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1. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Pastorello, Gilberto, Trotta, Carlo, Canfora, Eleonora, Chu, Housen, Christianson, Danielle S., Cheah, You-Wei, Poindexter, Cristina, Chen, Jing M., Elbashandy, Abdelrahman, Humphrey, Marty, Isaac, Peter, Polidori, Diego, Ribeca, Alessio, van Ingen, Catharine, Zhang, Leiming, Amiro, Brian, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M. Altaf, Ardö, Junas, Arkebauer, Timothy, Arndt, Stefan K., Arriga, Nicola, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Baldocchi, Daniel, Barr, Alan, Beamesderfer, Eric, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bergeron, Onil, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Berveiller, Daniel, Billesbach, Dave, Black, Thomas Andrew, Blanken, Peter D., Bohrer, Gil, Boike, Julia, Bolstad, Paul V., Bonal, Damien, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Bowling, David R., Bracho, Rosvel, Brodeur, Jason, Brümmer, Christian, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Burns, Sean P., Buysse, Pauline, Cale, Peter, Cavagna, Mauro, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Shiping, Chini, Isaac, Christensen, Torben R., Cleverly, James, Collalti, Alessio, Consalvo, Claudia, Cook, Bruce D., Cook, David, Coursolle, Carole, Cremonese, Eodardo, Curtis, Peter S., D'Andrea, Ettore, Da Rocha, Humberto R., Dai, Xiaoqin, Davis, Kenneth J., De Cinti, Bruno, De Grandcourt, Agnès, De Ligne, Anne, De Oliveira, Raimundo C., Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo, Di Tommasi, Paul, Dolman, Han, Domingo, Francisco, Dong, Gang, Dore, Sabina, Duce, Pierpaolo, Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Dusek, Jiri, Eamus, Derek, Eichelmann, Uwe, ElKhidir, Hatim Abdalla M., Eugster, Werner, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Ewers, Brent, Famulari, Daniela, Fares, Silvano, Feigenwinter, Iris, Feitz, Andrew, Fensholt, Rasmus, Filippa, Gianluca, Fischer, Marc, Frank, John, Galvagno, Marta, Gharun, Mana, Gianelle, Damiano, Gielen, Bert, Gioli, Beniamino, Gitelson, Anatoly A., Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Goldstein, Allen H., Gough, Christopher M., Goulden, Michaël L., Graf, Alexander, Griebel, Anne, Gruening, Carsten, Grünwald, Thomas, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Han, Xingguo, Ulf Hansen, Birger, Hanson, Chad, Hatakka, Juha, He, Yongtao, Hehn, Markus, Heinesch, Bernard, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hutley, Lindsay, Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Janous, Dalibor, Jans, Wilma, Jassal, Rachhpal, Jiang, Shicheng, Kato, Tomomichi, Khomik, Myroslava, Klatt, Janina, Knohl, Alexander, Knox, Sara, Kobayashi, Hideki, Koerber, Georgia, Kolle, Olaf, Kosugi, Yoshiko, Kotani, Ayumi, Kowalski, Andrew S., Kruijt, Bart, Kurbatova, Julia, Kutsch, Werner L., Kwon, Hyojung, Launiainen, Samuli, Laurila, Tuomas, Law, Bev, Leuning, Ray, Li, Yingniam, Liddell, Michael, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lion, Marryanna, Liska, Adam J., Lohila, Annalea, López-Ballesteros, Ana, López-Blanco, Efrén, Loubet, Benjamin, Loustau, Denis, Lucas-Moffat, Antje, Lüers, Johannes, Ma, Siyan, Macfarlane, Craig, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Maier, Regine, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marcolla, Barbara, Margolis, Hank, Marras, Serena, Massman, William, Mastepanov, Mikhail, Matamala, Roser, Hatala Matthes, Jaclyn, Mazzenga, Francesco, McCaughey, Harry, McHugh, Ian, McMillan, Andrew M. S., Merbold, Lutz, Meyer, Wayne, Meyers, Tilden, Miller, Scott, Minerbi, Stefano, Moderow, Uta, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moore, Caitlin E., Moors, Eddy J., Moreaux, Virginie, Moureaux, Christine, Munger, J. William, Nakai, Taro, Neirynck, Johan, Nesic, Zoran, Nicolini, Giacomo, Noormets, Asko, Northwood, Matthew, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, et al., Pastorello, Gilberto, Trotta, Carlo, Canfora, Eleonora, Chu, Housen, Christianson, Danielle S., Cheah, You-Wei, Poindexter, Cristina, Chen, Jing M., Elbashandy, Abdelrahman, Humphrey, Marty, Isaac, Peter, Polidori, Diego, Ribeca, Alessio, van Ingen, Catharine, Zhang, Leiming, Amiro, Brian, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M. Altaf, Ardö, Junas, Arkebauer, Timothy, Arndt, Stefan K., Arriga, Nicola, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Baldocchi, Daniel, Barr, Alan, Beamesderfer, Eric, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bergeron, Onil, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Berveiller, Daniel, Billesbach, Dave, Black, Thomas Andrew, Blanken, Peter D., Bohrer, Gil, Boike, Julia, Bolstad, Paul V., Bonal, Damien, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Bowling, David R., Bracho, Rosvel, Brodeur, Jason, Brümmer, Christian, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Burns, Sean P., Buysse, Pauline, Cale, Peter, Cavagna, Mauro, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Shiping, Chini, Isaac, Christensen, Torben R., Cleverly, James, Collalti, Alessio, Consalvo, Claudia, Cook, Bruce D., Cook, David, Coursolle, Carole, Cremonese, Eodardo, Curtis, Peter S., D'Andrea, Ettore, Da Rocha, Humberto R., Dai, Xiaoqin, Davis, Kenneth J., De Cinti, Bruno, De Grandcourt, Agnès, De Ligne, Anne, De Oliveira, Raimundo C., Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo, Di Tommasi, Paul, Dolman, Han, Domingo, Francisco, Dong, Gang, Dore, Sabina, Duce, Pierpaolo, Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Dusek, Jiri, Eamus, Derek, Eichelmann, Uwe, ElKhidir, Hatim Abdalla M., Eugster, Werner, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Ewers, Brent, Famulari, Daniela, Fares, Silvano, Feigenwinter, Iris, Feitz, Andrew, Fensholt, Rasmus, Filippa, Gianluca, Fischer, Marc, Frank, John, Galvagno, Marta, Gharun, Mana, Gianelle, Damiano, Gielen, Bert, Gioli, Beniamino, Gitelson, Anatoly A., Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Goldstein, Allen H., Gough, Christopher M., Goulden, Michaël L., Graf, Alexander, Griebel, Anne, Gruening, Carsten, Grünwald, Thomas, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Han, Xingguo, Ulf Hansen, Birger, Hanson, Chad, Hatakka, Juha, He, Yongtao, Hehn, Markus, Heinesch, Bernard, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hutley, Lindsay, Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Janous, Dalibor, Jans, Wilma, Jassal, Rachhpal, Jiang, Shicheng, Kato, Tomomichi, Khomik, Myroslava, Klatt, Janina, Knohl, Alexander, Knox, Sara, Kobayashi, Hideki, Koerber, Georgia, Kolle, Olaf, Kosugi, Yoshiko, Kotani, Ayumi, Kowalski, Andrew S., Kruijt, Bart, Kurbatova, Julia, Kutsch, Werner L., Kwon, Hyojung, Launiainen, Samuli, Laurila, Tuomas, Law, Bev, Leuning, Ray, Li, Yingniam, Liddell, Michael, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lion, Marryanna, Liska, Adam J., Lohila, Annalea, López-Ballesteros, Ana, López-Blanco, Efrén, Loubet, Benjamin, Loustau, Denis, Lucas-Moffat, Antje, Lüers, Johannes, Ma, Siyan, Macfarlane, Craig, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Maier, Regine, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marcolla, Barbara, Margolis, Hank, Marras, Serena, Massman, William, Mastepanov, Mikhail, Matamala, Roser, Hatala Matthes, Jaclyn, Mazzenga, Francesco, McCaughey, Harry, McHugh, Ian, McMillan, Andrew M. S., Merbold, Lutz, Meyer, Wayne, Meyers, Tilden, Miller, Scott, Minerbi, Stefano, Moderow, Uta, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moore, Caitlin E., Moors, Eddy J., Moreaux, Virginie, Moureaux, Christine, Munger, J. William, Nakai, Taro, Neirynck, Johan, Nesic, Zoran, Nicolini, Giacomo, Noormets, Asko, Northwood, Matthew, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, and et al.

