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Understanding actors’ perceptions of quotas provides an indication of how debate and action relating to board gender composition in Australia may progress. This research investigates actors’ attitudes towards gender quotas for corporate boards in Australia. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 27 actors including ASX 200 directors, civil servants, investors, journalists, executive search firms, shareholder, and advocacy organisations. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview data. The research uncovered a stark polarisation between actors “for” and “against” board gender quotas. Quotas remain an emotive topic where actors appear to find reasoned debate and discussion difficult.

Healthcare and disability support services are increasing their efforts towards inclusion and recognising the needs of different groups. This research project was conducted by academic and peer researchers (LGBTIQA+ people with disability) in Victoria, Australia using four focus groups with LGBTIQA+ people with disability. We report on two overarching themes relating to participants’ experiences of accessing health services as LGBTIQA+ people with disability: difficulties in managing multiple identities and the impacts of community services and supports. Participants described having to repeatedly ‘come out’ in a range of ways and contexts as complex and layered processes in which it was difficult to present their full range of needs and experiences to services. We also found that the role of community in promoting a sense of belonging and resilience increased capacity to manage health service use and advocacy. Services and communities aiming to be inclusive to all have the opportunity to recognise and respond to the issues faced by LGBTIQA+ people with disability as a way to pay attention to how overt and subtle practices of discrimination continue to operate despite repeated attempts at or claims of being ‘inclusive.’ Our research suggests actual inclusive, accessible services can be achieved in part through policy and practice that actively responds to the specific needs of LGBTIQA+ people with disability, in addition to LGBTIQA+ education for disability services and disability and accessibility education for LGBTIQA+ focused services. As we do in this article, we argue that this work must be done by prioritising authentic participation of LGBTIQA+ people with disability in the services and research that is about them.

This paper presents a novel approach for hydromechanical modelling of fractured rocks by linking a finite-discrete element solid model with a control volume-finite element fluid model based on an immersed-body approach. The adaptive meshing capability permits flow within/near fractures to be accurately captured by locally-refined mesh. The model is validated against analytical solutions for single-phase flow through a smooth/rough fracture and reported numerical solutions for multi-phase flow through intersecting fractures. Examples of modelling single- and multi-phase flows through fracture networks under in situ stresses are further presented, illustrating the important geomechanical effects on the hydrological behaviour of fractured porous media.

This paper presents a novel approach for hydromechanical modelling of fractured rocks by linking a finite-discrete element solid model with a control volume-finite element fluid model based on an immersed-body approach. The adaptive meshing capability permits flow within/near fractures to be accurately captured by locally-refined mesh. The model is validated against analytical solutions for single-phase flow through a smooth/rough fracture and reported numerical solutions for multi-phase flow through intersecting fractures. Examples of modelling single- and multi-phase flows through fracture networks under in situ stresses are further presented, illustrating the important geomechanical effects on the hydrological behaviour of fractured porous media.

This paper presents a novel approach for hydromechanical modelling of fractured rocks by linking a finite-discrete element solid model with a control volume-finite element fluid model based on an immersed-body approach. The adaptive meshing capability permits flow within/near fractures to be accurately captured by locally-refined mesh. The model is validated against analytical solutions for single-phase flow through a smooth/rough fracture and reported numerical solutions for multi-phase flow through intersecting fractures. Examples of modelling single- and multi-phase flows through fracture networks under in situ stresses are further presented, illustrating the important geomechanical effects on the hydrological behaviour of fractured porous media.

This paper presents a novel approach for hydromechanical modelling of fractured rocks by linking a finite-discrete element solid model with a control volume-finite element fluid model based on an immersed-body approach. The adaptive meshing capability permits flow within/near fractures to be accurately captured by locally-refined mesh. The model is validated against analytical solutions for single-phase flow through a smooth/rough fracture and reported numerical solutions for multi-phase flow through intersecting fractures. Examples of modelling single- and multi-phase flows through fracture networks under in situ stresses are further presented, illustrating the important geomechanical effects on the hydrological behaviour of fractured porous media.

