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The subsurface biosphere is largely unexplored and contains a broad diversity of uncultured microbes(1). Despite being one of the few prokaryotic lineages that is cosmopolitan in both the terrestrial and marine subsurface(2-4), the physiological and ecological roles of SAGMEG (South-African Gold Mine Miscellaneous Euryarchaeal Group) Archaea are unknown. Here, we report the metabolic capabilities of this enigmatic group as inferred from genomic reconstructions. Four high-quality (63-90% complete) genomes were obtained from White Oak River estuary and Yellowstone National Park hot spring sediment metagenomes. Phylogenomic analyses place SAGMEG Archaea as a deeply rooting sister clade of the Thermococci, leading us to propose the name Hadesarchaea for this new Archaeal class. With an estimated genome size of around 1.5 Mbp, the genomes of Hadesarchaea are distinctly streamlined, yet metabolically versatile. They share several physiological mechanisms with strict anaerobic Euryarchaeota. Several metabolic characteristics make them successful in the subsurface, including genes involved in CO and H-2 oxidation (or H-2 production), with potential coupling to nitrite reduction to ammonia (DNRA). This first glimpse into the metabolic capabilities of these cosmopolitan Archaea suggests they are mediating key geochemical processes and are specialized for survival in the subsurface biosphere.

The subsurface biosphere is largely unexplored and contains a broad diversity of uncultured microbes(1). Despite being one of the few prokaryotic lineages that is cosmopolitan in both the terrestrial and marine subsurface(2-4), the physiological and ecological roles of SAGMEG (South-African Gold Mine Miscellaneous Euryarchaeal Group) Archaea are unknown. Here, we report the metabolic capabilities of this enigmatic group as inferred from genomic reconstructions. Four high-quality (63-90% complete) genomes were obtained from White Oak River estuary and Yellowstone National Park hot spring sediment metagenomes. Phylogenomic analyses place SAGMEG Archaea as a deeply rooting sister clade of the Thermococci, leading us to propose the name Hadesarchaea for this new Archaeal class. With an estimated genome size of around 1.5 Mbp, the genomes of Hadesarchaea are distinctly streamlined, yet metabolically versatile. They share several physiological mechanisms with strict anaerobic Euryarchaeota. Several metabolic characteristics make them successful in the subsurface, including genes involved in CO and H-2 oxidation (or H-2 production), with potential coupling to nitrite reduction to ammonia (DNRA). This first glimpse into the metabolic capabilities of these cosmopolitan Archaea suggests they are mediating key geochemical processes and are specialized for survival in the subsurface biosphere.

The subsurface biosphere is largely unexplored and contains a broad diversity of uncultured microbes(1). Despite being one of the few prokaryotic lineages that is cosmopolitan in both the terrestrial and marine subsurface(2-4), the physiological and ecological roles of SAGMEG (South-African Gold Mine Miscellaneous Euryarchaeal Group) Archaea are unknown. Here, we report the metabolic capabilities of this enigmatic group as inferred from genomic reconstructions. Four high-quality (63-90% complete) genomes were obtained from White Oak River estuary and Yellowstone National Park hot spring sediment metagenomes. Phylogenomic analyses place SAGMEG Archaea as a deeply rooting sister clade of the Thermococci, leading us to propose the name Hadesarchaea for this new Archaeal class. With an estimated genome size of around 1.5 Mbp, the genomes of Hadesarchaea are distinctly streamlined, yet metabolically versatile. They share several physiological mechanisms with strict anaerobic Euryarchaeota. Several metabolic characteristics make them successful in the subsurface, including genes involved in CO and H-2 oxidation (or H-2 production), with potential coupling to nitrite reduction to ammonia (DNRA). This first glimpse into the metabolic capabilities of these cosmopolitan Archaea suggests they are mediating key geochemical processes and are specialized for survival in the subsurface biosphere.

