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1. Patrilocality and hunter-gatherer-related ancestry of populations in East-Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age

Author

Chyleński, Maciej, Makarowicz, Przemyslaw, Juras, Anna, Krzewińska, Maja, Pospieszny, Łukasz, Ehler, Edvard, Breszka, Agnieszka, Górski, Jacek, Taras, Halina, Szczepanek, Anita, Polańska, Marta, Włodarczak, Piotr, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Wójcik, Irena, Romaniszyn, Jan, Szmyt, Marzena, Kośko, Aleksander, Ignaczak, Marcin, Sadowski, Sylwester, Matoga, Andrzej, Grossman, Anna, Ilchyshyn, Vasyl, Yahodinska, Maryna O., Romańska, Adriana, Tunia, Krzysztof, Przybyła, Marcin, Grygiel, Ryszard, Szostek, Krzysztof, Dabert, Miroslawa, Götherström, Anders, Jakobsson, Mattias, Malmström, Helena, Chyleński, Maciej, Makarowicz, Przemyslaw, Juras, Anna, Krzewińska, Maja, Pospieszny, Łukasz, Ehler, Edvard, Breszka, Agnieszka, Górski, Jacek, Taras, Halina, Szczepanek, Anita, Polańska, Marta, Włodarczak, Piotr, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Wójcik, Irena, Romaniszyn, Jan, Szmyt, Marzena, Kośko, Aleksander, Ignaczak, Marcin, Sadowski, Sylwester, Matoga, Andrzej, Grossman, Anna, Ilchyshyn, Vasyl, Yahodinska, Maryna O., Romańska, Adriana, Tunia, Krzysztof, Przybyła, Marcin, Grygiel, Ryszard, Szostek, Krzysztof, Dabert, Miroslawa, Götherström, Anders, Jakobsson, Mattias, and Malmström, Helena

Abstract

The demographic history of East-Central Europe after the Neolithic period remains poorly explored, despite this region being on the confluence of various ecological zones and cultural entities. Here, the descendants of societies associated with steppe pastoralists form Early Bronze Age were followed by Middle Bronze Age populations displaying unique characteristics. Particularly, the predominance of collective burials, the scale of which, was previously seen only in the Neolithic. The extent to which this re-emergence of older traditions is a result of genetic shift or social changes in the MBA is a subject of debate. Here by analysing 91 newly generated genomes from Bronze Age individuals from present Poland and Ukraine, we discovered that Middle Bronze Age populations were formed by an additional admixture event involving a population with relatively high proportions of genetic component associated with European hunter-gatherers and that their social structure was based on, primarily patrilocal, multigenerational kin-groups.

Published
2023
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2. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes.

Author

Librado, Pablo, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A, Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A, Kovalev, Alexey A, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Al-Rasheid, Khaled AS, Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-Del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G, Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E, Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E, Anisimov, Mikhail A, Nikolskiy, Pavel A, Pavlova, Elena Y, Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N, Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A, Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Librado, Pablo, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A, Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A, Kovalev, Alexey A, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Al-Rasheid, Khaled AS, Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-Del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G, Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E, Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E, Anisimov, Mikhail A, Nikolskiy, Pavel A, Pavlova, Elena Y, Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N, Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A, Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, and Zhumatayev, Rinat

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2-4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture11,12.

