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In the past decade, interest in identifying the organisms that live in and on the human body, otherwise known as the microbiome, and understanding how these organisms interact with and affect their hosts has intensified. Candida albicans is an important human pathogen and member of this microbiome, most often found colonizing the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Because of the niches it inhabits, C. albicans is prone to encountering immune cells and, as such, displays a variety of defense strategies against an immune response. Often this involves disguise and evasion rather than direct confrontation. However, observations from the literature point to a defense mechanism by which C. albicans might exploit the programmed cell death (apoptosis) pathway of host cells in which immune cells induce apoptosis of target cells through the interaction of a receptor (Fas) and its ligand (Fas-L). To further characterize this potential interaction, we designed a set of experiments to detect a Fas-L-like protein in the C. albicans cell wall. Adherence assay results demonstrated that C. albicans cells could bind to Fas. The interaction between Fas and the C. albicans cell wall was directly visualized using immunofluorescence assays, which showed that the interaction was specific. Additionally, DNA sequence analysis revealed a C. albicans protein with sequence similarity to a tumor necrosis factor ligand related to Fas-L. Taken together, our results combined with observations from the literature suggest the presence of a Fas-L-like protein in the C. albicans cell wall. Characterization of this protein will further our understanding of how this potential pathogen colonizes its host and sometimes causes disease.

In the past decade, interest in identifying the organisms that live in and on the human body, otherwise known as the microbiome, and understanding how these organisms interact with and affect their hosts has intensified. Candida albicans is an important human pathogen and member of this microbiome, most often found colonizing the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Because of the niches it inhabits, C. albicans is prone to encountering immune cells and, as such, displays a variety of defense strategies against an immune response. Often this involves disguise and evasion rather than direct confrontation. However, observations from the literature point to a defense mechanism by which C. albicans might exploit the programmed cell death (apoptosis) pathway of host cells in which immune cells induce apoptosis of target cells through the interaction of a receptor (Fas) and its ligand (Fas-L). To further characterize this potential interaction, we designed a set of experiments to detect a Fas-L-like protein in the C. albicans cell wall. Adherence assay results demonstrated that C. albicans cells could bind to Fas. The interaction between Fas and the C. albicans cell wall was directly visualized using immunofluorescence assays, which showed that the interaction was specific. Additionally, DNA sequence analysis revealed a C. albicans protein with sequence similarity to a tumor necrosis factor ligand related to Fas-L. Taken together, our results combined with observations from the literature suggest the presence of a Fas-L-like protein in the C. albicans cell wall. Characterization of this protein will further our understanding of how this potential pathogen colonizes its host and sometimes causes disease.

The collection consists of documents, photographs, and files removed from the Atlantic Monthly offices upon the firm's move from Boston to Washington, D.C. The collection, representing the working files of the magazine, is divided into fourteen series. The Correspondence series includes correspondence with authors, prominent figures, and inquiries from the general public, spanning the years 1921 to 1999. Correspondents include John Ciardi, Jesse Hill Ford, James Alan McPherson, Wilma Minor, and Samuel Eliot Morison. Some letters from writers had been transcribed or photocopied, and some original letters were segregated into "autograph" files. The original order of the files has been maintained. The files include records generated during the editorships of Ellery Sedgwick (1909-1938), Edward Weeks (1938-1966), Robert Manning (1966-1980), William Whitwell (1980-1999), Michael Kelly (1999-2003), and managing editor Cullen Murphy (2003-2006)., Boston Athenaeum - Special Collections Guide to the Atlantic Monthly Archive Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass.: 1971) Archive, 1866-2003 13 record storage cartons Contact information: Reference Department Boston Athenaeum 10 !/2 Beacon Street Boston, MA 02108 617 227-0270 Finding aid: Prepared by Alexis Dinniman, completed June 2010 Call number: Mss. .L738 Acquisition information: Gift of the Atlantic Monthly, 2006-2007 Access: Appointment required. Open for use by qualified researchers according to guidelines established for the use of special collections Atlantic Monthly History The Atlantic Monthly was founded in 1857 in Boston by a group of renowned New England literary men that included Ralph Waldo Emerson, James Russell Lowell, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Oliver Wendell Holmes. The first issue of the new magazine, billed as a "journal of literature, politics, science, and the arts," appeared that November and was a success from the start. The editors of the Atlantic Monthly have been: • James Russell Lowell, 1857-1861 • James Thomas Fields, 1861-1871 . William Dean Howells, 1871-1881 • Thomas Bailey Aldrich, 1881-1890 • Horace Elisha Scudder, 1890-1898 • Walter Hines Page, 1898-1899 • Bliss Perry, 1899-1909 • Eliery Sedgwick, 1909-1938 • Edward A. Weeks, 1938-1966 • Robert Manning, 1966-1980 • William Whitworth, 1980-1999 • Michael Kelly, 1999-2003 • Cullen Murphy, interim editor, 2003-2006 Numerous authors and prominent figures have appeared in the Atlantic. Julia Ward Howe's "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" made its first appearance in the magazine in 1862. Ernest Hemingway's first print appearance in a national magazine was in the Atlantic, with his short story "Fifty Grand." Other fiction writers first published in the magazine include Mark Twain, Henry James, and Louise Erdich. In non-fiction, the Atlantic published Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail", Nathaniel Hawthorne's dispatches from the Civil War, and Felix Frankfurter's defe

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