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The recovery model, endorsed by various governmental bodies, emphasises the integration of a recovery perspective into alcohol and drug policy, with a focus on post-treatment interventions such as housing, employment and education needs. In an effort to enhance the utility of the recovery perspective in treatment, the concept of recovery capital (RC) has been used as a foundation for operationalisations used to measure treatment needs and progress. While other countries have embraced the recovery model and RC in alcohol and other drug (AOD)-related policy and treatment, the treatment setting in Sweden has not undergone a comparable transformation. This dissertation aims to explore the feasibility of implementing RC in Swedish AOD treatment. It examines the transferability and applicability of assessment tools and considers the challenges of translating research into practice. This involves delving into the complexities of knowledge transfers, production and use in order to bridge the gap between research findings and practical implementation. The feasibility study involved qualitative interviews with AOD treatment professionals to gather their perspectives on the applicability of an RC-based assessment tool (Papers II and III). Insights into feasibility were also obtained from a quantitative study assessing treatment progress in individuals residing in a recovery residence in Florida, USA, using an established RC-based assessment tool (Paper I). To further evaluate the target setting for the feasibility study, the use of a locally developed assessment tool was explored through a deviant case analysis (Paper IV). The dissertation’s theoretical framework is built upon conceptualisations of standardisations and professions that emphasise their interconnected nature and thereby underscore the significance of their relationship in the analysis of knowledge production and use, thus situating the study within a broader theoretical discourse on the interplay between standa

There is an understanding that the guidelines for school counselors in Swedish elementary schools lack the preciseness in what the school counselors should do to design and perform their work. Previous research shows that school counselors find it difficult to both establish their role but also to find their position in the school organization. Therefore, this interview study aims to present the perception of six school counselors in Sweden and discover how they feel about their work practice in elementary schools. We found that the main theme in the study was that the work was mainly affected by the management from the school board. Another surprising theme showed that the interviewees agreed that a better work description might help the counselor in general but wasn’t sure that it would help them in their current workplace. They asserted that a good relationship and cooperation with the school board and co-workers were much more important than a more detailed work description. Furthermore, the study also aims to compare their descriptions of the practical work that they perform, to the general guidelines for the work of school counselors. We found that their work in general was according to what is expected for the guidelines, but that in which way the work tasks were performed could differ from one another. Lastly, the study also contains the interviewees perceptions of their position in the school organization and which factors that simplifies or aggravates their practical work. The majority thought that they had established a clear role and position for themselves. However they agreed that many of the coworkers didn’t have the same perspective and understanding as themselves. Some of the interviewees also thought that the quantity of students they were dealing with, also made a difference on the quality of their work.

Financial abuse is a type of domestic abuse that consists of a partner taking control of your money with the intent to control you. This study aimed to examine how different professionals construct financial abuse and what kind of jurisdiction claims they do. This study is based on a gender perspective. The method decided on for this study was a qualitative study with a thematic analysis. 10 different podcasts with varying professionals were the empirical material. To analyze our empirical material, we applied two different theories, Judith Butlers' gender theory, and Andrew Abbott's profession theory to help explain how the different professionals constructed gender and their specific occupations during the podcasts. This study found that the field of financial abuse consists of many different professions, each with their expertise and knowledge and they all construct gender in one way or another. The results showed that the professions didn’t discuss their actual obligations connected to financial abuse which results in the phenomena of financial abuse remaining unclear when it comes to who has full jurisdiction over it. This study attempted to shine a light on financial abuse and how unclear the field is related to who has responsibility. Further studies on the subject are needed to make professional responsibility clearer.

This review article is inspired by monograph The HCCH 2019 Judgments Convention: Cornerstones, Prospects, Outlook edited by Matthias Weller, João Ribeiro-Bidaoui, Moritz Brinkmann and Nina Dethloff (Hart Publishing, 2023), and its presentation at a conference of the same title that took place on 9–10 July 2023 in Bonn (Germany). The monograph was dedicated to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters concluded in The Hague on 2 July 2019, under the auspices of the Hague Conference of Private International Law (HCCH). The book was published four years after conclusion of the Convention and just before its entry into force on 1 September 2023. The authors of particular chapters were speakers at the aforementioned conference. The Hague Judgments Convention (2019) is just a part of the international unification of civil procedure that is progressing under the auspices of the HCCH, with particular stress being placed on the jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in civil and commercial matters. Lawyers working within the framework of the HCCH hoped for a universal convention on the jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in civil and commercial matters that would mirror the European Brussels regime. The publication is the point of departure for an analysis of the unification of law and the role of international doctrine and international organizations in that process. Selected provisions of the Convention are subject to in-depth analysis, especially those that are illustrative of modern legislative trends (like the bilateralization of multilateral international agreements)., Inspiracją tego artykułu recenzyjnego jest monografia The HCCH 2019 Judgments Convention: Cornerstones, Prospects, Outlook pod redakcją Matthiasa Wellera, João Ribeiro-Bidaoui, Moritza Brinkmanna i Niny Dethloff (Hart Publishing, 2023). Została ona zaprezentowana podczas konferencji naukowej pod tym samym tytułem, zorganizowanej w dniach 9–10 czerwca 2023 r. w Bonn. Poświęcona jest Konwencji o uznawaniu i wykonywaniu zagranicznych orzeczeń sądowych w sprawach cywilnych i handlowych zawartej 2 lipca 2019 r. pod auspicjami Haskiej Konferencji Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego (HCCH). Książka została opublikowana w cztery lata po uchwaleniu Konwencji i krótko przed jej wejściem w życie 1 września 2023 r. Konwencja haska z 2019 r. jest częścią wielkiego przedsięwzięcia unifikacji międzynarodowej procedury cywilnej, realizowanego od ponad półwiecza w ramach HCCH, w szczególności problematyki jurysdykcji, uznawania i wykonywania zagranicznych orzeczeń sądowych. Ideą prawników zrzeszonych w HCCH było stworzenie powszechnej konwencji na kształt reżimu unijnego obowiązującego na podstawie rozporządzeń Bruksela I oraz Bruksela I (recast). Monografia stanowi inspirację do szerszych rozważań o procesie unifikacji prawa w skali międzynarodowej oraz roli, jaką odgrywają w nim przedstawiciele doktryny i organizacje międzyrządowe. Przedmiotem pogłębionej analizy są wybrane postanowienia umowy międzynarodowej ilustrujące najnowsze trendy w światowej praktyce konwencyjnej (np. tzw. bilateralizacja wielostronnych umów międzynarodowych).