This paper presents a novel approach for hydromechanical modelling of fractured rocks by linking a finite-discrete element solid model with a control volume-finite element fluid model based on an immersed-body approach. The adaptive meshing capability permits flow within/near fractures to be accurately captured by locally-refined mesh. The model is validated against analytical solutions for single-phase flow through a smooth/rough fracture and reported numerical solutions for multi-phase flow through intersecting fractures. Examples of modelling single- and multi-phase flows through fracture networks under in situ stresses are further presented, illustrating the important geomechanical effects on the hydrological behaviour of fractured porous media.

New Phytologist Trust Viruses that infect photoautotrophs have a fundamental relationship with light, given the need for host resources. We investigated the role of light on Coccolithovirus (EhV) infection of the globally distributed coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. Light was required for EhV adsorption, and viral production was highest when host cultures were maintained in continuous light or at irradiance levels of 150–300 µmol m-2 s-1. During the early stages of infection, photosynthetic electron transport remained high, while RuBisCO expression decreased concomitant with an induction of the pentose phosphate pathway, the primary source of de novo nucleotides. A mathematical model developed and fitted to the laboratory data supported the hypothesis that EhV replication was controlled by a trade-off between host nucleotide recycling and de novo synthesis, and that photoperiod and photon flux could toggle this switch. Laboratory results supported field observations that light was the most robust driver of EhV replication within E. huxleyi populations collected across a 2000 nautical mile transect in the North Atlantic. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that light can drive host–virus interactions through a mechanistic interplay between host metabolic processes, which serve to structure infection and phytoplankton mortality in the upper ocean.

This paper studies the role of pre-existing fractures in the damage evolution around tunnel excavation in fractured rocks. The length distribution of natural fractures can be described by a power law model, whose exponent a defines the relative proportion of large and small fractures in the system. The larger a is, the higher proportion of small fractures is. A series of two-dimensional discrete fracture networks (DENs) associated with different length exponent a and fracture intensity P-21 is generated to represent various scenarios of distributed preexisting fractures in the rock. The geomechanical behaviour of the fractured rock embedded with DFN geometry in response to isotropic/anisotropic in-situ stress conditions and excavation-induced perturbations is simulated using the hybrid finite-discrete element method (FEMDEM), which can capture the deformation of intact rocks, the interaction of matrix blocks, the displacement of natural fractures, and the propagation of new cracks. An excavation damaged zone (EDZ) develops around the man-made opening as a result of reactivation of preexisting fractures and propagation of wing cracks. The simulation results show that when a is small, the system which is dominated by large fractures can remain stable after excavation given that P-21 is not very high; however, intensive structurally-governed kinematic instability can occur if P-21 is sufficiently high and the fracture spacing is much smaller than the tunnel size. With the increase of a, the system becomes more dominated by small fractures, and the EDZ is mainly created by the coalescence of small fractures near the tunnel boundary. The results of this study have important implications for designing stable underground openings for radioactive waste repositories as well as other engineering facilities that are intended to generate minimal damage in the host rock mass.

This paper studies the role of pre-existing fractures in the damage evolution around tunnel excavation in fractured rocks. The length distribution of natural fractures can be described by a power law model, whose exponent a defines the relative proportion of large and small fractures in the system. The larger a is, the higher proportion of small fractures is. A series of two-dimensional discrete fracture networks (DENs) associated with different length exponent a and fracture intensity P-21 is generated to represent various scenarios of distributed preexisting fractures in the rock. The geomechanical behaviour of the fractured rock embedded with DFN geometry in response to isotropic/anisotropic in-situ stress conditions and excavation-induced perturbations is simulated using the hybrid finite-discrete element method (FEMDEM), which can capture the deformation of intact rocks, the interaction of matrix blocks, the displacement of natural fractures, and the propagation of new cracks. An excavation damaged zone (EDZ) develops around the man-made opening as a result of reactivation of preexisting fractures and propagation of wing cracks. The simulation results show that when a is small, the system which is dominated by large fractures can remain stable after excavation given that P-21 is not very high; however, intensive structurally-governed kinematic instability can occur if P-21 is sufficiently high and the fracture spacing is much smaller than the tunnel size. With the increase of a, the system becomes more dominated by small fractures, and the EDZ is mainly created by the coalescence of small fractures near the tunnel boundary. The results of this study have important implications for designing stable underground openings for radioactive waste repositories as well as other engineering facilities that are intended to generate minimal damage in the host rock mass.