The subsurface biosphere is largely unexplored and contains a broad diversity of uncultured microbes(1). Despite being one of the few prokaryotic lineages that is cosmopolitan in both the terrestrial and marine subsurface(2-4), the physiological and ecological roles of SAGMEG (South-African Gold Mine Miscellaneous Euryarchaeal Group) Archaea are unknown. Here, we report the metabolic capabilities of this enigmatic group as inferred from genomic reconstructions. Four high-quality (63-90% complete) genomes were obtained from White Oak River estuary and Yellowstone National Park hot spring sediment metagenomes. Phylogenomic analyses place SAGMEG Archaea as a deeply rooting sister clade of the Thermococci, leading us to propose the name Hadesarchaea for this new Archaeal class. With an estimated genome size of around 1.5 Mbp, the genomes of Hadesarchaea are distinctly streamlined, yet metabolically versatile. They share several physiological mechanisms with strict anaerobic Euryarchaeota. Several metabolic characteristics make them successful in the subsurface, including genes involved in CO and H-2 oxidation (or H-2 production), with potential coupling to nitrite reduction to ammonia (DNRA). This first glimpse into the metabolic capabilities of these cosmopolitan Archaea suggests they are mediating key geochemical processes and are specialized for survival in the subsurface biosphere.

The subsurface biosphere is largely unexplored and contains a broad diversity of uncultured microbes(1). Despite being one of the few prokaryotic lineages that is cosmopolitan in both the terrestrial and marine subsurface(2-4), the physiological and ecological roles of SAGMEG (South-African Gold Mine Miscellaneous Euryarchaeal Group) Archaea are unknown. Here, we report the metabolic capabilities of this enigmatic group as inferred from genomic reconstructions. Four high-quality (63-90% complete) genomes were obtained from White Oak River estuary and Yellowstone National Park hot spring sediment metagenomes. Phylogenomic analyses place SAGMEG Archaea as a deeply rooting sister clade of the Thermococci, leading us to propose the name Hadesarchaea for this new Archaeal class. With an estimated genome size of around 1.5 Mbp, the genomes of Hadesarchaea are distinctly streamlined, yet metabolically versatile. They share several physiological mechanisms with strict anaerobic Euryarchaeota. Several metabolic characteristics make them successful in the subsurface, including genes involved in CO and H-2 oxidation (or H-2 production), with potential coupling to nitrite reduction to ammonia (DNRA). This first glimpse into the metabolic capabilities of these cosmopolitan Archaea suggests they are mediating key geochemical processes and are specialized for survival in the subsurface biosphere.

Submarine mud volcanoes are a significant source of methane to the atmosphere. The Napoli mud volcano, situated in the brine-impacted Olimpi Area of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, emits mainly biogenic methane particularly at the centre of the mud volcano. Temperature gradients support the suggestion that Napoli is a cold mud volcano with moderate fluid flow rates. Biogeochemical and molecular genetic analyses were carried out to assess the methanogenic activity rates, pathways and diversity in the hypersaline sediments of the centre of the Napoli mud volcano. Methylotrophic methanogenesis was the only significant methanogenic pathway in the shallow sediments (0-40 cm) but was also measured throughout the sediment core, confirming that methylotrophic methanogens could be well adapted to hypersaline environments. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the dominant pathway below 50 cm; however, low rates of acetoclastic methanogenesis were also present, even in sediment layers with the highest salinity, showing that these methanogens can thrive in this extreme environment. PCR-DGGE and methyl coenzyme M reductase gene libraries detected sequences affiliated with anaerobic methanotrophs (mainly ANME-1) as well as Methanococcoides methanogens. Results show that the hypersaline conditions in the centre of the Napoli mud volcano influence active biogenic methane fluxes and methanogenic/methylotrophic diversity.

Microbial mats in marine cold seeps are known to be associated with ascending sulfide- and methane-rich fluids. Hence, they could be visible indicators of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and methane cycling processes in underlying sediments. The Napoli mud volcano is situated in the Olimpi Area that lies on saline deposits; from there, brine fluids migrate upward to the seafloor. Sediments associated with a brine pool and microbial orange mats of the Napoli mud volcano were recovered during the Medeco cruise. Based on analysis of RNA-derived sequences, the "active" archaeal community was composed of many uncultured lineages, such as rice cluster V or marine benthic group D. Function methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) genes were affiliated with the anaerobic methanotrophic Archaea (ANME) of the ANME-1, ANME-2a, and ANME-2c groups, suggesting that AOM occurred in these sediment layers. Enrichment cultures showed the presence of viable marine methylotrophic Methanococcoides in shallow sediment layers. Thus, the archaeal community diversity seems to show that active methane cycling took place in the hypersaline microbial mat-associated sediments of the Napoli mud volcano.