Objective: The aim of this study is precisely to show and/or demonstrate the quasi-judicial character of the competition council, as a fully independent authority with all that it implies, particularly in terms of dealing with anti-competitive and/or restrictive practices of competition.   Method: To address the issue stated in this study, it seemed necessary to opt for an analytical research approach on all legal texts surrounding the relevance of the theme, and whenever necessary, to partially shift towards a comparative study between Algerian law (domestic law) and French law, notably to highlight certain similarities and/or specificities.   Result: The Algerian Competition Council is an autonomous administrative authority that acts on behalf and for the account of the State to enforce competition rules. It has legal personality and financial autonomy. It is placed under the Minister responsible for trade without being under their supervision. This all serves to confirm its absolute independence. Indeed, this authority is endowed with the power of sanction, with all that implies. Therefore, unquestionably, the Competition Council (without going through a competent jurisdiction de jure) sanctions restrictive or anti-competitive practices and settles disputes in this regard. In this context, the competition authority appears as an economic judiciary, distinguished by its own means, especially quasi-judicial ones: since the ability to impose sanctions, this imperium certainly gives it the character of a judiciary, or even a de facto jurisdiction: both in its form (referring to Delegating Jurisdiction to the Competition Council), and also in its content (referring to the "quasi-judicial" procedural process of administrative enforcement).

El designado como Proyecto de Ley de medidas de eficiencia del servicio público de justicia del año 2022 ha vivido una lenta, amplia y, a pesar del aparente debate al que se invitaba, silenciosa tramitación que incluye un periodo de hibernación, que parece haber concluido. El día 22 de marzo de 2024 vio la luz el Proyecto de Ley Orgánica de medidas en materia de eficiencia del Servicio público de Justicia. En el equinoccio de esta nueva estación, se han visto renovadas expectativas pero también dudas surgidas en torno al texto anterior, a la vista de los cambios —leves, en opinión de algunas voces, y esenciales, según otras— que incorpora la nueva norma. La incorporación de los MASC al sistema de justicia civil es uno de los aspectos más significativos de esta reforma, que sirve al fortalecimiento del servicio de justicia y, fundamentalmente, al logro de la siempre buscada calidad de la Justicia. El inicio de la tramitación de esta nueva norma brinda nueva oportunidad de operar una profunda transformación del modelo de justicia vigente en España, de todo punto, precisa., The bill designated as the 2022 Public Justice Service Efficiency Measures Bill has undergone a slow, extensive and, despite the apparent debate to which it was invited, silent processing that includes a period of hibernation, which appears to have concluded. On March 22, 2024, the Organic Law Project on measures regarding the efficiency of the Public Justice Service came to light. At the equinox of this new season, there have been renewed expectations but also doubts arising around the previous text, in view of the changes - slight, in the opinion of some voices, and essential, according to others - that the new norm incorporates. The incorporation of the MASC into the civil justice system is one of the most significant aspects of this reform, which serves to strengthen the justice service and, fundamentally, to achieve the always sought-after quality of Justice. The beginning of the processing of this new norm provides a new opportunity to carry out a profound transformation of the current justice model in Spain, in all respects, he specifies.

Sharia in Islam, Halakha in Judaism, and canon law in some Christian communities are the three primary types of religious law. In some circumstances, they are meant just as moral instruction for individuals, while in others, they serve as the foundation for a country's legal system.  In our study, we compare common law standards systems to succession and private law jurisdiction. Firstly, The Study tries to brief Islamic laws regarding succession and their steps of calculations, exceptions, and non-Muslim status. Secondly, discuss civil laws regarding succession and the concept of universal succession. Finally, the Study focuses on the Jurisdiction of Private International Law. In this study, we used a descriptive method of research. In many legal systems, private international law rules should be seen as a substantial step toward conflict of law control, despite any faults. It meets several international standards in this field and will make significant progress in regulating private international law.

The EU jurisdictional scheme, known as the “Brussels Regime”, confers competence to national courts to adjudicate over international matters. The main rule in Article 4(1) of the Brussels Ibis Regulation sets out that the defendant should generally be sued in the courts of the Member State where he is domiciled. For certain subject matters, the scheme allows the action to be brought elsewhere. The raison d’être is to provide an adequate counterbalance to the one-sided rule of Article 4(1). Articles 7(1) and (2) enable the claimant to launch the suit, “in matters relating to a contract”, at the court of the Member State where the contractual obligation was to be fulfilled, and, in “matters relating to tort”, in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred. Whether to invoke Article 7 is entirely the claimant’s choice, but the final decision on its interpretation is vested in the Court. Thereby, the manner in which the Court views the provisions will effectively decide the extent of the claimant’s choice to invoke so-called special jurisdiction. It also means that greater emphasis on special jurisdiction will reduce the importance of the main rule in Article 4. Conversely, if the Court were to interpret Article 7 narrowly, its intended effect within the system would be denied. In both cases, the balance between Articles 4 and 7 has been upset. In the former case, the claimant is favoured because of the increased possibilities to choose the forum for the dispute, while in the latter case, the defendant is favoured because he retains the advantage of litigating in his home turf. The starting point for this essay is this very idea of a purported balance between litigants’ interests in EU cross-border litigation. The thesis analyses whether the Court’s case-law on general vis-à-vis special jurisdiction has transitioned from being generally defendant-friendly to claimant-friendly. It is argued that already from the first judgments rendered on the original Br

The recovery model, endorsed by various governmental bodies, emphasises the integration of a recovery perspective into alcohol and drug policy, with a focus on post-treatment interventions such as housing, employment and education needs. In an effort to enhance the utility of the recovery perspective in treatment, the concept of recovery capital (RC) has been used as a foundation for operationalisations used to measure treatment needs and progress. While other countries have embraced the recovery model and RC in alcohol and other drug (AOD)-related policy and treatment, the treatment setting in Sweden has not undergone a comparable transformation. This dissertation aims to explore the feasibility of implementing RC in Swedish AOD treatment. It examines the transferability and applicability of assessment tools and considers the challenges of translating research into practice. This involves delving into the complexities of knowledge transfers, production and use in order to bridge the gap between research findings and practical implementation. The feasibility study involved qualitative interviews with AOD treatment professionals to gather their perspectives on the applicability of an RC-based assessment tool (Papers II and III). Insights into feasibility were also obtained from a quantitative study assessing treatment progress in individuals residing in a recovery residence in Florida, USA, using an established RC-based assessment tool (Paper I). To further evaluate the target setting for the feasibility study, the use of a locally developed assessment tool was explored through a deviant case analysis (Paper IV). The dissertation’s theoretical framework is built upon conceptualisations of standardisations and professions that emphasise their interconnected nature and thereby underscore the significance of their relationship in the analysis of knowledge production and use, thus situating the study within a broader theoretical discourse on the interplay between standa