This paper studies the role of pre-existing fractures in the damage evolution around tunnel excavation in fractured rocks. The length distribution of natural fractures can be described by a power law model, whose exponent a defines the relative proportion of large and small fractures in the system. The larger a is, the higher proportion of small fractures is. A series of two-dimensional discrete fracture networks (DENs) associated with different length exponent a and fracture intensity P-21 is generated to represent various scenarios of distributed preexisting fractures in the rock. The geomechanical behaviour of the fractured rock embedded with DFN geometry in response to isotropic/anisotropic in-situ stress conditions and excavation-induced perturbations is simulated using the hybrid finite-discrete element method (FEMDEM), which can capture the deformation of intact rocks, the interaction of matrix blocks, the displacement of natural fractures, and the propagation of new cracks. An excavation damaged zone (EDZ) develops around the man-made opening as a result of reactivation of preexisting fractures and propagation of wing cracks. The simulation results show that when a is small, the system which is dominated by large fractures can remain stable after excavation given that P-21 is not very high; however, intensive structurally-governed kinematic instability can occur if P-21 is sufficiently high and the fracture spacing is much smaller than the tunnel size. With the increase of a, the system becomes more dominated by small fractures, and the EDZ is mainly created by the coalescence of small fractures near the tunnel boundary. The results of this study have important implications for designing stable underground openings for radioactive waste repositories as well as other engineering facilities that are intended to generate minimal damage in the host rock mass.

This paper studies the role of pre-existing fractures in the damage evolution around tunnel excavation in fractured rocks. The length distribution of natural fractures can be described by a power law model, whose exponent a defines the relative proportion of large and small fractures in the system. The larger a is, the higher proportion of small fractures is. A series of two-dimensional discrete fracture networks (DENs) associated with different length exponent a and fracture intensity P-21 is generated to represent various scenarios of distributed preexisting fractures in the rock. The geomechanical behaviour of the fractured rock embedded with DFN geometry in response to isotropic/anisotropic in-situ stress conditions and excavation-induced perturbations is simulated using the hybrid finite-discrete element method (FEMDEM), which can capture the deformation of intact rocks, the interaction of matrix blocks, the displacement of natural fractures, and the propagation of new cracks. An excavation damaged zone (EDZ) develops around the man-made opening as a result of reactivation of preexisting fractures and propagation of wing cracks. The simulation results show that when a is small, the system which is dominated by large fractures can remain stable after excavation given that P-21 is not very high; however, intensive structurally-governed kinematic instability can occur if P-21 is sufficiently high and the fracture spacing is much smaller than the tunnel size. With the increase of a, the system becomes more dominated by small fractures, and the EDZ is mainly created by the coalescence of small fractures near the tunnel boundary. The results of this study have important implications for designing stable underground openings for radioactive waste repositories as well as other engineering facilities that are intended to generate minimal damage in the host rock mass.