Submarine mud volcanoes are a significant source of methane to the atmosphere. The Napoli mud volcano, situated in the brine-impacted Olimpi Area of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, emits mainly biogenic methane particularly at the centre of the mud volcano. Temperature gradients support the suggestion that Napoli is a cold mud volcano with moderate fluid flow rates. Biogeochemical and molecular genetic analyses were carried out to assess the methanogenic activity rates, pathways and diversity in the hypersaline sediments of the centre of the Napoli mud volcano. Methylotrophic methanogenesis was the only significant methanogenic pathway in the shallow sediments (0-40 cm) but was also measured throughout the sediment core, confirming that methylotrophic methanogens could be well adapted to hypersaline environments. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the dominant pathway below 50 cm; however, low rates of acetoclastic methanogenesis were also present, even in sediment layers with the highest salinity, showing that these methanogens can thrive in this extreme environment. PCR-DGGE and methyl coenzyme M reductase gene libraries detected sequences affiliated with anaerobic methanotrophs (mainly ANME-1) as well as Methanococcoides methanogens. Results show that the hypersaline conditions in the centre of the Napoli mud volcano influence active biogenic methane fluxes and methanogenic/methylotrophic diversity.

Microbial mats in marine cold seeps are known to be associated with ascending sulfide- and methane-rich fluids. Hence, they could be visible indicators of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and methane cycling processes in underlying sediments. The Napoli mud volcano is situated in the Olimpi Area that lies on saline deposits; from there, brine fluids migrate upward to the seafloor. Sediments associated with a brine pool and microbial orange mats of the Napoli mud volcano were recovered during the Medeco cruise. Based on analysis of RNA-derived sequences, the "active" archaeal community was composed of many uncultured lineages, such as rice cluster V or marine benthic group D. Function methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) genes were affiliated with the anaerobic methanotrophic Archaea (ANME) of the ANME-1, ANME-2a, and ANME-2c groups, suggesting that AOM occurred in these sediment layers. Enrichment cultures showed the presence of viable marine methylotrophic Methanococcoides in shallow sediment layers. Thus, the archaeal community diversity seems to show that active methane cycling took place in the hypersaline microbial mat-associated sediments of the Napoli mud volcano.

Submarine mud volcanoes are a significant source of methane to the atmosphere. The Napoli mud volcano, situated in the brine-impacted Olimpi Area of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, emits mainly biogenic methane particularly at the centre of the mud volcano. Temperature gradients support the suggestion that Napoli is a cold mud volcano with moderate fluid flow rates. Biogeochemical and molecular genetic analyses were carried out to assess the methanogenic activity rates, pathways and diversity in the hypersaline sediments of the centre of the Napoli mud volcano. Methylotrophic methanogenesis was the only significant methanogenic pathway in the shallow sediments (0-40 cm) but was also measured throughout the sediment core, confirming that methylotrophic methanogens could be well adapted to hypersaline environments. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the dominant pathway below 50 cm; however, low rates of acetoclastic methanogenesis were also present, even in sediment layers with the highest salinity, showing that these methanogens can thrive in this extreme environment. PCR-DGGE and methyl coenzyme M reductase gene libraries detected sequences affiliated with anaerobic methanotrophs (mainly ANME-1) as well as Methanococcoides methanogens. Results show that the hypersaline conditions in the centre of the Napoli mud volcano influence active biogenic methane fluxes and methanogenic/methylotrophic diversity.

Microbial mats in marine cold seeps are known to be associated with ascending sulfide- and methane-rich fluids. Hence, they could be visible indicators of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and methane cycling processes in underlying sediments. The Napoli mud volcano is situated in the Olimpi Area that lies on saline deposits; from there, brine fluids migrate upward to the seafloor. Sediments associated with a brine pool and microbial orange mats of the Napoli mud volcano were recovered during the Medeco cruise. Based on analysis of RNA-derived sequences, the "active" archaeal community was composed of many uncultured lineages, such as rice cluster V or marine benthic group D. Function methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) genes were affiliated with the anaerobic methanotrophic Archaea (ANME) of the ANME-1, ANME-2a, and ANME-2c groups, suggesting that AOM occurred in these sediment layers. Enrichment cultures showed the presence of viable marine methylotrophic Methanococcoides in shallow sediment layers. Thus, the archaeal community diversity seems to show that active methane cycling took place in the hypersaline microbial mat-associated sediments of the Napoli mud volcano.