The recovery model, endorsed by various governmental bodies, emphasises the integration of a recovery perspective into alcohol and drug policy, with a focus on post-treatment interventions such as housing, employment and education needs. In an effort to enhance the utility of the recovery perspective in treatment, the concept of recovery capital (RC) has been used as a foundation for operationalisations used to measure treatment needs and progress. While other countries have embraced the recovery model and RC in alcohol and other drug (AOD)-related policy and treatment, the treatment setting in Sweden has not undergone a comparable transformation. This dissertation aims to explore the feasibility of implementing RC in Swedish AOD treatment. It examines the transferability and applicability of assessment tools and considers the challenges of translating research into practice. This involves delving into the complexities of knowledge transfers, production and use in order to bridge the gap between research findings and practical implementation. The feasibility study involved qualitative interviews with AOD treatment professionals to gather their perspectives on the applicability of an RC-based assessment tool (Papers II and III). Insights into feasibility were also obtained from a quantitative study assessing treatment progress in individuals residing in a recovery residence in Florida, USA, using an established RC-based assessment tool (Paper I). To further evaluate the target setting for the feasibility study, the use of a locally developed assessment tool was explored through a deviant case analysis (Paper IV). The dissertation’s theoretical framework is built upon conceptualisations of standardisations and professions that emphasise their interconnected nature and thereby underscore the significance of their relationship in the analysis of knowledge production and use, thus situating the study within a broader theoretical discourse on the interplay between standa

This article considers the Community Court of Justice (CCJ) of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and its linkage with the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights (ACHPR). No doubt when ECOWAS was established in 1975, the main objective was the economic integration of the sub-regional body. At the beginning, the CCJ was listed as one of the mandates of the economic bloc, but it was not until 1991 that the first Protocol which created the CCJ and which gives its composition and its functioning was adopted. The Revised Treaty of 1993 also provided for the establishment of the CCJ in its Article 15. The Protocol now makes references to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) of the African Union (AU). Not only this, the Protocol also made reference to other international human rights instruments. The main objective of this work is to bring to fore that the jurisdiction of the CCJ is expansive and broad, and that the CCJ failed to utilise the expansive jurisdiction in the matter of the late President of Chad, Hissene Habre, against the Republic of Senegal, by ruling that the Senegalese court could not try him because this will violate the principle of non-retroactivity of penal law. This ruling led to the establishment of the Extraordinary African Chambers (a special criminal tribunal) that later tried Habre. Also, where it is appropriate and desirable, a comparison between, on the one hand, the CCJ and, on the other hand, African sub-regional courts and courts of international organisations will be made. It is also the contention of this article that the CCJ ought to have an Appeal Chambers, as a core international best practice. This work will adopt the doctrinal methodology and the data collection method is content analysis.

The EU jurisdictional scheme, known as the “Brussels Regime”, confers competence to national courts to adjudicate over international matters. The main rule in Article 4(1) of the Brussels Ibis Regulation sets out that the defendant should generally be sued in the courts of the Member State where he is domiciled. For certain subject matters, the scheme allows the action to be brought elsewhere. The raison d’être is to provide an adequate counterbalance to the one-sided rule of Article 4(1). Articles 7(1) and (2) enable the claimant to launch the suit, “in matters relating to a contract”, at the court of the Member State where the contractual obligation was to be fulfilled, and, in “matters relating to tort”, in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred. Whether to invoke Article 7 is entirely the claimant’s choice, but the final decision on its interpretation is vested in the Court. Thereby, the manner in which the Court views the provisions will effectively decide the extent of the claimant’s choice to invoke so-called special jurisdiction. It also means that greater emphasis on special jurisdiction will reduce the importance of the main rule in Article 4. Conversely, if the Court were to interpret Article 7 narrowly, its intended effect within the system would be denied. In both cases, the balance between Articles 4 and 7 has been upset. In the former case, the claimant is favoured because of the increased possibilities to choose the forum for the dispute, while in the latter case, the defendant is favoured because he retains the advantage of litigating in his home turf. The starting point for this essay is this very idea of a purported balance between litigants’ interests in EU cross-border litigation. The thesis analyses whether the Court’s case-law on general vis-à-vis special jurisdiction has transitioned from being generally defendant-friendly to claimant-friendly. It is argued that already from the first judgments rendered on the original Br

There is an understanding that the guidelines for school counselors in Swedish elementary schools lack the preciseness in what the school counselors should do to design and perform their work. Previous research shows that school counselors find it difficult to both establish their role but also to find their position in the school organization. Therefore, this interview study aims to present the perception of six school counselors in Sweden and discover how they feel about their work practice in elementary schools. We found that the main theme in the study was that the work was mainly affected by the management from the school board. Another surprising theme showed that the interviewees agreed that a better work description might help the counselor in general but wasn’t sure that it would help them in their current workplace. They asserted that a good relationship and cooperation with the school board and co-workers were much more important than a more detailed work description. Furthermore, the study also aims to compare their descriptions of the practical work that they perform, to the general guidelines for the work of school counselors. We found that their work in general was according to what is expected for the guidelines, but that in which way the work tasks were performed could differ from one another. Lastly, the study also contains the interviewees perceptions of their position in the school organization and which factors that simplifies or aggravates their practical work. The majority thought that they had established a clear role and position for themselves. However they agreed that many of the coworkers didn’t have the same perspective and understanding as themselves. Some of the interviewees also thought that the quantity of students they were dealing with, also made a difference on the quality of their work.

Sharia in Islam, Halakha in Judaism, and canon law in some Christian communities are the three primary types of religious law. In some circumstances, they are meant just as moral instruction for individuals, while in others, they serve as the foundation for a country's legal system.  In our study, we compare common law standards systems to succession and private law jurisdiction. Firstly, The Study tries to brief Islamic laws regarding succession and their steps of calculations, exceptions, and non-Muslim status. Secondly, discuss civil laws regarding succession and the concept of universal succession. Finally, the Study focuses on the Jurisdiction of Private International Law. In this study, we used a descriptive method of research. In many legal systems, private international law rules should be seen as a substantial step toward conflict of law control, despite any faults. It meets several international standards in this field and will make significant progress in regulating private international law.