This paper studies the role of pre-existing fractures in the damage evolution around tunnel excavation in fractured rocks. The length distribution of natural fractures can be described by a power law model, whose exponent a defines the relative proportion of large and small fractures in the system. The larger a is, the higher proportion of small fractures is. A series of two-dimensional discrete fracture networks (DENs) associated with different length exponent a and fracture intensity P-21 is generated to represent various scenarios of distributed preexisting fractures in the rock. The geomechanical behaviour of the fractured rock embedded with DFN geometry in response to isotropic/anisotropic in-situ stress conditions and excavation-induced perturbations is simulated using the hybrid finite-discrete element method (FEMDEM), which can capture the deformation of intact rocks, the interaction of matrix blocks, the displacement of natural fractures, and the propagation of new cracks. An excavation damaged zone (EDZ) develops around the man-made opening as a result of reactivation of preexisting fractures and propagation of wing cracks. The simulation results show that when a is small, the system which is dominated by large fractures can remain stable after excavation given that P-21 is not very high; however, intensive structurally-governed kinematic instability can occur if P-21 is sufficiently high and the fracture spacing is much smaller than the tunnel size. With the increase of a, the system becomes more dominated by small fractures, and the EDZ is mainly created by the coalescence of small fractures near the tunnel boundary. The results of this study have important implications for designing stable underground openings for radioactive waste repositories as well as other engineering facilities that are intended to generate minimal damage in the host rock mass.

The combined finite-discrete element method (FEMDEM) implemented in Solidity is employed to simulate the effects of geometrical features and loading orientation on the pre- and postfailure behaviour of catalyst supports. In this paper, a comparison with experimental results and a mesh sensitivity analysis for the numerical simulations of uniaxial compression tests on cylindrical pellets are presented and discussed. The structural strength of complex-shaped pellets under simplified loading conditions is investigated with numerical simulations. Some preliminary results that give an insight into the relation between the shape of catalyst supports and their mechanical performance are also presented and discussed.

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, was first discovered in Australia in 1937. However, little is known about the strains of C. burnetii present in this country. In this study, six published genotyping methods were applied to 42 isolates from Australian patients with acute (n = 39) and chronic (n = 3) Q fever. All the isolates contained the plasmid QpRS and lacked the acute disease antigen A (adaA) gene. Two methods of genotyping based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) also failed to discriminate between the isolates. However, results from the method based on SNPs within the multi-spacer sequence typing (MST) loci determined a novel MST genotype, with the Australian isolates forming a unique phylogenetic clade. Multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) determined 14 genotypes, all of which were novel compared with those previously identified in strains from other countries. Many of these were single locus variants, differing from each other at just one of the 15 loci tested. Our results show that the Australian isolates exhibit significant diversity from previously characterised strains, but are genetically closely related to each other, supporting a model of evolution by clonal expansion in a geographically isolated location.

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, was first discovered in Australia in 1937. However, little is known about the strains of C. burnetii present in this country. In this study, six published genotyping methods were applied to 42 isolates from Australian patients with acute (n = 39) and chronic (n = 3) Q fever. All the isolates contained the plasmid QpRS and lacked the acute disease antigen A (adaA) gene. Two methods of genotyping based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) also failed to discriminate between the isolates. However, results from the method based on SNPs within the multi-spacer sequence typing (MST) loci determined a novel MST genotype, with the Australian isolates forming a unique phylogenetic clade. Multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) determined 14 genotypes, all of which were novel compared with those previously identified in strains from other countries. Many of these were single locus variants, differing from each other at just one of the 15 loci tested. Our results show that the Australian isolates exhibit significant diversity from previously characterised strains, but are genetically closely related to each other, supporting a model of evolution by clonal expansion in a geographically isolated location.

This paper presents a stress-induced variable aperture model to characterise the effect of polyaxial stress conditions on the fluid flow in three-dimensional (3D) persistent fracture networks. Geomechanical modelling of the fractured rock is achieved by the finite-discrete element method (FEMDEM), which can capture deformability of matrix blocks, heterogeneity of stress fields as well as sliding and opening of pre-existing fractures. Propagation of new cracks is not required for this study of persistent fracture systems. The deformed fracture network topologies include details of dilation, opening and closing of fracture apertures, from which the local variations in hydraulic apertures are derived. Stress-controlled distribution of fracture apertures is modelled with both fracture-scale and network-scale effects considered. Under a geomechanical condition with low differential stress ratio, fracture porosity is dominated by the fracture-scale roughness. However, with the increase of stress ratio, some favourably oriented fractures are reactivated for shearing, and matrix blocks are promoted to rotate and generate large openings along their boundaries, which tend to be the key contributors to the aperture field in such persistent systems. The flow behaviour is then considered for these stressed but static solid skeletons and is investigated using a finite element solution to the Laplace problem of single-phase fluid flow. The equivalent permeability tensor of each cube-shaped rock mass is computed based on a series of flow simulations under a macroscopic pressure differential applied at opposite model boundaries with no-flow conditions on the remaining boundaries. Components of the permeability tensor are found to vary more than three orders of magnitude with respect to the change of stress ratio. Large aperture channels formed under a critical stress state accommodate significant localisation features in the flow structure of the network. The results of this study h