A large portion of the greenhouse gas methane on Earth is trapped in marine sediments. However, little methane actually reaches the hydrsphere and the atmosphere, because it is efficiently consumed by anaerobic methane-oxidizing Archaea (ANME). This methane is mainly biogenic in marine sédiments, and is produced by methanogenic Archaea. Methane ascends from deep sources to the seabed, in cold seep sites of continental margins. In order to study microbial community diversity in cold seeps, and to determine geochemical factors that control these microbial communities, we compared four geochemically and geologically distinct sites. In this work, molecular tools (PCR, RT-PCR, DGGE, cloning) as well as genetic markers (16S rRNA, mcrA, dsrB) were employed, to circumvent the limits related to cultural methods. This research allowed: (i) to determine structure and diversity of archaeal communities in cold seep sediments, (ii) to highlight an active methanogenic community, (iii) the dominance of ANME affiliated sequences, and (iv) to identify metabolically active Archaea belonging to uncultured archaeal groups. Hence this work broadened our view on the diversity of archaeal communities in cold seep sediments of continental margins., La majorité du méthane, gaz à effet de serre, est stocké dans les sédiments marins. Or seule une faible proportion de ce méthane atteint l'hydrosphère et l'atmosphère, parce qu'il est consommé par un biofiltre efficace constitué d'Archaea anaérobies qui oxydent le méthane (ANME). Ce méthane a une origine principalement biogénique dans les sédiments marins, car il est synthétisé par des Archaea méthanogènes dans des sources profondes, et migre dans des zones spécifiques d'émissions de fluides froids des marges continentales. Dans le but d'étudier la diversité des communautés microbiennes associées à ces émissions de fluides froids, et de déterminer les facteurs géochimiques contrôlant la distribution de ces communautés microbiennes, quatre sites d'un point du vue géochimique et géologique ont été comparés. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des outils de biologie moléculaire (PCR, RT-PCR, DGGE, clonage) et des marqueurs génétiques (ARNr 16S, mcrA, dsrB) ont été employés, afin de contourner les limites des approches culturales. Ce travail de recherche a permis: (i) de déterminer la structure et la diversité des communautés Archaea dans des sédiments soumis à des migrations de fluides froids, (ii) de mettre en évidence des communautés méthanogènes actives, (iii) d'observer une dominance des séquences affiliées aux ANME, et (iv) d'identifier des Archaea métaboliquement actives appartenant à des lignées d'Archaea incultivées. Ainsi, cette étude a permi d'élargir nos connaissances de diversité des Archaea présentes dans les sédiments de zones d'émissions de fluides froids des marges continentales.

A large portion of the greenhouse gas methane on Earth is trapped in marine sediments. However, little methane actually reaches the hydrsphere and the atmosphere, because it is efficiently consumed by anaerobic methane-oxidizing Archaea (ANME). This methane is mainly biogenic in marine sédiments, and is produced by methanogenic Archaea. Methane ascends from deep sources to the seabed, in cold seep sites of continental margins. In order to study microbial community diversity in cold seeps, and to determine geochemical factors that control these microbial communities, we compared four geochemically and geologically distinct sites. In this work, molecular tools (PCR, RT-PCR, DGGE, cloning) as well as genetic markers (16S rRNA, mcrA, dsrB) were employed, to circumvent the limits related to cultural methods. This research allowed: (i) to determine structure and diversity of archaeal communities in cold seep sediments, (ii) to highlight an active methanogenic community, (iii) the dominance of ANME affiliated sequences, and (iv) to identify metabolically active Archaea belonging to uncultured archaeal groups. Hence this work broadened our view on the diversity of archaeal communities in cold seep sediments of continental margins., La majorité du méthane, gaz à effet de serre, est stocké dans les sédiments marins. Or seule une faible proportion de ce méthane atteint l'hydrosphère et l'atmosphère, parce qu'il est consommé par un biofiltre efficace constitué d'Archaea anaérobies qui oxydent le méthane (ANME). Ce méthane a une origine principalement biogénique dans les sédiments marins, car il est synthétisé par des Archaea méthanogènes dans des sources profondes, et migre dans des zones spécifiques d'émissions de fluides froids des marges continentales. Dans le but d'étudier la diversité des communautés microbiennes associées à ces émissions de fluides froids, et de déterminer les facteurs géochimiques contrôlant la distribution de ces communautés microbiennes, quatre sites d'un point du vue géochimique et géologique ont été comparés. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des outils de biologie moléculaire (PCR, RT-PCR, DGGE, clonage) et des marqueurs génétiques (ARNr 16S, mcrA, dsrB) ont été employés, afin de contourner les limites des approches culturales. Ce travail de recherche a permis: (i) de déterminer la structure et la diversité des communautés Archaea dans des sédiments soumis à des migrations de fluides froids, (ii) de mettre en évidence des communautés méthanogènes actives, (iii) d'observer une dominance des séquences affiliées aux ANME, et (iv) d'identifier des Archaea métaboliquement actives appartenant à des lignées d'Archaea incultivées. Ainsi, cette étude a permi d'élargir nos connaissances de diversité des Archaea présentes dans les sédiments de zones d'émissions de fluides froids des marges continentales.