The essai focuses on the history of commons in early modern Calabria.

This contribution analyses the evolution, structure, interpretation and application of the provision about jurisdiction over felonies against cultural heritage committed abroad as set in Art. 518 undevicies It. Penal Code.

The Order on provisional measures by the International Court of Justice in the case South Africa v. Israel, dealing with violations of the Genocide Convention, does not rule on the key issue of the suspension of the Israeli military operation launched in Gaza after the terrorist attacks of 7 October 2023. The paper considers the impact that ius ad bellum issues involved in the case may have had on the selection of provisional measures actually indicated by the Court. It seeks to highlight some inconsistencies in the Court's overall reasoning in this regard, focusing in particular on the issue of the link between the provisional measures requested and the protection of the rights at stake.

This poster, showcased and introduced at the Lear Competition Festival 2023, addresses the following subject. In the event of violation of EU competition law, doubts may arise as to which is the legal entity liable within the single economic unit. The notion of undertaking may generate controversy where it leads to the attribution of liability to a company for the anticompetitive practices committed by another company on the basis they form part of the same undertaking, understood as single economic unit. And particularly in private enforcement, after the Skanska and Sumal cases, and amidst debates surrounding theories of parental, subsidiary, and sister liability, this complexity may result in the possibility of having additional fora where to file the dispute. In EU private international law, the special jurisdictional grounds outlined in Arts. 8(1) and 7(2) of the Brussels I bis Regulation play a crucial role in the intricate dynamics of corporate groups, both from the perspective of defendant and claimant. This raises the challenge of striking a balance between ensuring the full effectiveness of EU competition law rules while guarding against procedural manoeuvres that exploit these provisions excessively. Essentially, it entails achieving a delicate equilibrium that optimizes the application of EU substantive provisions (Articles 101-102 TFEU) while preventing forum shopping and upholding the principles of EU private international law. This is an internal assessment within the realm of EU law, encompassing both EU primary and secondary law. Currently, the Court of Justice of the European Union is called to rule on several preliminary rulings, including cases C-425/22 and C-673/23, which respectively address issues related to jurisdiction in torts and the anchor defendant rationale within the context of the single economic unit in the EU competition law. While the Advocate General's opinions, where available, tend towards a conservative stance, the CJEU, known f

When studying Kowloon Walled City, existing scholarship evaluates its political, architectural, and social aspects separately. This paper aims to synthesize these three aspects and provide a comprehensive understanding to Kowloon Walled City, by examining the impact of British colonial history on the transformation of architecture and living conditions within Kowloon Walled City. It begins with an investigation into the causes that led to the anarchic status of Kowloon Walled City in the 1960s, followed by an evaluation of the architectural transformation with reference to the Building Ordinance 1950 edition. Through a synthesis of historical review and analysis of visual records, this paper validates that the anarchy status attributed to the British colonial history had the major impact on the deterioration of underprivileged living conditions in Kowloon Walled City., AR2A011, Architectural History Thesis, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

Questa tesi tratta di dualità o dicotomie. In particolare, indaga le interrelazioni tra due coppie di dicotomie, quella tra crimini internazionali e transnazionali e quella tra terra e mare come spazi geografici e giurisdizionali, nel tentativo di rispondere alla domanda su chi eserciti o debba esercitare lo jus puniendi in caso di crimini marittimi di portata internazionale., This dissertation is about dualities or dichotomies. In particular it investigates the interrelationships between two couple of dichotomies, the dichotomy between international and transnational crimes and the duality of land and sea as geographical and jurisdictional spaces in the attempt to answer the question of who does or should exercise its jus puniendi in case of maritime crimes of international concern.

This article describes the construction and content of an atlas of local jurisdictions of Ancien Régime France: bailliages. Bailliages were at the center of the Ancien Régime's jurisdictional apparatus: they administered the ordinary royal justice, delineated the area of influence of heterogeneous customary laws, and served as electoral constituencies for the Estates General of 1614 and 1789. Yet, their territorial extent was relatively unknown to the royal authority, leading early scholars to assert the impossibility of mapping the geography of bailliages. Based on Armand Brette's Atlas des bailliages et juridictions assimilées published in 1904, we develop a historical geographic information system containing shapefiles and associated data files of bailliage courts at the time of the convocation of the Estates General of 1789. This new source has many potential applications, including mapping the different legal systems that coexisted in France, such as Roman law in pays de droit écrit and customary law in pays de droit coutumier, and studying elections to the Estates General of 1789., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Objectives: This study seeks to highlight what international jurisdiction in intellectual property disputes is contractual or non-contractual, in order to identify problems related to the subject, including specific controls, and the extent to which the governing rules relate to public order. The scope of the research is limited to the relevant provisions of the Convention and of the law, indicating the position of the Iraqi and Egyptian legislature and referring to certain French and other laws. There are two types of disputes raised by intellectual property rights. The first is violations such as theft and others. The second is disputes arising from contractual relations and breaches of obligations by one of the parties to the relationship. Method: In this study, we will attempt to follow a scientific methodology based on the analysis and discussion of legal texts, jurisprudence and jurisprudence on the subject of the study in order to obtain a legal opinion and an integrated view of the subject. Result: Determining the jurisdiction of national courts in the settlement of intellectual property disputes is not a problem in the event of a national dispute but in the event that it includes a foreign element, the conflict of jurisdiction is problematic and is resolved through objective or personal controls. In the event that the parties agree to resolve the dispute by arbitration, the jurisdiction might be decided by determining the law applicable to the dispute or might be invoked through contract clauses, citizenship, or other controls. Conclusion: we consider that the development of laws and legislation protecting contractual and non-contractual intellectual property rights is very slow to keep pace with violations.

With increased globalisation, digitisation, cross-border movement of persons and multinational businesses, events and cases have progressively become transnational. Conversely, with the current geopolitical climate, increase of migration and recent pandemics, borders have regained importance. These developments raise questions about the territorial scope of legislation. In this book, 28 mechanisms have been identified which influence the territorial scope of EU law. By using these mechanisms, the territorial scope of any rule of EU law can be determined. The mechanisms relate to decolonisation, overseas countries and territories, disputed borders and territorial claims, Brexit, accession, enhanced cooperation, opt-in and opt-out, the Brussels effect, etc. In addition, this book covers various fields of EU law (free movement rules, migration law, the GDPR, competition law, VAT, sanctions, etc.) The research is unique, because it encompasses all mechanisms relevant to mapping the territorial scope of the different fields of EU law.