Alumina (aluminum oxide, Al2O3) particles are pelletised and fired to produce high porosity catalyst pellets of complex shapes. These pellets fill cylindrical reactor columns with particulate packing structures that are key to the in-service performance, but will suffer breakages which impact on catalyst performance. The combined FiniteDiscrete Element Method (FEMDEM) is ideally suited to the simulation of both the multi-body pellet dynamic packing and quasi-static interactions as well as the stress field of each individual pellet, its deformations and fragmentation. The application of FEMDEM fracture modelling to a fine-grained brittle and porous material is novel. This paper presents a methodology for a validation study through comparison with three pointbending and Brazilian tests and discusses FEMDEM's potential in modelling multi-body fragile systems.

This paper contributes to a recent movement to reframe entrepreneurship theory into a more critical and reflexive mode. It builds on the processual notion of entrepreneuring-asemancipation to theorise a balanced conception of agency and constraint rooted in the notion of power rituals. We develop a micro-sociological analysis of power rituals that conceives power reproduction and entrenchment as a ‘practice-based’ activity that focuses on what power holders and subordinates concretely do, think and feel. This makes emotion a key dimension of entrepreneurial agency and redefines constraining barriers to agency in terms of a social process of ‘barring’. This novel approach is illustrated using an autobiographical account of a social entrepreneurship project. On the basis of this analysis, a number of insights are provided into the ways in which the power-as-practice approach can inform wider debates in organization studies where the notions of agency and constraint are linked to issues of power and resistance.

This working paper discusses a method for planning the qualitative research interview. The paper briefly considers the variety of purposes for which the interview is used and focuses on increasing the rigour of the investigative interview as a qualitative research technique. A range of dimensions which can be found in any number of interviews are described. A model is presented for dealing with the way in which these dimensions are taken into account in the planning of the qualitative interview. The research context is the determining factor in selecting which dimensions are to be focussed upon and when analysing the degree to which any one of them can impact on any given qualitative interview.

Field measurements of atmospheric transmission in the 10.6 micron wavelength, the 3-5 micron and the 8-12 micron spectral regions over several seasons of the year have been conducted. EO weapon system designers must design for atmospheric effects predicted by these models. This research helps make improvements to the accuracy required. Field measurements were carried out under various atmospheric conditions including those which affect molecular absorption most. These measurements included the appropriate meteorological and optical parameters. Results of the measurements were used to improve empirically the tansmission models and to develop theoretical models for the cloud base physics. Previous efforts by the principal investigator have provided some improvements to the AF Geophysics Laboratory's transmission models and to the British Ministry of Defence's sensor development program. This research effort enhances understanding of absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the atmospheric windows by pre-cloud aerosols and by molecular action. Keywords include: Clouds, Visibility, Electro-Optics, Atmospheric attenuation.

Laboratory experiments on the scavenging of wet aerosol - of controlled sizes ranging from about 0.3 to 50 micrometers - by electrically charged collector drops have been performed. The consistent result was of a pronounced increase in measured values of collection efficiency above those found in the absence of electrical forces. Water drops of characteristic size around 0.1mm, carrying charges of several tenths of the Rayleigh limit, swept out essentially uncharged water droplets of size within the condensate size-band for fogs, with collection efficiencies E in the range approximately 20 to 25 (the corresponding nonelectrical values are significantly less than unity). A crude theoretical model of the capture process provided values of E in reasonable agreement with those measured. The principal of the technique would be to introduce highly charged drops into a fog. These would scavenge fog droplets with great efficiency - as indicated in the laboratory experiments - and the collector drops (now much larger, having swept out large numbers of fog droplets) would settle from the fog under the influence of gravity, leaving it with a substantially reduced liquid water content - and correspondingly enhanced visibility. Great Britain.

