy in many ways and is based on increased uncertainty, weak institutions and the misuse of public power for private gain. By using gravity models and measuring corruption with Corruption Perceptions Index, this study aims to find out if corruption leads to a reduction on exports and also if the effect is different between high and low-middle income exporters. The empirical part of this study contains panel data for 218 countries with over 14 000 observations between 2005-2016. The importing countries represent all 28 members of the European Union and the rest of the world's countries represent our exporters. By using gravity models we can estimate with OLS to answer our questions. Our results are significant and show that by lowering the level of corruption exports will increase which means that corruption has a negative effect on trade. Also that there is a small difference in effect if our exporting country is a low-middle country compared to a high income country., Corruption has for long been seen as a major obstacle to economic and social development, but nowadays also for international trade. The cost of corruption affects an economy in many ways and is based on increased uncertainty, weak institutions and the misuse of public power for private gain. By using gravity models and measuring corruption with Corruption Perceptions Index, this study aims to find out if corruption leads to a reduction on exports and also if the effect is different between high and low-middle income exporters. The empirical part of this study contains panel data for 218 countries with over 14 000 observations between 2005-2016. The importing countries represent all 28 members of the European Union and the rest of the world's countries represent our exporters. By using gravity models we can estimate with OLS to answer our questions. Our results are significant and show that by lowering the level of corruption exports will increase which means that corruption has a negative effect on trade. Also that there is a small difference in effect if our exporting country is a low-middle country compared to a high income country.