Published
2021

3. The Origins and Spread of Domestic Horses from the Western Eurasian Steppes

Author

Librado, P., Khan, N., Fages, A., Kusliy, M. A., Suchan, T., Tonasso-Calvière, L., Schiavinato, S., Alioglu, D., Fromentier, A., Perdereau, A., Aury, J. -M., Gaunitz, C., Chauvey, L., Seguin-Orlando, A., Der Sarkissian, C., Southon, J., Shapiro, B., Tishkin, A. A., Kovalev, A. A., Alquraishi, S., Alfarhan, A. H., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S., Seregély, T., Klassen, L., Iversen, R., Bignon-Lau, O., Bodu, P., Olive, M., Castel, J. -C., Boudadi-Maligne, M., Alvarez, N., Germonpré, M., Moskal-del Hoyo, M., Wilczyński, J., Pospuła, S., Lasota-Kuś, A., Tunia, K., Nowak, M., Rannamäe, E., Saarma, U., Boeskorov, G., Lōugas, L., Kyselý, R., Peške, L., Bălășescu, A., Dumitrașcu, V., Dobrescu, R., Gerber, D., Kiss, V., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Mende, B. G., Gallina, Z., Somogyi, K., Kulcsár, G., Gál, E., Bendrey, R., Allentoft, M. E., Sirbu, G., Dergachev, V., Shephard, H., Tomadini, N., Grouard, S., Kasparov, A., Basilyan, A. E., Anisimov, M. A., Nikolskiy, P. A., Pavlova, E. Y., Pitulko, V., Brem, G., Wallner, B., Schwall, C., Keller, M., Kitagawa, K., Bessudnov, A. N., Bessudnov, A., Taylor, W., Magail, J., Gantulga, J. -O., Bayarsaikhan, J., Erdenebaatar, D., Tabaldiev, K., Mijiddorj, E., Boldgiv, B., Tsagaan, T., Pruvost, M., Olsen, S., Makarewicz, C. A., Valenzuela Lamas, S., Albizuri Canadell, S., Nieto Espinet, A., Iborra, M. P., Lira Garrido, J., Rodríguez González, E., Celestino, S., Olària, C., Arsuaga, J. L., Kotova, N., Pryor, A., Crabtree, P., Zhumatayev, R., Toleubaev, A., Morgunova, N. L., Kuznetsova, T., Lordkipanize, D., Marzullo, M., Prato, O., Bagnasco Gianni, G., Tecchiati, U., Clavel, B., Lepetz, S., Davoudi, H., Mashkour, M., Berezina, N. Y., Stockhammer, P. W., Krause, J., Haak, W., Morales-Muñiz, A., Benecke, N., Hofreiter, M., Ludwig, A., Graphodatsky, A. S., Peters, J., Kiryushin, K. Y., Iderkhangai, T. -O., Bokovenko, N. A., Vasiliev, S. K., Seregin, N. N., Chugunov, K. V., Plasteeva, N. A., Baryshnikov, G. F., Petrova, E., Sablin, M., Ananyevskaya, E., Logvin, A., Shevnina, I., Logvin, V., Kalieva, S., Loman, V., Kukushkin, I., Merz, I., Merz, V., Sakenov, S., Varfolomeyev, V., Usmanova, E., Zaibert, V., Arbuckle, B., Belinskiy, A. B., Kalmykov, A., Reinhold, S., Hansen, S., Yudin, A. I., Vybornov, A. A., Epimakhov, A., Berezina, N. S., Roslyakova, N., Kosintsev, P. A., Kuznetsov, P. F., Anthony, D., Kroonen, G. J., Kristiansen, K., Wincker, P., Outram, A., Orlando, L., Librado, P., Khan, N., Fages, A., Kusliy, M. A., Suchan, T., Tonasso-Calvière, L., Schiavinato, S., Alioglu, D., Fromentier, A., Perdereau, A., Aury, J. -M., Gaunitz, C., Chauvey, L., Seguin-Orlando, A., Der Sarkissian, C., Southon, J., Shapiro, B., Tishkin, A. A., Kovalev, A. A., Alquraishi, S., Alfarhan, A. H., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S., Seregély, T., Klassen, L., Iversen, R., Bignon-Lau, O., Bodu, P., Olive, M., Castel, J. -C., Boudadi-Maligne, M., Alvarez, N., Germonpré, M., Moskal-del Hoyo, M., Wilczyński, J., Pospuła, S., Lasota-Kuś, A., Tunia, K., Nowak, M., Rannamäe, E., Saarma, U., Boeskorov, G., Lōugas, L., Kyselý, R., Peške, L., Bălășescu, A., Dumitrașcu, V., Dobrescu, R., Gerber, D., Kiss, V., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Mende, B. G., Gallina, Z., Somogyi, K., Kulcsár, G., Gál, E., Bendrey, R., Allentoft, M. E., Sirbu, G., Dergachev, V., Shephard, H., Tomadini, N., Grouard, S., Kasparov, A., Basilyan, A. E., Anisimov, M. A., Nikolskiy, P. A., Pavlova, E. Y., Pitulko, V., Brem, G., Wallner, B., Schwall, C., Keller, M., Kitagawa, K., Bessudnov, A. N., Bessudnov, A., Taylor, W., Magail, J., Gantulga, J. -O., Bayarsaikhan, J., Erdenebaatar, D., Tabaldiev, K., Mijiddorj, E., Boldgiv, B., Tsagaan, T., Pruvost, M., Olsen, S., Makarewicz, C. A., Valenzuela Lamas, S., Albizuri Canadell, S., Nieto Espinet, A., Iborra, M. P., Lira Garrido, J., Rodríguez González, E., Celestino, S., Olària, C., Arsuaga, J. L., Kotova, N., Pryor, A., Crabtree, P., Zhumatayev, R., Toleubaev, A., Morgunova, N. L., Kuznetsova, T., Lordkipanize, D., Marzullo, M., Prato, O., Bagnasco Gianni, G., Tecchiati, U., Clavel, B., Lepetz, S., Davoudi, H., Mashkour, M., Berezina, N. Y., Stockhammer, P. W., Krause, J., Haak, W., Morales-Muñiz, A., Benecke, N., Hofreiter, M., Ludwig, A., Graphodatsky, A. S., Peters, J., Kiryushin, K. Y., Iderkhangai, T. -O., Bokovenko, N. A., Vasiliev, S. K., Seregin, N. N., Chugunov, K. V., Plasteeva, N. A., Baryshnikov, G. F., Petrova, E., Sablin, M., Ananyevskaya, E., Logvin, A., Shevnina, I., Logvin, V., Kalieva, S., Loman, V., Kukushkin, I., Merz, I., Merz, V., Sakenov, S., Varfolomeyev, V., Usmanova, E., Zaibert, V., Arbuckle, B., Belinskiy, A. B., Kalmykov, A., Reinhold, S., Hansen, S., Yudin, A. I., Vybornov, A. A., Epimakhov, A., Berezina, N. S., Roslyakova, N., Kosintsev, P. A., Kuznetsov, P. F., Anthony, D., Kroonen, G. J., Kristiansen, K., Wincker, P., Outram, A., and Orlando, L.