The recovery model, endorsed by various governmental bodies, emphasises the integration of a recovery perspective into alcohol and drug policy, with a focus on post-treatment interventions such as housing, employment and education needs. In an effort to enhance the utility of the recovery perspective in treatment, the concept of recovery capital (RC) has been used as a foundation for operationalisations used to measure treatment needs and progress. While other countries have embraced the recovery model and RC in alcohol and other drug (AOD)-related policy and treatment, the treatment setting in Sweden has not undergone a comparable transformation. This dissertation aims to explore the feasibility of implementing RC in Swedish AOD treatment. It examines the transferability and applicability of assessment tools and considers the challenges of translating research into practice. This involves delving into the complexities of knowledge transfers, production and use in order to bridge the gap between research findings and practical implementation. The feasibility study involved qualitative interviews with AOD treatment professionals to gather their perspectives on the applicability of an RC-based assessment tool (Papers II and III). Insights into feasibility were also obtained from a quantitative study assessing treatment progress in individuals residing in a recovery residence in Florida, USA, using an established RC-based assessment tool (Paper I). To further evaluate the target setting for the feasibility study, the use of a locally developed assessment tool was explored through a deviant case analysis (Paper IV). The dissertation’s theoretical framework is built upon conceptualisations of standardisations and professions that emphasise their interconnected nature and thereby underscore the significance of their relationship in the analysis of knowledge production and use, thus situating the study within a broader theoretical discourse on the interplay between standa

In today’s data-driven economy, it is essential for companies to protect their trade secrets against unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure; with the ease of digital communications, employee migration and international trade, trade secret violations now often occur across national borders. This book examines how trade secret protection can differ across jurisdictions, where trade secret holders can bring proceedings, and which country’s law is applicable. The book provides a European perspective, analysing how the EU’s rules on jurisdiction and applicable law relate to the EU’s wider objectives of encouraging cross-border innovation activities. Using common trade secret scenarios as a springboard for analysis, this book questions whether EU private international law rules can be interpreted to facilitate the objectives of the EU Trade Secret Directive and in doing so it sets out a detailed examination of both regimes.

This thesis examines problems concerning international standard-essential patent licensing disputes within the EU from a private international law perspective. Furthermore, it seeks to analyse the jurisdictional rules which are established by the Brussels Ia Regulation when applied to cross-border SEP licensing disputes. The backdrop for the present study is the system of international standardisation and the licensing of those patents which are essential to the implementation of a technical standard. It is primarily concerned with EU law as it relates to technical standardisation in the field of telecommunications, since it plays a significant role in today’s global information society. As a rule, SEP holders make a commitment to license their essential patents according to terms which are fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND). In order to fulfil the aim of the thesis, the legal nature of such a FRAND commitment has been examined, finding that it should be characterised as an enforceable contract for the benefit of third parties. Patent rights have traditionally been thought of as territorial in nature, which raises questions regarding the possibilities for cross-border enforcement, as well as how the rules on jurisdiction should be applied by national courts in the EU when faced with international disputes where the subject matter is considered to be, to an extent, territorially bound. One of the fundamental questions that arise out of this is how, in the context of SEP licensing, the legal framework for SEP disputes affects the application of the jurisdictional rules in cross-border cases. As a consequence of the lack of harmonisation as well as legal regulation and guidance relating to SEP licensing, individual courts in Europe have developed their own distinct approaches and methodologies in SEP disputes. There is a risk that this lack of uniformity leads not only to greater legal uncertainty, but also widespread patent litigation. In particular, rece

The demand for student support personnel (teaching assistants) in schools is increasing. Yet there is still a lack of a clear description of what the profession really entails. This study investigates the professional role of teaching assistants working with younger pupils using profession theory. The study aims to clarify the perceptions of teaching assistants through interviews regarding: (1) the areas of work that characterize the profession, (2) the autonomy gained by teaching assistants, and 3) the conditions offered to develop their professional role. The interviews are analyzed through thematic analysis and identify five commonly occurring areas of work. These are (1) to establishing safe relationships; (2) to implement educational adjustments; (3) to provide support; (4) to manage disruptive behaviors, and (5) to work in areas that extend beyond student-specific tasks. These are summarized in the discussion as three themes: Teaching assistants dealing with behaviors deviating from the norm, teaching, and again, areas of work that are not student specific. The results also show variation in how teaching assistants work with these different areas. The autonomy of teaching assistants extends to areas involving the specific student, and the conditions offered by the workplace were found to be inadequate for their development. The conclusions of the study highlight that the working situation of teaching assistants is not sustainable, making the profession unpopular and causing a high turnover among employees. Therefore, a change is needed for the role of teaching assistants if they are to be used to create equal opportunities for all students to participate in regular education., Efterfrågan på elevresurser ökar i skolor samtidigt som det än idag saknas en tydlig förklaring av vad yrket innebär. Denna studie utreder elevresursens yrkesroll i arbetet med yngre elever med hjälp av professionsteorin. Studien avser att genom intervjuer reda ut elevresursers uppfattningar gällande: 1) vilka arbetsområden som kännetecknar yrkesrollen, 2) vilken autonomi elevresurser besitter, samt 3) vilka förutsättningar elevresurser har att utveckla sin yrkesroll. Intervjuerna analyseras genom en tematisk analys och identifierar fem vanligt förekommande arbetsområden. Dessa är följande: 1) att skapa trygga relationer, 2) att genomföra anpassningar, 3) att förse elever med stöd, 4) att hantera utåtagerande handlingar, samt 5) arbetsområden som sträcker sig utanför elevspecifika uppgifter. Dessa sammanfattas som tre teman,elevresursen som hanterare av avvikande beteenden, undervisning samt återigen ej elevspecifika arbetsområden. Resultatet påvisar även en variation i hur de arbetar med de olika områdena. Elevresursers autonomi och gränsarbete sträcker sig till arbetsområden som omfattar den specifika eleven och de förutsättningar arbetsplatsen erbjuder yrkesrollen framkom som bristfälliga. Slutsatsen av studien framhålls vara att elevresursers arbetssituation inte är hållbar och att detta även gör yrket oattraktiv och skapar en stor ruljangs bland anställda. En förändring bör således ske för yrkesrollen om vi ska fortsätta använda elevresurser ute i skolor för att skapa samma förutsättningar för alla elever att delta i den reguljära undervisningen.