Abstract

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.

Published
2020

2. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Pastorello, Gilberto, Trotta, Carlo, Canfora, Eleonora, Chu, Housen, Christianson, Danielle S., Cheah, You-Wei, Poindexter, Cristina, Chen, Jing M., Elbashandy, Abdelrahman, Humphrey, Marty, Isaac, Peter, Polidori, Diego, Ribeca, Alessio, van Ingen, Catharine, Zhang, Leiming, Amiro, Brian, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M. Altaf, Ardö, Junas, Arkebauer, Timothy, Arndt, Stefan K., Arriga, Nicola, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Baldocchi, Daniel, Barr, Alan, Beamesderfer, Eric, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bergeron, Onil, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Berveiller, Daniel, Billesbach, Dave, Black, Thomas Andrew, Blanken, Peter D., Bohrer, Gil, Boike, Julia, Bolstad, Paul V., Bonal, Damien, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Bowling, David R., Bracho, Rosvel, Brodeur, Jason, Brümmer, Christian, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Burns, Sean P., Buysse, Pauline, Cale, Peter, Cavagna, Mauro, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Shiping, Chini, Isaac, Christensen, Torben R., Cleverly, James, Collalti, Alessio, Consalvo, Claudia, Cook, Bruce D., Cook, David, Coursolle, Carole, Cremonese, Eodardo, Curtis, Peter S., D'Andrea, Ettore, Da Rocha, Humberto R., Dai, Xiaoqin, Davis, Kenneth J., De Cinti, Bruno, De Grandcourt, Agnès, De Ligne, Anne, De Oliveira, Raimundo C., Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo, Di Tommasi, Paul, Dolman, Han, Domingo, Francisco, Dong, Gang, Dore, Sabina, Duce, Pierpaolo, Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Dusek, Jiri, Eamus, Derek, Eichelmann, Uwe, ElKhidir, Hatim Abdalla M., Eugster, Werner, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Ewers, Brent, Famulari, Daniela, Fares, Silvano, Feigenwinter, Iris, Feitz, Andrew, Fensholt, Rasmus, Filippa, Gianluca, Fischer, Marc, Frank, John, Galvagno, Marta, Gharun, Mana, Gianelle, Damiano, Gielen, Bert, Gioli, Beniamino, Gitelson, Anatoly A., Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Goldstein, Allen H., Gough, Christopher M., Goulden, Michaël L., Graf, Alexander, Griebel, Anne, Gruening, Carsten, Grünwald, Thomas, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Han, Xingguo, Ulf Hansen, Birger, Hanson, Chad, Hatakka, Juha, He, Yongtao, Hehn, Markus, Heinesch, Bernard, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hutley, Lindsay, Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Janous, Dalibor, Jans, Wilma, Jassal, Rachhpal, Jiang, Shicheng, Kato, Tomomichi, Khomik, Myroslava, Klatt, Janina, Knohl, Alexander, Knox, Sara, Kobayashi, Hideki, Koerber, Georgia, Kolle, Olaf, Kosugi, Yoshiko, Kotani, Ayumi, Kowalski, Andrew S., Kruijt, Bart, Kurbatova, Julia, Kutsch, Werner L., Kwon, Hyojung, Launiainen, Samuli, Laurila, Tuomas, Law, Bev, Leuning, Ray, Li, Yingniam, Liddell, Michael, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lion, Marryanna, Liska, Adam J., Lohila, Annalea, López-Ballesteros, Ana, López-Blanco, Efrén, Loubet, Benjamin, Loustau, Denis, Lucas-Moffat, Antje, Lüers, Johannes, Ma, Siyan, Macfarlane, Craig, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Maier, Regine, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marcolla, Barbara, Margolis, Hank, Marras, Serena, Massman, William, Mastepanov, Mikhail, Matamala, Roser, Hatala Matthes, Jaclyn, Mazzenga, Francesco, McCaughey, Harry, McHugh, Ian, McMillan, Andrew M. S., Merbold, Lutz, Meyer, Wayne, Meyers, Tilden, Miller, Scott, Minerbi, Stefano, Moderow, Uta, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moore, Caitlin E., Moors, Eddy J., Moreaux, Virginie, Moureaux, Christine, Munger, J. William, Nakai, Taro, Neirynck, Johan, Nesic, Zoran, Nicolini, Giacomo, Noormets, Asko, Northwood, Matthew, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, et