The radiation fog model is being developed in an attempt to predict the initiation, development and characteristics of these fogs. The model is primarily based upon three important processes which interact to determine whether a fog will form in preference to haze development and what characteristics and fluctuations are likely to accur if a fog does form. These processes are: (1) Radiative exchanges; (2) Droplet growth and CCN spectra; and (3) Turbulence characteristics. The exact nature of these interactions is poorly understood and consequently have not yet been fully included in existing models. To date, therefore, accurate simulation of all fog characteristics on various temporal and spatial scales has not been achieved. Data from recent field studies, especially Meppen, have produced results which will enable not only the model to be fully tested, but also greatly assist in the understanding of radiation fog, which will in turn allow more accurate and detailed models to be developed.

This report consists of the documentation for the present radiation fog model and includes an annotated program listing with its associated card deck. The model, which is still undergoing further improvement, represents the essential features of early fog development. Updated card decks and documentation will be supplied as they become available. (Author)

In order to further examine the formation and evolution of radiation fogs, a numerical model was developed which contains explicit calculation of the fog microphysics. This model takes into account the evolving micrometeorological characteristics of the boundary layer, which includes the formation of the radiation exchanges between the overlying atmosphere and the ground, and the subsequent effect of haze development and fully developed fog conditions on these exchange. In terms of the fog microphysics, the model accounts for haze development with increasing relative humidity and the effect of radiative loss on the critical supersaturation of the soluble nuclei, in addition to explicitly calculating fog droplet growth. The resultant model has been tested for the effect of ground conditions on temperature evolution, the effect of the value of the condensation coefficient, and the effect of the nature of the cloud condensation nuclei distribution which is poorly understood at low supersaturations. Brief comparisons have been made with data obtained from the 1980 Meppen field experiment. (Author)

The experimental program incorporates measurements of condensation nuclei concentrations and associated meteorological parameters made within the air feeding into clouds, as well as within such clouds. Instruments include modifications of Keily probe electrostatic disdrometers, PMS spectrometer probes, a Mee CCN counter and a PMS ASASP probe. A passive optical scattering instrument has also been used, in conjunction with a Barnes transmissometer operating at about 11.0 micrometers. Data for a variety of conditions and meteorological situations are presented. Theoretical work has included the development of an airflow model capable of predicting the microphysical properties of clouds over the summit of Great Dun Fell from a knowledge of the relevant parameters concerning the air parcels from which the clouds are formed. Computational studies have been made of the role of undersaturated air upon droplet size distributions. (Author)

Five distinct avenues of research relating to thunderstorm electrification are presented: Airborne Studies of Thunderstorm Electrification details some results of the three-year Thunderstorm Research International Project (TRIP); Charge Transfer Accompanying Collisions Between Hailstones and Supercooled Raindrops in the Presence of an Electric Field; Charge Transfer Accompanying Individual Collisions Between Ice Particles, Surface Potential Steps and Their Role in Thunderstorm Electrification; The Growth of a Positive Streamer System; Laboratory and Theoretical Studies of the Raingush Phenomenon. The last four sections above are summaries of laboratory experiments conducted at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. (Author)

The first part of this report details a review of the dispersion of pollutants by rainfall, with particular reference to inertial and diffusive removal by precipitation, inertial, condensational and diffusive removal by cloud drops, and the influence of electrical forces on scavenging. The second half of the report describes a preliminary study of the influence of meteorological parameters on the size distribution of natural aerosol particles, with particular reference to two data sets obtained in urban and rural localities. The size spectrum investigated lay between 0.5 and 10 micron equivalent particle diameter and the correlation between particle concentration and wind speed, relative humidity, temperature, atmospheric stability and rainfall were determined for various size categories. (Author)

The major topic of research discussed in this report is the automatic measurement of aerosol concentrations and size distributions made from the field research station on Great Dun Fell in Westmorland, England. During the past year instrumentation has been developed and installed at the station, and preliminary results have been obtained - and are presented in skeletal form. While this research was continuing the station has been substantially modified to provide, in its new form, a custom-build laboratory for aerosol research.