The following study analyzes the creation, strengthening, and impact of the Spanish Catholic Kings’ “Hermandad General” in the province of León (Spain) from 1477 to 1504, a time frame that coincides with the reign of Isabel I of Castille. For that purpose, a preliminary bibliographical review has been conducted and subsequently compared with the information provided by documentary sources related to the abovementioned time and area. The majority of the data comes from the General Archive of Simancas and, incidentally, from Archive of the Royal Chancellor of Valladolid., El presente estudio versa sobre la Hermandad General de los Reyes Católicos y su consolidación, fundamento e impacto en la provincia de León, desde el año 1477 hasta 1504, coincidiendo con el reinado de Isabel I de Castilla. Para ello, se ha partido del análisis bibliográfico existente sobre la citada Hermandad General que, con posterioridad, ha sido comparado con las noticias que sobre la misma se encuentran incluidas en las fuentes documentales relativas al contexto espaciotemporal definido, procedentes fundamentalmente del Archivo General de Simancas y, de manera anecdótica, del Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Valladolid.

Due to the war of aggression waged by the Russian Federation in Ukraine, investigations were launched, such as those carried out by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine,which confirmed the commission of international crimes on the territory of the attacked state, including war crimes. This is to be deemed as a highly topical issue that allows us to raise legal considerations regarding the functions and powers attributed to the International Criminal Court (ICC) in prosecuting international crimes committed in Ukraine. With the aim of understanding which possibilities exist for carrying out an effective prosecution before the ICC of those most responsible for the international crimes committed in Ukraine, this paper focuses on examining questions of competence and jurisdiction of the ICC over the situation in Ukraine, as well as on the study of the cooperation mechanisms established between the ICC Office of the Prosecutor and individuals, specialised agencies, and States Parties., A consecuencia de la guerra de agresión llevada a cabo por la Federación Rusa en Ucrania, se pusieron en marcha investigaciones, como las llevadas a cabo por la Comisión Internacional Independiente de Investigación sobre Ucrania, que confirmaron la comisión de crímenes internacionales en territorio del Estado agredido, incluyendo crímenes de guerra. Se trata de un asunto de gran actualidad que nos permite plantear consideraciones jurídicas a propósito de las funciones y poderes atribuidos a la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) en tema de persecución de los crímenes internacionales cometidos en Ucrania. Con el objetivo de comprender qué posibilidades existen para llevar a cabo una efectiva persecución ante la CPI de los principales responsables de los crímenes internacionales cometidos en Ucrania, el presente trabajo se centra en el examen de las cuestiones de competencia y jurisdicción de la CPI sobre la situación de Ucrania, así como en el estudio de los mecanismos de colaboración establecidos entre la Fiscalía de la CPI e individuos, agencias especializadas y Estados Parte.

Regional and international monitoring bodies are nowadays facing increasingly complex cases because they deal with situations in which individuals suffer violations as a consequence of the conduct of states (actions and omissions) whose effects extend beyond their borders, even without direct physical contact. Thus, the traditional spatial and personal models, which require effective control over an area outside their territory or over individuals, become incapable, at least in their classic interpretation, of responding to the extraterritorial application of international human rights treaties. In the face of this reality, new jurisdictional links are appearing, that can be named as procedural and functional. The first of these links would be activated by the initiation of processes relating to the safeguarding of rights even beyond the conventional legal space. The second one would take into account the capacity of the state to fulfil its obligations, combined with other factors such as nationality, authority or power, knowledge of the situation giving rise to the violations, the impact or decisive influence or causal link between state acts and omissions, and the affectation of human rights., Los órganos de control regionales e internacionales se están enfrentando en los últimos tiempos a casos cada vez más complejos porque se tratan de situaciones en las que los individuos sufren violaciones por la conducta (acciones y omisiones) de los Estados cuyos efectos se extienden fuera de sus fronteras, incluso sin un contacto físico directo, de modo que los tradicionales modelos espacial y personal, que exigen un control efectivo sobre una zona fuera de su territorio o sobre las personas, se convierten en títulos incapaces, al menos en su interpretación clásica, de dar respuesta a la aplicación extraterritorial de los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos. Ante esta realidad, están apareciendo nuevo vínculos o nexos jurisdiccionales, que podemos denominar como procedimental y funcional. El primero de ellos se activaría por la iniciación de procesos relativos a la salvaguarda de los derechos más allá del espacio jurídico convencional. El segundo tendría en cuenta la capaci-dad del Estado para cumplir sus obligaciones, combinado con otros factores como la nacionalidad, la autoridad o el poder, el conocimiento de la situación origen de las violaciones, el impacto o la influencia decisiva o la relación causal entre los actos y omisiones estatales y la afectación de los derechos humanos.

Al hilo de la reciente sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia en el asunto Lännen, se analiza la aplicación del criterio de las actividades dirigidas como elemento condicionante de la atribución de competencia judicial en litigios relativos a la infracción de marcas en línea con base en el artículo 125.5 del Reglamento (UE) 2017/1001 sobre la marca de la Unión Europea. Además, se valora críticamente la descoordinación entre la interpretación del artículo 125(5) RMUE y la del artículo 7.2 RBIbis. En relación con este último -aplicable respecto de la infracción de marcas nacionales- se valora la conveniencia de una evolución de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia que ha venido considerando que la mera accesibilidad de los contenidos supuestamente infractores en el territorio en cuestión resulta suficiente con carácter general a los efectos de concretar el lugar de manifestación y atribuir competencia a sus tribunales en los supuestos de daños derivados de actividades en línea., In the wake of the recent judgment of the Court of Justice in Lännen, the application of the so-called targeting criterion to establish jurisdiction under Article 125(5) of the Regulation on the European Union trade mark in disputes concerning trade mark infringement is examined. In addition, the lack of coordination between the interpretation of Article 125(5) of the EU trade mark Regulation and Article 7.2 Brussels Ia Regulation is critically assessed. With regard to the latter, which is applicable in respect of infringements of national trade marks, a development of the case law of the Court of Justice seems desirable. The idea that mere accessibility is generally decisive to establish jurisdiction under Art. 7(2) in all cases of damage arising from online activities is not convincing and the lack of coordination with the interpretation of Article 125(5) of the EU trade mark Regulation reinforces such critical assessment., Fac. de Derecho, TRUE, pub