al., Pastorello, Gilberto, Trotta, Carlo, Canfora, Eleonora, Chu, Housen, Christianson, Danielle S., Cheah, You-Wei, Poindexter, Cristina, Chen, Jing M., Elbashandy, Abdelrahman, Humphrey, Marty, Isaac, Peter, Polidori, Diego, Ribeca, Alessio, van Ingen, Catharine, Zhang, Leiming, Amiro, Brian, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M. Altaf, Ardö, Junas, Arkebauer, Timothy, Arndt, Stefan K., Arriga, Nicola, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Baldocchi, Daniel, Barr, Alan, Beamesderfer, Eric, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bergeron, Onil, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Berveiller, Daniel, Billesbach, Dave, Black, Thomas Andrew, Blanken, Peter D., Bohrer, Gil, Boike, Julia, Bolstad, Paul V., Bonal, Damien, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Bowling, David R., Bracho, Rosvel, Brodeur, Jason, Brümmer, Christian, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Burns, Sean P., Buysse, Pauline, Cale, Peter, Cavagna, Mauro, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Shiping, Chini, Isaac, Christensen, Torben R., Cleverly, James, Collalti, Alessio, Consalvo, Claudia, Cook, Bruce D., Cook, David, Coursolle, Carole, Cremonese, Eodardo, Curtis, Peter S., D'Andrea, Ettore, Da Rocha, Humberto R., Dai, Xiaoqin, Davis, Kenneth J., De Cinti, Bruno, De Grandcourt, Agnès, De Ligne, Anne, De Oliveira, Raimundo C., Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo, Di Tommasi, Paul, Dolman, Han, Domingo, Francisco, Dong, Gang, Dore, Sabina, Duce, Pierpaolo, Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Dusek, Jiri, Eamus, Derek, Eichelmann, Uwe, ElKhidir, Hatim Abdalla M., Eugster, Werner, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Ewers, Brent, Famulari, Daniela, Fares, Silvano, Feigenwinter, Iris, Feitz, Andrew, Fensholt, Rasmus, Filippa, Gianluca, Fischer, Marc, Frank, John, Galvagno, Marta, Gharun, Mana, Gianelle, Damiano, Gielen, Bert, Gioli, Beniamino, Gitelson, Anatoly A., Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Goldstein, Allen H., Gough, Christopher M., Goulden, Michaël L., Graf, Alexander, Griebel, Anne, Gruening, Carsten, Grünwald, Thomas, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Han, Xingguo, Ulf Hansen, Birger, Hanson, Chad, Hatakka, Juha, He, Yongtao, Hehn, Markus, Heinesch, Bernard, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hutley, Lindsay, Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Janous, Dalibor, Jans, Wilma, Jassal, Rachhpal, Jiang, Shicheng, Kato, Tomomichi, Khomik, Myroslava, Klatt, Janina, Knohl, Alexander, Knox, Sara, Kobayashi, Hideki, Koerber, Georgia, Kolle, Olaf, Kosugi, Yoshiko, Kotani, Ayumi, Kowalski, Andrew S., Kruijt, Bart, Kurbatova, Julia, Kutsch, Werner L., Kwon, Hyojung, Launiainen, Samuli, Laurila, Tuomas, Law, Bev, Leuning, Ray, Li, Yingniam, Liddell, Michael, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lion, Marryanna, Liska, Adam J., Lohila, Annalea, López-Ballesteros, Ana, López-Blanco, Efrén, Loubet, Benjamin, Loustau, Denis, Lucas-Moffat, Antje, Lüers, Johannes, Ma, Siyan, Macfarlane, Craig, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Maier, Regine, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marcolla, Barbara, Margolis, Hank, Marras, Serena, Massman, William, Mastepanov, Mikhail, Matamala, Roser, Hatala Matthes, Jaclyn, Mazzenga, Francesco, McCaughey, Harry, McHugh, Ian, McMillan, Andrew M. S., Merbold, Lutz, Meyer, Wayne, Meyers, Tilden, Miller, Scott, Minerbi, Stefano, Moderow, Uta, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moore, Caitlin E., Moors, Eddy J., Moreaux, Virginie, Moureaux, Christine, Munger, J. William, Nakai, Taro, Neirynck, Johan, Nesic, Zoran, Nicolini, Giacomo, Noormets, Asko, Northwood, Matthew, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, and et al.