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12. © 2021, The Author(s).

Published
2021

4. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes.

Author

Librado, Pablo, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A, Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A, Kovalev, Alexey A, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Al-Rasheid, Khaled AS, Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-Del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G, Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E, Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E, Anisimov, Mikhail A, Nikolskiy, Pavel A, Pavlova, Elena Y, Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N, Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A, Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Librado, Pablo, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A, Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A, Kovalev, Alexey A, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Al-Rasheid, Khaled AS, Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-Del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G, Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E, Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E, Anisimov, Mikhail A, Nikolskiy, Pavel A, Pavlova, Elena Y, Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N, Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A, Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, and Zhumatayev, Rinat

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2-4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture11,12.

Published
2021

5. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Author

Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Morgunova, Nina L., Kuznetsova, Tatiana, Lordkipanize, David, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus J., Kristiansen, Kristian, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan, Orlando, Ludovic, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Morgunova, Nina L., Kuznetsova, Tatiana, Lordkipanize, David, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus J., Kristiansen, Kristian, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan, and Orlando, Ludovic

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12., Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12.

Published
2021

6. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Author

Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Morgunova, Nina L., Kuznetsova, Tatiana, Lordkipanize, David, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus J., Kristiansen, Kristian, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan, Orlando, Ludovic, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Morgunova, Nina L., Kuznetsova, Tatiana, Lordkipanize, David, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus J., Kristiansen, Kristian, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan, and Orlando, Ludovic

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12., Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12.