La aplicación del fuero de la pluralidad de demandados del artículo 8.1 del Reglamento 1215/2012 se subordina a que el riesgo de resoluciones contradictorias si los asuntos se juzgasen separadamente se plantee “en el marco de una misma situación de hecho y de Derecho”. La reciente sentencia del TJUE en el asunto C-832/21, Beverage City Polska, presenta el interés de aportar precisiones adicionales acerca de cuándo cabe apreciar la concurrencia de una misma situación de hecho en supuestos en los que los codemandados están vinculados mediante un contrato de distribución exclusiva en virtud del cual comercializan los mismos productos en distintos Estados miembros., In order for the multiple defendant forum in Article 8(1) of the Brussels Ia Regulation to be applicable, the closely connected claims that may result in irreconcilable judgments must arise “in the context of the same situation of fact and law”. The recent judgment by the CJEU in C-832/21, Beverage City Polska, provides additional clarification as to the relevant factors to establish the existence of the same situation of fact for the purpose of applying that provision, in cases where the co-defendants are linked by an exclusive distribution contract by virtue of which they market the same products in different Member States., Depto. de Derecho Internacional, Eclesiástico y Filosofía del Derecho, Fac. de Derecho, TRUE, pub

La sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia en el asunto C-393/22, EXTÉRIA, ha establecido que, a los efectos del fuero especial del artículo 7.1 del Reglamento Bruselas Ibis, la categoría “prestación de servicios” en su inciso b) no incluye una reclamación del pago de una penalización contractual relativa al incumplimiento de la obligación de pagar el anticipo previsto en un precontrato relativo a la futura celebración de un contrato de prestación de servicios. Se trata de una interpretación apropiada y coherente con la jurisprudencia previa del Tribunal, que no debe impedir que en situaciones en las que una acción que tenga por objeto que se declare la responsabilidad de una parte por incumplimiento de las obligaciones precontractuales frente a la otra deba considerarse vinculada indisociablemente al posterior contrato efectivamente celebrado entre las partes, pueda primar esa conexión con el contrato efectivamente celebrado a los efectos del artículo 7.1 Reglamento Bruselas Ibis., The CJEU in C-393/22, EXTÉRIA, has held that a contract to enter into a future contract relating to the future conclusion of a provision of services agreement which provides for an obligation to pay a contractual penalty based on non-performance, does not fall within the concept of a contract for the ‘provision of services’ within the meaning of Article 7(1)(b) Brussels Ia Regulation. This interpretation is appropriate and consistent with the previous case-law of the Court. Notwithstanding that, in other situations where an action is brought concerning the breach of certain obligations of a contract to enter into a future contract the outcome may be different. That may be the case in situations where such an action is indissociably linked to the contract actually concluded between the parties concerned, since the link to such a contract could prevail for the purposes of Article 7(1) of the Brussels Ia Regulation., Depto. de Derecho Internacional, Eclesiástico y Filosofía del Derecho, Fac. de Derecho, TRUE, pub

According to the recent case law of the Court of Justice, the definition of ‘consumer’ is more restrictive for the purposes of Regulation 1215/2012 than in the Directives on consumer protection. It is examined whether this restrictive approach should be extended to other instruments with which Regulation 1215/2012 should be interpreted in a consistent manner, as is the case of the Rome I Regulation. The different scope of the concept of ‘consumer’ between the directives on consumer protection and the private international law instruments may lead to certain distortions, Conforme a la reciente jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia, la categoría contratos de consumo es más restrictiva a los efectos del Reglamento 1215/2012 que en las Directivas sobre contratos de consumo. Se aborda si ese enfoque restrictivo debe extenderse también a otros instrumentos con los que el Reglamento 1215/2012 debe ser interpretado de manera coherente, como es, en particular, el caso del Reglamento Roma I. El distinto alcance del concepto de consumidor en los instrumentos de Derecho internacional privado y en las directivas sobre protección de consumidores puede dar lugar a ciertas distorsiones., Depto. de Derecho Internacional, Eclesiástico y Filosofía del Derecho, Fac. de Derecho, TRUE, pub

Provides detailed coverage of information resources on U.S. Government information resources for federal regulations. Features historical background on these regulations, details on the Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations, includes information on individuals can participate in the federal regulatory process by commenting on proposed agency regulations via https://regulations.gov/, describes the role of presidential executive orders, refers to recent and upcoming U.S. Supreme Court cases involving federal regulations, and describes current congressional legislation seeking to give Congress greater involvement in the federal regulatory process.

En esta comunicación propongo un análisis histórico-jurídico de algunas particularidades que permearon la historia de la tenencia de la tierra durante la modernidad. Para ello, analizo las disputas por la jurisdicción de las sierras de Aralar-Enirio, que ocurrieron durante el siglo XVII, cuando catorce villas gipuzkoanas obtuvieron el privilegio de villazgo en 1615. Al observar a pequeña escala este tipo de conflictos que aparentemente versan tan solo sobre cuestiones de territorialidad, pretendo acercarme a un objetivo más amplio de indagar las tensiones y prácticas que marcaron y modificaron las concepciones jurídicas sobre la tenencia de la tierra en la modernidad. Concretamente, hablo de la multiplicidad de significados atribuidos a conceptos como posesión, propiedad, uso y disfrute de la tierra, así como la tensión entre las dimensiones particular y colectiva de esos significados., This paper is focused on the juridical nuances of the ownership during the modernity. For doing so, I analyze the disputes over the jurisdiction of the saws of Aralar-Enirio that occurred during the seventeenth century, after fourteen hamlets achieved the privilege of township in 1615. By observing those kinds of conflicts in the small scale, the main idea is to inquiry on the juridical tensions that defined and modified the conceptions of land ownership during modernity, particularly on the concepts of possession, property, use and exploitation of land, as well as the tension between its particular and collective meaning.