Abstract

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.

Published
2020

3. Influence of land degradation on ventilation and pressure tidal effect in the CO2 exchange: Evidence from two semi-arid grasslands in the southeast of Spain

Author

Moya, M. Rosario, Pérez Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique, Kowalski, Andrew S., Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope, López-Ballesteros, Ana, Oyonarte, Cecilio, Solé-Benet, Albert, Domingo, Francisco, Moya, M. Rosario, Pérez Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique, Kowalski, Andrew S., Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope, López-Ballesteros, Ana, Oyonarte, Cecilio, Solé-Benet, Albert, and Domingo, Francisco

Published
2019

4. CO 2 Dynamics Are Strongly Influenced by Low Frequency Atmospheric Pressure Changes in Semiarid Grasslands

Author

European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Universidad de Granada, Moya, M. Rosario, Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Vargas, R., López-Ballesteros, Ana, Oyonarte, Cecilio, Kowalski, Andrew S., Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope, Domingo, Francisco, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Universidad de Granada, Moya, M. Rosario, Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Vargas, R., López-Ballesteros, Ana, Oyonarte, Cecilio, Kowalski, Andrew S., Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope, and Domingo, Francisco

Abstract

Due to their large carbon storage capacity and ability to exchange subterranean CO with the atmosphere, soils are key components in the carbon balance in semi-arid ecosystems. Most studies have focused on shallow (e.g., <30 cm depth) soil CO dynamics neglecting processes in deeper soil layers where highly CO -enriched air can be stored or transported through soil pores and fissures. Here, we examine the relationship among variations in subterranean CO molar fraction, volumetric water content, soil temperature and atmospheric pressure during three years within soil profiles (0.15, 0.50, and 1.50 m depths) in two semi-arid grasslands located in southeastern Spain. We applied a wavelet coherence analysis to study the temporal variability and temporal correlation between the CO molar fraction and its covariates (soil temperature, soil moisture and atmospheric pressure). Our results show that CO dynamics are strongly influenced by changes in atmospheric pressure from semidiurnal, diurnal and synoptic to monthly time-scales for all soil depths. In contrast, only weak daily dependencies were found at the surface level (0.15 m) regarding soil temperature and volumetric water content. Atmospheric pressure changes substantially influence variations in the CO content (with daily fluctuations of up to 2000 ppm) denoting transportation through soil layers. These results provide insights into the importance of subterranean storage and non-diffusive gas transport that could influence soil CO efflux rates, processes that are not considered when applying the flux-gradient approach and, which can be especially important in ecosystems with high air permeability between the unsaturated porous media and the atmosphere.

Published
2019

5. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange in an irrigated olive orchard of SE Spain: Influence of weed cover

Author

Junta de Andalucía, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Chamizo, Sonia, Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope, López-Ballesteros, Ana, Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Vicente-Vicente, José Luis, Kowalski, Andrew S., Junta de Andalucía, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Chamizo, Sonia, Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope, López-Ballesteros, Ana, Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Vicente-Vicente, José Luis, and Kowalski, Andrew S.