A large portion of the greenhouse gas methane on Earth is trapped in marine sediments. However, little methane actually reaches the hydrsphere and the atmosphere, because it is efficiently consumed by anaerobic methane-oxidizing Archaea (ANME). This methane is mainly biogenic in marine sédiments, and is produced by methanogenic Archaea. Methane ascends from deep sources to the seabed, in cold seep sites of continental margins. In order to study microbial community diversity in cold seeps, and to determine geochemical factors that control these microbial communities, we compared four geochemically and geologically distinct sites. In this work, molecular tools (PCR, RT-PCR, DGGE, cloning) as well as genetic markers (16S rRNA, mcrA, dsrB) were employed, to circumvent the limits related to cultural methods. This research allowed: (i) to determine structure and diversity of archaeal communities in cold seep sediments, (ii) to highlight an active methanogenic community, (iii) the dominance of ANME affiliated sequences, and (iv) to identify metabolically active Archaea belonging to uncultured archaeal groups. Hence this work broadened our view on the diversity of archaeal communities in cold seep sediments of continental margins., La majorité du méthane, gaz à effet de serre, est stocké dans les sédiments marins. Or seule une faible proportion de ce méthane atteint l'hydrosphère et l'atmosphère, parce qu'il est consommé par un biofiltre efficace constitué d'Archaea anaérobies qui oxydent le méthane (ANME). Ce méthane a une origine principalement biogénique dans les sédiments marins, car il est synthétisé par des Archaea méthanogènes dans des sources profondes, et migre dans des zones spécifiques d'émissions de fluides froids des marges continentales. Dans le but d'étudier la diversité des communautés microbiennes associées à ces émissions de fluides froids, et de déterminer les facteurs géochimiques contrôlant la distribution de ces communautés microbiennes, quatre sites d'un point du vue géochimique et géologique ont été comparés. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des outils de biologie moléculaire (PCR, RT-PCR, DGGE, clonage) et des marqueurs génétiques (ARNr 16S, mcrA, dsrB) ont été employés, afin de contourner les limites des approches culturales. Ce travail de recherche a permis: (i) de déterminer la structure et la diversité des communautés Archaea dans des sédiments soumis à des migrations de fluides froids, (ii) de mettre en évidence des communautés méthanogènes actives, (iii) d'observer une dominance des séquences affiliées aux ANME, et (iv) d'identifier des Archaea métaboliquement actives appartenant à des lignées d'Archaea incultivées. Ainsi, cette étude a permi d'élargir nos connaissances de diversité des Archaea présentes dans les sédiments de zones d'émissions de fluides froids des marges continentales.