La figura del abogado ha adquirido a lo largo de la historia un papel relevante en todas las civilizaciones. Desde la antigua Mesopotamia hasta nuestros días ha formado parte de las más altas instituciones políticas de cualquier régimen, ya fuesen monarquías, ciudades estado, formaciones con primus inter pares, repúblicas, imperios, etc. Su crucial relevancia nace de la necesidad que todos los pueblos han tenido de dirimir sus diferencias con la mediación de un tercero. Puede decirse que, desde el neolítico, en el momento en que las sociedades comienzan a adquirir mayor complejidad, nace la división social y jerárquica que inevitablemente conducía a desigualdades y por ende ocasionaba conflictos. En la resolución de estos encontramos el origen de este oficio, que se fue acomodando a las circunstancias del poder y de la administración de justicia. Desde la redacción del código de Hammurabi hasta nuestros días, la legislación y todo cuanto de ella emana ha sido un pilar prioritario, objeto de la interacción de muchos profesionales más o menos formados. Si bien, este trabajo no quiere ir tan lejos en el transcurso histórico. Su función esencial es analizar el ejercicio de la abogacía en el reino de Castilla, en la época moderna. Es este un largo periodo que se inicia con la conformación de la monarquía católica, el desarrollo de las universidades y el progresivo prestigio social que adquieren los letrados, que será replanteado en el siglo XVIII, de la mano de la reforma carolina de las universidades y de la ilustración jurídica en el mundo del Derecho y en el ejercicio en los tribunales. La denominación de letrado era muy amplia en aquella época, siendo su definición más simple y clara la que atendía a los hombres de letras. Es por tanto mucho más exhaustiva que la de abogado. De manera que de todos cuantos formaban parte del mundo de las letras, las leyes y el derecho, siempre bajo el prisma del contexto histórico, en esta memoria de iniciación a la investigación hare, Throughout history, the figure of the lawyer has acquired a relevant role in all civilizations. From ancient Mesopotamia to the present day, he has been part of the highest political institutions of any regime, whether they were monarchies, city-states, primus inter pares formations, republics, empires, etc. Its crucial relevance stems from the need that all peoples have had to settle their differences with the mediation of a third party. It can be said that, from the Neolithic, at the moment in which societies begin to acquire greater complexity, emmerged a social and hierarchical division that inevitably led to inequalities and therefore conflicts. In the resolution of these we find the origin of this job, which gradually adjusted to the circumstances of power and the administration of justice. From the drafting of Hammurabi's code to the present day, the legislation and everything that comes from it has been a priority pillar, the object of the interaction of many more or less trained professionals. Although this work does not want to go that far in the historical course, its essential function is to analyze the practice of law in the kingdom of Castille, in modern times. This is a long period that begins with the formation of the Catholic monarchy, the development of universities and the progressive social prestige that the lawyers acquire, which will be reconsidered in the 18th century by the Carolina reform of the universities and the legal illustration in the world of Law and in the exercise in the courts. The denomination of lawyer was very broad at that time, its simplest and clearest definition being the one that served men of letters. It is therefore much more exhaustive than that of lawyer. So, of all those who were part of the world of letters, laws and The Law, always through a historical context, in this report of starting research, we will emphasize lawyers not only because of their peculiarities compared to other professional groups or agents of jus, Departamento de Historia Moderna, Contemporánea y de América, Periodismo y Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad, Grado en Historia

Provides detailed coverage of information resources on U.S. Government information resources for federal regulations. Features historical background on these regulations, details on the Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations, includes information on individuals can participate in the federal regulatory process by commenting on proposed agency regulations via https://regulations.gov/, describes the role of presidential executive orders, refers to recent and upcoming U.S. Supreme Court cases involving federal regulations, and describes current congressional legislation seeking to give Congress greater involvement in the federal regulatory process.

Am 1. Juli 2021 ist das neue Verwaltungsgesetzbuch der Republik Kasachstan in Kraft getreten, das für gerichtliche Verwaltungsverfahren eine eigene Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung etabliert hat und in dem zum ersten Mal alle Vorschriften für Verwaltungsverfahren gesammelt und kodifiziert wurden. Das Gesetzbuch ist seitdem zu einem festen Bestandteil der kasachstanischen Rechtsprechung geworden, was sich unter anderem anhand der steigenden Zahl eingereichter Verwaltungsklagen zeigt. Auch wenn Kasachstan mit dem Verwaltungsgesetzbuch eines der fortschrittlichsten Verwaltungsjustizsysteme im postsowjetischen Raum geschaffen hat, enthält es einige Bestimmungen, die rechtsstaatlichen Prinzipien zuwiderlaufen. Die weitere Verbesserung von Prozeduren innerhalb der Judikative setzt die Implementierung von zusätzlichen Reformen voraus.

Der Reader ist im Rahmen des Projektes "Rassismus und Menschenrechte - Stärkung der Strafjustiz" (2017-2018) entstanden. Das Projekt entwickelte und erprobte verschiedene Fortbildungsangebote für die Strafjustiz, um das Erkennen und die effektive Verfolgung rassistischer Straftaten zu unterstützen und einen angemessenen Umgang mit den Opfern solcher Taten zu fördern. Dieser Reader richtet sich an die Teilnehmenden der Fortbildungsveranstaltungen und alle weiteren Interessierten in der Justiz. Er stellt Hintergrundbeiträge zu einzelnen Aspekten der Fortbildungsinhalte sowie konkrete Handlungsanregungen für den Berufsalltag zur Verfügung.

Understanding Taiwan's ability to defend itself against mainland China is becoming increasingly significant as the likelihood of a cross-straits conflict rises. Taipei is unlikely to unify with China on Beijing's terms, and Beijing is unlikely to relinquish its claim that Taiwan falls under its domestic jurisdiction. Even a confrontation over Taiwan that falls short of war will have regional and global ramifications.

Der vorliegende Beitrag knüpft an EuZW 2020, 880 an und kommentiert wesentliche Entwicklungen im Bereich der europäischen Fusionskontrolle im Berichtszeitraum. Nach einern einleitenden Überblick werden zunächst ausgewählte Urteile des EuGH und des EuG vorgestellt und kommentiert. Abschließend werden einige Beschlüsse der Europäischen Kommission erörtert., This report succeeds the earlier work in EuZW 2020, 880 reports and comments on selected recent developments in the field of European merger control. After an introductory overview, the judgments of the European Court of Justice and the General Court äs well äs selected decisions of the European Commission are presented.

This study provides a synopsis of the following topics: the prospective limiters levied on cyber-warfare by present–day international legislation; significant complexities and contentions brought up in the rendering & utilization of International Humanitarian Legislation against cyber-warfare; feasible repercussions of cyber-warfare on humanitarian causes. It is also to be contended and outlined in this research study that non–state actors can be held accountable for breaches of international humanitarian legislation committed using cyber–ordnance if sufficient resources and skill are made available. It details the factors that prosecutors and investigators must take into account when organizing investigations into major breaches of humanitarian legislation committed in cyber–space, as well as the jurisdictional components of transgressions of the rules and L.o.A.C (Legislation of Armed Conflict). Due to the limitations imposed by both time and space, the planned analysis cannot be thorough; rather, it will have to remain conservative and concentrate on providing a basic grasp of the topics that are most pertinent to the modern practice of statecraft. Furthermore, given the technical and statutory complication of the subject matter as well as the fact that legal research remains in its infancy, the aspiration of this study should remain low to distinguishing matters and placing those in framework. It cannot be the goal of this study to magisterially resolute the prevailing issues that have arisen.