Abstract

No-till management and the establishment of plant cover have been implemented in olive crops in recent years in order to prevent soil erosion and increase soil organic carbon. However, the effect of these conservation practices on the net CO2 exchange at the ecosystem scale has not been explored so far. In this study, we analyze the influence of resident vegetation cover (hereafter weeds) on the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) in an irrigated olive orchard located in Jaén (SE Spain) by using the eddy covariance technique. NEE was measured in the olive orchard under two treatments, one with weed cover in the alleys from autumn to spring, and another where weed growth was avoided by the application of a glyphosate herbicide. Our study demonstrates that the presence of weeds in the alleys increased carbon assimilation in the weed-cover treatment during the weed growing period (from December to April). However, the net ecosystem CO2 uptake decreased in the weed-cover treatment during late spring (May and June), after weeds were cut and left on the soil, compared to the weed-free treatment, probably due to an increase in soil respiration. On an annual basis, weed removal decreased net carbon uptake by 50% compared to the weed-cover treatment. The annual NEE was −140 g C m−2 y−1 in the weed-cover treatment and −70 g C m−2 y−1 in the weed-free treatment. In summary, our study demonstrates that, during the first year of differential treatment, maintenance of weed cover in olive groves has a positive effect on CO2 uptake and enhances the capacity of the agro-system to act as a net CO2 sink.

Published
2017

6. Winds induce CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and vadose zone transport in a karstic ecosystem

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Oyonarte, Cecilio, Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope, Curiel Yuste, Jorge, Pérez-Priego, Óscar, Domingo, Francisco, Kowalski, Andrew S., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Oyonarte, Cecilio, Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope, Curiel Yuste, Jorge, Pérez-Priego, Óscar, Domingo, Francisco, and Kowalski, Andrew S.

Abstract

Research on the subterranean CO dynamics has focused individually on either surface soils or bedrock cavities, neglecting the interaction of both systems as a whole. In this regard, the vadose zone contains CO-enriched air (ca. 5% by volume) in the first meters, and its exchange with the atmosphere can represent from 10 to 90% of total ecosystem CO emissions. Despite its importance, to date still lacking are reliable and robust databases of vadose zone CO contents that would improve knowledge of seasonal-annual aboveground-belowground CO balances. Here we study 2.5 years of vadose zone CO dynamics in a semiarid ecosystem. The experimental design includes an integrative approach to continuously measure CO in vertical and horizontal soil profiles, following gradients from surface to deep horizons and from areas of net biological CO production (under plants) to areas of lowest CO production (bare soil), as well as a bedrock borehole representing karst cavities and ecosystem-scale exchanges. We found that CO followed similar seasonal patterns for the different layers, with the maximum seasonal values of CO delayed with depth (deeper more delayed). However, the behavior of CO transport differed markedly among layers. Advective transport driven by wind induced CO emission both in surface soil and bedrock, but with negligible effect on subsurface soil, which appears to act as a buffer impeding rapid CO exchanges. Our study provides the first evidence of enrichment of CO under plant, hypothesizing that CO-rich air could come from root zone or by transport from deepest layers through cracks and fissures.

Published
2016

7. Aboveground respiratory CO2 effluxes from olive trees (Olea europaea L.)

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Junta de Andalucía, Pérez-Priego, Óscar, Testi, Luca, Kowalski, Andrew S., Villalobos, Francisco J., Orgaz Rosua, Francisco, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Junta de Andalucía, Pérez-Priego, Óscar, Testi, Luca, Kowalski, Andrew S., Villalobos, Francisco J., and Orgaz Rosua, Francisco

Abstract

The accurate assessment of respiration by woody vegetation, still a challenge in plant productivity models, is generally a problem of correctly scaling-up the process from organs to the whole plant. We used a large (41.6 m3), canopy chamber to enclose mature olive trees and to measure aboveground respiration (R ag) under natural environmental conditions in an irrigated olive orchard in Córdoba (Spain). The 3-year study assessed nocturnal and seasonal R ag patterns in terms of temperature (T), plant dry matter composition, and phenology. The relative contributions of maintenance and growth respiration to R ag were determined empirically via an independent experiment. Although short-term variations in R ag rates were explained mainly by T variations, over seasonal time-scales this relationship was modulated by the vegetative composition of the olive trees and the contribution of growth respiration to R ag when the plants, in different seasons, allocated most of the new assimilates to actively growing shoots, flowers or fruits. Leaf mass and fruit load were the main determinants of R ag, which was weakly affected by differences in woody biomass since woody tissue respiration accounted for just 15 % of R ag. Respiration in olive trees during fruit setting periods is composed of approximately 30 % growth and 70 % maintenance. This study provides an independent evaluation of how, and to what degree, seasonally varying plant organ composition determines total respiration. Improved modelling of ecosystem respiration can be achieved by accounting for plant biological patterns characterising energy-requiring growth and maintenance processes, since biochemical kinetics alone cannot explain the observed seasonal variability. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Published
2014

8. Atmospheric turbulence triggers pronounced diel pattern in karst carbonate geochemistry

Author

Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Roland, Marilyn, Serrano Ortiz, Penélope, Kowalski, Andrew S., Goddéris, Yves, Pérez Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique, Ciais, Philippe, Domingo Poveda, Francisco, Cuezva Robleño, Soledad, Sánchez Moral, Sergio, Longdoz, Bernard, Yakir, Dan, Van Grieken, René, Schott, Jacques, Cardell Fernández, Carolina, Janssens, Ivan A., Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Roland, Marilyn, Serrano Ortiz, Penélope, Kowalski, Andrew S., Goddéris, Yves, Pérez Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique, Ciais, Philippe, Domingo Poveda, Francisco, Cuezva Robleño, Soledad, Sánchez Moral, Sergio, Longdoz, Bernard, Yakir, Dan, Van Grieken, René, Schott, Jacques, Cardell Fernández, Carolina, and Janssens, Ivan A.