A large portion of the greenhouse gas methane on Earth is trapped in marine sediments. However, little methane actually reaches the hydrsphere and the atmosphere, because it is efficiently consumed by anaerobic methane-oxidizing Archaea (ANME). This methane is mainly biogenic in marine sédiments, and is produced by methanogenic Archaea. Methane ascends from deep sources to the seabed, in cold seep sites of continental margins. In order to study microbial community diversity in cold seeps, and to determine geochemical factors that control these microbial communities, we compared four geochemically and geologically distinct sites. In this work, molecular tools (PCR, RT-PCR, DGGE, cloning) as well as genetic markers (16S rRNA, mcrA, dsrB) were employed, to circumvent the limits related to cultural methods. This research allowed: (i) to determine structure and diversity of archaeal communities in cold seep sediments, (ii) to highlight an active methanogenic community, (iii) the dominance of ANME affiliated sequences, and (iv) to identify metabolically active Archaea belonging to uncultured archaeal groups. Hence this work broadened our view on the diversity of archaeal communities in cold seep sediments of continental margins., La majorité du méthane, gaz à effet de serre, est stocké dans les sédiments marins. Or seule une faible proportion de ce méthane atteint l'hydrosphère et l'atmosphère, parce qu'il est consommé par un biofiltre efficace constitué d'Archaea anaérobies qui oxydent le méthane (ANME). Ce méthane a une origine principalement biogénique dans les sédiments marins, car il est synthétisé par des Archaea méthanogènes dans des sources profondes, et migre dans des zones spécifiques d'émissions de fluides froids des marges continentales. Dans le but d'étudier la diversité des communautés microbiennes associées à ces émissions de fluides froids, et de déterminer les facteurs géochimiques contrôlant la distribution de ces communautés microbiennes, quatre sites d'un point du vue géochimique et géologique ont été comparés. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des outils de biologie moléculaire (PCR, RT-PCR, DGGE, clonage) et des marqueurs génétiques (ARNr 16S, mcrA, dsrB) ont été employés, afin de contourner les limites des approches culturales. Ce travail de recherche a permis: (i) de déterminer la structure et la diversité des communautés Archaea dans des sédiments soumis à des migrations de fluides froids, (ii) de mettre en évidence des communautés méthanogènes actives, (iii) d'observer une dominance des séquences affiliées aux ANME, et (iv) d'identifier des Archaea métaboliquement actives appartenant à des lignées d'Archaea incultivées. Ainsi, cette étude a permi d'élargir nos connaissances de diversité des Archaea présentes dans les sédiments de zones d'émissions de fluides froids des marges continentales.

A large portion of the greenhouse gas methane on Earth is trapped in marine sediments. However, little methane actually reaches the hydrsphere and the atmosphere, because it is efficiently consumed by anaerobic methane-oxidizing Archaea (ANME). This methane is mainly biogenic in marine sédiments, and is produced by methanogenic Archaea. Methane ascends from deep sources to the seabed, in cold seep sites of continental margins. In order to study microbial community diversity in cold seeps, and to determine geochemical factors that control these microbial communities, we compared four geochemically and geologically distinct sites. In this work, molecular tools (PCR, RT-PCR, DGGE, cloning) as well as genetic markers (16S rRNA, mcrA, dsrB) were employed, to circumvent the limits related to cultural methods. This research allowed: (i) to determine structure and diversity of archaeal communities in cold seep sediments, (ii) to highlight an active methanogenic community, (iii) the dominance of ANME affiliated sequences, and (iv) to identify metabolically active Archaea belonging to uncultured archaeal groups. Hence this work broadened our view on the diversity of archaeal communities in cold seep sediments of continental margins., La majorité du méthane, gaz à effet de serre, est stocké dans les sédiments marins. Or seule une faible proportion de ce méthane atteint l'hydrosphère et l'atmosphère, parce qu'il est consommé par un biofiltre efficace constitué d'Archaea anaérobies qui oxydent le méthane (ANME). Ce méthane a une origine principalement biogénique dans les sédiments marins, car il est synthétisé par des Archaea méthanogènes dans des sources profondes, et migre dans des zones spécifiques d'émissions de fluides froids des marges continentales. Dans le but d'étudier la diversité des communautés microbiennes associées à ces émissions de fluides froids, et de déterminer les facteurs géochimiques contrôlant la distribution de ces communautés microbiennes, quatre sites d'un point du vue géochimique et géologique ont été comparés. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des outils de biologie moléculaire (PCR, RT-PCR, DGGE, clonage) et des marqueurs génétiques (ARNr 16S, mcrA, dsrB) ont été employés, afin de contourner les limites des approches culturales. Ce travail de recherche a permis: (i) de déterminer la structure et la diversité des communautés Archaea dans des sédiments soumis à des migrations de fluides froids, (ii) de mettre en évidence des communautés méthanogènes actives, (iii) d'observer une dominance des séquences affiliées aux ANME, et (iv) d'identifier des Archaea métaboliquement actives appartenant à des lignées d'Archaea incultivées. Ainsi, cette étude a permi d'élargir nos connaissances de diversité des Archaea présentes dans les sédiments de zones d'émissions de fluides froids des marges continentales.