Experiments have been carried out to determine the electric field, E sub c, required to obtain corona from both ice particles and cooling drop-pairs. In the former case it was found that corona currents of about 0.1 microA and above could be obtained from ice particles a few millimetres in length for C sub c approx. 4 x 100,000 V/m for values of temperature and pressure likely to occur in the mid-regions of a thundercloud. These currents were drastically reduced if temperature was below -18 deg C, owing to the reduction in surface conductivity suffered by the ice sample. In the second set of experiments, a pair of water drops, of radii R=2.7mm and r=0.65mm, collided with a relative velocity of 5.8m/s. Values of Ec ranged from approx. 500,000 m/s for head-on collisions to approx. 250,000 m/s for glancing collisions which produce, momentarily, long liquid filaments. (Author), This article is from 'International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity (8th): 'Lightning Technology Roundup,' held at Fort Worth, Texas on 21-23 June 1983,' AD-A135 100, p91-1 thru 91-4.

New engineered materials have critical applications in different fields in medicine, engineering and technology but their enhanced mechanical performances are significantly affected by the microstructural design and the sintering process used in their manufacture. This work introduces (i) a methodology for the calculation of the full deflection profile from video recordings of bending tests, (ii) an optimisation algorithm for the characterisation of Young’s modulus, (iii) a quantification of the effects of optical distortions and (iv) a comparison with other standard tests. The results presented in this paper show the capabilities of this procedure to evaluate the Young’s modulus of highly stiff materials with greater accuracy than previously possible with bending tests, by employing all the available information from the video recording of the tests. This methodology extends to this class of materials the possibility to evaluate both the elastic modulus and the tensile strength with a single mechanical test, without the need for other experimental tools.

New engineered materials have critical applications in different fields in medicine, engineering and technology but their enhanced mechanical performances are significantly affected by the microstructural design and the sintering process used in their manufacture. This work introduces (i) a methodology for the calculation of the full deflection profile from video recordings of bending tests, (ii) an optimisation algorithm for the characterisation of Young’s modulus, (iii) a quantification of the effects of optical distortions and (iv) a comparison with other standard tests. The results presented in this paper show the capabilities of this procedure to evaluate the Young’s modulus of highly stiff materials with greater accuracy than previously possible with bending tests, by employing all the available information from the video recording of the tests. This methodology extends to this class of materials the possibility to evaluate both the elastic modulus and the tensile strength with a single mechanical test, without the need for other experimental tools.

This is an anatomy of a miscommunication, written by the patient, a medical school professor and his orthopaedic consultant, who was also a colleague leading to a series of misunderstandings. This raises the practical question of who is responsible for effective communication with the patient who is also a colleague. At the pre-operative assessment a combination of the diffidence of an inexperienced nurse and the patient’s wrong assumptions about his post-operative mobility and his keenness to maintain his independence and identity nearly led to a delayed discharge. The miscommunication was due to the patient’s assumptions about previous orthopaedic and recent cardiac surgery hospital experience. Neither he nor the nurse checked these assumptions and we speculate might this possibly account for why senior colleagues who become patients sometimes have unexpected complications. There are lessons to be learned from this frank exploration of the colleague patient’s experience of a miscommunication.

Grace Horsley Darling (1815-1842) was a British lighthouse keeper's daughter who helped her father rescue nine survivors from the wrecked steamer Forfarshire off the Farne islands in 1838. This lithographic print shows Darling rowing a boat in a storm. Gift of Dr. Walter Mann, May 1984. #1984.70.