Abstract

CO2 exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is key to understanding the feedbacks between climate change and the land surface. In regions with carbonaceous parent material, CO2 exchange patterns occur that cannot be explained by biological processes, such as disproportionate outgassing during the daytime or nighttime CO2 uptake during periods when all vegetation is senescent. Neither of these phenomena can be attributed to carbonate weathering reactions, since their CO2 exchange rates are too small. Soil ventilation induced by high atmospheric turbulence is found to explain atypical CO2 exchange between carbonaceous systems and the atmosphere. However, by strongly altering subsurface CO2 concentrations, ventilation can be expected to influence carbonate weathering rates. By imposing ventilation-driven CO2 outgassing in a carbonate weathering model, we show here that carbonate geochemistry is accelerated and does play a surprisingly large role in the observed CO2 exchange pattern of a semi-arid ecosystem. We found that by rapidly depleting soil CO2 during the daytime, ventilation disturbs soil carbonate equilibria and therefore strongly magnifies daytime carbonate precipitation and associated CO2 production. At night, ventilation ceases and the depleted CO2 concentrations increase steadily. Dissolution of carbonate is now enhanced, which consumes CO2 and largely compensates for the enhanced daytime carbonate precipitation. This is why only a relatively small effect on global carbonate weathering rates is to be expected. On the short term, however, ventilation has a drastic effect on synoptic carbonate weathering rates, resulting in a pronounced diel pattern that exacerbates the non-biological behavior of soil–atmosphere CO2 exchanges in dry regions with carbonate soils.

Published
2013

9. Atmospheric turbulence triggers pronounced diel pattern in karst carbonate geochemistry

Author

Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Roland, Marilyn, Serrano Ortiz, Penélope, Kowalski, Andrew S., Goddéris, Yves, Pérez Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique, Ciais, Philippe, Domingo Poveda, Francisco, Cuezva Robleño, Soledad, Sánchez Moral, Sergio, Longdoz, Bernard, Yakir, Dan, Van Grieken, René, Schott, Jacques, Cardell Fernández, Carolina, Janssens, Ivan A., Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Roland, Marilyn, Serrano Ortiz, Penélope, Kowalski, Andrew S., Goddéris, Yves, Pérez Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique, Ciais, Philippe, Domingo Poveda, Francisco, Cuezva Robleño, Soledad, Sánchez Moral, Sergio, Longdoz, Bernard, Yakir, Dan, Van Grieken, René, Schott, Jacques, Cardell Fernández, Carolina, and Janssens, Ivan A.

Abstract

CO2 exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is key to understanding the feedbacks between climate change and the land surface. In regions with carbonaceous parent material, CO2 exchange patterns occur that cannot be explained by biological processes, such as disproportionate outgassing during the daytime or nighttime CO2 uptake during periods when all vegetation is senescent. Neither of these phenomena can be attributed to carbonate weathering reactions, since their CO2 exchange rates are too small. Soil ventilation induced by high atmospheric turbulence is found to explain atypical CO2 exchange between carbonaceous systems and the atmosphere. However, by strongly altering subsurface CO2 concentrations, ventilation can be expected to influence carbonate weathering rates. By imposing ventilation-driven CO2 outgassing in a carbonate weathering model, we show here that carbonate geochemistry is accelerated and does play a surprisingly large role in the observed CO2 exchange pattern of a semi-arid ecosystem. We found that by rapidly depleting soil CO2 during the daytime, ventilation disturbs soil carbonate equilibria and therefore strongly magnifies daytime carbonate precipitation and associated CO2 production. At night, ventilation ceases and the depleted CO2 concentrations increase steadily. Dissolution of carbonate is now enhanced, which consumes CO2 and largely compensates for the enhanced daytime carbonate precipitation. This is why only a relatively small effect on global carbonate weathering rates is to be expected. On the short term, however, ventilation has a drastic effect on synoptic carbonate weathering rates, resulting in a pronounced diel pattern that exacerbates the non-biological behavior of soil–atmosphere CO2 exchanges in dry regions with carbonate soils.