Published
2021

7. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Author

Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan,Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean‐Marc, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lõugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Mende, Balazs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Morgunova, Nina L., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Kuznetsova, Tatyana V., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Lordkipanidze, David, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Marzullo, Matilde, Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri, Silvia, Nieto-Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra Eres, María Pilar, Lira, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino Pérez, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Prato, Ornella, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Gaunitz, Charleen, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Chauvey, Lorelei, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Sarkissian, Clio Der, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Southon, John, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus, Kristiansen, Kristian, Shapiro, Beth, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan K., Orlando, Ludovic, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Álvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan,Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean‐Marc, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lõugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Mende, Balazs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Morgunova, Nina L., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Kuznetsova, Tatyana V., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Lordkipanidze, David, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Marzullo, Matilde, Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri, Silvia, Nieto-Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra Eres, María Pilar, Lira, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino Pérez, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Prato, Ornella, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Gaunitz, Charleen, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Chauvey, Lorelei, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Sarkissian, Clio Der, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Southon, John, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus, Kristiansen, Kristian, Shapiro, Beth, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan K., Orlando, Ludovic, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Álvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, and Tunia, Krzysztof

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture.

Published
2021

8. Mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Poland reveal genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic and additional genetic affinities with the steppe populations

Author

Juras, Anna, Makarowicz, Przemysław, Chyleński, Maciej, Ehler, Edvard, Malmström, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Pospieszny, Łukasz, Górski, Jacek, Taras, Halina, Szczepanek, Anita, Polańska, Marta, Włodarczak, Piotr, Szyca, Agnieszka, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Wójcik, Irena, Jakobsson, Mattias, Dabert, Miroslawa, Juras, Anna, Makarowicz, Przemysław, Chyleński, Maciej, Ehler, Edvard, Malmström, Helena, Krzewińska, Maja, Pospieszny, Łukasz, Górski, Jacek, Taras, Halina, Szczepanek, Anita, Polańska, Marta, Włodarczak, Piotr, Szyca, Agnieszka, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Wójcik, Irena, Jakobsson, Mattias, and Dabert, Miroslawa

Abstract

Objective: In this work we aim to investigate the origins and genetic affinities of Bronze Age populations (2,400-1,100 BC) from the region of southern Poland and to trace maternal kinship patterns present in the burials of those populations by the use of complete mitochondrial genomes. Materials and methods: We performed ancient DNA analyses for Bronze Age individuals from present-day Poland associated with the Strzy(z) over dotow culture, the Mierzanowice culture, and the Trzciniec Cultural circle. To obtain complete mitochondrial genomes, we sequenced genomic libraries using Illumina platform. Additionally, hybridization capture was used to enrich some of the samples for mitochondrial DNA. AMS C-14-dating was conducted for 51 individuals to verify chronological and cultural attribution of the analyzed samples. Results: Complete ancient mitochondrial genomes were generated for 80 of the Bronze Age individuals from present-day Poland. The results of the population genetic analyses indicate close maternal genetic affinity between Mierzanowice, Trzciniec, and Corded Ware culture-associated populations. This is in contrast to the genetically more distant Strzy(z) over dotow people that displayed closer maternal genetic relation to steppe populations associated with the preceding Yamnaya culture and Catacomb culture, and with later Scythians. Potential maternal kinship relations were identified in burials of Mierzanowice and Trzciniec populations analyzed in this study. Discussion: Results revealed genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic Corded Ware groups to Bronze Age Mierzanowice and Trzciniec-associated populations, and possible additional genetic contribution from the steppe to the formation of the Strzy(z) over dotow-associated group at the end of 3rd millennium BC. Mitochondrial patterns indicated several pairs of potentially maternally related individuals mostly in Trzciniec-associated group.

Published
2020
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