Published
2013

10. Characterization of CO2 exchanges in deep soils and caves and their role in the net ecosystem carbon balance

Author

Domingo Poveda, Francisco, Kowalski, Andrew S., Serrano Ortíz, Penélope, Pérez Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique, Domingo Poveda, Francisco, Kowalski, Andrew S., Serrano Ortíz, Penélope, and Pérez Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique

Abstract

This Thesis arises to response to the anomalous CO2 fluxes detected by the Eddy towers located on two carbonate and semiarid sites in the south-east of Spain. In the soil-atmosphere CO2 exchanges in both El Llano de los Juanes in the Sierra de Gádor and also Balsa Blanca located in the Natural Park of Cabo de Gata-Nijar (Almeria province), significant CO2 emissions to the atmosphere were detected. These emissions could only come from the soil and not from the vegetation, occurring as they did mainly during the summer, with senescent vegetation. For this reason, this Thesis focuses on monitoring and characterization of the soil, distinguishing which are the main factors implicated in CO2 exchanges with the atmosphere. For the characterization and monitoring of subterranean CO2 soil CO2 profiles were established in both experimental sites with sensors installed at three different depths (0.15, 0.5 and 1.5 m). Furthermore, in El Llano de los Juanes sensors were installed at 0.25 m depth and in a borehole of 7 m depth, which was sealed from the surface to simulate a karst cave. With the first CO2 data obtained from the borehole, we realized that the deep soil could store large amounts of CO2, because in the first 7 meters we recorded values of up to 18000 ppm. Since we were interested in determining the factors involved in CO2 ventilation from soils and particularly in karstic areas containing numerous cavities, we launched an examination of the literature regarding cave ventilation.

Published
2013

11. Can flux tower research neglect geochemical CO2 exchange?

Author

Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, CICYT (España), Junta de Andalucía, Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada, Instituto del Agua (España), Kowalski, Andrew S., Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope, Janssens, Ivan, Sánchez-Moral, Sergio, Cuezva, Soledad, Domingo, Francisco, Were, Ana, Alados-Arboledas, Lucas, Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, CICYT (España), Junta de Andalucía, Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada, Instituto del Agua (España), Kowalski, Andrew S., Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope, Janssens, Ivan, Sánchez-Moral, Sergio, Cuezva, Soledad, Domingo, Francisco, Were, Ana, and Alados-Arboledas, Lucas

Abstract

This study examines the hypothesis that surface-atmosphere exchange of CO2 in terrestrial ecosystems always can be interpreted purely in terms of biological processes, neglecting geochemical cycling by karst systems that characterize 22 million km2 in the world [Yuan Daoxian, G., 1997. The carbon cycle in karst, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 108 (Supplementbände), 91-102]. Eddy covariance data of net CO2 fluxes are examined for two ecosystems over karstic substrates in contrasting climates in the North and South of Spain. A semi-arid matorral is found to behave similarly to previously studied ecosystems when well watered, but sizeable mid-day CO2 emissions during extended drought and plant senescence are found to be incompatible with ecophysiological interpretations of the flux. For a temperate pasture overlying an accessible cave, afternoon CO2 emissions in summer are likewise inexplicable in a biological context, but coincide with periods when ventilation is observed inside the subterranean cavity. These results suggest direct linkages at times in CO2 exchanges among atmosphere, ecosystems, and carbonate substrates which represent more than a tenth of the Earth's land surface. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2008

12. Phase and amplitude of ecosystem carbon release and uptake potentials as derived from FLUXNET measurements

Author

Falge, Eva, Tenhunen, John, Baldocchi, Dennis D, Aubinet, Marc, Bakwin, Peter, Berbigier, Paul, Bernhofer, Christian, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Burba, George, Clement, Robert, Davis, Kenneth J., Elbers, Jan A., Falk, Matthias, Goldstein, Allen H., Grelle, Achim, Granier, Andre, Grunwald, Thomas, Gundmondsson, Jon, Hollinger, David, Janssens, Ivan A., Keronen, Petri, Kowalski, Andrew S., Katul, Gabriel, Law, Beverly E., Malhi, Yadvinder, Meyers, Tilden, Monson, Russell K., Moors, Eddy, Munger, J. William, Oechel, Walt, Paw U, KyawTha, Pilegaard, Kim, Rannik, Ullar, Rebmann, Corinna, Suyker, Andrew E., Thorgeirsson, Halldor, Tirone, Giampiero, Turnipseed, Andrew, Wilson, Kell, Wofsy, Steve, Falge, Eva, Tenhunen, John, Baldocchi, Dennis D, Aubinet, Marc, Bakwin, Peter, Berbigier, Paul, Bernhofer, Christian, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Burba, George, Clement, Robert, Davis, Kenneth J., Elbers, Jan A., Falk, Matthias, Goldstein, Allen H., Grelle, Achim, Granier, Andre, Grunwald, Thomas, Gundmondsson, Jon, Hollinger, David, Janssens, Ivan A., Keronen, Petri, Kowalski, Andrew S., Katul, Gabriel, Law, Beverly E., Malhi, Yadvinder, Meyers, Tilden, Monson, Russell K., Moors, Eddy, Munger, J. William, Oechel, Walt, Paw U, KyawTha, Pilegaard, Kim, Rannik, Ullar, Rebmann, Corinna, Suyker, Andrew E., Thorgeirsson, Halldor, Tirone, Giampiero, Turnipseed, Andrew, Wilson, Kell, and Wofsy, Steve

Abstract

As length and timing of the growing season are major factors explaining differences in carbon exchange of ecosystems, we analyzed seasonal patterns of net ecosystem carbon exchange (FNEE) using eddy covariance data of the FLUXNET data base (http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/FLUXNET). The study included boreal and temperate, deciduous and coniferous forests, Mediterranean evergreen systems, rainforest, native and managed temperate grasslands, tundra, and C3 and C4 crops. Generalization of seasonal patterns are useful for identifying functional vegetation types for global dynamic vegetation models, as well as for global inversion studies, and can help improve phenological modules in SVAT or biogeochemical models. The results of this study have important validation potential for global carbon cycle modeling. The phasing of respiratory and assimilatory capacity differed within forest types: for temperate coniferous forests seasonal uptake and release capacities are in phase, for temperate deciduous and boreal coniferous forests, releasewas delayed compared to uptake. According to seasonal pattern of maximum nighttime release (evaluated over 15-day periods, Fmax) the study sites can be grouped in four classes: (1) boreal and high altitude conifers and grasslands; (2) temperate deciduous and temperate conifers; (3) tundra and crops; (4) evergreen Mediterranean and tropical forests. Similar results are found for maximum daytime uptake (Fmin) and the integral net carbon flux, but temperate deciduous forests fall into class 1. For forests, seasonal amplitudes of Fmax and Fmin increased in the order tropical < Mediterranean and temperate coniferous < temperate deciduous and boreal forests, and the pattern seems relatively stable for these groups. The seasonal amplitudes of Fmax and Fmin are largest for managed grasslands and crops. Largest observed values of Fmin varied between −48 and −2μmolm-2 s-1, decreasing in the order C4-crops > C3-crops > temperate deciduous forests > tempera

Published
2002

13. Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production as derived from FLUXNET measurements

Author

Falge, Eva, Baldocchi, Dennis D., Tenhunen, John, Aubinet, Marc, Bakwin, Peter, Berbigier, Paul, Bernhofer, Christian, Burba, George, Clement, Robert, Davis, Kenneth J., Elbers, Jan A., Goldstein, Allen H., Grelle, Achim, Granier, Andre, Gundmundsson, Jon, Hollinger, David, Kowalski, Andrew S., Katul, Gabriel, Law, Beverly E., Malhi, Yadvinder, Meyers, Tilden, Monson, Russell K., Munger, J. William, Oechel, Walt, Paw U, Kyaw Tha, Pilegaard, Kim, Rannik, Ullar, Rebmann, Corinna, Suyker, Andrew E., Valentini, Riccardo, Wilson, Kell, Wofsy, Steve, Falge, Eva, Baldocchi, Dennis D., Tenhunen, John, Aubinet, Marc, Bakwin, Peter, Berbigier, Paul, Bernhofer, Christian, Burba, George, Clement, Robert, Davis, Kenneth J., Elbers, Jan A., Goldstein, Allen H., Grelle, Achim, Granier, Andre, Gundmundsson, Jon, Hollinger, David, Kowalski, Andrew S., Katul, Gabriel, Law, Beverly E., Malhi, Yadvinder, Meyers, Tilden, Monson, Russell K., Munger, J. William, Oechel, Walt, Paw U, Kyaw Tha, Pilegaard, Kim, Rannik, Ullar, Rebmann, Corinna, Suyker, Andrew E., Valentini, Riccardo, Wilson, Kell, and Wofsy, Steve

Abstract

Differences in the seasonal pattern of assimilatory and respiratory processes are responsible for divergences in seasonal net carbon exchange among ecosystems. Using FLUXNET data (http://www.eosdis.ornl.gov/FLUXNET) we have analyzed seasonal patterns of gross primary productivity (FGPP), and ecosystem respiration (FRE) of boreal and temperate, deciduous and coniferous forests, Mediterranean evergreen systems, a rainforest, temperate grasslands, and C3 and C4 crops. Based on generalized seasonal patterns classifications of ecosystems into vegetation functional types can be evaluated for use in global productivity and climate change models. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of respiratory costs of assimilated carbon in various ecosystems. Seasonal variability of FGPP and FRE of the investigated sites increased in the order tropical < Mediterranean < temperate coniferous < temperate deciduous < boreal forests. Together with the boreal forest sites, the managed grasslands and crops show the largest seasonal variability. In the temperate coniferous forests, seasonal patterns of FGPP and FRE are in phase, in the temperate deciduous and boreal coniferous forests FRE was delayed compared to FGPP, resulting in the greatest imbalance between respiratory and assimilatory fluxes early in the growing season. FGPP adjusted for the length of the carbon uptake period decreased at the sampling sites across functional types in the order C4 crops, temperate and boreal deciduous forests (7.5–8.3 g Cm−2 per day) > temperate conifers, C3 grassland and crops (5.7–6.9g Cm−2 per day) > boreal conifers (4.6 g Cm−2 per day). Annual FGPP and net ecosystem productivity (FNEP) decreased across climate zones in the order tropical > temperate > boreal. However, the decrease in FNEP with latitude was greater than the decrease in FGPP, indicating a larger contribution of respiratory (especially heterotrophic) processes in boreal systems.

Published
2002

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